Word connections in writing

👉 Connectors Definition

Linker Words or Word Connectors are used to link large groups of words: phrases and sentences. You can also use them to connect paragraphs to give them coherence. Sentence connectors are usually placed at the beginning of a sentence and may be categorized as follows:

👉 CONTRAST

1. HOWEVER

• This restaurant has the best kitchen in town. However, their staff are quite rude.

2. IN CONTRAST

• House prices have gone up this year. In contrast, car prices seem to be stagnating.

3. NEVERTHELESS

• I was in so much pain I didn’t want to get up in the morning. Nevertheless, I went to football practice as usual.

4. NONETHELESS

• I don’t think Sean has serious behavioural problems. Nonetheless, I’ll talk to him first thing in the morning.

5. YET

• I’ve asked you a thousand times not to leave your dirty socks on the floor. Yet, you keep doing it.

6. ON THE OTHER HAND

• England has the best language schools. On the other hand, it has the worst weather.

7. BY COMPARISON

• Going out with Jim has its risks. By comparison, being with Tim is as easy as falling off a log.

8. ON THE CONTRARY

• I don’t hate Jim. On the contrary, I’m rather fond of him.

9. INSTEAD

• I didn’t want to take a side in the argument. Instead, I put my headphones on and listened to some smooth jazz.

10. IN ANY CASE

• I was thinking of going round Jim’s place. In any case, I haven’t been invited.

11. ALL THE SAME

• Yes, he’s very good-looking. All the same, I don’t think you should go out with him.

Read more:
Other ways to say ON THE OTHER HAND!

👉 SIMILARITY

1. LIKEWISE

• You can’t give your phone number to every man who asks for it. Likewise, you can’t go out with everyone who fancies you.

2. SIMILARLY

• You’re not allowed to use your phone here. Similarly, you have to switch it off when you’re in the library.

3. CORRESPONDINGLY

• She’s an excellent photographer. Correspondingly, her paintings are works of art.

4. IN THE SAME WAY

• Cutting down on sugar will help you lose weight. In the same way, doing more exercise will help you get rid of a few kilos.

5. ALSO

• I want to talk to Prince Harry when I’m in England. Also, I want to meet his sister-in-law.

Read more:
Difference between COMPARED TO and COMPARED WITH

👉 RESULT

1. AS A RESULT

• I’ve done a pranic healing course. As a result, I’ve been able to cure my neighbour’s sick cat.

2. AS A CONSEQUENCE

• Zack has skipped school on many occasions. As a consequence, he’s failed his French test.

3. THEREFORE

• We’re going to experience some meteor showers in the next few days. Therefore, the number of miraculous self-healings will rise.

4. THUS

• You didn’t tell me you wanted to come. Thus, we won’t be taking you with us.

5. ACCORDINGLY

• Plenty of tourists visit the area in summer. Accordingly, selling hand-made objects is the main source of income for locals.

Read more:
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👉 SEQUENCING

1. FIRST, FIRSTLY, FIRST OF ALL, IN THE FIRST PLACE

• First of all, I’d like to talk about the benefits of having a pet pig.

2. TO BEGIN WITH

• To begin with, pet pigs are cleaner than dogs.

3. FOR ONE THING

• For one thing, they’re completely loyal to their owners.

4. SECOND, SECONDLY, IN THE SECOND PLACE

• Secondly, their impressive numeracy skills must be mentioned.

5. FOR ANOTHER THING

• For another thing, you might want to consider how cute they look in pyjamas.

6. THIRD, THIRDLY, IN THE THIRD PLACE

• In the third place, you can always count on your pet pig to perform some tricks for you when you’d like to impress a pretty girl.

7. ALSO

• Also, they don’t eat much.

8. BESIDES

• Besides not eating much, they won’t ever chew on your electric cords.

9. IN ADDITION

• In addition, they can be taught to feed themselves if you allow them access to your pantry.

10. FURTHERMORE

• Furthermore, they make wonderful walking buddies.

11. MOREOVER

• Moreover, they’ll show you the way home when you’re drunk.

12. FINALLY

• Finally, pet pigs are fantastic guards. No burglar would ever have the heart to hurt a pet pig.

13. LAST, LASTLY, LAST OF ALL

• Lastly, your reputation as an eccentric will rapidly grow in the neighbourhood if you’re seen walking a pet pig on a leash every morning.

Read more:
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👉 ORDER OF IMPORTANCE

1. MOST IMPORTANTLY

• I’d like to talk to you about how to keep calm at your workplace. Most importantly, never go to the canteen while your boss is there.

2. PRIMARILY

• You’ll have to focus on your immediate surroundings. Primarily, on your computer screen.

3. ABOVE ALL

• Above all, don’t ever look up from your notes when people are around.

4. MOST SIGNIFICANTLY

• Most significantly, avoid eye-contact at all costs.

5. ESSENTIALLY, BASICALLY (usually spoken)

• How can I put this? Essentially, having an affair with one of your colleagues should be the last thing on your mind.

Read more:
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👉 PARTICULARIZATION

1. IN PARTICULAR, PARTICULARLY

• Nearly a third of marriages end in divorce. In particular, it’s middle-aged couples that yearn for much more from life.

2. MORE SPECIFICALLY

• Couples tend to argue about financial issues. More specifically, they argue when one of them is out of work.

Read more:
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👉 EXAMPLIFICATION

1. FOR EXAMPLE

• To solve this problem, you might want to try making small gestures. For example, making your spouse’s favourite meal for dinner or giving him a massage after a tiring day.

2. FOR INSTANCE

• Appreciate the small things your spouse does for you. For instance, leave thank-you notes for them every now and then.

3. TO ILLUSTRATE

• Misunderstandings can be highly destructive. To illustrate, if your spouse sees you with a friend of the opposite sex in a café, he might not understand why he hasn’t been invited and demand an explanation.

Read more:
Other ways to say for example?

👉 EXPLANATION

1. THAT IS TO SAY, THAT IS

• Keep romance alive. That is to say, don’t let your lovelife fall into routine.

2. NAMELY

• I have a very good reason for not trusting my ex. Namely, he’s a convicted felon.

3. IN OTHER WORDS

• Don’t be unsociable. In other words, go out and make some friends.

4. PUT DIFFERENTLY

• John has managed to get over Jane. Put differently, he’s started seeing other women.

Read more:
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👉 EMPHASISING

1. AS A MATTER OF FACT

• I love sleeping with my pet pig. As a matter of fact, I can’t fall asleep unless he’s in my bed.

2. IN FACT

• I told them not to invite Rachel to the party. In fact, I was the only person who saw what a party pooper she really was.

3. ACTUALLY

• I think it would be a good idea to send her some flowers. Actually, you should get her a hundred orchids.

4. INDEED

• He may be the best-dressed man around. Indeed, he has a really good taste in fashion.

Read more:
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👉 FOCUSING AND LINKING

1. AS FOR (often suggests disinterest or dislike)

• I’m going to Janet’s party at the weekend. As for Mary’s, I think I’ll pass.

2. WITH RESPECT TO

• Starting your own IT company may be the one of the best things you can do right now. With respect to opening a pet shop, it’s hard to say the same thing.

3. REGARDING

• Start your day with making the most important phone calls. Regarding emails, you might put them off until later.

4. WITH REGARD TO

• With regard to handling complaints, you might want to keep in mind that your customers are always right.

5. AS REGARDS

• Working from home has many advantages. As regards disadvantages, it might be difficult to keep your cat off your keyboard.

6. TALKING OF

• Talking of cats, you can’t trust them to keep you company when you need it. They’re quite selfish creatures.

7. AS FAR AS … CONCERNED

• As far as dogs are concerned, they might give you a chance to get up from your desk and get some exercise during the day.

Read more:
English Grammar: Sentence Structure in English

👉 CONCLUSION

1. IN CONCLUSION

• In conclusion, it may be said that pigs make the best pets.

2. IN BRIEF

• Meeting my boss at the pub was an interesting experience. In brief, it was a disaster.

3. IN SUMMARY

• In summary, it may not be the best idea to frequent the same pubs as your boss.

4. TO SUM UP

• To sum up, some people are better suited to working from home than others.

5. ALL IN ALL

• All in all, you have to make sure both you and your customers are satisfied with your work.

Read more:
What are the other ways to say in conclusion?

👉 CORRECTION

1. RATHER

• I thought it was a good idea to get a ferret. Rather, it had always been my dream to get one.

2. TO BE MORE PRECISE

• You might want to change a few things. To be more precise, I think you should start again from scratch.

Read more:
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👉 TIME

1. AT FIRST

• It wasn’t a piece of cake to learn English. At first, I couldn’t pronounce all the words correctly.

2. THEN

• Then, I couldn’t spell all the words correctly.

3. AFTERWARDS

• Afterwards, I had a hard time understanding the tenses.

4. LATER

• Later, I couldn’t memorize phrasal verbs and idioms.

5. IN THE MEANTIME

• In the meantime, I was getting some help from MyEnglishTeacher.

6. MEANWHILE

• Meanwhile, I was enjoying my skype lessons more and more.

Read more:
A Visual List of 100 English IDIOMS FOR TIME with Examples

👉 DISMISSAL

(of what was said before)

1. ANYWAY

• I couldn’t get my head around the Passive Voice. Anyway, I don’t think it’s important to use it all the time.

2. ANYHOW

• Anyhow, I’ve just decided to learn Russian next.

3. AT ANY RATE

• At any rate, I don’t want to become a simultaneous interpreter in five languages.

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👉 Connectors Synonyms

Connectors are not only used in grammar. Connectors are things that are used to connect or tether two, or more, things together. There are many different synonyms for connectors:

Examples:

• Bond, coupling, joint, link, adapter, clamp, fastener, junction, tie, terminal, plug, fitting, splicing, fastener, sleeve, etc.

👉 Sentence Definition

A sentence is a set of words that forms a coherent and complete thought and message. This means that a sentence says something concrete. It has to be structured and logical in order for the sentence to be correct.

Sentences are made up of various parts, such as: nouns, verbs, adjectives, pronouns, articles, etc. Within a sentence, there are parts that relate the thought and message, such as: subject, predicate, object, phrase, punctuation, etc. Each of these parts is important for a sentence to be complete.

Through sentences we tell other people what we think, feel, or what we want to do. In order to relate those thoughts we string together words into groups. These finally relate our message to other people and the world.

There are four different types of sentences, and each has its own specific goal and structure. These types are: declarative, imperative, interrogative, and exclamatory.

Сегодня мы поговорим о словах-связках (linking words) и фразах-связках в английском языке.

Содержание статьи:

Что такое linking words and phrases?

Таблицы linking words с переводом.

Упражнения на отработку linking words and phrases.

Что такое linking words and phrases?

В английской речи или на письме Вы можете использовать слова-связки (linking words) или короткие фразы (linking phrases), которые помогут организовать Вашу речь и сделать ее более логичной и понятной для того, кто Вас слушает или читает.

Слова-связки могут быть разными частями речи. Linking words важны для написания достойного и связного эссе (essay writing).

Обратите внимание, на использование слов-связок: неправильное использование linking words в английском языке может полностью изменить смысл того, что вы пытаетесь сказать.

Ниже приводятся таблицы слов-связок и фраз-связок с переводом. Этот перечень не является исчерпывающим. Будьте осторожны: хотя linking words and phrases сгруппированы в наших таблицах по сферам применения, слова-связки в каждой из таблиц не являются синонимичными – для их правильного применения необходимо уточнить перевод, а также место в предложении.

Некоторые слова-связки и фразы используются в нескольких таблицах, так как могут иметь различное (логическое) значение.

Listing (слова-связки, используемые для перечисления, организации логической последовательности).
first, second, third	Первое, второе, третье
firstly, secondly, thirdly	Во-первых, во-вторых, в-третьих
first, furthermore, finally	Во-первых, кроме того, наконец-то
to begin, to conclude, in conclusion	Для начала, чтобы сделать вывод, в завершение
next, last, finally	следующий, последний, наконец
In addition, moreover	Кроме того, кроме того
Further, furthermore	Далее / кроме того,

Примеры с переводом

Firstly, it could be rather risky, secondly, we don’t have enough qualification.  – Во-первых, это может быть очень рискованно, во-вторых, у нас нет достаточной квалификации.

And, moreover, Greg was a man of stainless character. – И, более того, Грег был человеком с честным характером.

Reinforcement (слова-связки, употребляющиеся для усиления, подкрепления мысли )
also	также
furthermore	кроме того
moreover	более того
what is more	более того
in addition	кроме того
besides	кроме того
above all	прежде всего
as well (as)	также (как)
in the same way	таким же образом
not only … but also	не только … но и

Примеры с переводом:

And, besides, I did not know the whole truth myself then. – И, кроме того, я и сам-то всей правды тогда не знал.

Molly is not only intelligent but also beautiful. – Молли не только умна, но и красива.

Similarity (слова-связки для выражения схожести / похожести)
equally	одинаково
likewise	также
similarly	аналогично
correspondingly	соответственно
in the same way	таким же образом

Примеры с переводом

Development banks, likewise, increased their loan commitments in 1999. — Банки развития также увеличили объем своих кредитов в 1999 году.

Giving examples (слова-связки для примера, введения дополнительной информации)
for example	например
for instance	например
as follows:	следующим образом:
that is	то есть
namely	а именно
in other words	другими словами

Примеры с переводом:

Three students were mentioned, namely John, Sarah and Sylvia. – Трое студентов были упомянуты, а именно Джон, Сара и Сильвия.

China, for example, faces increasing export difficulties – Китай, к примеру, все больше сталкивается с проблемами в области экспорта.

Summary (слова связки для подведения итогов высказывания)
in conclusion	в заключение
to conclude	в заключение
in brief	в кратце
to summarise	подводя итог
overall	в целом
therefore	поэтому

Примеры с переводом:

I wish in conclusion to express the view of the Group. —  В заключение я хотел бы выразить мнение Группы.

But overall, the situation has not changed much. — Однако в целом ситуация существенно не изменилась.

Expressing an alternative (слова-связки, которые используются для выражения альтернативы)
alternatively	в качестве альтернативы / как вариант
rather	скорее
on the other hand	с другой стороны
the alternative is	Альтернатива такова
another possibility would be	другой возможностью могло бы быть

Примеры с переводом:

Alternatively, we can assume that price changes stay large even as the period gets shorter. –В качестве альтенативы, можно предположить, что изменения цен остаются значительными, даже в случае сокращения периода.

Result/consequence (слова-связки для выражения результата / следствия)
so	так
therefore	поэтому
as a result/consequence	в результате/вследствие
accordingly	соответственно
consequently	следовательно
because of this/that	из-за этого/ того
thus	таким образом
hence	Отсюда
for this/that reason	По этой / той причине
so that	так что
in that case	в том случае
under these circumstances	при таких обстоятельствах

Примеры с переводом:

Central Asia thus remains only weakly integrated into the world economy. – Центральная Азия, таким образом, остается лишь ограниченно интегрированной в мировую экономику.

In these circumstances, there will be temporary financial loss to fishermen. – В таких обстоятельствах рыбаки будут терпеть временные финансовые потери.

Stating the obvious (слова-связки для выражения очевидности мысли)
obviously	очевидно
clearly	ясно
naturally	естественно
of course	конечно
as can be expected	как можно ожидать
surely	конечно
after all	Ведь, в общем, помимо прочего
Undoubtedly	Несомненно
Indeed	Действительно

 Примеры с переводом:

«I’ve obviously missed something,»– Видимо, я что-то недопонял.

He was, after all, a humorless child. — Он, в общем, и в детстве обладал не слишком развитым чувством юмора.

Emphasis (слова-связки для акцентирования мысли)
Generally	Вообще
Admittedly	Правда
In fact	На самом деле
Particularly / in particular	Особенно / в особенности
Especially	Особенно
Importantly	Главное

Примеры с переводом:

Admittedly, the dates haven’t been fixed yet. – Правда, сроки еще не указаны.

More importantly, nine new services will be offered to our customers. – И, что еще важнее, клиентам будут предложены девять новых видов услуг.

Linking words exercises. Упражнения на слова-связки.

Exercise 1. Choose the correct answers to the given text.

There are many reasons for visiting the city of Rome. _________ (1) , it is a city with an interesting history.__________ (2), it was the capital of the Roman Empire. _________ (3), Rome is very beautiful, _________ (4) its many palaces, churches and squares. __________ (5), many of the city’s classical monuments have been preserved, __________ (6) it is possible to see how the city used to be. ___________ (7), many people travel to Rome every year. ____________ (8), I believe that, ___________ (9) a trip to Rome may be expensive, it is well worth visiting such a wonderful city.

	A	B	C
1	Since	On the whole	Firstly
2	Secondly	Finally	Therefore
3	in order to	Moreover	All in all
4	due to	because	so
5	Apart from	However	In addition
6	because	so	And
7	Because	But	For this reason
8	To sum up	Although	For example
9	moreover	although	due to

Exercise 2. Choose the correct linking word.

1. I have never been here before… (as/but/and) my friend has.
2. We took a taxi… (in short/but/because) we were late.
3. This house is beautiful… (In addition to/ However/ Because), it is in poor condition.
4. I was tired, … (so/for example/since) I went to bed early.
5. … (All in all / Despite / Although) she felt ill, she didn’t call the doctor.
6. Some foods, … (moreover/as a result/such as) chocolate, are very fattening.
7. Everyone attended the meeting… (whose / whereas / apart from) Steve, who was on holiday.
8. Is this the boy… (whose/which/ what) parents own the factory.

Ответы к упражнениям на linking words.

Ex. 1.

1c, 2a, 3b, 4a, 5c, 6b, 7c, 8a, 9b

Ex. 2.

1 but, 2 because, 3 however, 4 so, 5 although, 6 such as, 7 apart from, 8 whose

Понравилось? Сохраните на будущее и поделитесь с друзьями!

Когда мы общаемся с людьми, то наша основная цель — передать информацию и быть правильно понятыми. Достичь этого будет гораздо проще с помощью специальных слов–связок – «linking words» или «linkers» – которые не просто украшают речь, но и помогают собеседнику понять сюжет вашего сообщения.

В русском языке мы также используем подобные слова: «например», «поэтому», «прежде всего», «в общем», «кроме того», «несмотря на это», «очевидно» и т.д. Давайте разберемся, какие английские эквиваленты таких слов и выражений входят в необходимый минимум для свободного общения 

Пройдите тему в онлайн тренажере: 

• Топ 100 слов уровня Pre-Intermediate
• Топ 100 слов уровня upper-intermediate
• Топ 100 слов уровня Intermediate
• Топ 100 фразовых глаголов
• Топ 100 слов уровня Elementary

Одной из основных целей каждого человека, изучающего иностранный язык, является сделать свою речь как можно более богатой, непринуждённой и приближённой к оригинальному варианту разговора.

Самый простой пример это слово and (и). Да, это союз, но в сложных предложениях он выступает связующим звеном между простыми предложениями. 

Связующие слова нельзя отнести к определённой части речи, так как словом-связкой может быть и союз, и наречие, и предлог, и частица и так далее. Но основная функция этих помошников заключается в том, что они придают нашим высказываниям логически завершённую форму, такой себе четкий контур, к которому стремилась наша мысль.

Время и последовательность

Если мы рассказываем о каком-то процессе, например, приготовлении салата или строительстве дома, и хотим логически выделить его этапы, то нам пригодятся такие слова-связки:

• firstly, to begin with, for a start, first of all — начало процесса;
• after that, next, secondly, subsequently — продолжение;
• to conclude, finally, last of all — завершение. 

Советуем к прочтению: Чем отличается Start от Begin?

First of all, choose the place where you would like to spend your holidays. After that, you should book tickets and a hotel room. Finally, you can start packing suitcases.

Дополнение

Когда мы дополняем сказанное новыми фактами, можно использовать следующие фразы:
in addition to, apart from, besides, moreover, as well as, also.

Apart from the budget, we discussed new marketing strategies.

Высказывание своей точки зрения

Иногда нужно подчеркнуть, что какая-то идея — это именно ваше мнение. С одной стороны, вы можете выделить оригинальность вашей мысли, с другой стороны, такое высказывание звучит менее категорично и более вежливо. Вот некоторые связующие слова для выражения ваших собственных суждений:

• to my mind, it seems to me;
• inclined to think, strongly believe.

I am inclined to think that our government should take more effective steps to protect the environment.

Ссылка на других

Это очень даже по-английски — преподносить какой–либо факт, ссылаясь на общественное мнение. Как и в случае с собственной точкой зрения, это помогает избежать категоричности и делает любое заявление более лояльным:

• it is said that, it is usually believed, it is claimed that;
• people often think, some people argue that.

It is usually believed that black cats bring bad luck.

Пример и подтверждение

Чтобы убедиться, что вас поняли правильно, можно повторить основные моменты другими словами или с использованием конкретных примеров:

• in other words, for example, to illustrate;
• namely, one example of this.

Nowadays, healthy lifestyle is becoming really popular. For exampe, the fact that more and more people stop smoking.

Сравнения и контраст

Иногда нам нужно показать контраст между несколькими явлениями или фактами, иногда мы хотим найти сходство между ними. В обоих случаях можно использовать соответствующие слова–связки:

• in contrast, in spite of, however, in comparison with, unlike — эти слова показывают различия;
• similarly, just like, likewise, in the same way, equally — способы передачи сходства.

I have always liked reading books, unlike my brother, who really hates it. However, we enjoy watching movies together.

Причина и эффект

Если мы хотим донести до собеседника логическую структуру каких-то событий, показать, что именно привело к таким последствиям, то нам помогут такие фразы:

• because of, due to, since, as;
• therefore, consequently, as a result, so.

Yesterday he was stuck in a traffic jam. Because of that he was late for the meeting.

Акцентирование внимания

Чтобы подчеркнуть значимость своих слов, обратить на них внимание собеседника, возьмите себе на вооружение некоторые из этих слов:

• indeed, in fact, particularly, no doubt, obviously,
• needless to say, as a matter of fact, surely, certainly.

Needless to say, I was really glad to receive such a nice present.

Предложение альтернативы

Если у нас есть возможность рассмотреть другие варианты развития событий, почему бы не показать это? Всегда приятно иметь выбор, поэтому берите любое словосочетание из этой подборки:

• on the other hand, alternatively;
• the alternative is, another possibility would be.

Not everyone can find enough free time for attending English courses. The alternative is to study English via Skype.

Подведение итогов 

Когда вы делаете выводы, нелишним будет повторить основные пункты с помощью определенных связующих слов:

• as has been noted, finally, in brief, in short,
• to summarise, in conclusion.

In conclusion, I’d like to say that this contract is extremely important for our company.

Заключение

Мы надеемся, что отныне ваша речь станет более красивой, благодаря данной статье. To summarize, хотелось бы добавить 3 общих совета по использованию слов-связок. Помните, что:

• все хорошо в меру, поэтому не стоит переусердствовать с количеством;
• лучше освоить 10 простых linking words, чем быть непонятым из-за употребления сложных;
• даже если какое-то выражение вам очень нравится, не стоит начинать с него каждое предложение.

Студенты, которые занимаются на наших занятиях по Скайпу, так любят фразу «I think», котора легко заменяется на «I believe» или «I suppose». Keep that in mind and be creative!

Спасибо за внимание и до скорой встречи! 

Большая и дружная семья EnglishDom

The Connecting Words also known as connectors are words or expressions that would note a relationship between two sentences . For example: but, and, although, also.

Depending on the type of connector, a different meaning is given to the connection that is established. It is important to know the function of each connector to use it properly and link the different ideas of a text.

The use of connectors allows a more fluent writing, favoring the reading and comprehension of the texts. In addition to correct spelling and grammar, it is one of the elements that give quality to a text.

The connectors can be simple (if they are made up of a single word) or compound (if they are made up of two or more words).

Comparison Connecting Words

• like
• Similarly
• better than
• analogously
• smaller than
• as well as
• in the same way
• less than
• worst than
• like what
• the same as
• such as
• more than
• as it is
• greater than
• as much as

Order connecting Words:

• first of all
• Finally
• Secondly
• later
• after
• In conclusion
• On one side
• after which
• to get started
• on the one hand
• first
• to end first
• in the last place
• on the other hand
• above all

Exemplification Connecting Words:

• namely
• in other words
• for instance
• So
• that is to say
• how to be
• indeed
• I mean
• this means

Causal Connecting Words:

• due
• thanks to
• then
• because of
• since
• Given the
• given that

Add-on Connecting Words:

• what’s more
• analogously
• you too
• in addition
• in the same way
• too

Conditional Connecting Words:

• unless
• provided that
• as long as
• assuming that
• if
• supposing that
• with the condition of
• Taking into account that

Purpose Connecting Words:

• for the purpose of
• with the intention of
• in such a way that
• with the purpose of
• with the objective of
• so that
• aiming
• so that
• for

Consequence Connecting Words:

• as a result of
• Consequently
• for that reason
• So
• then
• for that reason
• from there
• therefore
• because

Opposing or contrast Connecting Words

• despite
• instead
• Secondly
• on the contrary
• while
• Conversely
• although
• Nevertheless
• otherwise
• but

Time Connecting Words:

• since then
• right away
• currently
• then
• now
• after
• until
• in the end
• during
• today
• at first
• at that time
• later
• before
• barely
• in the meantime
• when
• in our days
• as soon as
• from
• in another time
• once

Spatial Connecting Words:

• next to
• in front of
• under
• above
• within
• low
• behind
• to the left
• below
• in the middle
• upon

Synthesis Connecting Words:

• in conclusion
• in sum
• in a nutshell
• definitely
• as shown
• to synthesize
• synthesizing
• In summary
• to sum up

Conclusive Connecting Words:

• by way of closing
• in conclusion
• later
• So
• Consequently
• to close the idea
• as a result
• in a nutshell
• In conclusion
• consequently
• In summary
• to end
• hence
• summarizing
• therefore
• of this it is necessary to say
• in summary
• thus
• from which it is concluded that
• in sum
• Thus
• from which it follows that
• then
• it follows that

Emphasis Connecting Words:

• Notably
• definitely
• What is worse
• it should be noted that
• indeed
• naturally
• certainly
• it is important to highlight
• obviously
• it should be highlighted
• it is necessary to highlight
• of course
• it should be emphasized
• it is necessary to underline
• definitely
• that it is obvious that
• without a doubt
• In fact
• above all
• of utmost importance
• we underline

When you’re writing an essay or assignment, you need to use every trick in the book to maximise your marks. And one of the best tools for radically improving your writing is the power of connective words.

Used correctly, connective words can give your writing new depth and meaning, improve readability (important for your examiner!) and demonstrate the logic of your arguments.

Luckily for you, we’ve got plenty of categories, definitions and connectives examples to help you get started…

Psst – this article uses loads of connectives. See if you can spot them in use: we’ve italicised the best examples!

What are connective words?

Simply put, connectives are words – or phrases – that link parts of your writing together.

You’re probably familiar with the most common connective words: and, as, because, but, if, or, so. In fact, I’ve used a few of them already – did you spot them?

Don’t limit your essay writing to the basics though, because there are hundreds of connectives that can help you to demonstrate different ideas, such as cause and effect, or the chronology of events.

We’re going to explore ten types of connectives below, but first, here’s a quick refresher on the grammar behind connective words:  

Definitions: The grammatical bit

Understanding the grammar behind your writing might not be your thing – but bear with me, because remembering these six definitions will help you know which connective to use when, and where to place them!

(If you’re just looking for examples of connectives, feel free to skip straight past this bit!)

Connectives fall into three grammatical categories: conjunctions, prepositions, and adverbs.

• Conjunctions: are a type of connective BUT they’re not the same. Conjunctions join words, phrases, clauses and sentences together to form longer complex sentences.
  • For example: and, but, for, or, yet.
  • Today, I finished my history assignment but forgot to workout.

• Prepositions: describe the relative location, place and time between two things. They demonstrate time and space, direction and agency.
  • Such as: at, in, of, on, under.
  • I need to finish the conclusion of my essay before I go to dinner.

• Adverbs: modify verbs, adjectives and clauses. Adverbs explain how an action is carried out by adding detail, describing manner, and showing the how, when, where and why of the action.
  • For instance: upwards, quickly, fortunately.
  • My deadline is tomorrow. Fortunately, I proofread my thesis chapter already.

Using adverb and preposition connective words adds specific meaning – and thus clarity – to your writing. They are particularly useful for successful essay signposting.

Definitions part 2: Connectives in sentences

When using connectives, it’s also important to remember that not all sentences are created equal in importance. And so, when connecting them into longer sentences, different types of connectives create different results:

• Co-ordinating connectives: link phrases and clauses of equal importance to create compound sentences.
  • For example: I find French tricky but I love learning Spanish.

On the other hand,

• Subordinating connectives: connect main clauses and subordinate clauses to create complex sentences.
  • A subordinate clause relies on the main clause to make sense. Therefore, these connectives give information about the relationship between the clauses by specifying an order or place to events, or a cause and effect link.
  • Here’s an example: I need to do my homework if I want to get a good grade.

A useful type of subordinating connective for essay writing is the:

• Sequencing connective: which will help you establish the logical sequence of events/ideas, or demonstrate a chronological order. Great for signposting!
  • For instance: Firstly, I carried out the experiment, and secondly, I analysed the results.

And that’s your grammar refresh done!

If you’re struggling with essay-writing grammar, a great tool for checking your writing is Grammarly * – we use it at Exam Study Expert because it catches a broad range of mistakes. Their blog is also a great place to learn how to use conjunctions, prepositions, adverbs and more.

How to use connective words

So how do you go about using connectives?

In this section, we’re going to discuss the where, what and how …

Where to add connectives:

As we’ve seen, connective words are often found in the middle of a sentence, joining two clauses. But don’t forget you can also use them at the beginning of a sentence to link two consecutive sentences – OR two ideas within your paragraphs (did you see what I did there?).

Some of your connectives will even be linking entire paragraphs and sections – these are often examples of signposting to guide the reader through your section or argument.

What’s more, many connectives are not just single words but phrases. These connectives are particularly useful for essay writing and academic vocabulary. For example: as well as, for an example of this, for instance, in addition to, on the other hand, such as.

What to use connectives for:

When you’re writing an essay or assignment there are plenty of tasks you need to achieve: presenting evidence, making arguments and more.

Happily, connectives can help you achieve all these tasks by clarifying your meaning. You can use connectives for:

• Reinforcing or emphasising a point
• Exemplifying and showing results
• Comparing and discussing points of view
• Constructing a timeline or sequence of events
• Listing points (and signposting them)
• Explaining your argument
• Drawing together conclusions

It’s a long list! So master using connectives and you’ll drastically improve the readability of your writing across all sections of your essay.

How to add in useful connective words:

You’re probably already using basic connectives in your writing.

But if you want to get serious about the benefits to your grades, make sure you’re systematic about how you add them during your essay construction – and (later) proofreading to check they make sense on a large(r) scale!

From experience, I would suggest that the best method for choosing and adding effective connectives is to:

1. Sketch out a rough draft of your paragraph or essay section
2. Separate out the points you’re making and identify how these arguments relate to each other
   • Are they separate arguments for the same thing? Or opposite points of view? Do they follow on logically (cause and effect) or chronologically?
3. Mark where you want to add signposting connectives to indicate structure
4. Check your examples of connective word types and choose options that convey the meaning you need…

And for that purpose, we’ve compiled four lists of connective words for you – including the TOP 70 connectives for effective essay writing! So read on…

Types of connective words

So let’s get down to the really useful stuff: examples of connectives you can use in different situations in your essays!

There are three main types of connectives that we’re going to explore in turn:

• Comparative, Causal, and Temporal

Comparative connective words

These helpful words and phrases are perfect both for comparing similarities in data and arguments, and for pointing out their differences and oppositions. Use them to compare, discuss and argue.

When comparing points, you’ll often be adding to your argument, so these connectives are used for “addition”. The most common connectives for addition are: and, also, furthermore, moreover.

Here are some examples in practice:

• Leonardo Da Vinci was an artist and inventor, and also an influential Renaissance humanist.
• Exam Study Expert’s psychologist William offers expert one-on-one exam coaching. Furthermore, you can sign up for a free introductory session!
• My empirical data demonstrates that … ; similarly, theoretical models projected …

On the other hand, you might need to demonstrate and contrast your argument with the opposing point of view with a connective for “opposition”. The most commonly used are: alternatively, except, however, unless.

These examples all demonstrate opposition:

• Winston Churchill is best known for his wartime leadership of the United Kingdom, yet he was already in his 60’s when he took office.
• Some students find great study motivation from starting the day with their hardest task. In contrast, others find getting the ball rolling with smaller tasks more effective.
• Our first questionnaire was comprised of six questions. However, for our second questionnaire we …

Causal connective words

Causal connectives are effective for discussing cause and effect – relationships that have logical links that you want to point out and prove.

As such, academic writing is often full of causal connectives, and many of them demonstrate a very academic vocabulary (great for bonus points in your assignment!).

Most essays and assignments have a section (or several sections!) where you need to draw together your facts, ideas and arguments and point out the connections. These are the connectives to turn to at those moments!

The most commonly used are: as such, as a result (of), because, consequently, therefore, thus.

Here are some examples:

• The brains of London taxi drivers have a larger than usual area that deals with memory because they are required to memorise and navigate thousands of streets.
• Flashcards are a highly effective learning and memory tool, provided that you use them correctly.
• This study surveyed over 3,000 students. As a result, we were able to …

Temporal connective words

Whether you’re explaining the sequence of events that led to a historical battle, or demonstrating the steps in your experiment, temporal connectives are a highly valuable tool.

They’re all about discussing time and the chronology of events – what happened before, during and after. Therefore, they make for great signposting words too!

These examples explore each of the four sections in our temporal connectives lists:

• The law of gravity was not widely understood until it was mathematically formulated by Sir Isaac Newton in 1687.
• If you’re stressed about your exams, mindful meditation can be a great help. At the same time,an inspirational quote might give you the boost you need!
• Initially, the experiment was expected to demonstrate … Eventually, we came to the conclusion that …

The TOP 70 connective words for effective essay writing!

To make sure that you’ve got the tools you need to improve your grades, we’ve compiled this epic list of all the best connectives to use in academic writing.

This is just a selection from the hundreds of connective words and phrases available. So there’s no need to make your essay stale by over-using the same one or two!

If there’s nothing else you grab when you’re ticking off Step #4 from the connectives methodology above – make sure you grab this list!

It covers all the stages of essay structuring and writing, from introduction to conclusion. And includes lists of connectives for:

• Signposting and listing
• Showing your results by:
  • Comparing and contrasting
  • Illustrating your findings
  • Demonstrating cause and effect
• Emphasising points
• Qualifying your arguments

We’ve highlighted the best and most commonly used connectives for each section to ensure you’ve got THE best resource to improve the quality of your essay immediately.

To finish off, here are some examples to get your essay-writing inspiration flowing:

• Firstly, it is well-known that retrieval practice is an effective learning method as compared with re-reading study texts and notes.
• I’m feeling tired tonight. Nevertheless, I must finish my homework and I want to take the dog for a walk.
• When it comes to …, however, there are several effective methods to …, in particular, …

Good luck with your essay!

Now you’ve mastered adding effective connective words to your essay you’re ready for the next step. Be sure to check out our guide on proofreading your assignment before you hand it in. Good luck!

And for more expert, science-backed study resources, sign up to the Exam Study Expert newsletter right here:

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** Please note: Grammarly is one of very few products we’re sufficiently enthusiastic about to recommend to our Exam Study Expert readers, and we may earn a small commission if you sign up to Grammarly services through the above link.

What for do we use linking or connective words?

Linking or connective words and phrases are used to show relationships between ideas. They can be used to join two or more sentences or clauses.

Linking words help to connect ideas and sentences when you speak or write English. We can use linking words to give examples, add information, summarise, sequence information, give a reason or result, or to contrast ideas.

Using linking or connective words and phrases

• can improve the quality of your speech
• your ideas flow more smoothly
• the logical relationships between the ideas are expressed clearer
• act like bridges between parts of your writing and speaking
• you decorate your written work or speech by making them sound or read better.

Here’s a list of the most common linking words and phrases:

To state personal opinion

In my opinion

In my opinion, Sunday is the best day of the week.

In my view

In my view, golf is just a game and not a sport.

Personally

Personally, I am against zoos.

I believe that

I believe that new sports facilities are necessary for our school.

It seems to me that

It seems to me that this magazine will be very popular among teenagers.

I think that

I think that the problem of polluted environment is one of the most urgent.

As for me

As for me, I am greatly interested in art.

As far as I am concerned

As far as I am concerned, art plays an essential part in my life.

There are a number of reasons why I believe

There are a number of reasons why I believe that television is one of the main sources of information.

To my mind

To my mind, there are many good sportsmen in our school.

To my way of thinking

To my way of thinking, tests are not a good way of measuring someone’s knowledge.

Personally I believe that …

Personally I believe that learning about survival skills sounds incredibly interesting.

It strikes me that

It strikes me that so few of them were willing to help.

I feel very strongly that

I feel very strongly that we have to do community work, such as helping the elderly.

I’m inclined to believe that

I’m inclined to believe that students have to wear a school uniform.

Based on what I know

Based on what I know, school helps to become a better person.

I am convinced

I am convinced you should avoid fizzy drinks.

Speaking for myself

Speaking for myself, I watch TV no more than two hours a day.

I am confident that

I am confident that children should use computers sensibly.

To list points

First(ly), first of all, to start with, to begin with

Firstly it is wrong and secondly it is extremely difficult to implement. First of all, let me ask you something. She wasn’t very keen on the idea to start with. To begin with, his is a genuine talent.

For a start

You’re bored and don’t knowwhat to do? Well, you could go play outside, for a start! I’m sick of living in this city —for a start, the traffic makes  commuting to work an absolute nightmare!

In the first place

Why didn’t you tell me in the first place that you’ve decided to leave?

initially (at first)

Iitially, he thought the new concept was nonsense. Initially, Steve cleared tables and washed up

first and foremost

He is first and foremost a teacher. First and foremost, I want to thank all of you for being here tonight.

Second(ly)

I want two things from my boss – firstly, a pay rise, and secondly, a longer contract.

Third(ly)

There are three factors to take into account: firstly cost, secondly time, and thirdly staff.i

in the second place

I don’t want to go yet – in the first place I’m not ready, and in the second place it’s raining.

subsequently (after a particular thing has happened; afterward)

The officer decided to stop and subsequently made an arrest.

simultaneously  (at the same time)

The telethon was broadcast simultaneously on 31 US networks.

and then

Data were systematically analysed separately and then compared with one another.

next

Next, entire cities banned smoking in all indoor public places.

formerly (previously, earlier, before)

Formerly, a hectare of this precious vineyard was worth 30,000 francs.

previously

Previously, there had been 25 houses sold at or above the independent appraised value.

finally

Finally, I’d like to thank everyone for coming this evening.

on the whole (all in all, altogether)

On the whole, it was quite a good speech.

ultimately (finally; in the end)

Ultimately, it’s a question of who is more popular.

lastly

Lastly, I’d like to ask you about your plans. Lastly, add the lemon juice.

last of all

Last of all, I again want to say a lot of thanks to you for this rare occasion and for the possibility of explaining the position of Ukraine in relation to very important issues discussed here today.

last but not the least

I would like to thank my publisher, my editor and, last but not the least, my husband.

To add more points on the same topic

what is more

He was now a king, and what was more, a well-beloved king.

You should remember it, and what’s more, you should get it right.

furthermore

Computers are cheaper nowadays; furthermore, they are lighter.

moreover

The report is badly written. Moreover, it’s inaccurate.

in adding (to this)

in addition

You haven’t paid the rent yet.  In addition, you owe me money. Chris is on the basketball team this semester at Indiana School for the Deaf. In addition, he is on the soccer team.

in addition to this

John’s grades are terrible because he has been so lazy these days. In addition to this, his relationship to his parents got worse.

another reason

We will be here for one more week so we can finish up our work. Another reason we are staying longer is because we do not want to miss the conference.

besides

The trip is too expensive. Besides, I don’t really like hot weather.

also

John likes camping in the mountains. Also, John is an experienced hiker.

too (in addition; also)

not only … but

If the project fails this will have terrible consequences not only on our department, but also on the whole organization.

above all (most importantly)

Above all, don’t forget to call when you get there.

along with ( in addition to)

This is a plane carrying heavy radar equipment along with full fuel tanks. I went to the concert along with my friend.

additionally (also)

“Additionally, 45,000 people have already exhausted their unemployment benefits this year,” he said.

as well as

Rural women include farmers, as well as domestic servants.

equally important

This agenda item is equally important. Promoting inter-cultural dialogue was equally important.

To show sequence

Beginning: First, First of all, To start with

Continuing: Secondly, After that, Then, Next

Concluding: Finally, Lastly, Last but not least

To show cause and effect

because

We can’t go to Sue’s party because we’ll be busy working on our project.

because of

The plane was delayed because of the foggy weather. I was late to work because of the heavy traffic.

consequently  (as a result)

He had spent most of his time hanging around instead of revising his lessons. Consequently, he had a lot of trouble answering the exam questions. The company is expanding. Consequently, there are jobs on offer. They have recruited more people and consequently the service is better. Flexible workers find themselves in great demand, and consequently earn high salaries

due to the fact that

This is partly due to the fact that many of them lack a basic education certificate. This is partly due to the fact that certain expectations cannot any longer be met.

as a consequence

This is constantly growing population of the Earth and as a consequence growing level of consumption. Many Arab countries were involved in actual military confrontation with Israel and, as a consequence, some of their territory was occupied.

as a result

Prices were reduced by 20%. As a result, sales increased. The weather is supposed to be drizzly and chilly today; as a result, the Festival will be cancelled.

therefore

A hurricane has been announced. Therefore, air traffic will be disrupted. I was too tired; therefore I decided not to go to the state fair last night.

for that reason

The school bus broke down last week and has not been repaired yet. So for that reason, our dance group is unable to go to Washington, D.C. to perform at Kennedy Center.

owing to (because of)

The concert has been cancelled owing to lack of interest.

since (for the reason that, because)

Delegates were delighted, since better protection of rhino reserves will help protect other rare species.

as  (while, just as, at the time that)

Frank watched him as he ambled through the crowd.

for

She remained silent, for she was so depressed to talk.

thus

It is raining today thus we are not going to the beach.

that’s why

Ricky worked all day, from 8am until 11pm. That is why he stayed home instead of going camping with us.

To show similarity

likewise (in the same way; also)

The dream of young people is to grow old, and it is likewise the dream of their parents to relive youth. Just water the plants twice a week, and likewise the ones in the bedroom. Informal: “I don’t have time to spend hours preparing one dish!” “Likewise!” (= it’s the same for me)

similarly (in a similar way)

The children were similarly dressed. Cars must stop at red traffic lights: similarly, bicycles have to stop too.

in the same way

My mother did everything she could to educate us. In the same way, we put a high value on our children’s education.

To show contrast

yet

Sharon has not visited the Land of the Dragons, yet if she had had a kid, she would have gone by now.

however

The hotel was open. However, nobody came to the reception desk.

nevertheless (despite what has just been said or referred to)

Brain drain has terrible consequences on the developing countries. Nevertheless, nothing has been done to solve the problem or at least reduce its negative effects. He had severe injuries; nevertheless, he completely recovered.

nonetheless  (in spite of that; nevertheless)

The weather was bitterly cold.  He went hiking nonetheless. The play was great, nonetheless, I was sick of seeing it after the fourth time.

but

She’s very hard-working but not very imaginative. This is not caused by evil, but by simple ignorance. The play’s good, but not that good – I’ve seen better. I’m sorry, but I think you’re wrong when you say she did it deliberately.

Call me old-fashioned but I like handwritten letters. You can invite Keith to the party, but please don’t ask that friend of his party,  but please don’t ask that friend  of his. She’s not a painter but a writer. She’s not only a painter but also a writer. We mustn’t complain about the problem, but help put it right. I think it’s true, but then, I’m not an expert.

though

Though I eat green beans because they are healthy, I hate them.

although

Although she’s very nice, her classmates hate her. Although Steven was extremely tired, he washed the dishes.

even though (although)

Even though he left school at 16, he still managed to become prime minister.

even if 

He is poor and has no house, but even if he had money, he wouldn’t buy a house.

in spite of the fact / despite the fact 

In spite of the fact that he is rich, he lives in a small house.

in spite of / despite

In spite of/despite being blind, he walked to the station. Despite Fred’s old age, he goes jogging every morning. In spite of the cold weather, they enjoyed themselves.

whereas (in contrast or comparison with the fact that)

They have got two children, a boy and girl. The boy takes after his father whereas the girl takes after the mother. Tom is rich, whereas Jack is poor.

on the other hand

Laptops are convenient; on the other hand, they can be expensive.

on the contrary / conversely

Northern European countries had a great summer. On the contrary/conversely, southern Europe had poor weather.

To give examples

for instance / for example

There are several problems to consider; for instance/for example, there is a lack of public transport. Not all birds eat berries. For example, vultures eat dead animals.

such as

I have a few things to take care of such as paying bills, cleaning the house, and going to the post office.

like (such as; for example)

They study lots of subjects at school, like history, languages, maths, science, etc.

particularly (especially)

We’re particularly interested to hear from people who speak two or more European languages. I didn’t particularly want to go, but I had to.

in particular (especially)

What in particular did you like about the last apartment that we saw? Are you looking for anything in particular?

especially

He didn’t especially like dancing. I like sports games, especially basketball.

to illustrate

Jeff is an interesting person to know. To illustrate, he knows a lot about the history of Ireland.

Expressing purpose

in order to

She wakes up early in order to be on time to work.

in order not to

I left home early in order not to be late for the appointment.

so as 

They visited him so as to offer their condolences for the death of his wife

so as not 

He helped the new policewoman so as not to fail in her first mission.

so that

She arrived early so that she could help her colleagues.

To assert obvious truth

no doubt

There is no doubt that the dog buried the bone in the garden.

undoubtedly

Jeff told us an undoubtedly true story that was very scary.

without a doubt

The judge, without a doubt, thinks capital punishment is wrong.

of course

Of course, Sarah is going to the beach this weekend with her parents. She needs a break from Gallaudet.

naturally

Naturally Steven is not going to agree with that plan.

in fact

In fact, he thinks that the idea of setting up a business selling scarves would surely fail. Lisa decided not to go to King Islands. In fact she told me, “No, way.”

certainly

Certainly, you may borrow my book on the history of the community. But, be sure to return it to me next week.

conceding that

Conceding that Sally is a strong skater, Rachel still believes she will be able to beat her in the Olympics. Rachel wants to become the first deaf ice skater to receive a gold medal.

in other words

I feel that our last Student Council meeting did not go well. In other words, it was a fine mess.

needless to say (obviously)

Needless to say, because of the accident he won’t be at work for a while.

To introduce a conclusion

Finally

Finally, I’d like to thank everyone for coming this evening.

Lastly (used to show when something comes after all the other things in a list)

In accepting this award, I would like to thank the producer, the director, the scriptwriter, and, lastly, the film crew.

All in all

Sure, it rained on our vacation, but all in all we had a great time. All in all, the team has a bright future, even though 

they didn’t make the playoffs this year. All in all, it was a very good party. All in all, I’m glad that I visited New York

City.

Taking everything into account

But taking everything into account, we can state that the general situation in the region is improving.

On the whole

On the whole, it is clear that tobacco production represents a small part of most economies.

In conclusion

In conclusion, she stressed the need for realistic and achievable targets.

To conclude

To conclude, I want to wish you all a very happy holiday season.

To crown it all

I had lost my ticket, was soaked to the skin and, to crown it all, discovered that my purse had been stolen.

To sum up

To sum up, our team is now one of the best in the world.

In brief

In brief, some improvements in the middle school program need to be made.

In a nutshell

Well, to put it in a nutshell, we’re lost.

All sentences in a paragraph need to relate to the main idea in the topic sentence. The reader should be able to see how each sentence flows from the previous one and how each is connected to the topic sentence. Linking words and phrases weave sentences together to create a cohesive paragraph.

Linking words and phrases

Using connecting words when writing essays for international exams.

First(ly), second(ly), third(ly), before, previously, earlier, then, next, finally, lastly, the former/the latter.

Example :

• Firstly, I’d like to present the current production method at our factory. 
• Secondly, I will show how this new method can increase productivity. 
• Of the two types of production methods mentioned, only the latter gives operators greater decision-making powers.

Expressing Alternatives

Both…and, either…or, neither…nor, not only…but also, whether…or, between…and, instead (of)…

• Both Sarah and Sam are available.
• Either the manager or the sales reps are available.
• Neither the sales reps nor their manager is available.
• We can’t be sure whether the sales manager is available or not.
• Instead of calling, why don’t you send an email? 

Adding another point

Also, too, as well, in addition (to), additionally, furthermore, moreover.

• Besides telephones, the company produces transmitters, as well.
• The company produces transmitters in addition to telephones.
• Furthermore, we have recently added a transmitter production facility to our site.

Contrasting ideas

Even though, (al)though, despite, in spite of, however, nevertheless, whereas, on the one hand…on the other hand.

• Even though Amanda had signed the contract, she wanted them to change some of the terms.
• Despite Amanda’s signing of the contract, she wanted them to change some of the terms.
• The company thought everything was clear, whereas Amanda didn’t.

Expressing consequences or cause and effect

Because (of), since, so, so that, therefore, consequently, thus, as a result.

• Since you didn’t call back, I had to make the decision on my own.
• You didn’t call back; therefore, I made the decision on my own.
• You didn’t call back so I made the decision on my own. 

The real situation

In fact, as a matter of fact, actually, in reality.

• In fact, we don’t really offer 1000 free tablets to first-time customers. 

• 

Things to look out for when writing your essay.

Parallel construction with expressing alternatives (and in other sentence structures, as well)

• The research project will need both time and money. (‘both’ + noun…‘and’ + noun)
• For some people, learning English is either too difficult or too time-consuming. (‘either’ + adjective…’or’ + adjective)

‘Also’ is generally at the beginning or in the middle of a sentence, whereas, ‘too’ and ‘as well’ are usually at the end.

• Customers are also provided with free parking.
• Customers are provided with free parking, too.

‘In addition’ can stand alone (followed by a ‘,’) or be followed by ‘to’ if there is a noun after.

• We have already requested a full refund. In addition, we will ask the company for an apology.
• In addition to the refund we requested, we will also ask the company for an apology.

‘Even though’, ‘although’ and ‘though’ are followed by a subject and a verb.

• Even though he had negotiated a good deal, he still wasn’t satisfied.

‘Despite’ and ‘in spite of’ are followed by nouns

• Despite his well-negotiated deal, he still wasn’t satisfied.

‘Because’ is followed by a subject and a verb whereas ‘because of’ is followed by a noun

• He missed his connection because of the train strike.
• Because the trains were on strike, he missed his connection.

‘Actually’ is a false cognate which means ‘in fact’. It does NOT mean ‘presently’ or ‘now’.

• Contrary to what some people say, we are actually one of the highest paying employers in this sector and don’t have any trouble finding new recruits.

CLICK TO ENLARGE THE IMAGES

CLICK TO ENLARGE THE IMAGES

My advice to my students is to always choose a small selection of connectors that they feel comfortable with and to use them in each practice writing that they do. This way, they will become familiar to them whenever they write an essay.


I hope that this article helps you in your endeavors to achieve the highest score possible in the writing section of your international English exam. 


Remember to keep practicing and never give up, no matter what. Persistence always pays off.


Good luck and good studying.