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UNIT 1
2. Read the statement from the DataPro Inc. CEO. Then , mark the following statements true(T) or false (F):
1) The IT Department is increasing. — FALSE
2) Data processing employees now encode data — FALSE
4) Supervisors know the employees’ new assignments — TRUE
3. Match the words with definitions:
1) software — G
2) code — I
3) hardware — B
4) data processing — F
5) information security — J
6) online — C
7) technical support — H
data — D
9) quality assurance — E
10) encoding — A
A. putting secret information into code;
B. the physical parts of computer;
C. connected to the Internet;
D. numbers entered/held in a computer;
E. checking products for problems;
F. the act of using information;
G. programs/instructions added to computer;
H. helping people use/understand technology;
I. program language;
J. the act of protecting information;
4. Fill in the blanks with the correct words from word bank:
1) Enter the data into the computer.
2) The company uses encoding to protect information.
3) Quality assurance finds and fixes problems in new projects.
UNIT 2
2. Read the email about computers available at TEI Inc. Then, choose the correct answers.
1) What is the email about?
A. The types of work employees do.
B. computers that the company sells.
C. What computers the company uses.
D. the installation of a server.
2) According to the passage, employees use laptops when they
A. respond to email.
B. work on spreadsheets.
C. process the largest files.
D. Work outside the office.
3) Which of the following is not true?
A. the company has a mainframe.
B. employees get email on their cell phones.
C. All employees receive desktop computers.
D. The desktop computers are faster than the workstations.
3. Read the sentence and choose the correct word:
1) My PDA/mainframe notifies me when I have a meeting.
2) I have a laptop/supercomputer to do work on a plane.
3) John has server/desktop computer because he only uses simple programs.
4) This computer/server runs programs, but doesn’t have Internet access.
5) A workstation/handler PC is smaller than a laptop, but still has a keyboard.
6) Connect to the server/PDA to use that printer.
7) A supercomputer/handler PC is the most popular machine in the world.
4. Match the words with the definitions:
1) Workstation — fast computer that is used by one person and has more memory than an ordinary personal computer.
2) Mainframe — Large and powerful computer that supports many other computers working at once.
3) Cell phone — A device that makes and receive calls.
UNIT 3
2. Read the technology guide about computer assembly. Then, choose the correct answer:
1) What is the guide mostly about?
A. Putting together a computer.
B. Problems with computer parts.
C. Uses of expansion cards.
D. Repairing a broken computer.
2) When should the hard drive be installed?
A. Step #1
B. Step #3
C. Step #5
D. Step #6
3) According to the guide, what is NOT an assembly step?
A. Collecting parts
B. Opening the case
C. Connecting the drives
D. Installing the RAM card
3. Match the words with definitions:
1) heat sink — C
2) RAM — B
3) expansion card — E
4) processor — F
5) hard drive —D
6) motherboard — A
A. a slotted board with circuits and ports;
B. a short term, quick memory source;
C. a part used to cool the processor;
D. a part used to store large amounts of data;
E. a part used to increase a computer’s functions;
F. a part that completes tasks for the computer;
4. Write a word that is similar in meaning to the underlined part:
1) Spinning blades keep the computer from underlined part. (Fun)
2) The electrical source directs power throughout the computer. (Power supply).
3) Joey purchased a protective bag for his computer. (Case)
4) Can the coded disk reader play DVDs? (disk drive.)
UNIT 4
2. Read the advertisement from a computer parts catalogue. Then, mark the following answers as true(T) of false (F).
1) The keyboard has a wireless connection. — FALSE
2) The LCD monitor does not require a lot of room. — TRUE
3) The touch screen comes with keyboard. — FALSE
3. Match the words (1-5) with the definitions (A-E)
1. keyboard — C
2. mouse — E
3. scanner — A
4. microphone — D
5. monitor — B
A. a device that reads images and sends them to a computer
B. a device that displays images
C. a device that enters information into a computer
D. a device that gathers sounds
E. a device that is used to control a pointer or cursor
4. Check the sentence that is true
1) A. A keyboard reads documents
B. A USB cable connects computers and devices
2) A. A peripheral is the main part of a computer
B. A printer creates documents and pictures
3) A. An input device enters information
B. A microphone creates sounds
4) A. A monitor input sounds
B. A touch screen does not need a mouse
5) A. A scanner displays pictures and words
B. A peripheral is a device that is added to a computer
UNIT 5
2. Read the article about networks. Then, choose the correct answers.
1. What is the main idea of the passage?
A. how to set up a network
B. correcting network problems
C. choosing network equipment
D. a comparison of LANs and WLANs
2. What can you infer from the passage?
A. A computer is not functioning during the cycle
B. LAN routers do not work well near walls of metals
C. Interference impacts a routers configuration
D. Renewing an IP address fixes DHCP errors
3. According to the passage, a LAN ___
A. assigns IP address
B. requires a router
C. links CAT-5 cables
D. cycles a network
3. Fill in the blanks with the correct words or phrases from the word bank
DHCP CAT-5 cable router network cycle WLAN Internet configuration
1. The router lets a network connect to the Internet.
2. A LAN is a type of network.
3. Businesses communicate on the Internet.
4. We do not use cables for our network. We have a WLAN.
5. Routers need a correct configuration to work properly.
6. Businesses with a LAN use CAT-5 cable to connect computers.
7. It is something necessary to cycle a network to make it work.
8. The DHCP provides different IP addresses for computers.
4. Choose the best definition for each word
1.Router
A. a part of a computer
B. a wireless network
C. a networking device
2. IP address
A. a city-wide network
B. an identification number
C. a networking device
3. LAN
A. a local network
B. a networking device
C. a wireless network
UNIT 6
2. Read the introduction to the operating system manual. Then, choose the correct answers.
1. What is the main ides of the passage?
A. where to locate shortcuts
B. the advantages of the CCC OS
C. how to identify and use parts of the OS
D. types of operating systems available
2. What can you infer about this operating system?
A. It comes with free software
B. Files have to stay in one folder
C. Menus contain multiple commands
D. Folders do not maximize or minimize
3. According to the passage, what does the pointer NOT do?
A. move files
B. open menus
C. start software
D. minimize windows
3. Fill in the blanks with the correct words and phrases from the word bank
Icons desktop operating system pointer windows GUI
1. Use the pointer to choose files and commands.
2. Small pictures or symbols in software are icons.
3. The operating system is the program that makes a computer work.
4. When something is on the desktop you see in onscreen.
5. An OS that uses small pictures to represent files is a GUI.
6. You can minimize files and programs in different windows.
4. Choose the best definition for each word.
1. Drag
A. save an icon
B. close a desktop
C. move a file
2. Folders
A. organize files
B. move windows
C. create shortcuts
3. Shortcut
A. a type of software
B. a type of icon
C. a type of window.
UNIT 7
2. Read the advertisement for a new word processing program. Then, mark the following statements as true (T) or false (F).
1) Macros determine the layout of a document. — FALSE
2)TypeWrite 4.0 features customizable fonts. — FALSE
3) Not all file formats work with TypeWrite 4.0. — TRUE
3.Fill in the blanks with the correct words and phrases from the word bank.
1) Use a macro to type out phrases that you use a lot.
2)My file won’t open in other programs due to a compatibility problem.
3) Instead of writing by hand use a word processing program.
4) This fie is in a format that doesn’t open in TypeWrite.
5) Save each document with a different name so you have a copy of each.
6) The letter’s layout is wrong. The heading is in the wrong place.
7) Increase the font size to make the file easier to read.
Most word processors offer spell check to help you find mistakes.
4. Choose the word that is closest in meaning to the underlined part.
1. The style you use for this document makes it hard to read.
A — macro
B — formatting
C – compatibility
2.To write a business letter, use the appropriate document pattern.
A -word processing
B — compatibility
C– template
3. She did not think that her typing command was saving her any time.
A — formatting
B – macro
C– template
UNIT 8
2. Read the excerpt from the employee handbook guide at T.B. Brown Inc. Then, mark the following statements as true (T) or false (F).
1. The company uses a P093 server to receive email. — TRUE
2. The company provides webmail for all employees. — FALSE
3. All employees have multiple company email accounts. — FALSE
3. Match the words (1-5) with the definitions (A-E).
1) Attachment – E
2) domain name–C
3) password – D
4) email client – B
5) SMTP server – A
A. a computer that sends email.
B. a program that saves sends and receives email.
C. words/letters used to identify companies and addresses.
D. letters/numbers that let a person access something.
E. a file that is sent with an email.
4. Choose the word that is closest in meaning to the underlined part.
1. That company that provides access to the internet has very good service.
A – ISP
B — email address
C – username
2. I use an email service available on web browsers so my emails are not saved on my computer.
A -POP3
B — webmail
C — ISP
3.Enter your code that identifies you on a computer and ‘press’ Enter.
A — username
B — webmail
C — POP3
4. Most people use a method to receive emails from a server to get their email.
A -email address
B — POP3
C – webmail
UNIT 9
2. Read the email from the IT department of TS. Brown Inc. Then, mark the following statements as true (T) or false (F).
1) T.B. Brown Inc. now has a different URL. — TRUE
2) The hyperlinks navigate away from the original page. — FALSE
3) The web site now has fewer meta tags. — FALSE
3. Match the words (1-5) with the definitions (R-E).
1) Hyperlink – C
2) Website – A
3) HTML – D
4) Web host – E
5) Web browser – B
A. a collection of related Internet pages.
B. a program that lets you look at web pages
C. a word image that you can clock on to navigate.
D. a computer language used to make web sites.
E. a company that provides space for a websites.
4. Choose the word that is closest in meaning to the underlined part.
1) The text used in webpage codes that provide information to search engines gives us high search rankings.
A — hyperlink
B — meta tag
C — web host
2) Type a word into the computer program that allows people to look for particular information to find a web site.
A — search engine
B – http
C — website
3) Our website is very popular on the system of information that is available on the internet.
A -meta tag
B –hyperlink
C – www
4) The company’s text and symbols that form a web address is http://tbbronincorp.com
A — URI
B — search engine
C — web host
5) Please begin the web address with the part of the web address that allows the computer to connect to the site.
A –HTML
B — web browser
C — http
UNIT 10
2. Read the article from Graphic Arts Magazine. Then choose the correct answers.
1) What is the article mostly about?
A. why people edit graphics
B. how to edit graphics
C. the causes of poor exposure
D. how to crops picture
2) According to the article, how can you remove unwanted parts of images?
A. crop the picture
B. resize the image
C. save the picture as a JPEG
D. increase the number of pixels
3) According to the article, what is NOT a way to fix a blurry photo?
A. resize the photo
B. increase the lighting
C. save in JPEG format
D. increase the amount of pixels 1
3. Match the words (1-6) with the definitions (A-F).
1. pixel — B
4. graphics — A
2. exposure — D
5. resolution — F
3. JPEG — C
6. tint — E
A images on a computer, in a book or magazine etc.
B a small dot that makes up part of an image a computer screen
C a file used to store pictures on a computer
D the length of time film is open to light when taking a picture
E a small amount of a color in something
F a computer or camera’s ability to produce a clear picture
4. Fill in the blanks with the words and phrases from the word bank.
1) It’s hard to see the details of this picture. Pease ________ it so that it is bigger.( RESIZE)
2) I want to edit my pictures .I need a__________. (GRAPHIC EDITING PROGRAM)
3) I don’t like the background of this picture. Lets_________ it out. (CROP)
4) This picture is too dark. Make the ____________ a little lighter. (CONTRAST)
UNIT 11
2. Read the email from it department of TB. Brown Inc. Then, read the paraphrase of the email. Fill in the blanks with the correct words from the wont bank.
Employees often use databases and spreadsheets incorrectly. Use a database to organize largo amounts of information about Clients. A database makes it easy to Search multiple tables for client information. Use a spreadsheet to perform calculations about sinks data. Spreadsheets are also able to create graphs and charts showing profits.
3. Match the words (1-5) with definitions (A-E).
1) Worksheet — D
2) database — B
3) sort — A
4) field — E
5) formula — C
A to arrange the information in a database
B a large group of data organized in a computer
C a mathematical instruction that performs spreadsheet calculations
D a single page of a spreadsheet
E a database category that hot a type 01 information
4. Choose the word that is closest in meaning to the Underlined part.
1) Sue types in a(n) symbol that performs a specific calculation on the line
A cell
B operator
C worksheet
2) Please arrange the client addresses in a single collection of information a database.
A table
B field
C query
3) Dave adds up the values with a mathematics spreadsheet calculation
A worksheet
B formula
C database
4) Jim organizes records in a computer program that organizes information and performs calculations.
A function
B query
C spreadsheet
5) Martha finds clients who live nearby with a search that locates all information of a specific type
A query
B field
C operator
6) Some information in one unit of a spreadsheet that holds a piece of information is incorrect.
A table
B function
C cell
UNIT 12
2. Read the article from a business newsletter. Then, choose the correct answers.
1) What does the Web Development class teach?
A making a website easy to use
B improving a website’s visibility
C using code to program a website
D how to market a new website
2) What can you inter about the Web Design
A Attending the class is mandatory.
B The first class addresses functional
C it focuses on improving a site’s visual
D Its registration fee is less than the Web Development class.
3) What is the function of CSS?
A It helps improve navigation.
B It decreases a website’s visibility.
C It changes the style of a web page.
D It expands the functionality of a web
3. Match the words (1-6) with the definition (A-F).
1) web design — A
2)coding — C
3) navigation — E
4) visibility — B
5) usability — D
6) content — F
A choosing a website’s visuals
B how easily you can find a website on a engine
C a website’s programming
D how easily a user can use a website
E moving around a website
F everything contained h a website
4. Fill in the blanks with the correct words and phrases from the word bank.
1) The website doesn’t work well. I want to improve its functionality
2) My website locks boring. I’ll give it a more interesting appearance
3) If you are interested in making a website, take a web development class.
4) I’m learning CSS so that I can change my website.
UNIT 13
2. 1. What is the purpose of this advertisement?
A to post a job opening
B to describe a company
C to start a publishing company
D to sell a desktop publishing program
2. Which is NOT a job qualification?
A the ability to make clip art
B project planning skills
C a college education
D the ability to make layouts
3. What can you infer from this advertisement?
A The job pays very well.
B This is a managerial position.
C The company is hiring from within.
D Students do not meet the requirements.
3. Read the sentence pair. Choose correct word
1. electronic paper/ assemble electronic pages
Many books are available on electronic paper.
Desktop publishing specialists assemble electronic pages.
2. page layout/clip art
If you need an extra picture use clip art.
That page layout looks complete.
3. Electrostatic printing/Offset lithography
Electrostatic printing is all done with machines.
Offset lithography uses oil and water to transfer ink.
4. Match the words (1-4) with the definitions (A-D).
1. comprehensive layout — B
2. desktop publishing — C
3. desktop publishing software — D
4. graphic communications — A
A. a form of visual language
B. a piece that is ready for print
C. the design of a layout using software
D. a computer program used by publishers
UNIT 14
2. Read the email from IT professional at Acme Enterprise. Then, mark the following statements with true (T) or false(F)
1. Videoconferencing reduces traveling time and cost. (TRUE)
2. The dedicated system comes with a video bridge. (FALSE)
3. Videoconferencing works best with low bandwidth Internet access.(FALSE)
3. Fill in the blanks with the correct words and phrases from the word bank.
1) My computer isn’t working. No images are showing on the monitor.
2) Let’s purchase a dedicated system It comes with everything we need for videoconferencing
3) Only I can edit the report. The videoconference system does not allow document sharing
4) You can’t hold a multipoint videoconference without a video bridge
5) The echo-cancellation feature eliminates unwanted
6) I want face-to-face meeting. Let’s hold a videoconference
4) Write a word that s similar in meaning to the underlined part.
1) A high amount of information that a network sends and receives helps images load quickly on the Internet. Bandwidth
2) To set up a videoconference system, first connect the equipment that codes and reads signals. Codec
3) John attached a camera that broadcasts sound and video on the Internet. Webcam
4) Our offices can hold a videoconference among people in different locations. Multipoint videoconference
UNIT 15
2. Read the email from the marketing director of bargainequipment.com. Then, mark the following statements as true(T) or false(F)
1) BargainEquipment.com has a brick and mortar shop. (False)
2) TFC Gaming is an affiliate of BargainEquipment.com. (False)
3) Affiliates earn a percentage of sales for increases in page views.(True)
3. Read the sentence pairs. Choose where the words best fit in the blanks.
1) digital certificate/certificate authority
I don’t trust this site, it has no digital certificate .
The certificate authority will tell customers our site is safe.
2) page views/traffic
My site has two hundred more page views today.
Advertising a website should increase traffic
3) FAQs/banner
Let’s display a new banner to attract attention.
Check the FAQs to find out about tine company.
4 . Fill in the blanks with the correct words and phrases from the word bank.
1) E-commerce allows people to shop with businesses globally.
2) My business is a(n) affiliate of that website. We share profits.
3) There are many brick and mortar shops on Main Street.
4) Put an item in a shopping cart and pay for it later.
Minitest 1
Fill in the blanks with the correct words from Unit 1.
1. A computer programmer is responsible for maintaining and repairing s__________ applications.
2. If a computer is o____________, it is connected to the Internet.
3. U__________ security software was a change from his regular duties.
4. Q__________ A__________ Department troubleshoots technical issues.
5. This plan can offer you more information s____________.
6. Our IT d___________ deals with the tasks efficiently.
7. H___________ refers to the technical parts of a computer.
8. It’s not a problem for Jason to enter the d________ into the computer.
9. Thompson is exceptionally skilled in data p___________.
10. The company uses e___________ to protect database.
Minitest 2.
Fill in the blanks with the correct words from Unit 2.
1.You can receive and make calls with the help of you c_____ p_______.
2.He does work on the plane on his l________ ____.
3.Does John`s P______ notify him about our meetings?
4.Everyone in the office has their own d__________ c__________.
5. The m_______ f_________ supports many other computers working at once.
6.Do w___________ s___________ have more memory than ordinary computers?
7.Can I log on to the s__________ to get access to all printers ?
8.There is a great variety of h________ P_______ in the DNS shop.
9.Our supervisor says there is no need for a s_________ c___________ in our company.
10.Before you click “reserve workstation” you should l_________ to the server first.
Minitest 3.
1. Match the pictures to the names of the computer components.
A)motherboard; B)CPU; C)RAM; D) hard drive; E) power supply; F) video card
1
2
3
5
6
2. Say what …
A) is the main circuit board?
B) is measured in megabytes (MB) or gigabytes (GB)?
C) is sometimes called the brain of the computer, and its job is to carry out commands?
D) is responsible for what you see on the monitor?
E) converts the power from the wall outlet to the type of power needed by the computer?
F) dissipates the heat and keeps the CPU cooler?
Minitest 4(1)
Fill in the blanks with the correct words from Unit 4.
1.A device that is used to control a pointer or a cursor is called a m_________.
2.A m___________ usually gathers sounds.
3.You name a device that reads images and sends them to a computer a s________ .
4.A device that displays images is called a m____________.
5.A k_________ enters information into a computer.
6.A U____ c ________ connects computers and devices.
7.Information is entered with an i____ d_________ .
8.A device that is added to a computer is called a p___________ .
9.A t_______ s___________ does not need a mouse.
10.A business owner needs help with a computer u_________ .
Minitest 4 (2).
Unscramble the words and match them to the definitions:
|
1. obayredk |
A. a small camera that connects to a computer. It broadcasts sound and video on the Net. |
|
2. suemo |
B. a device that is used to record sound |
|
3. nascren |
C. a set of buttons that is used to enter information into a computer |
|
4. poohcirnem |
D. a small device that is used to move the cursor and select items on a computer |
|
5. rotomin |
E. a device that can be connected to a computer |
|
6. hepirrelap |
F. a device that is used for transferring printed documents and pictures into a computer system |
|
7. mabcew |
G. a screen that displays text, video, or images |
Minitest 5
Look at the picture, form correct sentences about NETWORKING. Use the table. Then, translate your sentences into Russian.
|
LAN routers Interference Businesses The DHCP The router Computer network Routers A computer Some routers A WLAN |
connects don’t support need helps is not functioning links communicate provides impacts work |
computers wirelessly during a cycle a business different IP addresses for computers a router’s configuration a WLAN a correct configuration to work properly LAN to the Internet on the Internet well near walls or metals |
Minitest 6.
Fill in the blanks with the correct words from Unit 6.
1.Files and programs can be minimized in different w________ .
2.He used the program named o________ s_______ to make a computer work.
3.The pointer d_______ files to different folders.
4.G________ ____ __________ represents files via small pictures.
5.She saw the file onscreen as it was on the d_________ .
6.Symbols and pictures in GUI are called i___________ .
7.I added a s___________ one day but it disappeared the next.
8.Clicking o_______ m__________ will help you to save folders and icons.
9.You should s_______ the shortcuts to the desktop.
10.Files and commands are chosen with the p_________ .
Minitest 7
Match the words with the definitions:
1. format 6. template
2. macro 7. document
3. layout 8. spell check
4. font 9. word processing program
5. compatibility 10. formatting
A. a short keystroke that performs a predetermined action, a set of instructions for a computer
B. blank layout for certain types of documents
C. the style of the typed characters on a document
D. a file’s type
E. a file created on a word processing program
F. if you want to write on a computer, you use a …
G. the way that items are arranged on a document
H. the ability of one program or file to work with a different program
I. the design of the words on a document
J. a function that reviews a document for spelling errors
Minitest 8.
Fill in the blanks with the correct words from Unit 8.
1.A file that is sent with an email is called an a_________.
2.A d_____ n___________ is usually used to identify companies and addresses.
3.You name a computer that sends email a S____ s____ .
4.A program that saves, sends and receives emails is called e______ c_____________.
5.A p____________ lets a person access something.
6.A w_________ provider is used for personal email.
7.Incoming mail is entered with P_______ server.
8.My e________ a________ is not receiving mail.
Minitest 9.
Match the beginnings and the endings of the sentences.
1. This part of the web address A. more activity from search engines.
2. Search engine B. what meta tags are.
3. All web browsers C. allows people to look for particular information.
4. The hyperlinks don’t navigate D. supports higher traffic to the site.
5. Our site gets E. allows the computer to connect to the site.
6. I don’t even know F. away from the original page.
7. Our website appears G. when I’m searching for specific information.
8. The new host H. include several additional meta tags.
9. New HTML codes I. at the top of the search results.
10. I usually browse the web at work J. now support our graphics.
Minitest 10.
Fill in the blanks with the correct words from Unit 10.
1.A p_______ is a small dot that makes up part of an image on a computer screen.
2.If you want to store pictures on your computer use a file named J______
3.You need g________ e__________ p________ to edit your pictures.
4.A t____________ is a small amount of a color in something.
5.If the e_____________ is poor the image may be dark.
6.My camera can produce a clear picture due to a good r__________.
7.Images or g______ , as we call them , can be found on a computer,in a book or magazine.
8.To make the picture smaller you should r________ it.
9.We remove unnecessary parts of the picture when we c_________ it.
10.Make the c____________ a little lighter if the picture is too dark.
Minitest 11
Unscramble the words (1-10) and match them with their definitions (A-J)
1. arteopro; 2. sdhaeeretps; 3. ledif; 4. murlofa; 5. lecl; 6. requy; 7. bataseda; 8. skortehew;
9. lebat; 10. ticonnuf.
A. a computer program that organizes information and performs calculations
B. one unit of a spreadsheet that holds a piece of information
C. a single page of a spreadsheet
D. a mathematical instruction that performs a specific calculation in a spreadsheet.
E. a category in a database that holds a particular type of information
F. a symbol in a formula that performs a specific calculation
G. a search that locates all information of a specific type
H. a grid that organizes data into columns and rows
I. a large group of data organized in a computer system. It allows you to search and find information easily.
J. any mathematical calculation that you perform in a spreadsheet
Minitest 12.
Fill in the blanks with the correct words from Unit 12.
1.All the information you have in a website is called c_______.
2.To move around the website you need n__________.
3.To build sites create c______________.
4.The website should have a good u________ to use it easily.
5.Easy v______________ can help you find a website on a search engine.
6.W________ d_____________ is choosing a website`s visuals.
7.A simple language that decides how a web page looks is C_ _.
8.Improve the f_______ so the website worked well.
9.Your website will look more interesting if you give it a different a________.
10.A personal page is a b______.
Minitest 13.
Complete the text, use the words in the box.
|
Fonts and sizes; printing press; layout; design and production; artwork; greeting cards; software; documents; graphics; desktop publisher |
What is desktop publishing?
Desktop publishing refers to the 1) … of publications using personal computers with graphics capability. This can be applied to printing magazines, newsletters, brochures, and even 2) … .
Publishing has been around since the 15th century thanks to Guttenberg’s invention of the 3) … . Publishing has come a long way since then with the introduction of the personal home computer. Through the use of 4) … , people can manipulate text and 5) … on screen before finally committing a design to paper.
Anyone who owns desktop publishing software and a computer can be called a 6) … . This can be a graphic artist who designs documents for her client to a girl who creates a poster to advertise her lemonade stand.
Virtually anyone can use desktop publishing software and techniques to produce 7)… , but that does not mean they have the design know-how to do it right.
A good DTP system will provide, among other things, facilities to fit text into irregular shapes in a variety of … . It should also be able to manipulate the shape and size of photos or 9) … that you import. You should be able to build columns, headers and footers in your 10) … .
Minitest 14.
Mark the following statements as true (T) or false (F). Correct the wrong statements.
1. A video bridge is a device that allows you to hold multipoint videoconferences. It
connects calls from several different locations.
2. A monitor is a screen that displays text, video, or images.
3. Echo-cancellation is a process that increases the amount of echo heard by participants of a videoconference.
4. A dedicated system includes all the necessary components of videoconferencing together as a set.
5. Document sharing is a feature of some videoconferencing systems. It allows everyone participating in the videoconference to exchange the documents
6. A videoconference is a meeting or conversation between only two people in different locations using computer technology.
7. Bandwidth is a measurement of the amount of information that a computer network can send or receive. High bandwidth allows images and websites to load quickly on the Internet.
8. A codec is a piece of videoconferencing equipment that can take photos.
9. A webcam is a small camera that connects to a computer. It broadcasts sound and video on the Internet.
10. A multipoint videoconference is a videoconference among people in two different locations.
Minitest 15.
Match the words to form collocations. Then use them to make sentences about E-commerce.
|
1. |
brick and |
A |
certificate |
|
2. |
affiliate |
B |
director |
|
3. |
shopping |
C |
program |
|
4. |
page |
D |
questions |
|
5. |
digital |
E |
views |
|
6. |
certificate |
F |
percentages |
|
7. |
marketing |
G |
traffic |
|
8. |
increase |
H |
mortar |
|
9. |
frequently asked |
I |
authority |
|
10. |
payment |
J |
cart |
Keys
Minitest 1.
1. software; 2. online; 3. updating; 4. quality assurance; 5. security; 6. department; 7. hardware; 8. data; 9. processing; 10. encoding.
Minitest 2.
1.cell phone;2.laptop;3.PDA;4.desktop computer;5.main frame;6.work stations;7.server;8.handheld PCs;9.super computer;10.log on.
Minitest 3.
Task 1: 1-hard drive, 2-CPU, 3-motherboard, 4-video card, 5-power supply, 6-RAM
Task 2: A) motherboard, B) RAM, C) CPU, D) video card, E) power supply, F) heat sink.
Minitest 4(1).
1.mouse;2.microphone;3.scanner;4.monitor;5.keyboard;6.USB cable;7.input device;8.peripheral;9.touch screen;10.upgrade.
Minitest 4 (2).
1. keyboard — C; 2. mouse — D; 3. scanner — F; 4. microphone — B; 5. monitor — G; 6. peripheral — E; 7. webcam — A
Minitest 5.
1. LAN routers work well near walls or metals.
2. Interference impacts a router’s configuration.
3. Businesses communicate on the Internet.
4. The DHCP provides different IP addresses for computers.
5. The router links LAN to the Internet.
6. Computer network helps a business.
7. Routers need a correct configuration to work properly.
8. A computer is not functioning during a cycle.
9. Some routers don’t support a WLAN.
10. A WLAN connects computers wirelessly.
Minitest 6.
1.windows, 2.operating system, 3.drags, 4.graphical user interface,5.desktop,6.icons,7.shortcut,8.options menu,9.save,10.pointer.
Minitest 7.
1-D, 2-A, 3-G, 4-C, 5-H, 6-B, 7-E, 8-J, 9-F, 10-I.
Minitest 8.
1.attachment;2.domain name;3.SMTP server;4.email client;5.password;6. webmail;7.POP3;8.email address.
Minitest 9.
1-E, 2-C, 3-J, 4-F, 5-A, 6-B, 7-I, 8-D, 9-H, 10-G.
Minitest 10.
1.pixel;2.JPEG;3.graphic editing program;4.tint;5.exposure;6. resolution;7.graphics;8.resize;9.crop ; 10.contrast.
Minitest 11.
1. operator — F; 2. spreadsheet — A; 3. field — E; 4. formula — J; 5. cell — B; 6. query — G; 7. database — I; 8. worksheet — C; 9. table — H; 10. function — D.
Minitets 12.
1.content;2.navigation;3.coding;4.usability;5.visibility;6. web design;7.CSS;8.functionality;9.appearance ; 10.blog.
Minitest 13.
1.design and production; 2. greeting cards; 3. printing press; 4. software; 5. graphics; 6. desktop publisher; 7. documents; 8. fonts and sizes; 9. artwork; 10. layout.
Minitest 14.
1.T 2.T 3.F 4.T 5.F 6.F 7.T 8.F 9.T 10.F
Minitest 15.
1.- H; 2. — C; 3. — J; 4. — E; 5. — A; 6. — I; 7. — B; 8. — G; 9. — D; 10. — F.
Updated: 05/02/2021 by
Enter may refer to any of the following:
1. Alternatively called the Return key, with a keyboard, the Enter key sends the cursor to the beginning of the next line or executes a command or operation. Most full-sized PC keyboards have two Enter keys; one above the right Shift key and another on the bottom right of the numeric keypad.
Tip
The arrow symbol pointing down and to the left on the Enter key (shown in the picture above) is called a Return symbol or Return key symbol.
- Where is the Enter key on the keyboard?
- What if the Enter key goes to the next paragraph?
- What is the arrow on the Enter key?
- How is the Enter key used and what is its function?
- Which Enter key should I press?
- Practice using the Enter key.
- How many Enter keys are on the keyboard?
- What keyboard shortcuts use the Enter key?
- Related information.
Where is the Enter key on the keyboard?
Below is an overview of a computer keyboard with the Enter keys highlighted in blue on the main keyboard and numeric keypad.
Note
Apple keyboards have a «Return» key next to the keyboard and an «Enter» key next to the number pad. Chromebooks have an «Enter» key in the same location as a PC keyboard.
What if the Enter key goes to the next paragraph?
In programs such as Microsoft Word, when you press the Enter key, it may move to the next paragraph of the document instead of the next line. In these programs to go to the next line press the keyboard shortcut Ctrl+Enter instead of only Enter.
What is the arrow on the Enter key?
Sometimes called an elbow arrow, the Enter key arrow is what happens when you press the key. In other words, when you press Enter the text cursor moves down to the next line and to the left.
How is the Enter key used and what is its function?
The Enter key is often used to return to the next line or start a new paragraph. For example, when I press the Enter key at the end of this sentence, it starts the next paragraph. If you press the Enter key twice, it adds a blank line between lines.
Below are some other examples and places the Enter key is used on a computer.
- Return to the next line or starts a new paragraph in a word processor.
- Submit a form. For example, on all search engines when you enter what you want to search for you can press Enter without having to move the mouse to the search button.
- Activate a button or another object. For example, when navigating with a keyboard, you can press Tab until a button is highlighted, and once highlighted press Enter to press the button.
- Open a web page after a URL is entered into a browser address bar. For example, you can type computerhope.com in the address bar and then press Enter to open the Computer Hope home page.
Note
As mentioned above, the Enter key and Return key activate whatever is highlighted or selected. So, unless you’re typing, you should not press the Enter key without knowing what is selected. For example, if the Ok button is selected and you press Enter it would be the same as clicking the Ok button.
Which Enter key should I press?
On keyboards that have two Enter keys, it may be confusing for some users to know which Enter key to press. Both Enter keys perform the same function. Therefore you can press the key that is easiest for you to use. However, we recommend you press the Enter key closest to all the other letters when typing text. When entering numbers, use the Enter key on the numeric keypad.
Practice using the Enter key
Below is a textarea field to practice using the Enter key. Use this interactive text are to place an Enter in the middle and at the end of the line. In this example, if you wanted to start a new paragraph, you would need to click at the end of the sentence and then press Enter twice.
How many Enter keys are on the keyboard?
There are two Enter keys on a computer keyboard, one to the right of the main keyboard and the other on the bottom right corner of the numeric keypad. Keyboards and laptops without a numeric keypad only have one Enter key on the keyboard. Apple keyboards may have a Return key and an Enter key. Although these keys perform the same function, if you were counting keys that say «Enter» on an Apple keyboard it would be only one Enter key.
What keyboard shortcuts use the Enter key?
Below are links to keyboard shortcut keys that use the Enter key.
- Alt+Enter
- Ctrl+Enter
2. In general, enter or entering refers to when data or information is being placed (inserted) into the computer. For example, when searching for something in a search engine like Google, you are entering a query or set of words to find more information.
How do you enter information into the computer?
Information is entered into a computer using an input device. A good example of an input device used to enter information into the computer is the computer keyboard.
Input, Keyboard terms, Page Break, Return
2.2 Now read the text and try to describe computer hardware again using the key vocabulary in bold type.
Computer hardware refers to the physical parts of a computer and related devices. Internal hardware devices include motherboards, hard drives, and RAM. External hardware devices include monitors, keyboards, mice, printers, and scanners.
The internal hardware parts of a computer are often referred to as components, while external hardware devices are usually called peripherals. Together, they all fall under the category of computer hardware. Software, on the other hand, consists of the programs and applications that run on computers. Because software runs on computer hardware, software programs often have system requirements that list the minimum hardware required for the software to run.
(http://www.sharpened.net)
2.3 Decide if the statements are true (T) or false (F). Read Text A to check your answers.
- Hardware is known as something you can actually touch.
- The pages and the ink of a book are the hardware analogy.
- The main memory refers to physical memory that is internal to the computer.
- There are two different types of memory: the main memory and the random access memory.
- Devices which can be connected to the CPU are known as peripherals.
- A keyboard is the most commonly used output device.
- To display the processed data an input device is used.
- Mass storage devices retain data even when the computer is turned off.
TEXT A
The Main Pieces of Hardware
Hardware refers to objects that you can actually touch, like disks, disk drives, display screens, keyboards, printers, boards, and chips. In contrast, software is untouchable. Software exists as ideas, concepts, and symbols, but it has no substance.
Books provide a useful analogy. The pages and the ink are the hardware, while the words, sentences, paragraphs, and the overall meaning are the software. A computer without software is like a book full of blank pages — you need software to make the computer useful just as you need words to make a book meaningful.
The most important item of hardware is the CPU (Central Processing Unit). This is the electronic unit at the center of the computer system. It contains the processor and the main memory.
The processor is the brain of the computer. It does all the processing and controls all the other devices in the computer system.
The main memory is the part of the computer where programs and data being used by the processor can be stored. It refers to physical memory that is internal to the computer. The word main is used to distinguish it from external mass storage devices such as disk drives. Another term for main memory is RAM.
RAM (pronounced ramm, acronym for random access memory) is a type of computer memory that can be accessed randomly; that is, any byte of memory can be accessed without touching the preceding bytes. RAM is the most common type of memory found in computers and other devices, such as printers.
All the other devices in the computer system, which can be connected to the CPU, are known as peripherals. These include input devices, output devices and storage devices.
An output device is a peripheral, which enables information to be fed into the computer. The most commonly used input device is a keyboard, similar to a typewriter keyboard.
An output device is a peripheral, which enables information to be brought out of the computer, usually to display the processed data. The most commonly used output device is a monitor or VDU (Visual Display Unit). Another common output device is a printer. This prints the output of the CPU onto paper.
A mass storage device is a peripheral used for the permanent storage of information. It has a much greater capacity than the main memory. Mass storage is distinct from memory, which refers to temporary storage areas within the computer. Unlike main memory, mass storage devices retain data even when the computer is turned off. The main types of mass storage are various disks.
These are the main pieces of hardware of any computer system whether a small “micro” or a large mainframe system.
2.4 Match each piece of hardware on the left with its function on the right.
|
a. displays the processed data. |
|
b. holds the programs and data being used by the processor. |
|
c. does all the processing and controls the peripherals. |
|
d. allows data to be entered. |
|
f. provides permanent storage for programs and data. |
2.5 Fill in the gaps using the words from the box.
keyboard input unit requirements graphics the CPU
arithmetic control input calculation
_______ devices are used to supply the values needed by the computer and instructions to tell the computer how to operate on the value.
_______ vary greatly from machine to machine.
Information is usually entered into a computer via a
_______, with the characters typed on the screen. In English speaking countries the keyboard would have the QWERTY(1) layout. Many computers provide graphics commands which can be used to build up pictures. _______ are very important for the interface between the human user and the computer.
The arithmetic unit of a digital computer performs the actual work of computation and calculation. It carries out its job by the use of logic circuits. Modern computers use components called integrated circuits.
The control unit of a digital computer is an administrative or switching section. It receives information entering the machine and decides how and when to perform operations. It tells the arithmetic unit what to do where to get the necessary information. It knows when the arithmetic unit has completed a
______, and it tells the arithmetic unit what to do with the results and what to do next.
The _______ unit and the ______ unit are usually grouped together in a computer and are the central processing unit or CPU. The
______ gets instructions from the memory and carries out the operations required. On microcomputers this is done by a single silicon chip called a microprocessor.
(1) QWERTY стандартная для англоязычных стран клавиатура (первый ряд букв на которой начинается последовательностью QWERTY)
2.6 Complete the sentences by giving English equivalents to the Russian words/phrases.
- (Требования к вводу) vary greatly from machine to machine.
- Graphics are very important (для взаимодействия) between the human user and the computer.
- The arithmetic unit of (цифрового компьютера) performs the actual work of computation and (вычислений).
- It (выполняет) its work by the use of (логических цепей).
- It receives information (вводимую в компьютер) and decides how and when to perform operations.
- (Блок управления) is an administrative or switching section.
- On microcomputers this is done by (кремниевая микросхема).
2.7 Translate into English.
Почти во всех компьютерах, как в «обыкновенных» (ordinary), так и супер, реализована (is realized performed) та же самая конструктивная идея (design). Она состоит в том, что вся входящая и перерабатываемая информация (input and processed) хранится (is stored) в компьютере в форме некоторого множества двоичных разрядов (set of binary digits) или битов.
2.8 Put the words in the proper order to make a sentence.
- Graphics, for, the interface, between, are, the human user, very important, the computer.
- Computer, entered, is, usually, information, into, a keyboard, via.
- From machine to machine, vary, input unit, greatly, requirements.
- The memory, from, the Central processor, does, instructions, get.
- The actual work, the arithmetic unit, of computation, of a digital computer, performs, of the text.
2.9 Study the vocabulary you may need to understand the text below. After that
- count how many words/word combinations you’ve known before
- elicit words/word combinations you would like to learn
create [krɪ’eɪt] (v) творить, создавать
tool [tu:l](n) инструмент; орудие труда
set in motion [‘məυʃn] приводить в действие, приводить в движение
breakthrough [‘breɪkθru:] (adj) качественно новый
breakthrough innovation — крупное научное/техническое новаторство; прорыв (в науке)
originate [ə’rɪdʒəneɪt] (v) 1) брать начало, происходить, возникать
2) давать начало, порождать; создавать
to originate a new style in music — создать новый стиль в музыке
conceive [kən’si:v] (v) задумывать
a well conceived plan — хорошо задуманный план
explore [ɪk’splɔ:] (v) исследовать; обследовать; изучать
interaction [̗ɪntər’ækʃn] (n) взаимодействие
proto type [‘prəυtəυ taɪp] (n) прототип, пилотная модель
carve [kɑ:v] (v) резать, вырезать (по дереву или кости)
carved from horn — вырезанный из рога
carved in ivory — вырезанный из слоновой кости
carved in stone — высеченный из камня
button [‘bʌtn] (n) кнопка
to press the button — нажать кнопку
design [dɪ’zaɪn] (n) проект; конструкция; устройство
multiple [‘mʌltɪpl] (adj) многократный; многочисленный
single [‘sɪŋɡl] (adj) один; единственный
follow [‘fɒləυ] (v) следовать, идти за
wheel [wi:l] (n) колесо; колёсико
cursor [‘kɜ:sə] (n) курсор
purpose [‘pɜ:pəs] (n) намерение, цель, назначение
on purpose — нарочно;
on purpose to… — с целью…;
to answer (или to serve) the purpose — годиться, отвечать цели
facilitate [fə’sɪləteɪt] (v) облегчать; способствовать; продвигать
patent [‘peɪtnt] (adj) патентованный
patent [‘peɪtnt], тaкжe [‘pætnt] (n) — патент; запатентованный предмет, изобретение
patent office — бюро патентов
patent [‘peɪtnt], тaкжe [‘pætnt] (v) — патентовать; брать патент (на что-л.)
collaboration [kə̗læbə’reɪʃn] (n) сотрудничество; совместная работа
to work in collaboration with… – сотрудничать c…
collaborate [kə’læbəreɪt] (v) — сотрудничать
graduate student [‘ɡrædʒυət̗stju:dnt] (n) аспирант
cathode-ray tube [̗kæθəυd’reɪtju:b] (n) электронно-лучевая трубка
extension [ɪk’stenʃn] (n) расширение, развитие
capability [̗keɪpə’bɪlətɪ] (n) 1) способность
2) pl (потенциальные) возможности
augmentation [̗ɔ:ɡmen’teɪʃn] (n) увеличение, прирост, приращение
stage [steɪdʒ] (v) организовывать, осуществлять
to stage a demonstration — устроить демонстрацию
fall [fɔ:l] (n) (амер.) осень
debut [‘deɪbju:] (n) дебют
to make one’s debut — дебютировать
edit [‘edɪt] (v) редактировать
contribution [̗kɒntrɪ’bju:ʃn] (n) вклад (денежный, научный и т. п.)
lasting contribution – прочный вклад
enhance [ɪn’hɑ:ns] (v) увеличивать, усиливать, повышать
enhance competitiveness – повышать конкурентоспособность
2.10 Work in pairs and discuss what you know about the first computer mouse and its inventor.
Now read Paragraphs 1, 2 of Text B and answer the questions:
- What is SRI International?
- When did Doug Engelbart conceive of the computer mouse?
- Who built the first proto type of the computer mouse?
- What was the first computer mouse based on?
- What is the patentl name of a computer mouse?
2.11 Scan Text B and say what these dates refer to?
early 1960s 1964 1968 2000
2.12 Read the text and complete the summary below.
TEXT B
The First Mouse
Dr. Douglas C. Engelbart and his team at SRI (Stanford Research Institute) International created many of the concepts and tools that set the global computer revolution in motion. The first computer mouse was one of many breakthrough innovations originating at SRI.
Doug Engelbart conceived of the mouse in the early 1960s while exploring the interactions between humans and computers. Bill English, then the chief engineer at SRI, built the first proto type in 1964. The first computer mouse was based on a carved block of wood with a single red button. Designs with multiple buttons followed soon. A single wheel or a pair of wheels was used to translate the motion of the mouse into cursor movement on the screen. Doug Engelbart was the inventor on the basic patent for what was then called the «X-Y Position Indicator for a Display System.» For Doug, the mouse was one part of a much larger technological system whose purpose was to facilitate organizational learning and global online collaboration.
When Doug Engelbart was a graduate student in electrical engineering, he began to imagine ways in which all sorts of information could be displayed on the screens of cathode ray tubes, and he dreamed of «flying» through a variety of information spaces.
At the heart of his vision was the computer as an extension of human communication capabilities and a resource for the augmentation of human intellect. In 1968 Doug Engelbart with the group of young computer scientists and electrical engineers staged a 90- minute public multimedia demonstration at the Fall Joint Computer Conference in San Francisco.
It was the world debut of personal computing when a computer mouse controlled a networked computer system to demonstrate hypertext linking, real-time text editing, multiple windows with flexible view control, cathode display tubes, and shared-screen teleconferencing. Video clips of the demonstration are available at
http://sloan.stanford.edu/MouseSite/1968Demo.html.
In 2000, Doug Engelbart was awarded the National Medal of Technology — the United State’s highest technology honor — recognizing innovators who have made lasting contributions to enhancing America’s competitiveness and standard of living and whose solid science has resulted in commercially successful products and services.
(Courtesy of SRI International, Menlo Park, CA) http://www.tryengineering.org
Министерство образования и науки Хабаровского края
Краевое государственное бюджетное профессиональное образовательное учреждение
«Комсомольский-на-Амуре авиационно-технический техникум»
ПРАКТИЧЕСКОЕ ПОСОБИЕ
ПО ИНОСТРАННОМУ (АНГЛИЙСКОМУ) ЯЗЫКУ
Специальность 09.02.01 Компьютерные системы и комплексы
Форма обучения (очная)
Курс 2, 3, 4 семестр 3, 4, 5, 6, 8
Практические занятия 168 часов
Самостоятельная работа 84 часа
Зачет 8 семестр
Учебное пособие составлено в соответствии с требованиями федерального государственного образовательного стандарта среднего профессионального образования, утвержденного приказом Министерства образования и науки Российской Федерации от «06» ноября 2009 г. № 247
Рассмотрено на заседании ПЦК общеобразовательных дисциплин
Протокол № ___ от «___» ___________ 2016 г.
Председатель ПЦК ___________ Н.К. Тургенева
(подпись) (ФИО)
Составитель преподаватель английского языка ___________ Т.Е. Марфина
(должность) (подпись) (ФИО)
2016
Аннотация
Предлагаемое учебное пособие предназначено для студентов 2-4 курса специальности 09.02.01 Компьютерные системы и комплексы и разработано в соответствии с требованиями федерального государственного образовательного стандарта среднего профессионального образования и учебной программы курса английского языка.
Цель настоящего пособия – обучение иностранному языку в ходе взаимосвязанного развития умений в основных видах речевой деятельности, совершенствование речевых навыков и умений в использовании лексического материала. Пособие поможет студентам организовать свою работу по домашнему чтению, усвоить лексические единицы специальных технических текстов, параллельно ознакомит с оригинальными текстами, взятыми из английских и американских журналов и газет.
Основная задача представленного пособия заключается в том, чтобы помочь студентам овладеть компьютерной терминологией, а также усовершенствовать свои навыки английского языка.
Пособие содержит тексты, которые описывают все основные разделы вычислительной техники и снабжены послетекстовыми упражнениями, готовящими студентов к пересказу и самостоятельным высказываниям.
Данное издание можно использовать как для самостоятельного изучения английского языка, так и как дополнительное учебное пособие во время занятий.
Contents
Аннотация 2
Unit 1 5
Unit 2 8
Unit 3 11
Unit 4 14
Unit 5 16
Unit 6 21
Unit 7 25
Unit 8 28
Unit 9 30
Unit 10 33
Список использованных источников 37
UNIT 1
I. Look up in the dictionary how to pronounce the following words. Write them down in the dictionary.
to calculate ten-toothed gear wheels a chip
an abacus to aim guns rectangular
a bead frame responsible a layer
to devise to figure out attached
a slide rule a generation to encapsulate
to reduce a predecessor dependable
II. Read the text and do the exercises that follow it.
History of Computers
Let us take a look at the history of the computers that we know today. The very first calculating device used was the ten fingers of a man’s hands. This, in fact, is why today we count in tens and multiply of tens. Then the abacus was invented, a bead frame in which the beads are moved from left to right. People went on using some form of abacus well into the 16th century, it is being used in some parts of the world because it can be understood without knowing how to read.
During the 17th and 18th centuries many people tried to find easy ways of calculating. J. Napier, a Scotsman, devised a mechanical way of multiplying and dividing, which is how the modern slide rule works. Henry Briggs used Napier’s ideas to produce logarithm which all mathematicians used today.
Calculus, another branch of mathematics, was independently invented by both Sir Isaac Newton, an Englishman, and Leibnitz, a German mathematician. The first real calculating machine appeared in 1820 as the result of several people’s experiments. This type of machine, which saves a great deal of time and reduces the possibility of making mistakes, depends on a ten-toothed gear wheels.
In 1830 Charles Babbage, an Englishman, designed a machine that was called ‘The Analytical Engine’. This machine, which Babbage showed at the Paris Exhibition in 1855, was an attempt to cut out the human being altogether, expert for providing the machine with the necessary facts the problem to be sowed. He never finished this work, but many of his ideas were the basis for building today’s computers.
In 1930, the first analog computer was built by American named Vannevar Bush. The device was used in World War II to help aim guns. Mark I, the name given to the first digital computer, was completed in 1944. The men responsible for this invention were Professor Howard Aiken and some people from IBM. This was the first machine that could figure out long of mathematical problems all at a very fast speed.
In 1946 two engineers at the University of Pennsylvania, J. Eckert and J. Mayshly, built the first digital computer using parts called vacuum tubes. They named their new invention UNIAC. The first generation of computers, which used vacuum tubes, came out in 1950. UNIAC I was an example of these computers which could perform thousand of calculations per second.
In 1960, the second generation of computers was developed and could perform work ten times faster than their predecessors. The reason for this extra speed was the use of transistors instead of vacuum tubes. Second generation computers were smaller, faster and more dependable than first generation computers.
The third-generation computers appeared on the market in 1965. These computers could do a million calculations a second, which is 1000 times faster than the first generation computers. Unlike second-generation computers, these are controlled by tiny integrated circuits and are consequently smaller and more dependable.
Fourth-generation computers have now arrived, and the integrated circuits that are being developed have been greatly reduced in size. This is due to microminiturization, which means that the circuits are much smaller than before; as many as 1000 tiny circuits now fit onto a single chip. A chip is a square or rectangular piece of silicon, usually from 1/10 to ¼ inch, upon which several layers of an integrated circuit are attached or imprinted, after which the circuit is encapsulated in plastic metal. Fourth generation computers are 50 times faster than third-generation computers and can complete approximately 1.000.000 instructions per second.
III. Translate from English into Russian:
1. the very first calculating device 7. first digital computer
2. to count in tens 8. to figure out
3. to multiply of tens 9. ten times faster
4. without knowing 10. extra speed
5. to be independently invented 11. tiny integrated circuits
6. to save a great deal of time 12. keeping instruction
IV. Translate from Russian into English:
1. знать сегодня 7. попытка
2. 10 пальцев руки человека 8. аналоговый компьютер
3. кости на счетах двигают слева на право 9. скорость
4. продолжать использовать 10. вакуумные лампы (трубки)
5. счеты 11. транзистор
6. настоящая счетно- 12. интегрированные схемы
вычислительная машина
V. Fill in each blank with a word chosen from the list below to complete the meaning of the sentence:
chip, speed, figure out, calculating, reduces, microminiturization,
analog, logarithm, abacus, machine, vacuum tubes,
tiny, dependable, devised
1. The very first ….. device used was 10 fingers of a man’s hand.
2. Then, the ….. was invented.
3. J. Napier ….. a mechanical way of multiplying and dividing.
4. Henry Briggs used J.Napier’s ideas to produce ….. .
5. The first real calculating ….. appeared in 1820.
6. This type of machine ….. the possibility of making mistakes.
7. In 1930 the first ….. computer was built.
8. This was the first machine that could ….. ….. mathematical problems at a very fast speed.
9. In 1946 was built the first digital computer using parts called …. .
10. The reason for this extra ….. was the use of transistors instead of vacuum tubes.
11. The second generation computers were smaller, faster and more ….. than first-generation computers.
12. The third-generation computers are controlled by ….. integrated circuits.
13. This is due to ….., which means that the circuits are much smaller than before.
14. A ….. is a square or rectangular piece of silicon, usually from 1/10 to 1/4 inch.
VI. Fill in the preposition:
1. Let us take a look ….. the history of computers.
2. That is why we count ….. tens and multiply ….. tens.
3. The beads are moved ….. left ….. right.
4. Abacus is still being used ….. some parts ….. the world.
5. Calculus was independently invented ….. both Sir Isaac Newton and Leibnitz.
6. This type of machine depends ….. a ten-toothed gear wheels.
7. «The Analytical Engine» was shown ….. the Paris Exhibition ….. 1855.
8. The men responsible ….. this invention were Professor Howard Aiken and some people ….. IBM.
9. The first generation of computers came ….. in 1950.
10. Due to microminiturization 1000 tiny circuits fit ….. a single chip.
VII. Finish the following sentences:
1. The first generation of computers came out in ….. .
2. The second generation of computers could perform work ten times faster than their …. .
3. The third-generation computers appeared on the market in ….. .
4. The fourth-generation computers have been greatly ….. .
5. The fourth-generation computers are 50 times faster and can ….. .
VIII. Find the synonyms to the following words in the text:
simple, to carry out, up to date, quick, to try, small
IX. Find the antonyms to the following words in the text:
Like, short, to increase, sole, dependently
X. Arrange the items of the plan in a logical order according to the text:
1. J. Napier devised a mechanical way of multiplying and dividing.
2. The very first calculating device was the ten fingers of a man’s hands.
3. Babbage showed his analytical engine at Paris Exhibition.
4. The first real calculating machine appeared in 1820.
5. The first analog computer was used in World War II.
XI. Answer the questions on the text:
1. What was the very first calculating device?
2. What is abacus? When did people begin to use them?
3. When did a lot of people try to find easy ways of calculating?
4. Who used Napier’s ideas to produce logarithm?
5. What was invented by Sir Isaac Newton and Leibnitz?
6. What did Charles Babbage design?
7. When was the first analog computer built? How did people use it?
8. Who built the first digital computer?
9. How did the first generation of computers work?
10. What are the differences between the first and the second computer generations?
11. When did the third-generation computers appear?
UNIT 2
I. Look up in the dictionary how to pronounce the following words. Write them down in the dictionary.
to intricate capabilities a microcomputer
tiny addition a circuit
a core subtraction unfortunately
to manipulate division dull
to magnetize multiplication a routine
to perform exponentiation a judgement
to supply to feed instantaneously
II. Read the text and translate it without the help of the dictionary.
What is a Computer?
A computer is a machine with an intricate network of electronic circuits that operate switches or magnetize tiny metal cores. The switches, like the cores, are capable of being in one of two possible states, that is, on or off; magnetized.
The machine is capable of storing and manipulating numbers, letters and characters.
The basic idea of a computer is that we can make the machine do what we want by inputting signals that turn certain switches on and turn others off, or that magnetize or do not magnetize the cores.
The basic job of computers is the processing of information. For this reason, computers can be defined as devices which accept information in the from of instructions called a program and characters called data performing mathematical and logical operations on the information, and then supply results of these operations.
The program or a part of it, which tells the computers what to do and the data, which provide the information needed to solve the problem, are kept inside the computer in a place called memory.
Computers are thought to have many remarkable powers. Most computers, whether large or small have three basic capabilities.
First, computers have circuits for performing arithmetical operations, such as: addition, subtraction, division, multiplication and exponentiation. Second, computers have means of communicating with the user. If we couldn’t feed information in and get results back these machine wouldn’t be of much use.
However, certain computers (commonly minicomputers and microcomputers) are used to control directly things such as robots, aircraft navigation systems, medical instruments, etc. Some of the most common methods of inputting information are to use terminals, diskettes, disks and magnetic tapes.
The computer’s input device (which might be a disk drive depending on the medium used in inputting information) reads the information into the computer. For outputting information, two common devices are used a printer which prints the new information on paper, or a cathode-raytube (CRT) display screen which shows the results on a TV-like a screen. Third, computers have circuits which can make decisions. The kinds of decisions which computer circuits can make are not of the type: ‘Who would win a war between two countries?’ or ‘Who is the richest person in the world?’ Unfortunately, the computer can only decide three things, namely:’ Is one number use more often than another? ‘Are two numbers equal?’ and, ‘Is one number greater than another?’
A computer can solve a series of problems and make hundreds even thousands of logical operations without becoming tired or bored. It can find the solution to a problem in a fraction that it takes a human being to do the job. A computer can replace people in dull routine, but it has no originality, it works according to the instructions given to it and cannot exercise value judgements.
There are times when a computer seems to operate like a mechanical «brain», but its achievement are limited by the minds of human beings. A computer cannot do anything unless a person tells it what to do and gives the appropriate information, but because of electric pulses can move at the speed of light, a computer can carry out vast numbers of arithmetical-logical operations almost instantaneously.
A person can do the same, but in many cases that person would be deal long before the job was finished.
III. Translate these into your own language:
1. an intricate network 9. an input device
2. tiny metal cores 10. for outputting information
3. by inputting signals 11. a decision
4. the processing of information 12. to replace
5. to define 13. appropriate
6. to provide 14. to carry out
7. to solve 15. vast
8. memory
IV. Translate these into English:
1. переключатель, подобный 9. непосредственно управлять
металлическому сердечнику
2. буквы и знаки (символы) 10. схема
3. намагничивать металлический 11. механический мозг
сердечник
4. обработка информации 12. ограниченный
5. выполнять металлические 13. до тех пор пока
и логические операции
6. данные 14. подходящий
7. замечательный 15. скорость света
8. средства связи с пользователем
V. Fill in the necessary words:
1. A computer is a ….. with an intricate network of electronic circuits.
2. The machine is ….. of storing and manipulating numbers, letters and characters.
3. The basic job of a computer is the ….. of information.
4. Most computers have three basic ….. .
5. Computers have ….. for performing arithmetical operations.
6. Certain computers are used ….. directly things such as robots, medical instruments, etc.
7. For outputting information two common ….. are used.
8. A computer can ….. people in dull routine.
VI. Fill in the gaps the prepositions:
1. A computer is a device ….. an intricate network.
2. The switches are capable of being ….. one or two states.
3. We can make the machine do what we want ….. inputting signals.
4. Computers accept information ….. the form of instructions called a program.
5. Computers have circuits ….. performing operations.
6. Computers have means of communicating ….. the user.
7. Input device may be a disk drive depending ….. the medium used ….. inputting information.
8. Computers can solve a series of problems ….. becoming tired or bored.
VII. Match the names on the left with the definitions on the right:
1. video recorder a) a kind of sophisticated typewriter using a computer
2. photocopier b) a machine which records and plays back sound
3. fax machine c) a machine which records and plays back pictures
4. tape recorder d) a camera which records moving pictures and sound
5. modem e) a machine for chopping up, slicing, mashing, etc.
6. camcorder f) a machine which makes copies of documents
7. robot g) a machine which makes copies of documents and
sends them down telephone lines to another place
8. word-processor h) a machine which acts like a person
9. food-processor i) a piece of equipment allowing you to send information from one computer down telephone lines to another computer
VIII. Write descriptions like those in exercise VII, for the following objects:
TV set sewing-machine microwave disks
iron telephone printer mouse
alarm-clock ventilator keyboard CD-players
IX. Give the appropriate definitions of the following terms:
computer, data, memory, input, device, output
X. Find the synonyms to the following words in the text:
Work, difficult, to fulfill, fundamental, to end, equipment
complex, way, uninterested, an accomplishment
XI. Find the antonyms to the following words in the text:
output, smaller, interesting, poor, dark, alive, large, receiving, reject, unusual
XII. Arrange the items of the plan in a logical order according to the text:
1. A computer can solve a series of problems and make hundreds even thousands of logical operations.
2. The basic job of computers is the processing of information.
3. A computer is a machine with an intricate network of electronic circuits.
4. Computers have circuits for performing arithmetic operations.
5. The machine is capable of storing and manipulating numbers, letters and characters.
6. Some of the most common methods of inputting information are to use terminals.
7. For outputting information only two common devices are used.
XIII. Answer the following questions:
1. What is a computer?
2. What is it capable to do?
3. The basic job of a computer is the processing of information, isn’t it?
4. How do we call a program, which tells the computer what to do?
5. Computers have many remarkable powers, don’t they?
6. What can computer solve?
7. Can computers do anything without a person?
XIV. Give a short summary of the text.
UNIT 3
I. Look up in the dictionary how to pronounce the following words. Write them down in the dictionary.
to adjust to check in to maintain
advanced to enable a marvel
to amend to execute random
to assist to guide to rely on
to conjure an image a relative ease
to contribute huge to resemble
conversing launching a terminal
II. Read the text and do the exercises that follow it.
Computer Applications
Many people have or will have had some experience of ‘conversing’ with computers. They may have their own micro-computer, they may use a terminal from the main company at work or they may have a television set with a view data facility. Those who do not have this experience may observe the staff at, for example, an airline check-in or a local bank branch office sitting at their desks, pressing keys on a typewriter like a keyboard and reading information presented on a television type screen. In such a situation the check-in clerk or the branch cashier is using the computer to obtain information (e.g. to find out if a seat is booked) or to amend information (e.g. to change a customer’s name and address).
The word computer conjures up different images and thoughts in people’s mind depending upon their experiences. Some view computers as powerful, intelligent machines that can maintain a ‘big brother’ watch over everyone. Others are staggered and fascinated by the marvels achieved by the space programs of the superpowers, where computers play an important part.
Numerous factories use computers to control machines that make products. A computer turns the machines on and off and adjusts their operations when necessary. Without computers, it would be impossible for engineers to perform the enormous number of calculations needed to solve many advanced technological problems. Computers help in the building of spacecraft, and they assist flight engineers in launching, controlling and tracking the vehicles. Computers also are used to develop equipment for exploring the moon and planets. They enable architectural and civil engineers to design complicated bridges and other structures with relative ease.
Computers have been of tremendous help to researchers in the biological, physical and social sciences. Chemists and physicists rely on computers to control and check sensitive laboratory instruments and to analyze experimental data. Astronomers use computers to guide telescopes and to process photographic images of planets and other objects in space.
Computers can be used to compose music, write poems and produce drawings and paintings. A work generated by a computer may resemble that a certain artist in birth style and form, or it may appear abstract or random. Computers are also used in the study of the fine arts, particularly, literature. They have also been programmed to help scholars identify paintings and sculptures from ancient civilizations.
But computers do not have intelligence in the way humans do. They cannot think for themselves. What they are good at is carrying out arithmetical operations and making logical decisions at phenomenally fast speed. But they only do what humans program gives them to do.
Apart from the speed at which computers execute instruction, two developments in particular have contributed to the growth in the use of computers – efficient storage of large amounts of data and diminishing cost. Today, computers can store huge amount of information on magnetic media and any item of this information can be obtained in a few milliseconds and displayed or printed for the user.
III. Translate these into your own language:
1. some experience of conversing 8. advanced technological problem
2. view data facility 9. to guide telescopes
3. to obtain information 10. ancient civilization
4. powerful, intelligent machine 11. arithmetical operations
5. to be straggered and fascinated 12. logical decisions
6. to adjust operations 13. to execute instructions
7. enormous number of calculations 14. efficient storage
IV. Translate these into English:
1. использовать терминал главной компании
2. нажимать кнопки на клавиатуре
3. получить информацию
4. различные образы
5. компьютер включает и выключает машины
6. разработать оборудование для исследования Луны и других планет
7. чувствительное оборудование
8. анализировать экспериментальные данные
9. могут быть использованы для сочинения музыки
10. работа, управляемая компьютером
11. помочь ученым определить
12. не могут думать сами
13. хорошо справляться с выполнением
14. вносить вклад
V. Give the situation from the text in which the following words and expressions are used:
1. people have some experience 6. to process photographic images of
2. different images 7. to resemble
3. it would be impossible 8. intelligence
4. spacecraft 9. fast speed
5. enable to design 10. magnetic media
VI. Fill in the gaps necessary prepositions:
1. People may use a terminal ….. the main company ….. work.
2. A clerk can press keys ….. a typewriter.
3. The word computer conjures ….. a different images.
4. A computer turns the machine ….. and ….. .
5. Computers help ….. building of spacecraft.
6. They are used to develop equipment ….. exploring the moon and planets.
7. Chemists and physicists rely ….. computers to control sensitive instruments.
8. Computers don’t have intelligence ….. the way humans do.
9. Computers are good ….. arithmetical operations.
10. Computers can store huge amounts of information ….. magnetic media.
VII. Ask questions to which the following statements might be the answers:
1. People may use a terminal from the main company at work.
2. In such a situation the check-in clerk is using the computer to obtain information.
3. The word computer conjures up different images and thoughts in people’s mind.
4. Numerous factories use computers to control machines that make products.
5. A computer turns the machine on and off and adjust their operations.
6. Computers help in the building of spacecraft and assist flight engineers in launching.
7. Chemist and physicists rely on computers.
8. A work generated by a computer may resemble that a certain artist in a birth style and form.
9. Computers do only what humans program them to do.
10. Computers obtain huge amounts of information in a few milliseconds.
VIII. Agree or disagree with the following statements:
1. Only a few people have or will have had some experience of «conversing» with computers.
2. The word computer conjures up the same images and thoughts in computer’s brain depending upon the structure of the computer.
3. Without computers it would be impossible for engineers to perform the enormous number of calculations.
4. Architectors and civil engineers can’t design complicated bridges and other structures with the help of computers.
5. Computers haven’t been of tremendous help to researchers in the biological, physical and social sciences.
6. Poets and physicists rely on computers to control and check sensitive laboratory equipments.
7. Computers can be used to compose music, write poems and produce drawings and paintings.
8. Computers have intelligence in the way humans do.
9. Today, computers are very big, slow and can store little information on magnetic media.
IX. Write the plan of the text to retell it in English.
X. Points for discussion: advantages and disadvantages of computers.
UNIT 4
I. Look up in the dictionary how to pronounce the following words. Write them down in the dictionary.
circular octal contiguous comparing
to assume a value cell selecting
decimal a location adequate sorting
to handle uniquely precise matching
II. Read the text and do the exercises that follow it:
Information, machine words, instructions, addresses
and reasonable operations
Information is a set of marks or sings that have meaning. These consist of letters or numbers, digits or characters, typewriter signs, other kinds of sing and so on. So, information is the end product of people obtained from computer systems. The process of using computer is circular beginning and ending with people.
When we see number 562 we normally assume that it represents five hundred and sixty-two. This is because we are conditioned to the decimal system where the base is 10. Nowadays school children are taught to handle numbers with different bases such as octal (8) and binary (2). With the number 562 we understand this to mean that we have 5 hundreds, 6 tens and 2 units (5 · 100 + 6 · 10 + 2 · 1) so each digit has a meaning represented by its value and its position.
Computers work by using the binary system where the base is 2. This means that each position can have a value of 0 or 1. So any information may be represented by the binary system including these two digits. Because at their most basic level, computers only understand the language of electricity: positive (or on or 1) and negative (or off or 0). Instead of going up in powers of ten (10,10 x 10,10 x 10 x 10) the positions go up in powers of 2 (2,2 x 2,2 x 2 x 2,2 x 2 x 2, etc.)
Thus the binary number 1001 can be represented as:
2 x 2 x 2s position 2 x 2s position 2s position units position
1 0 0 1
Thus number can be converted to decimal
2 x 2 x 2 x 1 = 8 x 1 = 8
2 x 2 x 0 = 4 x 0 = 0
2 x 0 = 0
1 = 1
9
So 1001 in binary has the same value as 9 in decimal.
The memory of a computer consists of a large number of locations, each of which in uniquely addressable. In most modern computers these locations are called bytes. They consists of eight positions and each position can be set to 0 or 1. These positions are bits. A bit is the smallest part of information and it is the basic unit of data recognized by the computer. Bits are grouped in units that are called bytes. A byte consists of eight bits.
A group of contiguous bytes that can be manipulated together is called a word. A word may be 2 bytes (16 bits) or 4 bytes (32 bits) or other combinations. 16 bits can hold number up to 65,535. Word length is the term used to describe a word’s size in numbers of bits.
The memory of the computer can hold instructions that the control unit acts upon, and it can store binary numbers on which arithmetical operations can be carried out. A large number of business operations, and computer-based training in particular, do very little with numbers. They are mostly concerned with accepting as input, manipulating and presenting as output, large quantities of character information-names and addresses.
An address is the name of particular memory location or cell. Each memory location (word or byte) has it own unique address or number just a post office box. If one character is stored in a byte, there are 256 possible characters that the different bit patterns can represent. That is quite adequate for all alphabetic characters in upper and lower case, the number 0 to 9 and the various punctuation and special characters that are found on a typewriter keyboard. One widely used Coding convention is ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange), pronounced as the two words «ass» and «key».
This is a part of the ASCII Code
Сharacter % E+ ‘ ( ) * + , — . /
ASCII Code 37 38 39 40 42 43 44 45 46 47
Сharacter 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
ASCII Code 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57
Character A B C D E F G H I J
ASCII Code 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74
Thus, if we wanted to hold FRANKLIN in part of the correct answer it could be held somewhere in memory (say location 5390 onwards) as the following ASCII codes:
Letter F R A N K L I N
Code in memory 70 82 65 78 75 76 73 78
Memory location 5390 5391 5392 5393 5394 5395 5396 5397
Computer people generally refer to 1000 (1024 to be precise) byte as a kilobyte (kb) and a million bytes as a megabyte (mb). So, if somebody has a microcomputer with 640 k memory locations than means there are 640,000 locations in the machine.
Reasonable operations are mathematical and logical. Mathematical operations include arithmetical and algebraic operations. Arithmetical operations are addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, taking a square root, etc.; and algebraic operations are called raising to a power as well as differentiating and integrating.
Logical operations include comparing, selecting, sorting, matching, etc.
III. Translate these into your own language:
1. a set of marks and signs 7. bytes
2. circular beginning and ending with people 8. bits are grouped
3. we are conditioned to the decimal system 9. can be manipulated together
4. base 10. to hold instructions
5. including these two digits 11. memory location
6. the positions go up in powers of 2 12. to include
IV. Translate these into English:
1. множество знаков 7. десятичное число
2. число представляет 8. запоминать, хранить в памяти
3. учат работать с числами 9. выполнять
4. у каждого есть свое значение 10. точно
5. двоичная система исчисления 11. разумные операции
6. основной уровень
V. Fill in the necessary words:
1. ….. is a set of marks or signs.
2. We are conditioned to the ….. ….. .
3. Computers work by using the ….. ….. where the ….. is 2.
4. The ….. of a computer consists of a large number of locations.
5. A ….. is the smallest part of information.
6. A byte consists of 8 ….. .
7. The memory of the computer can ….. instructions.
8. Computer people generally ….. ….. 1 000 bytes as a kilobyte.
VI. Fill in the prepositions:
1. Nowadays school children are taught to handle numbers ….. different bases.
2. ….. their most basic level, computers only understand the language of electricity.
3. Instead of going ….. in powers of ten, the positions go ….. ….. powers of 2.
4. Each position can be set ….. 0 or 1.
5. Bits are grouped ….. units.
6. The memory can store binary numbers ….. which arithmetical operations can be carried ….. .
VII. Give the correct definitions of the following terms:
a) information c) bit e) word g) reasonable operation
b) binary system d) byte f) address
VIII. Answer the following questions:
1. What is information?
2. Do computers work by using binary or decimal system?
3. What is the base of the binary system?
4. How can any information be represented?
5. What is the ASC II Code?
IX. Write you last name in letters and codes in memory and in memory locations, use the ASC II Code.
X. Retell the text.
UNIT 5
I. Look up in the dictionary how to pronounce the following words. Write them down in the dictionary.
regardless to monitor to fit
to enter a hardware representative
a routing peripheral available
to direct a variety to purchase
a property an occurrence a competitor
to modify to afford incredibly
solely to confine to convince
II. Read the text and do the exercises that follow it.
Kinds of Computers
All computer systems, regardless of their size, have the same four hardware components:
1. A processor or CPU, where the data input is processed according to the program.
2. Input/output devices or peripherals such as the keyboard and printer, which receive data from people and enter it into the computer for processing, then send it back to people so it can be used.
3. Storage components such as disk drives or tape drives keep data for later use.
4. Routing and control components, which direct the instructions and/or data from one component to the next making sure each does its task properly.
Computers are generally classified as general-purpose or special purpose machine. A general-purpose computer is one used for a variety of tasks without the need to modify or change it as the tasks change. A common example is a computer used in business that runs many different application.
A special-purpose computer is designed and used solely for one application. The machine may need to be redesigned and certainly reprogrammed, if, it is to perform another task. Special-purpose computers can be used in a factory to monitor a manufacturing process; in research to monitor seismological, meteorological and other natural occurrences; and in the office.
So all computers have in common, but certain computers differ from one another. These differences often have to do with the way a particular computer is used. That is why we can say there are different types of computers that are suited for different kinds of work or problem solving.
Personal computer is a computer system that fits on a desktop, that an individual can afford to buy for personal use, and that is intended for a single use.
Personal computers include desktops, laptops and workstation. Each type of a personal computer shares many characteristics in common with its counterparts, but people use them in different ways.
The Desktop Personal computer is a computer that:
-fits on a desktop
-is designed for a single user
-is affordable for an individual to buy for personal use.
Desktop personal computers are used for education, running a small business, or in large corporation, to help office workers be more productive. There are some common desktop personal computers:
-The IBM PC and PC-compatible
-The Compaq Deskpro 386
-The IBM PS/2
-The Apple Macintosh
The Laptop Personal Computer is a computer that people can take with them, laptop is used by a single individual but can be used in many different places, it is not confined by its size or weight to a desktop. It has the same components as a desktop machine but in most cases the monitor is built in. The printer is usually separate.
Laptops fall into the same general categories as desktop personal computers:
-PC-compatibles
-ABM PC/2
-Apple Macintosh portable
Managers and employees who travel frequently use laptops to keep in touch with their office. Sales representatives keep company information on their laptops to show prospective clients, and send electronic orders into the company computers. Writers use laptops so they can work on their manuscript no matter where they are.
There are many portables available today, some weigh as much as 15 pounds, while others weigh as little as 3 pounds. There are laptops so small they fit in the palm of your hand. There are laptops that fit in a briefcase, called notebook computers.
The Workstation is a computer that fits on a desktop, but is more powerful than a desktop computer. The workstation has a more powerful microprocessor, is able to service more than one user, has an easy to use interface and is capable of multitasking. While these three characteristics used to be unique to workstation, they are being adapted to the more powerful 386 and 486 personal computers over time.
Workstations are designed for three major tasks: scientific and engineering, office automation and education.
The Minicomputer, or mini, is a versatile special or general-purpose computer designed so that many people can use it at the same time. Minis operate in ordinary indoor environments; some require air conditioning while others do not. Minis also can operate in less hospitable places such as on ships and planes.
Like all computers, the minicomputer is designed as a system. CPUs, terminals, printers and storage devices can be purchased separately. Mini systems are more mobile, easier to set up and install. A minicomputer system combined with specialized equipment and peripherals is designed to perform a specific task. A popular minicomputer is the Digital VAX Computer.
Mainframe is the largest general-purpose computer. It is designed to be used by hundreds even thousands of people. A mainframe uses the same basic building blocks of a computer system: the CPU, various I/O devices and external memory.
Most mainframe computers are general-purpose machines. In 1964 introduced the System/360 mainframe computer. It became the most popular mainframe in the computer history.
A Supercomputer is a very fast special-purpose computer designed to perform highly sophisticated or complex scientific calculations. For example calculating a prime number (one that is divisible only by 1 and itself),or the distance between planets. But computers permit turning many other problems into numbers, such as molecular modeling, geographic modeling and image processing.
Cray is a leading supercomputer maker, with IBM and Fujistsy as major competitors.
A Cray X-MP Supercomputer was used to help to make a movie called ‘The last starfighter’ Computer animation isn’t new but using the X-MP added a whole new dimension of sophistication. Its most remarkable accomplishment was creating the entire bridge of the alien’s starship, complete with animated aliens walking around next to real actors. Because the Cray could process the image in incredibly fine detail, the average viewer would think it looked absolutely real. The X-MP allowed animators to make illusion as convincing as reality itself.
It is interesting to know that …
PCs and PC-compatibles are used in organization of all sizes. PCs are an office time saver, allowing the staff to write press releases and legislative testimony, performs accounting tasks, and prepares mailing lists more quickly. It is also paves the way for organization to complete more effectively with other public interest groups. Today, over 80 percent of Public Citizen’s employees use PC-compatibles. Word processing has replaced typewriters, hard disk drive storage has reduced the amount of paper kept in filing cabinets, and laser printing has cut their outside printing costs dramatically.
Banks have traditionally used the latest computer technology to automate their own operations, but First Banks for Business found a way to use personal computers to improve customer service. In the past, when a customer wanted to cash a check, the signature card had to be compared to verify identity. That meant looking through a card file or containing central book-keeping, which could take as long as 30 minutes.
Now Banks for Business installed PC-2s with special graphics capabilities and software called Signet to perform the task. When the letters retrieve customer account information from the computer, they see the authorized signatures appear right on the screen. The system also tells them what other signatories are permitted on the account or if two signatures are required to cash a check. The banks say the main reason customers change banks is due to bad service. Using the powerful PS-2s signet, they can cash a customer’s cheek in a minute or less.
People use laptops for many of the same tasks that they use desktops and more.
Astrophysicists use Sun Microsystems workstations for their engineering work. They routinely sketch graphs and diagrams on the screen using computer-aided drafting software, as well as sophisticated calculation software to test mathematical equations. They also exchange ideas and information with each other in electronic messages. One project they have worked on in cooperation with NASA is the Advanced X-Ray Astrophysic Facility. It is an observatory in space that will measure cosmic Xrays, which are invisible an earth. The astrophysicists hope that the information provided will help them understand better how the universe was formed and what is eventual fate will be.
The Sun workstation performed an additionally important task: helping gather visual and textual information into a comprehensive report for NASA to explain how an X-ray telescope would function abroad the observatory. Using electronic publishing software, they combined graphics screens, mathematical equations, and textual explanations into a document that took just six hours to prepare. Previously, it would have taken two days.
III. Fill in the necessary words:
1. ….. are generally classified as general – or special-purpose machine.
2. A special-purpose computer is designed and used ….. for one application.
3. Personal computer ….. on a desktop.
4. Each type of a personal computer ….. many characteristics in common with their counterparts.
5. There are many portables ….. today.
6. CPUs, terminals, printers and storage devices can be ….. separately.
IV. Agree or disagree with the following statements:
1. All computer systems have the same five hardware components.
2. Input/output devices receive data, enter it into the computer for processing, then send it back to people so it can be used.
3. Storage components don’t keep data for later use.
4. Computers are general-purpose machines.
5. The machine may need to be redesigned and certainly reprogrammed.
6. We can’t say, that there are different types of computers.
V. Ask questions to which the following statements might be the answer:
1. Desktop personal computers are used for education, running a small business or in large corporation to help office workers be more productive.
2. Laptops fall into the same general categories as desktop personal computers.
3. The workstation is a computer that fits on a desktop.
4. Workstations are designed for three major tasks.
5. A minicomputer system combined with specialized equipment and peripherals is designed to perform a specific task.
6. A mainframe uses the same basic building blocks of a computer system: the CPU, I/O devices and external memory.
VI. Answer the following questions:
1. What have all computers in common?
2. How can we classify computers?
3. What are general /special-purpose computers used for?
4. What are three primary types of personal computers?
5. What is the primary difference between personal computer and workstation?
6. What are major tasks of a workstation?
7. What is minicomputer used for?
8. What does the supercomputer differ from the general-purpose mainframe computer?
9. What are two main characteristics of the supercomputer?
VII. Find the synonyms to the following words:
a component, a device, to receive, to enter, to keep, to handle,
to run, to confine, to fit, terminals, calculation
VIII. Find the antonyms to the following words:
to pay attention to, unprocessed, undirect, monotony, designed
programmed, similar, similarity, unlimited, unite, rare, single, task
together, slow, odd, number, simplicity, to destroy
IX. Match the words of the first column with those of the second one:
1. regardless 1. убеждать
2. to enter 2. проверять
3. a routing 3. покупать
4. to direct 4. ограничиваться
5. to modify 5. входить
6. to purchase 6. видоизменять
7. to convince 7. программа
8. solely 8. не обращая внимание
9. to monitor 9. ладонь
10. occurrence 10. представлять/ быть в состоянии
11. to afford 11. исключительно
12. to confine 12. управлять
13. a palm 13. случай
X. Give the definitions to the following terms:
1. computer
2. supercomputer
3. special-purpose computer
4. general-purpose computer
5. personal computer
6. minicomputer
7. mainframe
UNIT 6
I. Look up the words in the dictionary. Write them down.
issuing commands to insert a double click
a desktop non-impact to utilize
to install a seal a beam
a strip a track a pin
a wedge a slot a dot
to slide to delete an auxiliary storage
to attach a keypad density
II. Read the text and do the exercises that follow it.
Input and Output Devices
A peripheral is a device performs input, output or storage functions and is connected to CPU. In order for the computer to be of use to us, there must be some types of mechanism for entering data into the computer for processing. Devices which allow the task of data entry to be performed are called input devices.
Input we use to perform the two basic computational tasks: data entry and issuing commands. The most widely used input device is the keyboard, which was adapted from the typewriter. The keyboard is the standard mean for the user to input data into the computer. Unfortunately, it is not a very satisfactory means of input because most people have little or no knowledge of the layout of a typewriter keyboard.
The keyboard itself doesn’t contain any mechanism for creating printed pages. Each time a key on the keyboard is pressed, an electronic signal is sent to the system unit indicating which key was pressed. The system unit and the software interpret this signal and take the appropriate action.
Some keys are added to terminal keyboards to fulfill special functions. The most important of these is the RETURN or ENTRY key. This is pressed by the user to indicate to the computer, by the sending of a special code, that the typed line is complete and that the computer can now analyze it. Other keys that may be present include a delete key which when pressed deletes the character just typed, special function keys that can be used for special purpose by different programs and one marked CONTROL or CTRL which also has a particular function when used with other keys. Some keyboards may also have a numeric keypad to the right of the typewriter keyboard. This may be of help when entering numeric data.
There are three keyboard layouts. The first is the standard IBM-PC keyboard. The central portion of the keyboard consists of the alphanumeric keys, that there are ten function keys (labeled F1 – F10) on the top side of the keyboard, and there is a numeric keypad, much like that found on a calculator, on the right side of the keyboard.
The function keys are keys which send special signals to the system unit. The effect of pressing a given function key will depend on the software which is currently in use.
The numeric keypad is useful when numeric data must be entered into the computer. The numeric keypad serves two roles. The 1st role is the digits, decimal points and addition and subtraction signs are active. The 2nd role is the key of the keypad are used to control the small blinking box or line on the screen which shows the user where the next typed character will be displayed. This line is known as the cursor. The cursor control keys are the arrows (left, right, up and down), PgUp, PgDn, Insert and Delete. But there are several types of pointing device that are used to move the cursor and usually work in conjunction with the keyboard. The most common pointing device is the mouse, so called because it slides over the desktop and has a wire or ‘tail’ attached to the computer.
So a mouse is a hand-held device with a small rotating ball embedded in the bottom. The mouse is an opto-mechanical input device. It has three or two buttons which control the cursor movement across the screen. Each software program uses those buttons differently. The Mouse’s primary functions are to help users to draw, point and select images on the computer display by moving the mouse across the screen. In general software programs require to press one or more buttons, sometimes keeping them depressed or double-click them to issue changed in commands and to draw or to erase images.
The Mouse slopes gently towards the front, so fingers rest comfortably on the three (or two) buttons which respond easily, and click when pressed. Especially this feature is helpful when user must «double-click» the buttons to activate commands. Hardware installation is required to utilize the mouse.
Another pointing device is a trackball, which performs like a stationary upside-down mouse. A joystick is another pointing device, one that is usually associated with playing computer games. A light-pen is used to draw, write or issue commands when it touches the specially designed monitor or screen. It is a pen-shaped device connected by a cable to the terminal and a thin beam of light shines from the end. When the pen is pressed on the screen, the co-ordinates of the point are fed to the computer.
A scanner permits entering text into a computer. There are flat-bed scanners and hand-held scanners.
Perhaps the easiest way to enter data into a computer is by speaking, called Voice Recognition. Source data input refers to data fed directly into the computer without human intervention.
If the result of the processing is to be any use to us, the system unit must somehow convey these results to us. Devices which are used for this purpose are called output devices. Today, most outputs are visual in nature, produced by two devices: a video display screen monitor or a printer. Most computer outputs come in two forms: text and graphics. A monitor may be referred to as a cathode Ray Tube (CRT) – a vacuum tube such as the picture tube on a television set – that is used to generate the display on most monitors. Portable computers usually rely on other, less bulky, technologies, such as liquid crystal diode (LCD) or gas plasma displays. Each monitor has either a color or a monochrome display and has varying degrees of picture sharpness. The sharpness or resolution of a video display is often stated in term of the number individual dots which can be displayed on the screen. These individual dots are called pixels (picture elements). The typical display will allow 25 rows and 80 columns of textual material.
Printers are output devices which produce hardcopy. Printers come in all kinds of shapes and sizes, with varying capabilities and mechanisms for printing. The important thing is the user must be sure that the printer is appropriate to the type of output that he wishes to produce. There are three main types of printers: a dot-matrix printer, a letter quality printer and a laser printer.
A dot-matrix printer produced output by having small pins strike a ribbon, producing a pattern of dots on the paper. A letter quality printer uses the same technology as a typewriter, with type holding the reserved images of fully formed characters striking the ribbon. Dot matrix printers can also produce both characters and graphics by building a pattern of dots.
A laser printer provides high-quality non-impact printing and offers the highest quality texts and graphics printing for the desktop. A laser printer is like a dot-matrix printer is produced by generating patterns of dots; this is done electronically, so that the pattern can be extremely fine, making the individual dots indistinguishable to the naked eye.
A letter quality printer is unable to produce both characters and graphics by building a pattern of dots, because a dot pattern is not used to produce characters. A letter quality printer allows the production of documents with a high quality of printing at a relatively low cost.
There are another types of printers. Inkjet printers transfer characters and images to paper by spraying a fine jet of ink. Like lasers, they are able to print many different types of fonts and graphics.
Other printers include plotters, that use colored pens for scientific and engineering drawing and thermal printers that use heat to form a nonimpact image on paper.
Computer output can also be sent to another machine, device or computer. Computer output task involved micrographics. Micrographics is a way to store output on a film. Output is sent to a special machine that reduces its size and records it 10 to 20 times faster than printing.
There are two methods of storing and accessing instructions or data in auxiliary storage. One is direct access and the other is sequential access.
Direct access, called random access, means the data is stored in a particular memory location. Direct access storage devices or DASD are magnetic disk drives use for auxiliary storage. There are two types of DASD: floppy disks and hard disks. Floppy disks are divided into two sizes of portable magnetic disks, which are commonly in use. The first of these is the 5.25 floppy disk. The second of these is the 3.5 floppy disk. Both these disks are called diskettes, because the disk material itself is a strong, flexible (floppy) plastic. The 5.25 disk has a heavy, but flexible, plastic envelope that protects the actual disk. The 3.5 disk has a rigid plastic casing to protect the disk.
The capacity of disks is determined by the density with which the metallic particles are placed on the disk; so the capacity of a disk is expressed in terms of this density. A 5.25 double density disk can hold approximately 360K bytes, a 5.25 high density disk can hold 1.2 megabytes. A 3.5 double density disk can hold 720K bytes, a 3.5 high density disk can hold 1.44 megabytes.
Hard disks operate in a similar fashion to floppy disks, but the disk itself is made from a rigid material – often aluminum. In most personal computers the hard disk and the hard disk drive are single unit that is permanently installed. The hard disk is a sealed unit manufactured to fine tolerance, it can operate at higher speed and store more data and information than floppy disk systems. A common size for a hard disk is 40 megabytes, which can hold as much data as over double density 5.25 floppies.
On disk type storage, data is magnetically laid out in tracks and sectors. Tracks are concentric circles on which data is recorded. Sectors are pie-shaped wedges that compartmentalize the data into the addresses for the head to locate. Multiple head disks drives organize tracks into cylinders, a vertical stack of tracks that make it easier for the head to locate the data.
III. Translate these into your own language:
1. input, output or storage functions 10. a stationary upside-down mouse
2. to be of use to us 11. without human intervention
3. basic computational tasks 12. less bulky
4. the standard mean 13. naked eye
5. interpret the signal 14. spraying a fine jet of ink
6. numeric keypad 15. fonts and graphics
7. central portion 16. direct and sequential access
8. small blinking box 17. flexible, plastic envelope
9. small rotating ball embedded in the bottom
IV. Translate these into English:
1. вводное устройство 10. курсор
2. выводное устройство 11. легко передвигается по столу
3. клавиатура 12. необходимо нажать 1 или 2 кнопки
4. результативные команды 13. двойной щелчок
5. для создания напечатанных образов 14. удалить
6. выполнять специальные функции 15. соединенный с помощью кабеля
7. слои 16. Жидкий кристаллический диод
8. справа 17. четкость изображения
9. следующий напечатанный символ
V. Fill in the gaps necessary words:
1. A peripheral is a ….. that performs input/ output or ….. functions.
2. There must be some type of mechanism for ….. data into the computer for ….. .
3. Input is used to perform two basic computational tasks ….. and ….. .
4. There are three keyboard ….. .
5. The numeric ….. is useful when numeric data must be ….. into the computer.
6. The mouse is a ….. unit with a small rotating ball.
7. A user must ….. the buttons to activate the command.
8. The system unit must ….. the results to us.
9. Printers are ….. devices which produce ….. .
10. ….. or ….. are magnetic disk drives use for auxiliary storage.
11. The ….. of disks is ….. by the density.
12. The ….. is a sealed unit, which is installed by the manufacturer.
VI. Fill in the prepositions:
1. A keyboard was adapted ….. the typewriter.
2. Special function keys can be used ….. special purpose ….. different programs.
3. There are 10 function keys ….. the top side of the keyboard.
4. Numeric data must be entered ….. the computer.
5. Joystick is usually associated ….. playing computer games.
6. A scanner permits entering text ….. a computer.
7. Vacuum tube is used to generate the display ….. most monitors.
8. Micrographics is a way to store output ….. film.
9. Floppy disks are divided ….. two sizes of portable magnetic disks.
10. The capacity of disks is determined by the density ….. which the metal particles are placed ….. the disk.
VII. Find the synonyms to the following words:
a unit, a memory, a device, to permit, to correspond (to)
input/ output, to erase, a part, to direct, to slip, to insert
to transfer, to diverse, to short, to use
VIII. Find the antonyms to the following words:
to forbid, narrow, a main unit, hardly, to forget, dull
to separate, to enter commands, without results, inappropriate
to release, top, rouge, to store, a thick beam, beginning
lower speed, hard disk, inconstant, soft copy, impact
printing, low quality, expensive, to pollute
IX. Give the definitions to the following terms:
1. input device 7. a joystick
2. output device 8. voice recognition
3. a keyboard 9. printer
4. a mouse 10. hard-disk
5. a scanner 11. floppy disk
6. trackball
X. Which sentences don’t correspond to the sense of the text:
1. Input we use to perform the two basic computational tasks: data entry and issuing commands.
2. There are a lot of kinds of keyboards. IBM manufactures a keyboard which has a split-keypad, gently sloping keyboard that fits more closely to natural position of your hands and wrists.
3. The most common pointing device is the mouse. The mouse’s primary functions are to help users to draw, point and select images on the computer display.
4. There are a lot of output devices. The most convenient is when scanner, printer and fax are united together in one.
5. There are several types of auxiliary storage. Floppy disks are divided into two sizes: 5.25 floppy disk and 3.5 floppy disk.
XI. Answer the following questions:
1. What is the peripheral?
2. What can input units perform? Name the input units. Give them short characteristics.
3. What can the output units perform? Name them and give them short characteristics.
4. How many methods of storing and accessing instructions or data are in the auxiliary storage?
5. How many types of disks do you know? Give the features to the floppy disks, to the hard-disks.
XII. Write the plan for retelling.
XIII. Retell the text.
UNIT 7
I. Look up in the dictionary how to pronounce the following words. Write them down in the dictionary.
interchangeably a portion a decoder a bistable device
to retrieve a flow timing marks an adder
a reference a counter a bank
II. Read the text and do the exercises that follow it.
The Central Processing Unit and Arithmetical Logical Unit (CPU and ALU)
It is common practice in computer science for the words ‘computer’ and ‘processor’ to be used interchangeably. More precisely, ‘computer’ refers to the central processing unit (CPU) together with an internal memory. The internal memory, control and processing components make up the heart of the computer system. Manufactures design the CPU to control and carry out basic instructions for their particular computer.
In digital computers the CPU can be divided into two functional units called the control unit (CU) and the arithmetical-logical unit (ALU). These two units are made up of electronic circuits with millions of switches that can be one of two states, either on or off.
The function of the control unit within the central processor is to transmit coordinating control signals and commands. The control unit is that portion of the computer that directs the sequence or step-by-step operation of the system, selects instructions and data from memory, interprets the program instructions, and controls the flow between main storage and the arithmetical-logical unit.
A control unit has the following components:
a) a counter that selects the instructions, one at a time, from the memory;
b) a register that temporarily holds the instruction read from memory while it is being executed;
c) a decoder that takes the called instruction and breaks it down into individual commands necessary to carry it out;
d) a clock, which while not a clock in the sense of a time-keeping device, does produce marks at regular intervals.
This timing marks are electronic and very rapid.
The arithmetical-logical unit (ALU) is that portion of the computer in which the arithmetical operations, namely, addition, subtraction, multiplication, division and exponentiation, called for in the instructions are performed.
Programs and the data on which the control unit and the ALU operate, must be in internal memory in order to be processed. Thus, if located on secondary memory devices such as disks or tapes, programs and data are first loaded into internal memory.
The primary components of the ALU are banks of bistable devices, which are called register. Their purpose is to hold the numbers involved in the calculation and hold the result temporarily unit they can be transferred to memory.
At the core of the arithmetical-logical unit is a very high-speed binary adder, which is used to carry out at last the four basic arithmetical functions (addition, subtraction, multiplication and division).
Typical modern computers can perform as many as one hundred thousand additions of pairs of thirty-two binary numbers within a second.
The logical unit consists of electronic circuitry, which compares information and makes decisions based upon the result of the comparison. The decisions that can be made are whether a number is greater than, equal to, or less than another number.
III. Find English equivalents in the text:
1. более точно
2. внутренняя память
3. управлять и обрабатывать
4. сердце компьютерной системы
5. выполнять основные инструкции
6. миллионы переключателей
7. передавать контрольные сигналы
8. часть компьютера
9. счетчик, который выбирает инструкции
10. временно удерживать
11. переделывать (переводить) инструкции в индивидуальные команды
12. устройство, которое показывает время
13. возведение в степень
14. загружать
15. сравнивание
IV. Give Russian equivalents to the following words and expressions:
1. common practice
2. to be used
3. manufactures design the CPU
4. can be divided into two functional units
5. are made up of electronic circuits
6. to transmit coordinating control signals
7. the sequence or step-by-step operation
8. to interpret the program instructions
9. the flow between main storage and the ALU
10. one at a time
11. is being executed
12. rapid
13. in order to be processed
14. secondary memory device
15. involved
16. within a second
V. Give the situations from the text in which the following words and expressions are used:
1. the words computer and processor 6. located
2. the internal memory 7. first loaded
3. the function of control unit 8. primary components
4. components 9. high-speed binary adder
5. the arithmetical-logical unit 10. electronic circuitry
VI. Fill in the blanks necessary words and prepositions:
1. More precisely, ‘computer’ refers ….. the central processing unit.
2. The CPU can also ….. information from memory and can ….. the result of manipulations back into ….. unit ….. later reference.
3. The control unit is that portion of the computer that ….. the sequence operations of the system, selects ….. and data ….. memory and controls the flow ….. main storage and the ALU.
4. Programs and the data on which the control unit and the ALU operate, must be in ….. to be processed.
5. At the core of the arithmetical-logical unit is a very high-speed.
6. Modern computers can ….. more than one hundred thousand additions ….. thirty-two bits within a second.
7. It is common practice in computer science ….. the words ‘computer’ and ‘processor’ to be used.
VII. Find in the text synonyms to the following words:
to define, to put in, to order, among, choice
to be situated, to fulfill, main, couple, part
VIII. Find in the text antonyms to the following words:
external ,to join, secondary, particular, unchangeable, to take
to give, permanently, unnecessary, irregular, more, original
IX. Answer the following questions:
1. Where does the word ‘computer’ refer to?
2. How can the CPU in digital computers be divided?
3. What is the function of the control unit?
4. What components has a control unit?
5. What is the arithmetical-logical unit?
6. Where are programs and data first loaded?
7. What are the primary components of the ALU?
8. What can modern computers perform?
X. Retell the text in English.
UNIT 8
I. Look up in the dictionary how to pronounce the following words. Write them down in the dictionary.
to run RAM (random access memory) to assist
to direct Volatile memory a repository
to involve ROM (read only memory) disk drive
firmware
II. Read the text and do the exercises that follow it.
Computer Memory
Software gives instructions that tell computers what to do. There are two kinds of software. The first is System Software and includes programs that run the computer system or that aid programmers in performing their work. The second kind of software is Application Software, which directs the computer to perform specific tasks that often involve the user.
Memory is the general term used to describe a computer system’s storage facilities. Memory’s job is to store the instruction or programs and data in the computer. Memory can be divided into two major categories: 1. main memory, 2 auxiliary storage. Main memory is also called main storage, internal storage or primary storage and is a part of the CPU. Main memory is usually on chips or a circuit board with the other two components of the CPU. RAM for Random Access Memory, is the storage area directly controlled by the computer’s CPU. Main Memory assists the control unit and the ALU by serving as a repository for the program being executed and for data as it passes through. RAM or Volatile memory so called because its contents are replaced when new instructions and data are added, or when electrical power to the computer is shut off. RAM is read-write memory, in that it can receive or read data and instructions from other sources such as auxiliary storage.
Another type of memory is ROM or Read Only Memory. ROM holds instructions that can be read by the computer but no written over. ROM is sometimes called firmware because it holds instructions from the firm or manufacturer.
Auxiliary storage, also called auxiliary memory or secondary storage, is memory that supplements main storage. This type of memory is long-term, Nonvolatile Memory. Nonvolatile means that computer is turned off or on.
III. Fill in the blanks necessary words:
1. ….. gives instructions that tell computers what to do.
2. ….. directs the computer to perform specific tasks that often involve the user.
3. Memory’s job is to store ….. .
4. ….. can be divided into two main categories.
5. Main memory is usually on ….. .
6. ….. is read-write memory.
7. ….. holds instructions that can be read by the computer but no written over.
8. ….. is memory that supplements main storage.
9. ….. means that the computer is turned off or on.
IV. Fill in the prepositions:
1. Memory can store instructions, programs, data ….. the computer.
2. Main memory is usually ….. chips or a circuit board ….. the other two components of the CPU.
3. RAM ….. random access memory is the storage area controlled ….. the computer’s CPU.
4. Memory so called because its contents are replaced, when instructions are added or when electrical power is shut ….. .
5. ROM holds instructions that can be read, but no written ….. .
V. Find the synonyms to the following words:
a storage device, to perform, to handle, to process, a portion
to transmit, to store, a routing
VI. Find the antonyms to the following words:
to take away, to break down, secondary, external
old instructions, switch on, short-term
VII. Which sentences don’t correspond to the sense of the text?
1. CMOS is used in PCs to store information such as the amount of installed memory.
2. Software gives instructions that tell computers what to do.
3. CMOS also contains a wonderful clock with a built-in-alarm, which we don’t get to use.
4. The Software as most intangible products is not always capable of being readily evaluated.
5. Volatile memory is replaced when new instructions and data are added.
6. Firmware holds instructions from the firm or manufacturer.
7. CMOS memory is used on IBM compatible machines to store system information that needs to be preserved even when the computer is turned off.
VIII. Give the definition to the following terms:
1. software 5. RAM
2. memory 6. ROM
3. main memory 7. volatile memory
4. auxiliary memory 8. nonvolatile memory
IX. Answer the questions:
1. Does software give instructions that tell computers what to do?
2. How many kinds of software do you know? What are they?
3. When do you use the term ‘memory’?
4. What is the job of memory?
5. Can you name two major categories of memory?
X. Retell the text.
UNIT 9
I. Look up in the dictionary how to pronounce the following words. Write them down in the dictionary.
accounting to edit a folder
drafting to finance schematic
spreadsheet charts via
to gain to scatter enhance
to create a cabinet brochures
II. Read the text and do the exercises that follow it.
Application Programs
An Application Program is a software program that performs a specific function, such as accounting, word processing or drafting. There are some categories of application program to choose from spreadsheet, Database Management, Computer Aided Design (CAD), Communications, Graphic presentations, desktop Publishing, Integrated Programs, Window and Windows – based Programs. Within each category, there are several software programs which have gained industry-wide acceptance.
Word processing: is the most common application for a personal computer. Most word processing software programs allow us to create, edit, and save documents, along with changing the position of the text in a document, inserting new information in the middle of the text, or removing words and sections no longer needed. With a typewriter, you would have to re-type the entire document after a few major changes. Given a computer, a document can be stored electronically and retrieved at any time for modification.
Examples of word processing programs include: – Word Perfect; –MS-Word; –Multimate; –Wordstar; –Displaywrite; –Word for Windows; –Word Perfect for Windows.
Accounting and spreadsheets: One of the primary functions of the first mainframe computers was to store and calculate volumes of financial data for banks and large businesses. Nowadays, a personal computer is capable of handing the accounting and finances of almost any small to medium-sized business. Many different programs are available for plotting financial trends and performing everyday bookkeeping functions. One of the most popular financial tools is called a spreadsheet. An electronic spreadsheet is a software program, which performs mathematical calculations and ‘want – if’ analysis. Besides replacing your pencil and calculator for solving financial and statistical problems, spreadsheets can display line graphics, bar chats, and scatter plot diagrams. Often accounting and spreadsheet programs are designed to work together, in efforts to provide the financial solution.
Examples of accounting programs include: ACCPAC Simply Accounting, ACCPAC plus, Business Vision Turbo, New Views Accounting, Great Plains, Dac Easy, Peach Tree, Abacus II.
Examples of spreadsheet programs include: Lotus 1-2-3, MS-Exel, Quatro Pro, Supercale.
Database Management. A database is a simply collection of related information. Some common examples are a phone book, an inventory list, a personal file. A Database Management Software program assists in manipulating and organizing the information in a database. A database application is any task ordinarily handled by a filing cabinet, multiply file folders, or some other information storage system. In a manual system, for example, each drawer in filing cabinet is reserved for a specific purpose, such as maintaining profile sheets on customers. Each profile is written on a standard form and a clerk places the file folder in the drawer. This manual process is identical to a computerized database, where the database software performs the function of the filing clerk. Rather that placing the customer profiles in the filing cabinet drawer, a computerized database stores each profile electronically on a disk.
Some examples of a database management programs: Dbase, R:BASE, Paradox, FoxPro, Q&A, Oracle.
Computer Aided Design. Computers are the perfect tools for creating drawing or architectural plans. Because the drawings can be saved, it is easy to incorporate modifications, design improvements and corrections. Computers are often used on the final process of converting a computer drawing into a physical product. One such example is the manufacturing of electronic circuit boards. First, the electronic circuit drafting program produces the schematic design, then a second program tests the design by simulating the circuit’s operation, and finally a third program constructs the circuit board from the design layout.
Computer Aided Design programs are: AutoCAD, TANGO, PCAD, Generic CAD.
Communications: Computers can communicate with each other via regular telephone lines and modems. Communication software programs enable different types of computers to exchange data using a common language. The IMB PC can actually emulate various types of equipment, around the world, with the help of software. Communication programs are: Smartcom, Kermit, Crosstalk, PC Talk, Pro Comm, PC Anywhere, CloseUp.
Graphic Presentations: There are actually some people, who prefer to look at 14 columns of numbers across several pages for analyzing a business’ performance. These people are called accountants. However, most people are visual learners of diagrams, graphs and charts for representing numerical trends. There are a variety of programs for displaying information graphically: –Lotus 1-2-3, Exel, Quatro Pro, Chartmaster, Chart, Harvard Graphics, Micrografix Powerpoint, DrawPerfect.
Desktop Publishing is the process of taking a document and inserting graphics and applying enhanced formatting options. These programs take text from the more common word processor and produce print-shop quality output. Desktop publishing programs are used to create newsletters, brochures, reports, book and other publications.
Desktop publishing programs include: Aldus PageMaker, Ventura Publisher, AMI Professional. Integrated Programs: they unite one or more of the primary computer applications, whether word processing, spreadsheet or database into a single package. These programs allow people to experiment with the major computer applications, while only investing in a single product. The post popular integrated programs are: –MS-Works, Q&A, Eight in one, Symphony, Framework.
Microsoft Windows. Windows is a program, which enhances many aspects of using a microcomputer. It provides a graphical user interface (GUI and pronounced «Gooey») for programs running under the Windows environment. In other word, Windows allows a person to use a mouse and choose special symbols to point at and select desired functions, rather than having to remember commands. As well Windows’ products allow a WYSIWYG (‘what you see is, what you get’) screen display, especially important for word processing and desktop publishing programs.
Here are some examples of Window – based products:
- Word Perfect for Windows (word processing).
- MS-Word for Windows (word processing).
- MS-Exel for Windows (spreadsheet).
- Aldus Page Maker (desktop publishing).
- AMI Professional (word processing).
- ACCPAC Simply Accounting (accounting).
III. Translate these into your own language:
1. software program
2. application program
3. industry-wide acceptance
4. along with changing the position
5. no longer needed
6. to re-type the entire document
7. calculate volumes of financial data
8. bookkeeping functions
9. to assist in manipulating and organizing the information
10. perfect tools
11. program tests the design
12. emulate various types
13. select desired functions
IV. Find English equivalents to the following words and expressions in the text:
1. выполнять специфическую функцию
2. самая распространенная прикладная программа
3. создавать, редактировать, сохранять документы
4. вставлять новую информацию
5. удалять слова, которые больше не нужны
6. может сохраниться электронно
7. получить в любое время
8. быть способным, быть в состоянии что-либо выполнять
9. ручной процесс
10. пласт
11. используется, чтобы создать
12. позволяет людям экспериментировать
13. выбрать
V. Finish the sentences according to the text.
1. An application program is a software ….. .
2. Word processing software programs allow us ….. .
3. An electronic spreadsheet is a ….. .
4. A data base application is any task ….. .
5. Computers are perfect tools for ….. .
6. Communication programs enable different types of computers ……
7. There are some people who prefer to look at 14 columns of numbers across several pages for ….. .
8. These programs take text from the more common word processor and ….. .
9. Windows allows a person ….. .
VI. Give appropriate definitions and examples of the following application programs:
1. word-processing 5. communications
2. accounting and spreadsheets 6. graphic presentations
3. database management 7. desktop publishing
4. computer aided design 8. Microsoft Windows
VII. What kind of programs do you choose to perform the following tasks:
1. to create, edit and save documents;
2. to make a phone book, inventory list, a personal file;
3. to store and calculate volumes of financial data for banks;
4. to use a mouse and choose special symbols to point at and select desired functions;
5. to create drawings or architectural plans;
6. to communicate with other persons via regular telephone to exchange data using a common language;
7. to unite one or more of the primary computer applications.
VIII. Answer the questions:
1. What is an application program?
2. What does word processing software program allow to do?
3. What was one of the primary functions of the first mainframe computers?
4. What is a personal computer capable doing now?
5. What is spreadsheet?
6. What is database?
7. What are the perfect tools for creating drawings?
8. What are desktop publishing programs used to?
9. What is windows?
IX. Give a short summary of the text.
UNIT 10
I. Look up in the dictionary how to pronounce the following words. Write them down in the dictionary.
flipping toggle to comprise a notation to issue ambiguity
awkward to declare a source a compiler to retrieve
II. Read the text and do the exercises that follow it.
Programming Languages
Programming has been with us for over 40 years but it wasn’t born at the time as the first computers. When the first early computers were built, there were no programming languages. First machines were initially programmed by flipping toggle switches and changing cables. Needless to say, this was a slow, awkward process. People began quickly searching for a better, faster way to issue instructions to the computer.
The result was what we call Programming Languages. The programming languages fall into three general categories. They are comprised of ones and zeros, and are directly understood or executed by hardware. Electronic circuitry turns these 0s and 1s into the operations the computer performs.
Assembly Languages are powerful programming tools because they allow programmers a large amount of direct control over the hardware. They offer programmers greater ease in writing instructions but preserve the programmer’s ability to declare exactly what operations the hardware performs. Assembly languages are machine-specific, or machine-dependent. Machine-dependent means the instructions are specific to one type of computer hardware. Assembly languages are still provided by most computer manufacturers – they can’t be translated and used on another computer.
Assembly code for a Prime mini won’t work on a Digital mini. Assembly code can’t even be transferred between some machines built by the same manufacturer. For the most part, assembly languages are used by systems programmers to develop operating systems and their components.
So Assembly languages were the first bridge between the English Language and the computer’s binary language. The creation of high-level programming languages followed. A high-level language is a language in which each instruction or statement correspond to several machine code instructions.
As high-level languages are a method of writing programs using Englishlike words as instructions, they allow users to write in a notation with which they are familiar, e.g., Fortran in mathematical notation, Cobol in English.
High-level programming languages combine several machine language instructions into one high-level instruction. Low-level languages required only a single letter or a short mnemonic a term, or a word that is easy to identify, such as ADD for addition. High-level language requires just a single statement.
A Statement is an expression of instruction in a programming language. For example, PRINT FILE, TXT is a statement. A statement translates into one or more instructions at the machine language level. Each programming language includes a set of statement and a syntax. Syntax is the set of rules governing the language’s structure and statements. The syntax rules may include how statements are written, the order in which statements occur, and how sections of programs are organized.
FORTRAN was created in 1954 by John Backus. And it was one of the first high-level languages for FORmular TRANslator. Fortran allows programmers to calculate complex formulas with a few source code instructions. It is used for scientific and mathematical problems. The source program is written using combination of algebraic formulas and English statements of a standard but readable form.
Another high-level machine language is Cobol. Cobol was developed by the Conference on Data Systems Languages. Cobol was issued by the US Government Printing Office in 1960. Cobol stands for Common Business-Oriented Language. The source program is written using statements in English. It was made for business industry, government and education applications. This means that Cobol «has a place for everything» and requires programmers to «put everything in its place». Cobol programs are separated into four sections, called divisions:
1. The Identification Division (раздел идентификации) documents the program name, the programmer’s name (s), dates and any other important identification information.
2. The Environment Division (раздел оборудования) names the computer hardware, including the CPU and I/O devices.
3. Data Division (раздел данных) identifies all associated files and working storage sections of the program.
4. The Procedure Division contains all the instructions in the Cobol program.
Cobol divisions are further divided into paragraphs and sections. This structure helps programmers write code efficiently and with a minimum of repetition and confusion.
Algol was developed as an international language for the expression of the algorithms between individuals, as well as programming language. It was introduced in the early 1960s. Algol stands for ALGOrithmic Language. This language is used for mathematical and scientific use. An Algol program consists of data items, statements and declarations, organized into a program structure BASIC or the Beginners AU-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code, was developed over a period of years by professors John Kemeny and Thomas Kurtz and students in the computer science program at Dartmouth College. It was released in 1965. In most versions, BASIC is an unstructured language. The original Basic was easy to learn allowing computer users to write simple programs within a few minutes.
Basic uses five major categories of statements:
– Arithmetical statements allow users to use Basic like a calculator
– Input/ Output statements, including READ, DATA, INPUT and PRINT
– Control statements including GOTO, IF-THEN, FOR, NEXT and END control the sequence of instructions executed by the computer
– Other statements help document Basic programs and set up data dimensions respectively
– System Commands tell the operating system how to work with Basic programs
RUN means execute a program
LIST directs the computer to display a Basic program.
III. Fill in the gaps necessary words or expressions:
1. First machines were ….. by flipping toggle switches and ….. .
2. The programming languages fall into ….. .
3. They are comprised of ….. and ….. .
4. ….. are powerful programming tools.
5. Machine-dependent means ….. .
6. A high-level language is a language in which ….. .
7. ….. is an expression of instruction in a programming language.
8. ….. allows programmers to calculate complex formulas with a few source code instructions.
9. ….. stands for ALGOrithmic Language.
10. Basic uses ….. .
IV. Fill in the prepositions:
1. Programming has been ….. us for over 40 years.
2. People began searching ….. a better, faster way to issue instructions to the computer.
3. They offer programmers greater ease ….. writing instructions.
4. Assembly code ….. a Prime mini won’t work ….. a Digital mini.
5. Assembly languages were the first bridge ….. the English Language and the computer’s binary language.
6. A statement translates ….. one or more instructions ….. the machine language level.
7. System Commands tell the operating system how to work … Basic programs.
V. Find the synonyms to the following words:
to execute, a tool, to allow, to preserve a notation, to issue, to differ
VI. Find the antonyms to the following words:
to die, to be destroyed, important, slowly, indirectly, difficulty
low level, unfamiliar, high level, to unite
VII. Give appropriate definition of the following terms:
1. programming languages
2. Assembly Language
3. Cobol
4. Algol
5. Basic
VIII. Give the situation from the text in which the following words and expressions are used:
1. for over 40 years
2. slow, awkward process
3. three general categories
4. a large amount of direct control
5. machine-dependent
6. to develop operating systems and their components
7. combine several machine language instructions
8. a set of statements
9. a few code instructions
10. write code efficiently
IX. Answer the questions:
1. How were the first computers programmed?
2. What is an example of assembly language?
3. What does the term machine-dependent mean?
4. What is an assembly language primary used for?
5. What is a high-level language?
6. What does it combine?
7. What is a statement/syntax?
8. When was FORTRAN created? What is Fortran?
9. When was Cobol created? What is Cobol?
10. How many sections are Cobol separated into?
11. What is Algol (when was it developed and for what)?
12. What is Basic?
13. What are major categories of Basic?
Список использованных источников
Основная литература
- Агабекян И.П. Английский для бакалавров. – Ростов-на-Дону: «Феникс», 2012.
- Бусыгин Б.С., Коротенко Г.М., Коротенко Л.М. Введение в современную информатику. – Днепропетровск, НГУ, 2011.
- Сукнов М.П. Английский язык. Учебное пособие для студентов 1-2 курсов компьютерных и радиотехнических специальностей. – Компания СМИТ, 2012.
Дополнительная литература
- Радовель В. А. Английский язык. Основы компьютерной грамотности: Учебное пособие / Радовель В. А. – Ростов н/Д: Феникс, 2006. – 224 с.
- Учебное пособие English for Computer Science Students / Сост. Т.В. Смирнова, М.В. Юдельсон; Науч. Ред. Н.А. Дударева. – 3-е изд. – М.: Флинта: Наука, 2003. – 128 с.: 9 ил.
- Eric H. Glendinning, John McEwan. – Basic English for computing. – Oxford University Press. – 1999.
- Tom Ricca-McCarthy, Michael Duckworth. – English for Telecoms and Information Technology. – Oxford University Press. – 2013
Интернет-ресуры
- http://www.eslcafe.com
- http://www.study.ru
- Текст
- Веб-страница
1) Enter the data into the computer.
2) The company uses encoding to protect information.
3) Quality assurance finds and fixes problems in new projects.
0/5000
Результаты (русский) 1: [копия]
Скопировано!
1) введите данные в компьютер. 2) компания использует кодирование для защиты информации. 3) качества находит и исправляет проблемы в новых проектах.
переводится, пожалуйста, подождите..
Результаты (русский) 2:[копия]
Скопировано!
1) Введите данные в компьютер.
2) Компания использует кодирование для защиты информации.
3) Обеспечение качества находит и устраняет проблемы в новых проектах.
переводится, пожалуйста, подождите..
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Поддержка инструмент перевода: Клингонский (pIqaD), Определить язык, азербайджанский, албанский, амхарский, английский, арабский, армянский, африкаанс, баскский, белорусский, бенгальский, бирманский, болгарский, боснийский, валлийский, венгерский, вьетнамский, гавайский, галисийский, греческий, грузинский, гуджарати, датский, зулу, иврит, игбо, идиш, индонезийский, ирландский, исландский, испанский, итальянский, йоруба, казахский, каннада, каталанский, киргизский, китайский, китайский традиционный, корейский, корсиканский, креольский (Гаити), курманджи, кхмерский, кхоса, лаосский, латинский, латышский, литовский, люксембургский, македонский, малагасийский, малайский, малаялам, мальтийский, маори, маратхи, монгольский, немецкий, непальский, нидерландский, норвежский, ория, панджаби, персидский, польский, португальский, пушту, руанда, румынский, русский, самоанский, себуанский, сербский, сесото, сингальский, синдхи, словацкий, словенский, сомалийский, суахили, суданский, таджикский, тайский, тамильский, татарский, телугу, турецкий, туркменский, узбекский, уйгурский, украинский, урду, филиппинский, финский, французский, фризский, хауса, хинди, хмонг, хорватский, чева, чешский, шведский, шона, шотландский (гэльский), эсперанто, эстонский, яванский, японский, Язык перевода.
- Try to look on the bright side of life.
- покажи их.)
- Hoc erat in votis перевод
- put the block blocks in the black block
- listen ahd repeat
- не подошла по размеру
- Hoc erat in votis перевод
- vita est ludus
- в моем портфеле есть линейка
- Пуц
- Close to Nature
- Hello darling,How are you doing from Asi
- 1. The bones form the skeleton of the bo
- Try to look on the bright side of life.
- холодная осень
- Этот торт на столе
- Здесь можно отправить телеграмму? Можно,
- the US — led anti terrorism war
- Можно погладить?
- There are several answers to these quest
- how many friends have you got
- Please enter your Steam account name
- на столе стоял зелёный цветок
- convergesdivert
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Методичка по-английскому языку для ФЭВТ (новая)
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Методические указания по развитию навыков устной речи для студентов ФЭВТ. / Сост. Е.В. Новоженина, О.М. Мутовкина, Е.В. Щепетова, И.С. Чубарова; Волгоград. гос. техн. ун-т. – Волгоград, 2006. – 16 с. Приведены оригинальные англоязычные тексты по компьютерной тематике, терминологическая лексика для запоминания, вопросы для обсуждения, практические задания для фронтальной, индивидуальной работы, работы в парах, творческие задания, направленные на развитие и совершенствование навыков устной речи, расширение лексического запаса студентов, закрепление грамматических конструкций. Начало методички: UNIT 1 COMPUTERS As well as the hardware (= the machines), you also need software (= the programs needed to work the machines). These programs are on disks, e.g. the hard disk inside the computer, or floppy disks or on CD-ROMs (= Compact Disc Read Only Memory, a CD on which you can put a large amount of information). Operating a computer What do people use computers for?
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