What do you call words that share the same root (e.g., «network», «networks», «networking»). Also, does the shortest one of them have a specific name (e.g., «network»)?
simchona
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asked Oct 29, 2010 at 11:29
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I would call network a «stem», networks (noun or verb) an «inflected form», networking (participle) an «inflected form», and networking (noun) a «derived term».
«Root» is not the same as «stem» in my book; network has two roots, net and work.
answered Oct 29, 2010 at 11:57
RegDwigнtRegDwigнt
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A set of words that can be grouped together is called a word family. A word family can be form-based or meaning-based. The question describes a form-based word family and the shortest form is sometimes a root, however, I agree with RegDwight’s answer that the word network is composed of two roots.
Form-based families are important because they reveal sometimes hidden patterns of spelling in words that children already know; for example, the verb root pronounced ‘seev’ is spelt ceive (receive, deceive, conceive), and always corresponds to ception in the corresponding noun (reception, deception, conception).
Meaning-based families are important because they reveal links and patterns of meaning in words that children already know; for example, many adjectives and nouns are related as in the trio big — little — size. The specific meaning relations they contain (see below) are also an important component of reasoning skills.
answered Jul 14, 2011 at 17:15
z7sg Ѫz7sg Ѫ
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In linguistics, words that share a common etymology are called cognates. Merriam-Webster gives this definition:
3a : related by descent from the same ancestral language
Cognates can be in the same language or two different languages. Wiktionary provides these examples:
English mother is cognate with Greek μητέρα (mitéra), German Mutter, Russian мать (matʹ) and Persian مادر (madar).
English shirt is cognate with English skirt, short, and curt … all of these are descended from the Proto-Indo-European root (s)ker-, meaning ‘to cut’.
answered Aug 31, 2016 at 17:35
cobaltduckcobaltduck
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Table of Contents
- What is a root word family?
- Are root words and word families the same?
- Where is the word family derived from?
- What word families should I teach first?
- How do you introduce a family word?
- How do you introduce a word family?
- Are Word Families phonics?
- What is a word family in phonics?
- Are family words?
- What are the steps to teach phonics?
- What are the 44 phonics sounds?
- What is the phonics method?
- How many levels are in phonics?
- How many types of phonics are there?
- What is the difference between phonetics and phonics?
- What is the difference between phonics and Jolly Phonics?
- How many phonics are in English?
- What are the phonics words?
- What does Allophone mean?
- What is allophone and example?
- How do you identify an allophone?
- Why are allophones important?
- Are T and D allophones?
- What are some allophones of T in English?
- What is an allophone student?
According to the national curriculum children are introduced to word families in Year 3, when they are shown that common words are related in form and meaning (for example, the words solve, solution, solvent, dissolve and insoluble all belong to the same word family).
What is a root word family?
A root word is a real word and you can make new words from it by adding prefixes and suffixes. Where words are linked like this, they are called a word family.
Are root words and word families the same?
Roots: A root or base word is a word in its simplest form. Root words are helpful for learning both the meaning and the spelling of new words. We make new words from root words by adding affixes (prefixes and suffixes). A word family is a group of words that share the same root word.
Where is the word family derived from?
Latin familia
What word families should I teach first?
Which word family do you teach first? Many educators would agree that the -at family is the first word family to introduce.
How do you introduce a family word?
How do you teach word families?
- Start with one-syllable words (this is super important)
- Create a word family anchor chart.
- Make new words with the pattern.
- Engage your students with hands-on learning fun.
How do you introduce a word family?
Introduce students to other simple word families. Say something like, “I’ve introduced you to the ‘-at’ word family. Now let me introduce you to a few more.” X Research source Then write on the whiteboard: The “-an” family: ran, fan, tan, man. The “-ad” family: mad, sad, bad, had, pad, lad.
Are Word Families phonics?
How Phonics Relates to Word Families. Phonics is a method of teaching reading that focuses on using the correlation between letters and sounds to help a student decode words as they read. This makes learning a set of words (a word family) easier for our beginning readers.
What is a word family in phonics?
Phonics word families are groups of words that have similar letter patterns. By learning just one pattern your child can learn many words at the same time.
Word families are groups of words that have a common feature or pattern – they have some of the same combinations of letters in them and a similar sound. For example, at, cat, hat, and fat are a family of words with the “at” sound and letter combination in common. You can study one word family a week.
What are the steps to teach phonics?
How to teach Phonics: A Step-by-Step Guide
- Step 1 – Letter Sounds. Most phonics programmes start by teaching children to see a letter and then say the sound it represents.
- Step 2 – Blending. Children are taught how to blend individual sounds together to say a whole word.
- Step 3 – Digraphs.
- Step 4 – Alternative graphemes.
- Step 5 – Fluency and Accuracy.
What are the 44 phonics sounds?
Consonants
| Phoneme | IPA Symbol | Graphemes |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | b | b, bb |
| 2 | d | d, dd, ed |
| 3 | f | f, ff, ph, gh, lf, ft |
| 4 | g | g, gg, gh,gu,gue |
What is the phonics method?
Phonics is a method for teaching people how to read and write an alphabetic language (such as English, Arabic and Russian). It is done by demonstrating the relationship between the sounds of the spoken language (phonemes), and the letters or groups of letters (graphemes) or syllables of the written language.
How many levels are in phonics?
Phonics Hero’s resources include three stages of phonics curriculum: the Basic, Advanced Code and Complete the Code. These three parts span 26 levels of systematic reading and spelling learning and practice.
How many types of phonics are there?
There are four major types of phonics: Synthetic phonics. Analogy phonics. Analytic phonics.
What is the difference between phonetics and phonics?
The term “phonics” is often used interchangeably with the term “phonetics” – but each term is different. Phonics is used to describe a method of reading instruction for school children and is sometimes considered a simplified form of phonetics. Yet phonetics is actually the scientific study of speech sounds.
What is the difference between phonics and Jolly Phonics?
Phonetics involves identifying specific symbols which represent the pronunciation of a letter within a word. Jolly Phonics introduces students to 42 letter sounds parallel to their learning of the 26 letter English alphabet. This makes it much easier for the young children to pick up on word building techniques.
How many phonics are in English?
44 sounds
What are the phonics words?
Phonics involves matching the sounds of spoken English with individual letters or groups of letters. For example, the sound k can be spelled as c, k, ck or ch. Teaching children to blend the sounds of letters together helps them decode unfamiliar or unknown words by sounding them out.
What does Allophone mean?
“other sound
What is allophone and example?
The definition of an allophone is an alternative sound for a letter or group of letters in a word. For example, the aspirated t of top, the unaspirated t of stop, and the tt (pronounced as a flap) of batter are allophones of the English phoneme /t/.
How do you identify an allophone?
Allophones are sounds, whilst a phoneme is a set of such sounds. Allophones are usually relatively similar sounds which are in mutually exclusive or complementary distribution (C.D.). The C.D. of two phones means that the two phones can never be found in the same environment (ie.
Why are allophones important?
Allophones are phonetic variations – different pronunciations – of the same phoneme. Using a different allophone does not change meaning. It is important to be aware of what allophones and phonemes exist in other languages, as these can cause problems when learning the sounds of English.
Are T and D allophones?
Example: In English, either [t] and [d] can fill in the blank in [ ɹejn ]. (d) Tere are minimal pairs distinguishing the two sounds. If two sounds DO NOT CONTRAST in a particular language (e.g. light [l] and dark [ɫ] in English)… (a) Te sounds are allophones of a single phoneme in that language.
What are some allophones of T in English?
The American English /t/ includes the following four common allophones:
- Remain a regularly aspirated ‘t sound’ /t/
- Be pronounced like a quick /d/ (also called an alveolar tap) represented as /t̬/
- Become a glottal stop /ʔ/
- Be silent (omitted) /t/
What is an allophone student?
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. In Canada, an allophone is a resident whose mother tongue or home language is neither French nor English. The term parallels anglophone and francophone, which designate people whose mother tongues are English and French, respectively.
1. Даль В. И. Толковый словарь живого великорусского языка : в 4 томах / В. И. Даль. — Москва : РИПОЛклассик, 2006. — Т. 2. — 784 с. — Т. 3. — 544 с.
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7. Гинзбург Е. Л. Понятие словообразовательного гнезда / Е. Л. Гинзбург // Проблемы структуры слова и предложения. Ученые записки Пермского университета. — Пермь : [б. и.], 1974. — С. 35-40.
8. Грицай Л. А. Сопоставление мифологем «мать» и «отец» в русской и карельской фольклорной традиции [Электронный ресурс] / Л. А. Грицай // Электронный научно-образовательный журнал ВГСПУ «Грани познания». — 2013. — № 6 (26). — Режим доступа : http://grani.vspu.ru/files/publics/1381298999.pdf.
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12. Осадчий М. А. К вопросу о пропозиционально-фреймовом моделировании гнезда однокоренных слов / М. А. Осадчий // Природные и интеллектуальные ресурсы Сибири (Сибресурс-10 — 2004). — Томск : Издательство ТГУ, 2004. — С. 318-322.
13. Осадчий М. А. Однокоренная лексика русских народных говоров: фреймовая структура гнезда / М. А. Осадчий. — Москва : Книжный дом ЛИБРОКОМ, 2009. — 304 с.
14. Проскурина А. В. Лингвострановедческий телеутско-русский словарь как способ лексикографического описания взаимосвязи языка, сознания и культуры телеутов [Электронный ресурс] / А. В. Проскурина // Ученые записки Новгородского государственного университета им. Ярослава Мудрого. — 2017. — № 3 (11). — Режим доступа : http://www.novsu.ru/file/1330562.
15. Резанова З. И. Функциональный аспект словообразования : русское производное имя / З. И. Резанова. — Томск : Издательство ТГУ, 1996. — 219 с.
16. Соболева П. А. Моделирование словообразования / П. А. Соболева // Проблемы структурной лингвистики 1971. — Москва : Наука, 1972. — С. 167-201.
17. Тихонов А. Н. О гнездовании слов / А. Н. Тихонов // Исследования по славянской филологии. — Москва : Издательство Московского университета, 1974. — С. 307-318.
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19. Цинхань Ч. Концепт «Семья» в русской культуре / Ч. Цинхань // Современная наука: актуальные проблемы теории и практики. Серия Гуманитарные науки. — 2017 (декабрь). — № 12 (2). — С. 138-142.
As we have seen before, each family of words always starts from a primitive word , which functions as the central axis of this lexical family. From it, we find other words with which it maintains links of meaning, but that each of them presents some morphological alteration with respect to the meaning of the primitive word.
These words that share semantic characteristics with the primitive word are called derivative words , which are all those words that, despite sharing some semantic feature with the primitive word, contain some nuances that give more meaning to the very meaning of the primitive word.
To understand a little better all the previous explanation, let’s see it through some families of words. For example, the word “trust” is a primitive word because it is the one that contains all the semantic meaning that will then be common to the rest of the derived words, either by prefixing (word creation process through which we add a prefix to a word to modify its meaning) or suffixation (parallel process to the prefixation, which consists of creating new words by adding them a suffix). Lexical family
Following the previous example, once the primitive word is established, which in this case is the verb “trust” , we have a series of words that derive from this same verb and that form, next to it, a family of words. Some of the derived words are: ” trust”, “distrust”, “trust”, “trust”, “distrust” or “distrust”.
Thus, another example would be the “box” word family, which is the primitive word in this case, from which we can find all kinds of derived words that add some nuance or change of meaning with respect to the primitive. They are the following: “drawer”, “little box”, “fit”, “cashier”, “little box”, “little box”, “little box”, “chest of drawers”, “box”.
With this example we can observe that the modifications experienced by the derived words come, in many occasions, to completely change the meaning, since a “packet” is not the same as a “box”. However, within the idea implied by the word “packet” we do find common features with the primitive meaning of “box.”
Examples of lexical families:
sea : marine, sailor, submarine, maritime, dizziness, marinade …
skillful : skillful, enable, skillfully, rehabilitate …
tree : trees, trees, peaks, trees …
sport : sportsman, sports, sports center, sportsmanship …
skate : scooter, skating, skating, skating …
child : babysitter, toddler , babysitter, babysitter …
– house : house, house, home, house, house …
– sponge : spongy, spongy, spongy, spongiform.
Examples of lexical families with different roots:
bone : osseous, bony, bone, ossuary …
egg : boiled, egg cup, oviform, ovule …
bridge : bypass, pontoon, bypass…
Attention: The plurals of each example ( boys , for example) or the female gender ( girl ) do not count. Only those that are formed with derivative affixes (prefixes, suffixes), compound words ( ball> basketball ) or parasynthetic ( stone> stone ).
Я хотел добавить это просто сообщением в «частотные словари», так как темы связаны, но там идет обсуждение и, чтобы ему не мешать, открою отдельную тему (думаю, понятие «гнезда» этого вполне заслуживает).
A word family is the base form of a word plus its inflected forms and derived forms made from affixes. In the English language, inflectional affixes include third person -s, verbal -ed and -ing, plural -s, possessive -s, comparative -er and superlative -est. Derivational affixes include -able, -er, -ish, -less, -ly, -ness, -th, -y, non-, un-, -al, -ation, -ess, -ful, -ism, -ist, -ity, -ize/-ise, -ment, in-. The idea is that a base word and its inflected forms support the same core meaning, and can be considered learned words if a learner knows both the base word and the affix. Bauer and Nation proposed seven levels of affixes. (Википедия)
Насчет того, что может уже считаться выученным – некоторое преувеличение, так как, например, зная слово cook и аффикс -er точное значение слова cooker надо немного уточнить. Но все-таки это уж точно не то же самое, что учить это слово как отдельное от cook.
И еще один текст, от которого я отталкиваюсь:
A word family is a group of words that share the same root but have different affixes, as in care, careful, careless, carefree, uncaring, carer … Careful, careless, etc are all derivatives of care, in that, through the process of affixation, new lexical words are formed. These new words often belong to different word classes: care = verb, noun, careful = adjective, carer = noun. By contrast, grammatical forms of care, such as cares, caring and cared, are called inflections. Inflections all belong to the same word class. A word family, then, is a base word plus its inflections and its most common derivatives. The concept of word family is useful for compiling vocabulary lists and in estimating the vocabulary needs of learners. For example, rather than calculate that learners need to know 3000 individual words to achieve independent user status, it is more accurate to say that they need 3000 word families.
(An A-Z of ELT, Macmillan Books for Teachers).
На всякий случай дам корявенький перевод смысла:
Гнездо – это группа слов, имеющих одинаковый корень, но различные аффиксы — например: care, careful, careless, carefree, uncaring, career … Careful, careless и т.п. – производные от care, т.е. новые слова образуются с помощью аффиксов (приставок и суффиксов). Эти новые слова часто принадлежат к разным частям речи: care — глагол, существительное, careful — прилагательные, carer — существительное. Грамматические формы слова, такие как cares, caring и cared, наоборот, принадлежат к той же части речи, что и слово, от которого они образуются. Таким образом, гнездо – это базовое слово плюс все его грамматические формы, а так же наиболее употребляемые производные от него. Понятие гнезда полезно при составлении лексических списков и расчетах необходимого словарного запаса изучающих. Например, точнее сказать, что для достижения уровня «независимый пользователь» необходимо знание 3000 гнезд, а не 3000 отдельных слов.
Таким образом, два тезиса:
1. Гнездо – это набор слов, объединенных общим корнем
2. Знание трех тысяч наиболее частотных гнезд дает словарный запас, соответствующий уровню ‘independent user’. Это не ахти какой поднебесный уровень (B1,B2), но это действительно тот уровень, при котором уже можно как-то начинать «пускаться в свободное плавание», т.е. что-то читать и смотреть достаточно интересное (разумеется, речь только о словарном запасе, а не всех необходимых для этого навыках).
Харбин совершенно справедливо отмечал, что при определении что входит в «гнездо», а что нет, возможен некоторый волюнтаризм. Но для практических нужд это обычно не очень важно. Понятно, что слова law , lawyer, lawful, unlawful, lawless, lawlessness или thick, thicken, thickly, thickness составляют гнезда, а какая-то уж совсем аптекарская точность при определении этого, повторюсь, не нужна.
Если же говорить о compounds (т.е. словах с двумя корнями), то их можно отнести к любому из двух составляющих их слов. Но мне лично больше нравится относить watchband, например, к гнезду ‘band’, так как это разновидность ленты/ремешка, а не часов. Но на подсчете это же никак не отражается.
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Далее можно легко сделать такую вещь. Берем все слова, составляющее гнезда из первой тысячи по частотности, в виде списка помещаем в дополнительный словарь спелл-чекера и переключаем проверку орфографии на русский язык. Таким образом в любом тексте будут подчеркиваться красным слова, выходящие за рамки этой первой частотной тысячи. Потом во второй доп. словарь вводится сумма слов второй тысячи гнезд и в третий – третья. Это позволит посмотреть то же самое для второй и третьей тысячи. Примеры того, как это выглядит, я дам в теме про частотные словари, где попробую представить те варианты работы с ними, которые мне кажутся заслуживающими внимания.