Word endings are called

Word formation

Word formation — a section of the science of language, which studies the structure of words (what parts they consist of) and the methods of their formation.

The word composition

The word consists of a stem and an ending. They are based on: prefix, root suffix. Prefix, root, suffix, ending are parts of a word.

Base and end.

In mutable independent words, the base and the ending are highlighted, and in unchangeable words, only the base is highlighted.

Basis Is a part of a word to be changed without an ending. The word is based on its lexical meaning.

End — This is a variable significant part of the word, which forms the form of the word and serves to connect words in a phrase and a sentence.

Notes.

1. To highlight the ending, you need to change the word. 2. Immutable words have no endings. When a word is changed or some of its forms are formed: number, gender, case, person, the endings change.

The ending expresses different grammatical meanings: for nouns, numerals and personal pronouns (without a preposition, go with it) — case and number; for adjectives, participles, some pronouns — case, number, gender; for verbs in the present and future tense — face and number, and in the past tense — genus and number.

The ending could be zero, that is, one that is not expressed by sounds. It is found when comparing the forms of a word. In the nominative case, the zero ending (like any other in indirect cases) means that the noun horse, eagle used in the nominative, singular, masculine, 2nd declension.
At the heart of an independent word, significant parts of the word can be distinguished: prefix, root, suffix.

Root of the word.

Root — this is the main part of the word, which contains the general meaning of all the same root words. Words with the same root are called single-rooted.

Notes.

1. Single-root words can refer to one part of speech or to different ones.
2. It is necessary to distinguish roots that are identical in sound, but different in meaning (homonymous). Words with similar roots are not the same root.
3. There are relatively few words consisting of a root and an ending in Russian; most word stems consist of a root and a suffix; root, prefix and suffix.
4. Some roots in a «free» form (root + ending) do not occur. They are found in words only in combination with prefixes, suffixes, or other roots:
   — de — — put on, change clothes;
   — nya — — borrow, hire, take away;
   — Fri — — chick, birdie, bird;
   — syag — — oath, reach, encroach;
   — y — — take off shoes, put on shoes;
   — st — — street, lane;
   — th — — enter, leave, pass, enter.

A word can have one root or two roots.

Suffix.

Suffix — This is the significant part of the word, which is located after the root and usually serves to form words.

Note.

Suffixes can be used to form word forms.

Prefix.

Console — this is the significant part of the word, which is located in front of the root and serves to form words. Prefixes form words with a new meaning. A word can have not one, but two or more prefixes.

Notes.

1. The vast majority of prefixes are primordially Russian (o-, from-, under-, over-, over- and etc.). There are few foreign language prefixes in Russian: a-, anti-, arch-, inter-, counter-, ultra-, de-, des-, dis-, re-, ex-, im-.
2. Prefixes can be ambiguous. So, the prefix at denotes approximation, attachment, incompleteness of action, being close to something.
3. In many words, the prefixes have grown root and do not stand out as independent parts of the word: admire, admire, get hold of, venture, cloudy, adore, disappear and more

Ways of forming words

New words in Russian are formed on the basis of words, phrases, less often — sentences, which for a new word are initial.
Words in Russian are formed in the following main ways: prefix, suffix, prefix-suffix, non-suffix, addition, transition from one part of speech to another.

Prefix method.

When forming words prefix the prefix is ​​attached to the original, ready-made word. In this case, the new word refers to the same part of speech as the original word. This is how nouns, adjectives, pronouns, verbs, adverbs.

Suffix way.

Suffix way consists in adding a suffix to the stem of the original word. Thus, words of all independent parts of speech are formed.
Suffixed words are usually another part of speech.

The suffix method is the main one for the formation of nouns, adjectives and adverbs.

It is more complex than the prefix method, since the suffix is ​​added not to the whole word, but to its base, and the base of the word sometimes changes: part of the base is cut off, its sound composition changes, and sounds alternate.

Prefix-suffix method.

Prefix-suffix method consists in the simultaneous attachment of a prefix and a suffix to the stem of the original word.
Most often nouns with suffixes are formed in this way. -nik, -th (e), -ok, verbs with the suffix Xia, adverbs in the prefix by- and suffixes -and, -m, -m.

The non-suffix way.

Bessuffy way consists in the fact that the ending is discarded from the word, or at the same time the ending is discarded and the suffix is ​​cut off.

Addition as a way of forming words.

Addition consists in combining two words in one word. As a result of addition, Difficult words.
Complex words are words that have two (or more) roots in their composition. They are formed. as a rule, from independent parts of speech, keeping the whole word or part of it in its composition. A compound word may have connecting vowels between the roots о и е.

Notes.

1. The connecting vowel can be и: five-year.
2. Compound words can be without a connecting vowel.

Compound words are formed:

1. Addition of whole words: sofa bed, test pilot;
2. Adding stems of words without connecting vowels (wall newspaper, sports ground, car plant) or connecting vowels о и е (snowfall, diesel locomotive, excavator);
3. Using connecting vowels о и еconnecting part of the stem of a word with a whole word: new building, reinforced concrete, grain procurement, arts and crafts;
4. Addition of stems with simultaneous attachment of a suffix: agriculture, dizzy;
5. By a fusion of words: evergreen, highly esteemed, daredevil, undersigned.

Addition of abbreviated foundations.

Many words are formed by addition of abbreviated stems of source words… As a result, compound words.

Compound words are formed:

1. adding syllables or parts of words of the full name: collective farm (collective farm), educational program (liquidation of illiteracy), special correspondent (special correspondent);
2. adding the names of the initial letters: Central Committee (Central Committee), VDNKh (Exhibition of Achievements of the National Economy);
3. addition of initial sounds: university (higher educational institution), Moscow Art Theater (Moscow Art Academic Theater);
4. in a mixed way (adding a syllable with sound, sound with a syllable, letters with sound, etc.): glavk (main committee), district (district department of public education).

Complex and abbreviated words can serve as a basis for the formation of new words: university — university student; collective farm — collective farm — collective farmer.

The transition of words from one part of speech to another.

Words are also formed by transition from one part of speech to another… At the same time, being used in the role of another part of speech, they acquire a different general meaning, lose a number of their grammatical features. For example: we were driving at a step (word step, being an adverb, does not change).

Other notes on Russian language and literature

Source: http://edu.glavsprav.ru/info/slovoobrazovanie/

How to make out a word by its composition?

A powerful and rich Russian language. For us, it is our native language, and, despite this, much of it seems to be quite complicated. Today we will try to figure out how to correctly parse a word by its composition and what you need to know to make it easier to cope with such tasks.

1

Morphemes of the Russian language

So, first, let’s figure out what morphemes exist in our language:

• Root — in the word, it is this part that is the main one, because the whole essence of it is contained in it. Words that have a common root are called similar roots. The following words can be cited as an example — take, take away, take away. These words are united by one common root, namely «to take». It so happens that a word can have several roots, this happens if a word is formed from several words. For example, a waterfall (water falls), a sailor (walks into the sea), etc. Two is not the largest number of roots a word can have. For example, the word «mud bath» has three roots, because the word was formed from three words. Simply put, the root is the essence of the word, its meaning.
• Suffix can also be attributed to the significant parts of the word, of course, less important than the root, but still. Most often, this part is located in the word behind the root, that is, immediately after it (but, as with all rules, there are also exceptions). This part of the word exists in order to form new words. The suffix in the word «birch» is «ov». There are also words in which the suffix may simply be absent, for example, the word «transition». Two suffixes — this can also be.

• Console — this is the part of the word that also participates in the formation of new words. The location of this part is indicated in its name — a prefix, that is, attached to the root, for example, in the word «bring» — «under» is a prefix.
• End  — as the name implies, it is located at the end of a word and serves to form new words. In this, the part in question is similar with a prefix and a suffix. Among other things, the ending is necessary in order to correctly associate words with each other.
• Basis refers to the part of the word that does not include the ending.

Each part of the word presented above in the article has its own individual designation (graphic type). The root is indicated by an arc above the word, the suffix is ​​a triangle without a base, the prefix is ​​a horizontal line connected to a short vertical line, which is located at the right end of the horizontal one. Ending — the letters that are the ending are taken in a square. The visual designation of these parts of the word can be found in the textbook or on the Internet.

2

Exceptions and rules

If the word is new to you by its composition, then try to do it online. This is quite simple if you know some of the nuances of this process.

In order not to make mistakes during the period of learning to parse a word, you can use the morphemic-spelling dictionary, everything is shown and described there. You can find it both in the library and on the Internet.

So, the following rules that everyone who decided to parse a word by composition should know:

• It is worth remembering that a word can be without a prefix, suffix or even an end, but the root, in any case, will be present in any word. In this case, no exceptions.
• It so happens that a word is a stem, that is, it consists entirely of a stem. Most often, adverbs can be attributed to such words, because they do not change, neither by case nor by gender. These words include the word fast — there is the ending «o», everything else is the basis of the word — «fast».

• Morphemic analysis is actually quite simple, but at the initial stage, you can help the student figure it out with the help of a word-formation dictionary, the author of which is Tikhonov. More than 90 thousand words can be found here, so its availability will be for future use.
• Of course, you can further simplify the process of parsing a word by composition, here to help online programs, which, on the Internet, abound. In this case, special knowledge is not required, but it is better to learn how to independently understand this topic, because the Internet may not always be at hand.

3

Stages of morphemic word parsing

To make learning easier, we bring to your attention step-by-step instructions on parsing a word. Let’s take the word «trip» as an example:

• First you need to find out what part of speech is the analyzed word. A correctly asked question — who? what? which? as? etc. In this case, «trip» is a noun, because it answers the question — what?
• The next step is to find the end of the word. To make the process easier, modify the word, moreover, several times — «trip», «trip». It turns out that in the word trip, the ending is the letter «a».
• The third stage, the definition of the root in the word. This is where the previous modification will come in handy, only now we are looking at the part that does not change at the same time. In this case, it is «ride».
• We are looking for a prefix in a word. We look at the single-root words, and at the root itself (it was previously said that the prefix is ​​in front of the root), which means that the prefix is ​​»by» here.
• Let’s move on to finding the suffix. So, «po» is a prefix, «ride» is a root, «a» is an ending, respectively, the letter «k» remains, which is located after the root, and serves to form new words, which means that it is the suffix.

When the word has been parsed, we draw all the designations in accordance with the rule.

It is not difficult to parse a word by its composition, the main thing is to understand the essence of this process, and then, no difficulties in this matter will arise. You need to grasp the very essence and then everything will go like clockwork, and you will no longer need to look into the dictionary to make sure that your assumptions are correct. If you fill your hand on this, the morphemic parsing of the word will be performed within 15 seconds.

Source: https://sovetclub.ru/kak-razobrat-po-sostavu-slovo

Learn Russian Useful reference and entertaining materials on the Russian language

 Print entry

Suffix — a significant part of a word that comes after a root or after another suffix and usually serves to form new words, sometimes to form new forms of a word.

The suffix is ​​not a required part of the word. The word may not have a suffix, there may be one or more suffixes:

friend, friendca, ram-och-to(a).

Form-forming (inflectional) suffixes

Suffixes (there are few of them), which serve to form new forms of the word, are called formative (inflectional). In morphemic parsing, these suffixes are not included in the stem of the word.

For example, the

• suffix -T ( -ti) forms an indefinite form of the verb:the, nes-you
• suffix -l- — the form of the past tense verbs: read-л, thought-л.

Suffixes -T ( -ti),  -l-  are not included in the stem of the word.
Sometimes a formative suffix can come after graduation: let’s go to)-those, eat (eat) —those.  

Reflexive suffix of the verb -я / -с was once a pronoun of itself:

hairstyles (y)swapping = hairstyles (s) yourself.

Reflexive suffixes -sia, -s form the basis of the word and often appear after graduation:

closing (s) Xia, washing (s) si

For details, see Inflectional suffixes.

I recall that:

• inflection Is education Forms one and the same chunting.
• word formation Is education new words.

Word formation suffixes

With derivational suffixes words of different parts of speech are formed, but nouns and adjectives are most often formed.
For example, one of the most active noun formation suffixes -Nick-:

  forest-Nick, school-Nick, uche-Nick, troich-Nick, satellite-Nick, resort-Nick, benefits-Nick, saturdays-Nick etc.

The most active suffix with which adjectives are formed is the suffix -sk-:

agriculturalsk(uh), rusticsk(uh), pestilence-sk(oh), moscow-sk(s), etc.

The same suffixes are used to form words of the same part of speech that are different in meaning.
For example, the suffix -Nick-, —from-.

—ca— (mushroom-nick, red-from(a), friendca) serve to form only nouns; -sk- (fleet-sk(s)) — for the formation of adjectives only; —syva-, —willow— (deliberation-syva-ty) — only for verbs. Therefore, we are talking about the suffixes of different parts of speech:

Examples of word formation using various suffixes:

• from the root of good-: good (oh), good-from (a), good-yak, good-from-n (th), good-e-t;
• from raspberries: raspberries (a), raspberries-k (a), raspberries-nik (), raspberries-ovk (a), raspberries (th), raspberries-n (th);
• from time-: time (i), time-echk (o), time-yank (a), time-en-n (th), time-en-n-o, time-en-shik.

If the root contains the main lexical meaning (meaning) of the word, then the suffixes (as well as consoles) complement this meaning, clarify it. For example:

• the suffix introduces a diminutive meaning: daughter — daughter-к(a) — daughter-enk(a), house — house-ik;
• magnifying value: hand — hand-looking for(a);
• the suffix is ​​used to form words for baby animals: elephantbaby, NS-baby;
• to designate males by profession, place of residence, by nationality: teachTel, tractor-east, moscowich, Siberianяк, academicik, cargoin, Caucasuseet etc;
• to designate females by profession, place of residence, by nationality: sellingshchits(a), masteregg(a), paramedic-egg(a), osset-in-к(a), machine-ist-к(a), writer-prostrate(a) etc
• facial expression: cunningsouthah, zhadsoutha, smallturnoutah, goatsturnouta, flaxtyay, salivatyay.

Suffixes (and consoles) can tell a lot about a word. By suffixes, you can determine the part of speech, and for nouns and gender. For example, the suffix —Tel at the end of the word — a masculine noun (teacher, builder, driver),
suffix —from— — a feminine noun (good-from (a), deaf-from (a), red-from (a));
suffix —sk— — adjective (Hungarian-sk (s), rus-sk (s)).

The suffix may not be indicated by letters

A suffix or part of a suffix can be hidden, that is, not represented explicitly on the letter in letters. Then it is isolated using transcription, indicating the sound of the suffix.
After the vowels and after b, b, the letters E, E, Yu, I denote two sounds, one of which is [y ‘] (or often denoted by [j’]). It is this sound that can be a suffix or part of a suffix. Then the suffix is ​​highlighted using transcription.
For example:

liar — [liar ‘/th ‘ / a], emigration — emigr [/ atsyth ‘/ a], two — two [/ oth ‘/ e], fox [l’is’ /th ‘/ willow], fox [l’is’ /th ‘/ s’].

The procedure for selecting a suffix in a word using the word old as an example:

1. Select the root and the ending, changing the form of the word and choosing related words, using different suffixes: old, old, old (s) — old inn (s) ⇒ root old, ending -th;
2. Can -inn- be a suffix? We go through related words that may contain the -inn- part. We find the word oldin(a) in which -in— — suffix, select it: old-in-n (th).
3. Consider the remaining -n-. The adjective old-n (s) is derived from the noun old (a) with a suffix -n-
4. Let us prove the correctness of the choice of the morpheme -n-picking up words with a different root, but with the same suffix (the same part of speech as the original word, since suffixes are «associated» with parts of speech): vegetable garden-n(th) (from the vegetable garden), mod-н(th) (from trendy), autumn-н(s) (from autumn). This proves the correctness of the selection of the morpheme.
5. Conclusion: oldinn(th).

You can check the correctness of the parsing in the word-formation dictionary.

For details, see Highlighting a suffix in a word.

To identify the suffixes, it is helpful to know the most commonly used ones.

Suffixes	Example	Their work
Form nouns
-k — ik — ek — ok — enk — onk — echk — point — ear — yushk-	fish — fishкkey — keyik lock — lockek friend — friendca hand-ruchenkalisalisonetimeaVanya — Vaneschkaigla — needleseyeglassesaded — grandfatherearApole — Paulyushkо	Give words a diminutive or petting tone
-nick-chick-cheek-tel-prostrate-to-	forest — forestNick carry — cartchic drum — drumbox teach — teachTelteach — teacherprostratearadist — radio operatorка	Forms words that name individuals according to their occupation
Form adjectives
-ist-sk-ov-ev-n-	rock — rockseastOygorod — cityskoigorokh — peassyishal — shalevsummer — yearsнs
Form verbs
-a — and — e — ova — (- ёva -) — willow — (- ёva-)	sound — soundаTrana -ranиwhite — whiteеtzima — zimthisring — ringEvetukachat — motion sicknesswillowopen -opensyvathe
-sya — (- сь-)	teach — teachsya — I teachswappingheal — healXia — I’m flyingswapping	Forms verbs with a reflexive meaning. May be located after the end. Form the basis of the word.
Form-building suffixes
-ty-ty-	cheatthe carriedyou	Suffixes of the indefinite form of the verb. Are not included in the stem of the word.
-l-	I read — readл ; I say — speakл	Forms the past tense of the verb. Not included in the stem of the word.

For verbs ending in -h, part of the word —whose part of the root: burn, oven.

You can clarify the suffixes in word-formation and morphemic dictionaries (Potiha Z. A. School dictionary of the structure of words in the Russian language. M., 1987., Tikhonov A. N. Word-formation dictionary of the Russian language, Efremova T. F. Explanatory dictionary of word-formation units of the Russian language. M ., 1996., Baranov M.T.School dictionary for the formation of words in the Russian language, Baronova M.M. Word analysis by composition, M., 2011, etc.).

2011 — 2020 Learning Russian
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Source: http://tutrus.com/morfemika/suffiksy-nachalnaya-shkola

Parsing words by composition online

Syntactic and morphological parsing of a sentence Phonetic parsing of a word Select cognate words Check uniqueness Select synonyms for words Check spelling Recognize Accent a word The service allows you to parse a word by its composition online (morphemic analysis). Additionally, a morphological analysis of the word is provided.

Morphemic parsing of a word or parsing by composition is finding all the necessary parts of a word (root, suffix, ending, etc.).

This principle is one of the main ones in Russian-language grammar, therefore morphemic analysis is of no small importance. For example, in order to determine which letter is spelled in a particular word, you must first find out in which part of the word it is located. And depending on this, use the correct spelling. Parsing a word is the foundation of spelling. To carry out parsing, you need to have a general understanding of morphemes, as well as know a certain order of actions.

What are the morphemes

Prefix. It is a morpheme with which new words are formed. The prefix is ​​in front of the root. With the help of the prefixed way of forming words, the same parts of speech are most often obtained. For example: put — rearrange. The example shows that a new verb has been transformed from a verb with a prefix. The Russian language also contains prefixes borrowed from other languages. For example: anti-, de-, sub- and so on.

Root of the word… The root is considered the main part of any word. It lays down its general meaning, as well as the meaning of the same root words (those with the same root). Single-root words do not have to refer to one part of speech, they can be different (from a noun to adjectives, etc.). However, there are words that have consonant and similar roots, but at the same time have different meanings from each other.

In such cases, the words are not considered to be of the same root, but are called homonyms. In order to identify the root of a word, it is necessary to try to find the same root words for it and find that common part that is present in each word and remains unchanged. Prerequisite: words must have a similar lexical designation, and not just a consonant root. For example: house — house — home. These words have the same part of the word dom-, which means that it is the root.

Game — play — play. In this chain of words, the common part is games, which means it is also a root.

Suffix. It is also one of the part of words that helps form new words. The morpheme finds its location after the root of the word. In addition, the suffix helps to change the very form of a word, as well as to form new parts of speech. Most often noun and adjectives. For example: a forest is a forester. Thanks to the suffix -nik-, a new noun was formed. The sea is sea.

With the help of the suffix -sk-, a new adjective was formed from the noun. It is worth noting that the morpheme is not considered the main part of the word, the suffix simply may not be in the composition. To find a given morpheme, you first need to determine the root and end of the word. What remains between them will be the suffix. It is important to know that the rest of the word is not always a complete suffix.

There may be several of them.

Ending of the word… The ending is the variable part of the word, which depends on the gender of the word, number and case. This morpheme usually comes after a root or suffix. The ending plays the role of linking words in sentences.

How do you define it? You just need to inflect the right word and understand which part is inherent to change. This will be the end of the word. For example: grass, herbs, grass.

Having declined the word in different cases, you can see that only the last letter changes, which means that it is the ending.

The ending can also have a zero form. In order to determine it, you also need to inflect the desired word by case. If new letters appear in the case forms, then the initial form of the word has a zero ending. For example: home, home, home. In case forms, the word acquired an ending, which means that initially it was zero.

 Connecting letters… These are letters that connect several roots in complex words. The most common vowels are -o and -e. For example: birder, bloodthirsty, airplane.

Basis… This is the part of the word that is not part of the ending and remains unchanged.

The basic principle of parsing a word by composition

Determine which part of speech you will have to work with. This can be done by matching the question to the word.

Now you need to determine the end of the existing word. To do this, it is worth declining it in numbers and cases. The part that has changed is outlined in a square. This is how the ending is indicated. The initial search for graduation is a must for all students. After all, some of them begin morphemic parsing precisely with the extraction of the root. This is one of the most erroneous misconceptions, because in some words it is quite difficult to determine the root, but in others it is not at all.

The next step is to find the base. This is not difficult to do. The part of the word that remains after the ending is highlighted is the stem. It is underlined by one horizontal line, which rises slightly before the end.

Determine the root of the word. To do this, you need to find the same root words for the desired word. They should be similar in lexical meaning, that is, to be similar in meaning, and not just in sound. That unchanging part that is present in all words and will be the root. It is indicated by a special arc over the desired letter part.

Highlight suffixes. To do this, you need to compare a specific word with its other forms. And then create a word-formation chain to understand which word was the original, and which suffix was used in the process. The morpheme is denoted by the form of a half-bomb over the desired part of the word.

Find a prefix. For a specific word, you need to try to find other prefixes. You can also use other words using an existing prefix. If the meaning of the word is not distorted, then this part of the word is a prefix. It is highlighted by a horizontal line above the word, which bends in front of the root.

Source: https://progaonline.com/morphem

Suffixes in Russian in tables with rules and examples

Some people, even after graduating from school, do not know what a suffix is. This is unfortunate, because the material is really very light and will undoubtedly be found somewhere in the future. Therefore, try to go through everything on time, and if it does not work out, then catch up on your own!

So what is a suffix anyway? The suffix is ​​considered to be one of the most important parts of the word following the root. But there are also variations where the suffix is ​​located behind the ending, this is also possible. In this case, it will no longer be a suffix, but a postfix. Remember this and don’t make a mistake.

The main function is the formation of new words. It is also worth noting that all suffixes in Russian have their own definite meaning. Some are responsible for creating a diminutive form. Something for the grammatical component. And some for the transmission of a more negative attitude, for example: «little man».

Types of suffixes

• Form-building suffixes. They are quite important because they regulate the emotional coloring. For example: green is greener.
• Word-forming. Responsible for the grammatical meaning of the word. For example: lunch-dinner, salt-salty.

Noun suffixes

Noun suffixes are also subdivided into groups.

1. Suffixes, which can be formed not only from nouns, but also from adjectives, and even verbs. For example: «horse-groom».

2. Suffixes that form nouns from nouns. In this case, the word also receives a special emotional connotation: rudeness, love, kindness, friendliness. For example: «gnome-gnome».

Formed from a noun all suffixes in Russian table:

Suffixes	Terms of writing	Examples
—Onk—	after hard consonants	lightly
—Enk—	after soft consonantsexceptions: goodbye, goodbye, goodbye	Mishenkа
—Onk-, —onok—, —onk	after sizzling under stress	frogHe toa, gosling
—Ik—	if the vowel of the declension suffix is ​​preserved	boy
—Ec—	if the vowel of the suffix is ​​removed during declension	a day
—Chik—	after consonants: D, T, S, F, Z	informer
—Shchik—	after consonants, except: Д, Т, С, Ж, З	cleaner
—Shk—	from noun with the suffix -its-	water
—Chk—	after soft consonants and sibilants	Mishechka
—Yshk—	neuter words	neck
—Shk—	masculine and feminine words	grandmother
—O, —e—	after hissing under stress it is written o, without stress e	pot, pouch

Words with the suffix -shk-, -chik-, -echk- and others show a loving, tender attitude towards this or that object, person. Therefore, it is especially important.

Words with the suffix -ik-denote belonging, any territorial area.

Words with the suffix -n’k are based on evaluating something, for example, cute. It is also important to note that words with the suffix -enk-form exactly forms, and not new words.

Adjective suffixes

The spelling of the suffixes of adjectives depends on some rules. In order to make this material easier to understand, they were qualified in subcategories. Also, adjective suffixes contribute to a more detailed designation of shades.

Words with the suffix «ov» contribute to the expression of attachment to the object (paternal), and words with the suffix «s» draw our attention to the fact that this object was made by someone (revetted).

Suffixes	Terms of writing	Examples
—Iv-, —ev—	in an unstressed position it is written -ev-, under the stress -iv-	playful, naughtyExceptions: holy fool, merciful
—Onk-, —enk—	—Onk — after consonants: g, x, k; —enk — after consonants, except for: g, x, k.	cute, kind, sweet
—Chiv-, liv—	«And» is written in any case, since -chev, -liv- does not exist	envious
—Owat-, —ov-, —ovit—	written after a hard consonant	bitter, greenish
—Evat-, —ev-, —evit—	are written after softly. acc. , after hissing and «c»	manganese

adjective suffixes

Verb suffixes

Verb suffixes play an extremely important role in a word. Endowed with a lever for regulating shaping and word formation. Therefore, as much attention as possible should be paid to their analysis. It is in these rules that children, and sometimes even adults, make the most mistakes. But don’t be intimidated. Verb suffixes are not as scary as they seem at first glance. It is enough to learn them just once, and it is best to simply understand and put them in memory.

Suffixes	Questions to check	Examples
-ova-eva-	ch. 1 l. units numbers must end with -yu-, -yu-	guarantee-guarantee-night-stay
—Va — — willow-	ch. 1 l. unit of the number must keep —you-, —wa-	feel-feel-start-flinch
-a -— and —— I —— e—	it is necessary to put Ch. in the form of an infinitive or n.f and see if it is written before the suffix of the past tense -л-	breathe-breathe-saw-saw-bark-bark-see-saw-saw

Adverbial suffixes

The spelling of suffixes entirely depends on two components: the prefix and the stress in the word. Therefore, before drawing hasty conclusions, look at which syllable the stress falls on and whether the word has such and such prefixes.

Suffixes	-A-	-O-	—Y—
Prefixes	from-, from-, to-	za-, na-, in-	by
Examples	long since, at first, white	anew, dry, right	everywhere, little by little, at first
Exceptions	sideways, young, old

Adverb suffixes video tutorial:

Participle and adverbial suffixes

The spelling of participles and gerunds suffixes is very often confused, since it can be difficult for people to distinguish between these two parts of speech. Therefore, before proceeding to consider the suffixes of the gerunds, you should disassemble the topic of these parts of speech.

Differences between participles and participles

Probably the simplest sign by which you can distinguish them is the questions that these parts of speech answer. The participle answers questions about the adjective’s name, for example, «What?» The participle, however, answers questions related to activities, that is, «Having done what?», «Doing what.»

Also, to distinguish between them, you can try to change the cases. The participle lends itself easily to this technique, but the participle remains unchanged. Well, and the last rather easy way is to look at the role in the proposal.

In this case, the participle will be the definition, the gerunds will be the circumstance.

Communion	Deerpriests
Suffixes	—Sh-, —yusch —— asch-, —ych —— vsh-, —sh —— em-, —om-, —im —— nn-, —enn-, —t—	—A, —i —— in-, —vshi-, —shi-

Emotionally expressive suffixes

Words with a suffix of this format are simply irreplaceable in the Russian language. They help people express emotions, both positive and negative. They also contribute to the expression of opinions, attitudes towards a particular person or object. Mom can call her daughter «Mashenka», thus showing her love to this person. She does not need to write in sentences how she feels about her child. One word can sometimes replace a thousand.

Also, such suffixes help indicate the age of people. For example, if a boy of sixteen says that he has a sister. So, most likely, it will be about a little girl. It turns out that he will not need to resort to numbers, it is enough to use only one word.

Source: https://russkiy-pravilno.ru/suffiksy-v-russkom-yazyke/

Suffixes in English — Learn All

There can be confusion between suffixes and endings in English (both are often called word endings), besides, English terminology in this matter is slightly different from Russian. Therefore, let’s start with the basic concepts.

The ending is an inflectional morpheme. It changes the form of a word, but not its meaning, and at the same time carries a grammatical load:

• pencil — pencils (ending indicates plural)
• work — worked (the ending indicates the elapsed time)

The suffix, in turn, is a derivational morpheme. Suffixes in English create new words, either by changing the meaning of the original one, or by converting one part of speech to another:

• red — reddish (red — reddish)
• teach — teacher (teach — teacher)

There are very few endings in English — these are -s (-es), -ed and -ing. There are a lot of suffixes in English. In this article, we will consider only the most common ones.

Profession and occupation suffixes (-er, -ent, -ess)

The -er suffix is ​​perhaps the most common and productive for «doers.» With it, you can form a noun from almost any verb.

• write> writer — write> writer
• bake> baker — oven> baker
• paint> painter — paint> painter

Most modern words denoting the performer of an action are formed precisely with his help. This also applies to inanimate objects.

• printer — printer
• scanner — scanner

Many words that come from French and Latin have the -or suffix:

• doctor — doctor
• tailor — tailor
• actor — actor

The English suffix -ist often denotes an activity related to science and medicine:

• scientist — scientist
• dentist — dentist
• biologist — biologist

It also denotes an adherent of any views and beliefs:

• pacifist — pacifist
• communist — communist
• realist — realist

Other suffixes in English of words of Latin and Greek origin:

Suffix -ian:

• musician — musician
• librarian — librarian
• mathematician — mathematician

Suffix -ent:

• student — student
• resident — resident, resident
• agent — agent

Suffix -ant:

• informant — informant
• assistant — assistant
• confidant — confidant

The -ess suffix is ​​one of the few «feminine» suffixes in English:

• waitress — waitress
• actress — actress
• princess — princess

Process, action, phenomenon suffixes (-ment, -ion, -ism)

The suffix in English -ment is needed when forming verbal nouns and means an action or its result:

• movement — movement
• entertainment — entertainment
• concealment — concealment

The -ion suffix also denotes an action, process, or result of that process:

• revolution — revolution
• isolation — isolation
• restriction — restriction

The suffix -ism denotes a system of views, beliefs:

• racism — racism
• communism — communism
• pacifism — pacifism

State, quality, property suffixes (-ance / -ence, -dom, -hood, -ity, -ness, -ship, -th)

The -ance / -ence suffix in a noun usually matches the -ant / -ent suffix in an adjective:

• different — difference
• important — importance (important — importance)
• independent — independence

The suffixes in English -hood and -ship mean a person’s condition associated with his age, social relations, and sometimes activity; or a group of people united by this state.

• childhood — childhood
• motherhood — motherhood
• priesthood — clergy
• friendship — friendship
• internship — internship, internship

The suffix -dom means states and properties of a broader meaning:

• freedom — freedom
• wisdom — wisdom
• martyrdom — Martyrdom

The suffix in English -ness means possession of some quality and serves to form nouns from adjectives:

• kindness — kindness
• usefulness — usefulness
• vastness — vastness

The -th suffix more often means physical properties:

• strength — strength
• length — length
• warmth — warm

The suffix -ity means property, quality, and is common for words of Latin origin:

• brevity — brevity
• velocity — speed
• purity — purity

Adjective suffixes

The suffix -ful in English means possession of quality (and is related to the adjective full — «full»):

• beautiful — beautiful
• useful — useful

The -less suffix is ​​opposite in meaning to the previous one and means lack of quality:

• careless — carefree
• harmless — harmless

The suffix -able, -ible characterizes the property or accessibility for any action:

• edible — edible
• portable — portable, portable
• admirable — admirable

The suffixes -ic and -al mean «related, related»:

• heroic — heroic
• mythic — mythical
• cultural — cultural
• musical — musical

The -ous suffix also carries a characteristic:

• dangerous — dangerous
• nutritious — nutritious

The English suffix -ish has several meanings:

expresses similarity (in terms of appearance, behavior)

• girlish — girlish
• childich — childish, childish
• foolish — stupid

weakens the meaning of an adjective

• reddish — reddish
• narrowish — narrowish

means nationality, language or country

• English — English
• Swedish — Swedish

The suffix -ive means possession of a property, the ability:

• attractive — attractive
• sedative — sedative

The English suffix -y is used to form many simple adjectives:

• rainy — rainy
• dirty — dirty
• sunny — sunny

Vertex suffixes

Verb suffixes are not so diverse and almost all have the meaning of «doing something» or «becoming something.»

Suffix -ate

• motivate — to motivate
• activate — activate

Suffix -en

• lengthen — lengthen
• strengthen — strengthen

Suffix -ify

• verify — confirm
• clarify — to clarify

Suffix -ize, -ise

• visualize — render
• neutralize — neutralize

Adverb suffix

Adverbs are formed with just one suffix in English -ly:

• loudly — loudly
• beautifully — beautifully
• politely — politely

We read further:

10 ways to tell an adjective from an adverb in English

What are the types of sentences in English

5 simple rules for word order in English

Adverb, know your place!

Source: https://skyeng.ru/articles/chto-vy-ne-znali-o-suffiksah-v-anglijskom

Need to distinguish derivational suffix и formative suffix.

Word-formation suffix

Word-formation suffix — word-formation morpheme, standing after the root and serving to form new words.

In linguistics, along with the suffix, they also distinguish postfix — derivational morpheme after the end or formative suffix (from Latin post — after, fixus — attached):

To form words are used reflexive verb postfix -sya (si), postfixes -something -something indefinite pronouns.

Word-building suffixes serve to form new words and, as a rule, determine the belonging of a derived word to one or another part of speech:

The distinction between parts of speech is also created using suffixes. So, each part of speech has its own set of specific suffixes:

— noun suffixes —

— adjective suffixes —

— verb suffixes —

— adverb suffixes —

How to find a suffix in a word

To find a suffix in a word, you need:

If a word contains one suffix:

1. Compare this word with such a single-root word in which this suffix is ​​absent or in its place is another suffix. For example:
2. Find a number of words with the same suffix in meaning and form. For example:

But the most reliable criterion for distinguishing a suffixal morpheme is to carry out derivational analysis, that is, finding such a word from which the analyzed one is formed.

If there are several suffixes in a word:

1. Compare this word with a group of related words, each of which is simpler in form and meaning than the analyzed one.

   For example:

2. Arrange these related words according to the degree of decreasing complexity in relation to the analyzed word:
3. Sequentially comparing the bases of each pair of words, to establish with the help of which suffix in each particular case a more complex unit was formed. For example:
4. Summarize the data obtained and highlight the suffixes in the analyzed word:

Comparison of prefix and suffix

Prefixes are more autonomous in word structure than suffixes:

1. Prefixes can have a secondary, weaker stress in polysyllabic words: ultraviolet;
2. prefixes do not cause grammatical alternations at the root, in contrast to suffixes, which can cause such alternations: hand-a — hand-to-a;
3. by attaching only one prefix, a word of another part of speech, unlike suffixes, cannot be formed:
4. prefixes are often not associated with a specific part of speech

   while suffixes are usually assigned to a certain part of speech: -nik serves to form nouns, -liv- — adjectives, -iva- verbs;

5. the meaning of the prefix is ​​usually quite specific and only modifies the meaning of the original stem, while the meaning of the suffix can be either very specific (-yon denotes the child of the one who is named in the root), or very abstract (-n- denotes the attribute of an object).

Source: http://www.razumniki.ru/suffiks.html

Suffixes in English: their role in word formation

Starting to learn a foreign language, we are faced with many problems, including limited vocabulary. If you understand the principle of word formation in English, then the lexicon can be very easily expanded.

Affixation is one way of forming new words from others by adding parts of a word to the beginning or end of a language unit. Suffixes are used much more frequently in English than prefixes.

They can both create different parts of speech, and bring in a different shade of meaning.

Real names

Nouns have the greatest variety of suffixes than any other part of speech in English. Often this morpheme carries a certain semantic connotation and helps to define what is in front of us is a noun.

Popular suffixes -er (-or) indicate that a person belongs to a profession, to a character, and the verb is usually the basis: to build (build) — builder (builder), to invent (invent) — inventor (inventor). In addition, this suffix means belonging to a particular locality: London (London) — Londoner (resident of London). Or a tool: to roll — roller. The -er and -or suffixes are essentially synonymous, but the former is the most common in the language.

The suffix -ness, usually added to adjectives, gives a touch of property or quality and corresponds to the Russian -from-, -ost, -in-: dark (dark) — darkness (darkness), fanciful (sophisticated) — fancifulness (sophistication), deep — deepness.

In modern English, there are both native suffixes and borrowed from other languages. An excellent example of the first is the –ship suffix, which is used to form abstract nouns: friend (friendship), partner (companion) — partnership (company).

Most suffixes (-age, -ence) form abstract nouns: to leak (leak) — leakage (leak), silent (quiet) — silence (silence). The English affix -tion often corresponds to the Russian -tion: to present — presentation. If you add -th to a verb or adjective, you can observe changes in the vowel at the root of the word: strong (strong) — strength (strength), to die (die) — death (death).

The suffix –ment, borrowed in the 12th century from French, means the result of an action: to amaze (surprise) — amazement (surprise). The same function is performed by -ade: to block (block) — blockade (blockade).

Verbs

We rarely see suffixes in verbs. Usually they themselves are the basis for the formation of words. However, similar verb morphemes do exist. For example, the -fy suffix is ​​found in the words to terrify, to signify, to mystify. Also, verbs are formed using -en, -ise / -ize: broad (wide) — broaden (expand), real (real) — realize (realize). The variant with the letter “s” is considered to be British, and the variant with the letter “z” is considered to be American.

Adjectives

One of the suffixes for adjectives is –able (-ible). It gives the word the meaning of possibility, ability to do something: to work (work) — workable (worker), to translate (translate) — translatable (translatable). The presence of quality is also indicated by the suffix -al, which often coincides with the Russian -al-: nation (nation) — national (national).

The suffix -ful gives the meaning of completeness of something. For example, beauty is beautiful, tact is tactful.

The suffix -ish expresses belonging to the nationality or a weak degree of quality of the object: Polland (Poland) — Pollish (Polish), girl (girl) — girlish (girlish). Often they also use — (i) an or –ese to indicate nationality: Russia (Russia) — Russian (Russian), China (China) — Chinese (Chinese).

The suffix -less denotes the absence of something: end (end) — endless (endless), heart (heart) — heartless (heartless).

Adverbs

Most adverbs are formed from adjectives using the –ly suffix: bad (bad) — badly (bad), regular (regular) — regularly. But there are other less productive (used) suffixes, for example, -ward in backward.

Numerals

There are three suffixes for numeral names:

1. The suffix -ty, with which you can form tens in the language: four (four) — forty (forty), six (six) — sixty (sixty).
2. Suffix -teen for numbers from 13 to 19: nine (nine) — nineteen (nineteen), seven (seven) — seventeen (seventeen).
3. The -th suffix helps to create such a form of numbers as ordinal: forty (forty) — fortieth (fortieth), twelve (twelve) — twelfth (twelfth).

English suffixes, as we can see, are very diverse. They differ in their origin, use with different parts of speech, meaning. In most cases, understanding the basics of word formation will help you correctly translate a particular word. However, when in doubt, it is better to check the dictionary, as there are some exceptions to the rule, so it is possible to mistakenly classify a particular word as, for example, another part of speech.

Source: https://1hello.ru/grammatika/suffiksy.html

Suffixes of nouns in Russian

Suffix Meaning that gives a suffix to a word. Rules for writing a suffix. Exceptions and notes.

-enk- -onk — (- yonk-) -onok- -ik- -ek- -ok- -ets- -its- combination-ich + k- -echk- Forms nouns with the meaning of a person.-chik — (- chits (a)) -shchk- -yachk- -yshk- -shk- -yushk -, — ishk- -isch- -k- -nik- They are written with the letter I-izn- -in- -instv- They are written with the letter O- rel—ovn- -from- -ost- Spelled with the letter E-et- -is- -estv- -yon (o) k-, -un (o) k-, -e (n) st-, — ( ov) st-, -iv-, -ev-, -ih, -nie (-enie), -ak, -ok, -ach, -lets, -tel

It is written if the root ends in a solid consonant: stripes (a) — stripes-onk (a), fox (a) — fox-onk (a), Liz-onk (a)

It is written if the root ends in a soft consonant or hissing: dawn — zor-enk(a), road — roadenk(a), Sasha — Sash-enk(but) But mom-enk(a), dad-enk(but)

behind-inky(a), ba-inky(and), pa-inky(but)

It is written in nouns formed from feminine nouns with the suffix -in (a) using the suffix -k-: pea-in (a) — pea-in-to(a), ssad-in (a) — ssad-in-to(a), straw-in (a) -salm-in-to(but)

snow-Inc.(a), push-Inc.(but)

Diminutive. In words not on –in (a) (unlike -in + k-) forms nouns with the meaning of a person (feminine gender, nationality, state): bezh-enk(a), monk-enk(a), tenderenk(a), notenk(a), Frenchenk(but) It is written in nouns formed from nouns in -nya, -na, in which in R.p. plural not written Ь at the end: cherry (cherry) -vish-enk(a), pine (pines) -pine-enk(but)

Gives a touch of disdain -onk- is written after hissing under stress: soul — shower-He to(but)

Used when referring to baby animals. It is written after hissing under stress: wolf — wolf-Onok()

It is written if the vowel of the suffix during declension is preserved (in the genus case): key-ik — key-ik(a), knife-ik — knife-ik(but)

It is written if the vowel of the suffix falls out during declension (in the genitive case):ek — soak_To(a), bag-ek — bag_To(a); It is written without stress: kusOch-ek, ravine-ek

Spelled under stress: wolf-Ok, cam-Ok

It is written in neuter nouns with an emphasis on the ending (the stress comes after the suffix): letter — writing —eet(Oh), gun — gun —eet(O); It is written in masculine nouns (when declension e drops out): young-eet — young_ts(a), hor-eet — mountains_ts(but)

It is written in neuter nouns if the stress falls on the stem of the word (stress precedes the suffix): chair — krEsl-egg(f), oil — oil —egg(e); Written for feminine nouns: blizzard — blizzard-egg(a), handsomeegg(a )

when forming words from feminine nouns with stems on -its, -nits: ladder — ladderich-k(a), onion — onionsich-k(a), fox — foxich-k(but)

in other cases (not from words with the suffix -its-): seed — sem-eschk(oh) spoon — lie-eschk(a), morning — morning —eschk(O), in proper names:eschk(a), Yul-eschk(a).

-chin- forms the names of males by profession, occupation, nationality, place of residence; -chits (a) — names of feminine persons with the same meaning Written after consonants d, t, s, h, f: recon-chic, years-chic, signedchic, greasechic, desertionchic; reconnaissancechits(a), signedchits(but) Note, consonant alternation k, h / t  before the suffix -chik-: tavern — kabat-chic, production — mined-chic

Forms nouns with the meaning of a person — the names of males by profession, occupation, nationality, place of residence. It is written if the stem ends in other consonants (other than d, t, s, s, g): change-box, hack-box, trainersbox. But, in some foreign words (if the stem ends in two consonants), after t, -schik- is written: percent — percentage-box, asphalt-asphalt-box.

Designates the names of females by profession, by place of residence. It is written only under stress: mor-cell(a) Siberiancell(but)

diminutive meaning (sometimes with disdain) Written in neuter words: sunrush(oh), don-rush(about)

Indicates the face of m.r. or f.r., animal or object with a touch of affection, irony Written in masculine and feminine words: bread-ear(oh), cum-ear(but) But, peg, wedge

diminutive meaning (sometimes with disdain) Written in words of all three kinds: bat-yushk(a), half-yushk(oh), zor-yuschk(a); um-ishk(oh), coat-ishk(oh), passion-ishk(and) After the suffixes -ishk-, -ushk-, -yushk-, -ishk-, the ending is written: in nouns Wed and inanimate noun. mr — O: per-ishk (o), city-ishk (o). in noun r. and animate noun. mr — A: mat-ushk (a), son-ishk (a)

Gives a magnifying value. home home-looking for(e), friend — friendlooking for(e) dust — dust —looking for(but) After the suffix is ​​written: ending -E (noun m and neuter): houselooking forE, muzhichlooking forЕ ending -A (noun): forceslooking forA, ruchlooking forА

In diminutive words formed from nouns in nyas with the help of the suffix -к-, the letter Ь is written if it is in the genitive plural case:кa (kitchens), nanniesкa (nanny), songsкa (songs) In the names of females by profession, occupation, nationality, place of residence: Georgianк(a), artist-к(but)

Denotes a male person in relation to an occupation, profession, activity One of the most active suffixes: forest-Nick, school-Nick, uch-Nick, Saturday-Nick

crookedout of(a) from the curve), new-out of(a) (from new)

shir-in(a) from breadth, deep-in(a), silence-in (a)

largeinstitutions(o) (from big), senior-institutions(o) (from senior)

runningreli (from running around)

boltrami (from chatting)

kindfrom(a) (kind), beauty

coward-Ость (coward), thrifty-Ость (thrifty), difficultОсть (difficult), accessibleОсть (available), new-Ость (new)

beggarsem(but)

tenaciousYes

humanirst(about)

Suffixes for forming word forms

-en- -ep-

In indirect cases of words in -MYA (banner, flame, etc.): crown-en(and), seed — seed-en(and)

the words mother and daughter, when changed in indirect cases, except for the accusative, have the suffix -er- at the base: mother — mat-ep-and, daughter — daughter-ep-and;

 Immutable suffixes:

•  -from-: red-from (a), good-from (a), naked-from (a), debt-from (a), top-from
• -ost-: addiction (), gullibility (), danger-n-ost (), laziness (), outward-n-ost (), o-circle-n-ost ()
• -there is-: fresh-is (), tech-uch-is ()

Source: http://www.fio.ru/tables/noun/suffiksy-suschestvitelnykh-v-russkom-yazyke-/

Suffix in the word «MAN»

The word «little man» is derived from the noun «man» with a suffix -EC- (man is humanek).

Find out what the suffix is ​​in the word «little man» if we perform morphemic parsing.

Morphemic parsing of the word «little man»

Analysis of the composition usually begins with the selection of the ending. This inflectional morpheme is present in the composition of mutable independent parts of speech. Let us determine to which part of speech the studied word belongs. It denotes an object and answers the question who?

From these grammatical features, you can understand that this is an animated noun. It has a masculine category:

• he, my little man;
• little man.

End

In search of an ending, let’s observe how this noun changes in cases:

• figurine (who?) of a man;
• give (to whom?) the little man;
• tell (about whom?) about the little man.

This means that in the nominative singular form this noun has a zero ending, not indicated by letters. The ending is not included in the basis of the word man-.

Suffix

This word is formed from a single root noun using the evaluative suffix -ek-:

human → human.

At the same time, there was a root alternation of consonants in the word: the final sound [k] is replaced by a voiceless consonant [h]. The suffix gave the word a diminutive meaning, as in similar cases:

• edge
• lamb
• wreath
• wallet

Root

We find out what is the main morpheme in this word by choosing related words related in meaning:

• human
• human
• humanity
• humanization

The common human / human part is the root of these words.

Let us write the morphemic composition of the word in question in the form of a diagram:

man — root / suffix / ending

Suffix -ec- or -ik-?

The suffix of the noun being analyzed is in an unstressed position. What to write in the word «little man», the suffix -ek- or -ik-?

Let us recall the spelling rule for spelling unstressed suffixes -ek-, -ik- in nouns:

Make sure of this:

• man — drawing of a man;
• boots — the sole of the boot;
• wallet — the size of the wallet;
• lamb — lamb bleating.

If the vowel does not disappear in the suffix of a word when its form changes (genitive), then we write the suffix -ik-.

Let’s observe:

• pencil — no pencil;
• carpetbag — handbag;
• skverik — fencing;
• rain — drops of rain.

Source: https://russkiiyazyk.ru/sostav-slova/suffiks/kakoy-suffiks-v-slove-chelovechek.html

Internet project BeginnerSchool.ru

We will continue to study the basic rules of the Russian language and today we will remember how to disassemble word on composition.
To parse a word according to its composition means to make its morphemic analysis, or to indicate which morphemes the word consists of. Morpheme is the minimum significant part of a word.
Let us recall what parts a word can be split into:

Suffix 

significant part of the word that comes after the root and is intended to form new words.

Some words may have two suffixes: boletus — suffixes -ov- and -ik-.

Console

this is the significant part of the word, which is located in front of the root and is intended for the formation of new words.