Word for as said above

Оглавление —> Наречие —> Предлог — Типичные ошибки в английском языке

Продолжаем рассматривать наречия и предлоги, совпадающие по форме. Зачастую, такие наречия совпадают с предлогами еще и по смыслу. Отличить наречие от предлога очень просто, несмотря на одинаковые значения. В прошлом сообщении я уже рассказала о наречии “about”, которое совпадает по смыслу с предлогом “about”.

ЗАПОМНИТЕ: Предлоги всегда стоят с существительными или местоимениями, так как это служебные слова.

Например:

There were books lying about the floor. = Везде на полу лежали книги.

Наречия — это самостоятельная часть речи и никогда не соседствует с существительными или местоимениями. Наречие может стоять рядом с предлогами.

Например:

There were books lying about on the floor. = На полу повсюду лежали книги.

Разбираясь с частями речи, то есть со словами, всегда помните о буквальном и переносном смысле. Никогда не учите одно значение слова, которое написано в словаре. Это самая распространенная ошибка. Это значение имеет нейтральный смысл, а вам нужен истинный смысл. Вы никогда не будете понимать истинный смысл слова по этому одному значению. Не учите слова в отрыве от текста. Только на примерах, когда слово завязано с другими словами в высказывании ( то есть, в предложении) вы можете уяснить его истинный смысл. У каждого слова , помимо его смысла , есть предназначение, то есть какую функцию оно выполняет в предложении, как оно “работает”, какое слово “обслуживает”, с каким словом завязано и т.д.

ABOVE

I. AS A PREPOSITION.

1. Предлог “above” с значением: над, выше. Предлог “above” имеет антонимы: “below”, “under” и “underneath” и синонимы: “over” и “beyond”.

Например:

The bird was flying above my head. = Птицы летали над моей головой.

The sun rose above the horizon. = Солнце поднялось над горизонтом.

The water came above our knees. = Вода поднялась выше наших колен.

2. Предлог “above” с значением: свыше больше, выше. ( по цене, количеству, весу и т.д. или в абстрактном смысле.)

Например:

This book is above me. = Эта книга выше моего понимания. ( она слишком трудна для меня)

His conduct has always been above suspicion. = Его поведение всегда было вне подозрений.

The temperature has been above the average recently. = За последнее время температура была выше средней.

It weights above ten tons. = Это весит свыше десяти тонн.

There is nothing in this shop above 5 $. = В этом магазине нет ничего выше пяти долларов. В этом магазине цены не выше пяти долларов.

II. AS A ADVERB.

1. Наречие “above” с значением: наверху, наверх, выше. Наречие “ above” имеет имеет антонимы: “ below”, “under” , underneath”.

“ from above” = сверху;

Например:

My bedroom is above. = Моя спальня находится наверху.

I saw a staircase leading above. = Я увидел лестницу, ведущую наверх.

A voice from about welcome shouted a welcome. = Какой-то голос сверху прокричал приветствие.

2. Наречие “above” с значением: раньше, выше. ( факт, информация, сведения и т.д. в статье, тексте, книге, докладе, документе и т.д.) Слово сочетания в наречием в этом значении можно отнести к “заготовленным” фразам, или домашним заготовкам.

Например:

As has been said above … = как было сказано выше …

As has been mentioned above …= как было упомянуто выше …

As was stated above… = как было сказано выше …

See the statement above. = Смотрите это утверждение выше.

The facts mentioned above … = Факты, упомянутые выше …

Слово “ above” входит в сложные слова, они могут быть прилагательными или наречиями.

above- board ( adj) = честный, открытый, прямой. ( употребляется только предикативно)

Например:

His part in the affair was quite above-board. = Его участие в этом деле было совершенно открытым. ( не скрывалось)

above -board (adv) = честно, открыто;

above-ground (adj) = живущий;

above- ground (adv) = в живых;

Запомните пару выражений с наречием “above”, которые часто употребляются в разговорной речи, и могут использоваться, как домашние заготовки.

above all = главным образом, в основном, больше всего, прежде всего и т.д.

Above all, don’t get excited = Прежде всего, не волнуйся.

above measure = свыше меры, то есть слишком.

Asked by: Prof. Modesto Blick II

Score: 4.5/5
(33 votes)

Above-said meaning

Mentioned or named before; aforesaid.

IS OVER said a word?

What type of word is the word above?

Above is a preposition (prep) or an adverb (adv).

What is the meaning of Abovesaid?

: mentioned previously on the same page or on a preceding page : aforesaid For Sir Richard Varney abovesaid (the chief projector in this design), who, by the Earl’s order, remained that day of her death alone with her …—

What type of part of speech is above?

Above can be used in the following ways: as a preposition (followed by a noun): The birds were flying high above the trees. as an adverb (without a following noun): She stared up at the stars above. as an adjective: Please reply to the above address.

31 related questions found

In general, use commas to set off clauses, phrases, or expressions that are introduced by «as explained», «as said», «as commented», «as declared», «as stated», or similar terms.

In general, use commas to set off clauses, phrases, or expressions that are introduced by «as explained«, «as said«, «as commented«, «as declared«, «as stated«, or similar terms.

Learning a new language, as said before, is important to find a new job.

Learning a new language as said before is important+ to find a new job.

Do not use commas, however, if these expressions are restrictive, that is, if they are essential to understand the sentence and cannot be removed without changing its meaning.

1. When to Enclose ‘As explained’, ‘As mentioned’, etc. in Commas

We typically use «as mentioned«, «as explained«, and similar terms as introductory phrases, explanatory notes, or interrupters (phrases that interrupt the sentence flow). They help clarify the context of your writing, but can be easily omitted without changing the essential meaning of the sentence. Consequently, they should be enclosed by commas.

The inflation rate, as reported by the Bureau Of Labor Statistics, rose to its highest level since 2018.

Note that we can remove «as reported by the Bureau of Labor Statistics» without changing the basic meaning of your sentence:

The inflation rate rose to its highest level since 2018.

Generally, we should use commas to set off phrases or expressions that do not define or restrict.

As explained in section 3 of this report, copper’s conductivity is likely to have a positive impact on global energy efficiency.

They were impressed by the story, as I explained to Claire in the email I sent to her last night.

If «as explained«, «as predicted«, «as mentioned«, «as reported«, etc. come at the start (or at the end) of a sentence, the period replaces a comma.

As I mentioned above, avocados and olives are powerful antioxidants.

Crime is becoming a serious concern, as reported by the Crime Statistics Agency.

2. Exceptions

As stated above, we usually need a comma before and after expressions like «as explained«, «as said«, «as suggested«, etc. to provide details or contextual information. However, you can also use these elements to introduce restrictive phrases; that is, part of a sentence that defines or limits.

Examine these examples:

The apocalyptic event didn’t happen, as predicted by James White.

The apocalyptic event didn’t happen as predicted by James White.

Careful writers and readers understand that:

• the first sentence means that James White said that the prediction was going to fail, while
• the second sentence conveys that James White made the failed prediction.

Therefore, do not separate with commas restrictive phrases, including expressions like «as explained«, «as noted«, «as described«, etc., when being used as groups of words that limit or define.

3. Alternative Punctuation

Instead of using commas, you can enclose expressions like «as suggested«, «as outlined«, «as stated«, «as explained«, etc. in parentheses to clarify or use them as an aside.

The main reason behind this (as explained to us) is that excessive sugar consumption is linked to weight gain.

Similarly, you can replace commas by em dashes to indicate added emphasis or an interruption.

The use of cryptocurrencies—as mentioned by our expert—is not unusual these days.

4. More Examples

• As explained by the author, China is experiencing structural and economic changes.
• The situation is, as described by our experts, really dramatic.
• Follow the instructions, as outlined above, to confirm your order and install the product.
• As I said before, most of us fall in love in our 20s.
• The real reason why we can’t move faster than the speed of light, as explained by a range of physicists, is that once we are advancing entirely through space, there is no more speed to be gained.
• As mentioned earlier, there is a service charge of 10%.
• As stated earlier, these terms are irrelevant and ambiguous.
• The rationale behind this behavior, as explained to us, is simply that people hate being embarrassed.
• In India, you get tired as soon as you wake up because of the pollution, as a renowned Indian Engineer said.
• As commented before, this is the list of countries that can trade with Japan with minimum restrictions.

5. Conclusion

Follow these simple guidelines to determine whether to use a comma before or after expressions like «as explained«, «as said«, «as mentioned«, etc

1. Use a comma before and after these phrases when using them as introductory elements, interrupters, or explanatory notes.
2. Do not place a comma when using these expressions as restrictive elements, that is, if they are important to understand the meaning of the sentence because they define or limit.