Word building questions and answers

Добрый день, читатели блога grammar-tei.com. Сегодня мы займемся словообразованием и выполним несколько упражнений на словообразование в английском языке. Все упражнения даются с ответами, поэтому Вы сможете проверить себя.

Тема словообразование в английском – очень сложная, поэтому практиковаться нужно много. Всем известно, что задания на словообразования есть в ЕГЭ. Не будем откладывать и выполним упражнения на словообразование в английском.

Задания на словообразование. Word building exercises.

Упражнение 1. Раскройте скобки. Образуйте существительные.

1. The study calculated that replacing weekly fruit juice … with whole fruits could bring health benefits. (consume)
2. For my birthday Mother baked a cake with yellow … . (ice)
3. Carbohydrates, proteins and fats are called … because they provide the fuel your body needs. (nutrition)
4. Many women have to juggle … and a full-time job. (mother)
5. … are unavoidable when three … live under one roof. (argue, generate)
6. Her deep … of her sister was evident. (hate)
7. Older people who live alone often need help with gardening and house … (maintain)
8. Positive attitude helps employees to get along with … and managers. (worker)
9. China’s air… has cut life … by an average of 5.5 years in the north of the country and caused higher rates of lung cancer. (pollute, expect)
10. It is much safer to use stainless steel or glass … instead of plastic ones. (contain)

Упражнение 2. Раскройте скобки. Образуйте прилагательные.

1. My favorite … book is “Appetite” by Nigel Slater. (cooker)
2. Eating can also make you …, and so can waking up in the morning. (thirst)
3. You shouldn’t rest on your laurels but try to improve your … performance. (academy)
4. Highly … gas is naturally found in coal mines. (explode)
5. An … species is a species of organisms facing a very high risk of extinction. (danger)
6. The most… earthquake struck in Shanxi, China 1556. (disaster)
7. … exploitation of nature by man has resulted in the effects we have to deal with now. (thought)
8. Laos is a landlocked … country, widely covered by tropical forest. (mountain)
9. I decided to take a walk. It would be too … to wait in the queue. (tire)

Упражнение 3. Используйте отрицательные приставки. Образуйте подходящие по смыслу слова.

1. The service was slow and the waiter’s familiarity was … , so we left without paying. (accept)
2. Some children are a challenge, especially when they … in public places. (behaviour)
3. To my … , the restaurant was overbooked and we had to spend the evening at home. (appoint)
4. Michael was … about what dessert to order. (decide)
5. Parents’… of their children’s behaviour and life choices can ruin their lives. (approve)
6. There is a huge difference between … children and those merely … to listen to their parents’ advice. (obey, will)
7. Young children mustn’t be left … either at home or at public places. (attention)
8. She was frequently left alone by her … husband. (faith)
9. If you describe someone as …, you are criticising them because they are unable to do their job or a task properly or are … to act in this capacity. (competence, qualifications)
10. Banks are still seen as … and many people keep their savings at home. (security)

Упражнение 4. Раскройте скобки, образуйте глаголы.

1. Guar gum also is used in the food industry to … products like ice cream. (thick)
2. Old Manchester houses are made of red brick… by soot. (black)
3. David spotted the pink silk lampshade in a shop and thought it would … up the room. (bright)
4. Do we ever stop to think about the importance of the air we … ? (breath)
5. I’d like to … this dress for one in a larger size. (change)
6. They … 100 dollars from a bank account an hour ago. (draw)

Упражнение 5. Раскройте скобки. Образуйте подходящие по смыслу слова.

1. Sometimes one’s … are the only people one can … in. (parental, confidence)
2. Many people … that getting a spouse can put them out of their…, which later… wrong, because sometimes marriage makes life more difficult. (belief, miserable, proof)
3. An … Roman … has been discovered in northwest England, (extend, settle)
4. The dining-room is elegantly … and … carpeted, (furniture, luxury)
5. Everyone is … of her having the chance to … abroad, (envy, student)
6. When employers look at… candidates, beyond skills, experience, and training, they look for those who demonstrate … (prospect, enthuse)
7. In the city the … and … were insufferable, (hot, humid)
8. Our planet’s… regions, located just north and south of the equator, are known for their… and … (tropic, warm, humid)
9. Next to Shakespeare, no … gets more love on Broadway than Tennessee Williams, (play)
10. During Elizabeth’s reign England significantly … its trade … and in 1580 Sir Francis Drake became the first Englishman to successfully … the earth, (expansion, sea, circumnavigation)

Упражнение 6. Образуйте слова от данных. Вставьте слова в текст.

A.

Located in Wiltshire, an outstanding and beautifully __________ (1), late ________ (2) style manor house was built of limestone. Originally it was a much larger property that was mostly ___________ (3). Solid in appearance and structure, it offers _________ (4) and well presented ___________ (5). As one would ___________ (6) there is a grand drawing room with oak _________ (7) walls and a large open fireplace. The large windows __________ (8) a parkland setting.

B.

Home education is when a child is __________ (1) at home rather than at school. It’s perfectly __________ (2) in the UK and one doesn’t need to be a __________ (3) teacher to do so. Children who are home educated receive all their education from their parents, sometimes with the help of outside __________ (4). If you decide to home educate your child you don’t have to follow __________ (5) rules about how you teach or when you teach.

C.

English philosopher, statesman, and jurist who rose to become Lei Chancellor (1618—1621) to James I but is __________ (1) remembered for the status he gave to __________ (2) research in England. Although his name is associated with the method of __________ (3) and the rejection of a priori reasoning in science, the painstaking __________ (4) of miscellaneous facts without any use of error theory which he supported in the Novum Organum has never been __________ (5)  as a practical method of __________ (6). The __________ (7) of the Baconian method was, however, an important object in the __________ (8) of the Royal Society some years later.

D.

We’ve all heard of emotional eating. There’s also such a thing as emotional shopping. In __________ (1), neither of these activities is __________ (2), but in excess both can have serious consequences. The __________ (3) and the affordability of goods make shopping all the more appealing. For many compulsive buyers, a big part of the appeal of shopping is the process of searching out and obtaining that new, better, __________ (4) item. This process is so mesmerising that it often ruins long-term financial plans, leaving shoppers __________ (5) in debt.

Ответы к упражнениям на словообразование. Word building exercises – answers.

Exercise 1.

1 consumption, 2 icing, 3 nutrients, 4 motherhood/maternity, 5 arguments, generations, 6 hatred, 7 maintenance,  8 co-workers, 9 pollution, expectancy

Exercise 2.

1 cookery, 2 thirsty, 3 academic, 4 explosive, 5 endangered, 6 disastrous, 7 thoughtless, 8 mountainous, 9 tiresome

Exercise 3.

1 unacceptable, 2 misbehave, 3 disappointment, 4 indecisive, 5 disapproval, 6 disobedient, unwilling, 7 unattended,  8 unfaithful, 9 incompetent, unqualified, 10 insecure

Exercise 4.

1 thicken, 2 blackened, 3 brighten, 4 breathe, 5 exchange, 6 withdrew

Exercise 5.

1 parents, confide, 2 believe, misery, proves, 3 extensive, settlement, 4 furnished, luxuriously 5 envious, study, 6 prospective, enthusiasm, 7 heat, humidity, 8 tropic (al), warmth, humidity, 9 playwright, 10 expanded, oversea (s), circumnavigate

Exercise 6.

A

1 restored, 2 gothic, 3 demolished, 4 extensive 5 accommodation, 6 expect, 7 panel (l) ed, 8 overlook

B

1 educated, 2 legal, 3 qualified, 4 tutors, 5 formal

C

1 chiefly, 2 scientific, 3 induction,  4 collection, 5 adopted, 6 research, 7 application, 8 foundation

D.

1 moderation, 2 harmful, 3 accessibility, 4 desirable, 5 deeply

Надеюсь, эти упражнения на словообразование помогут Вам в изучении этого непростого раздела английского языка. Word building exercises are very useful!

Понравилось? Сохраните на будущее и поделитесь с друзьями!

1. Write the noun form of these verbs. Some are the same as the verb.

Verb	Noun
1   complete	completion
2   achieve
3   need
4   dream
5   argue
6   fail
7   translate
8   erupt
9   rescue

Answer

2 achievement   3 need   4 dream   5 argument

6 failure   7 translation   8 eruption   9 rescue

2. Complete the text with the noun form of the verbs in brackets. You may need the plural form.

Last year, at the age of seventeen, Mike Perham became the youngest sailor to complete a 1……………………………. (circumnavigate) of the world alone. But this year, two sixteen-year-old girls are beginning separate 2……………………………. (attempt) to beat his record. Last year, a thirteen-year-old Dutch girl, Laura Dekker, was finishing her 3……………………………. (prepare) for the same journey when a children’s court stopped her. Now aged fourteen, she’s trying again. It seems that many teenagers today aren’t interested in the normal forms of 4……………………………. (entertain) and 5……………………………. (relax), like video games and sports. They want 6……………………………. (experience) that can really excite their 7……………………………. (imagine) and also help with the 8……………………………. (develop) of personal skills. So they choose 9……………………………. (explore). Their amazing 10……………………………. (accomplish) certainly look good on their CVs when it’s time to find 11……………………………. (employ). But for most of them, that probably isn’t the main 12……………………………. (motivate).

Answer

1 circumnavigation   2 attempts   3 preparations

4 entertainment   5 relaxation   6 experiences

7 imaginations   8 development   9 exploration

10 accomplishments   11 employment   12 motivation

3. Study the dictionary entries. Then answer the questions below.

1   Which noun is countable? …………………………….

2   Which noun is uncountable? …………………………….

3   Which noun has no definition? …………………………….

      (Note: related nouns sometimes have no definition if the meaning is clear without one.)

4   Which entry has example sentences? …………………………….

5   Why are there two examples, not one?

      …………………………….…………………………….

      …………………………….…………………………….

Answer

1 explorer   2 exploration   3 exploration   4 explore

5 explore has multiple meanings.   6 exploration

VOCAB BOOST!

Sometimes pictures with labels can help you record and learn related words.

Verbs

sail – She sailed to America.

go sailing – We went sailing last summer.

4. Read the Vocab boost! box. Then complete the labels and add any other words you can. Use a dictionary to help you.

Answer

1 ski lift   2 skier   3 ski jacket   4 ski slope   5 skis

5. Complete the sentences using the noun or verb form of the word given in brackets.

1   The ……………………… of the new stadium will be next September. (complete)

2   It’s wonderful to ……………………… life in another country – you can learn so much about the world. (experience)

3   The books he wrote about famous mountain climbers are his greatest ……………………… (achieve)

4   She ……………………… to go running every day to prepare for the race. (need)

5   I don’t know what the ……………………… was about, but they’re friends again now. (argue)

6   Cars and lorries ……………………… over the bridge all day. (thunder)

7   Firefighters ……………………… their lives every day to save people and buildings. (risk)

8   I’m not sure what her ……………………… is, but she really wants to succeed. (motivate)

9   The ……………………… for our trip were quick because we only planned to stay for two nights. (prepare)

10   He is famous for his ……………………… as a mountain climber. (accomplish)

Answer

1 completion   2 experience   3 achievements

4 needs   5 argument   6 thunder   7 risk

8 motivation   9 preparation   10 accomplishments

Тренировочные упражнения по английскому языку, раздел «Словообразование» для учащихся 9-11 классов.

WORD-BUILDING (exercises)

Ex. 1. Переведите следующие слова, выделите в них суффиксы и префиксы:

Untrue, prehistoric, ultramodern, postwar, ex-champion, anti-body, de­ compose, decode, deform, depart, discover, disappearance, reread, re­construct, coauthor, unequal, misunderstand, undress, disarm, anti-fascist, cooperation, co-existence, interaction, superhuman, ultra-violet.

Ex. 2. Определите, к какой части речи относятся следующие слова. Переведите их:

Achievement — achieve, resistance — resistant, assistance — assist — assistant, celebration — celebrate, difference — different, city — citizen, na­tion — national — nationality, measure — measurement, develop — develop­ment, act — active — activity, contain — container, discover — discovery — dis­coverer, literature — literary, graduate — graduation — undergraduate — post-graduate, educate — education, progress — progressive, act — action — activity — active, govern — governor — government.

Ex. З. Образуйте от данных глаголов существительные с по­мощью суффикса -ег или —or. Переведите на русский язык:

To lead, to write, to read, to visit, to speak, to sleep, to act, to direct, to conduct, to drive, to fight, to mine, to report, to sing, to skate, to swim, to teach, to travel, to sail, to invent, to found, to compose.

Ex. 4. Образуйте от данных слов существительные с помощью суффикса —ist, —ism, —ian. Переведите на русский язык:

Special, social, art, capital, economy, international, piano, technic, ma­thematics, statistics, politics, music, electric, Russia, Hungary, Canada, In­dia.

are, aim, use, shape, fruit, power, thought, harm, colour.

Ex. 5. Образуйте от данных глаголов существительные с помощью суффикса —ment. Переведите на русский язык:

Develop, achieve, move, arrange, treat, state, improve, agree, equip, govern, require, measure, announce, pave,amuse,argue,advertise,invest.

Ex. 6. Образуйте прилагательные с помощью суффиксов —ful и —less, переведите их на русский язык:

Beauty, thank, hope, doubt, c

Ex. 7. Образуйте прилагательные с помощью суффиксов —able, —ible, переведите их на русский язык:

Change, convert, prevent, break, compare, desire, profit, read, comfort, respect, expect,fashion,flex.

Ex. 8. Найдите и выделите суффиксы в данных словах и определите, к ка­ кой части речи эти слова относятся:

British, foolish, understandable, heartless, pitiless, successful, experi­ment, function, musician, socialist, artist, capitalism, professional, funda­mental, industrial, doubtful, useful, different, treatment, creative, attrac­tive, peaceful, dangerous, elementary, childish, active, economic, director, worker, passage, marriage, silence, freedom, kingdom.

Ex. 9. Образуйте глаголы с помощью суффикса —en:

Red, tight, soft, deep, short, dark, bright, weak, black, white, sweet, sharp,

Strong, long.

Ex. 10. Образуйте наречия с помощью суффикса -1у и переведи­те их:

Bad, first, part, quick, strong, short, silent, rapid, wide, extreme, cruel, kind, happy.

Ex. 11. Образуйте глаголы от данных существительных. Переве­ дите их:

Turn, smile, smoke, snow, start, stay, step, stop, study, talk, visit, rest, air, paper, cover, handle, cause, watch, act, address, answer, brush, clean, cross, crowd, wave, wish, work, dance, doubt, dress, end, fight, help, hope, joke, laugh, lift, light, love, mind, paper, pencil, place, plan, play, post, re­ply, report, return, sail, show.

Ex. 12. Переведите на русский язык. Выделите словообразу­ ющие элементы. Определите, к какой части речи относятся данные слова:

React, reaction, reactor, reactivity; science, scientific, scientist; indust­ry, industrial, industrious; cold, coldly, coldness; dark, darkness, darken; happy, happily, happiness, unhappy; equal, equally, unequal, equality; free, freedom, freely; attention, attentive, attentively; sun, sunny, sunless; care, careful, careless, carefully, carelessness; to differ, different, difference, indifferent; England, English, Englishman; poison,poisonous,extreme,extremely,extremity,extremist,friend,friendship,friendly,unfriendly.

Ex. 13. Переведите следующие сложные слова:

Aircraft,airspace,Air Force , summer-resort,rest-house, custom-house, dining-room,dining car,living-room , fireplace, nightlife,newsagent,sunglasses,popstar,snowboarding,bungee jumping,

earthquake,greenhouse,laptop,software,science-fiction,solar system,so-called, haircut , hairbrush, icebox, newspaper, notebook,rain forest ,lifetime , raincoat, sportsman, sunshine,sunrise,sunset,sunflower,body-piercing.

Ex. 14. Прочтите следующие пары слов, соблюдая ударения. Переведите их:

An accent — to accent, a contract — to contract, a content — to content, a contest — to contest,an increase-to increase, a convict — to convict, a perfect — to perfect, a record — to record,refuse-to refuse,a refugee-to refuge.

Ex. 15. Определите, к каким частям речи относятся выделен­ные слова:

1. Не works as a teacher. 2. I saw one of his works at the exhibition. 3. I was waiting for your report. 4. They report the results of their experi­ment every Monday. 5. His report contains some of his thoughts about the experiment. 6. You’ll make progress if you work hard. 7. He thought about his new work. 8. I have a present for you. 9. I am busy at pre­ sent. 10. He presented me with a book.

Ex. 16. Проанализируйте состав следующих слов. Определите части речи. Дайте начальную форму. Переведите слова:

Powerful, inventor, high-quality, network, demoralize, profitable, dis­like, disagree, movement, shorten, incorrect, electricity, fruitful, fruitless, happiness, dangerous, noisy, sunny, rainy, badly, strongly, reading, teach­ing, rebuild, retell, leader, teacher, unhappy, unusual, translation, coopera­tion, schoolboy, icebreaker.

Ex. 17. Напишите сложные существительные, исходя из объяснений.

Например: A machine for drying hair – hair drier.

1. A thing for opening tins — … . 2. A machine for playing records — … . 3. A machine for mixing food — … . 4. A thing that times eggs (when they are boiling) — … . 5. Things for warming people’s legs — … . 6. Stuff that kills flies — … . 7. A liquid that removes paint — … . 8. A tool that opens bottles — … . 9. A thing for peeling potatoes — … . 10. A liquid for removing eye makeup — … . 11. Stuff for freshening the air — … .

Ex. 18. Распределите прилагательные по трем группам: 1) люди, 2) места, 3) вещи:

Obstinate, unspoilt, hand-made, waterproof, easy-going, breathtaking, aggressive, deserted, overgrown, overcrowded, cunning, picturesque, arrogant, long-lasting, spoilt, automatic, accurate, artificial.

Ex. 19Выберите слово с нужным по смыслу префиксом или суффиксом.

1. I know Jim Kerry is very popular but I find him totally childish / childlike. 2. I couldn’t work out whom the letter was from. The signature was childish / childlike. 3. Sarah is so childish / childlike. She always plays trick on her friends. 4. It was wonderful to watch the tiny lambs playing. I got such childish / childlike pleasure from the experience. 5. Sophie is extremely sensitive / sensible at the moment. Anything you say seems to upset her. 6. Karen is not a very sensitive / sensible person. She wore high-heeled shoes for our four-mile walk. 7. I’ve never known her to tell a lie. She’s a very true / truthful person. 8. I can never watch sad films that are based on true / truthful a story. They always make me cry. 9. Susan is so intolerable / intolerant of other people. She never accepts anyone else’s opinion, and she always thinks she knows best. 10. I find Mark’s behaviour intolerable / intolerant. It’s unfair to be so selfish. 11. We’re having an economic / economical crisis at the moment. James has lost his job and I don’t know how we are going to pay the rent. 12. It’s more economic / economical to drive slowly. You can do a lot more miles to the gallop.

Ex.19 Подберите к каждой тройке слов такое, чтобы с его помощью образовать составные существительные, используйте слова: board, green, paper, book, birthday, blood, rain, site, road, sports, ice, water, day, night, hand, case, sun, bag.

Например: camp…, building…, bomb… – campsite, building site, bomb-site.

1. …test, …pressure, …donor. 2. …fall, …melon, …skiing. 3. …house, …grocer, …salad. 4. …club, …mare, …shift. 5. brief…, suit…, book… . 6. paper…, plastic…, shoulder… . 7. …bow, …coat, …drop. 8. …shine, …rise, …set. 9. …works, …sign, …rage. 10. black…, floor…, notice… . 11. …light, …break, …dream. 12. …shake, …writing, …book. 13. …cube, …berg, …rink. 14. …cake, …present, …card. 15. …scape, …lady, …slide. 16. …car, …center, …ground. 17. address…, visitor’s…, note… .

Ex. 20Дополните предложения сложными существительными в скобках (это могут быть и составные существительные, и существительные в притяжательном падеже в простой или аналитической форме).

1. Your coat is on the … (back, chair). 2. You’ve just spilt the … (milk, cat). 3. Can you buy some … (paper, toilet). 4. I never listened to my … (advise, parents). 5. Can you buy a … (wine, bottle) to have with supper? 6. What did that … (road, sigh) say? Did you see it? 7. It’s such a mess in here. There are empty … (wine, bottles) everywhere. 8. The … (Prime Minister, duties) include entertaining heads of the state. 9. The … (my shoe, heel) has come off. 10. Can I borrow your … (brush, hair)? 11. What happened at the … (film, end)? 12. Here is … (today, news). 13. Where is the nearest … (Metro, station)? 14. It’s my … (anniversary, parents, wedding) next week. 15. The … (company, success) is due to its efficiency. 16. I’ve got a … (fortnight, holiday) next month. 17. The … (government, economic policy) is confusing. 18. My children go to the local … (school, state). 19. The annual … (rate, inflation) is about 4 percent. 20. Are there any … (coffee, cups) in your bedroom? There are none in the kitchen. 21. Do you want a … (coffee, cup)?

Ex.21. Заполните пропуски глаголом или существительным: advice – to advise, use – to use, abuse – to abuse, belief – to believe, relief – to relieve, grief – grieve, excuse – to excuse, breath – to breathe, half – to halve, house – to house, safe – to save, bath – to bathe.

1. It is my personal … that this man is innocent. 2. Let me listen to your chest. Take a deep … and say “Ah”. 3. You should put your valuables in the … . 4. Drug … is a terrible problem all over the world. 5. I know it isn’t good for my skin, but I love sun … . 6. I’ve been so worried about you! It’s such a … to see you at last! 7. “What are we going to do with this cake?” “Cut it in two. You take … and I’ll take … .” 8. Can you show me how to … this new coffee machine? 9. The refugees are … in temporary accommodation. 10. She apologizes for her behavior, and said it was because she’d had a busy day, but that’s no … for breaking all the plates. 11. People need time to … after the death of someone they love. 12. Take my … . Never marry for money. Marry for love.

Ex. 22. Напишите слово противоположное по значению, используя префикс

Kind, honest, credible, appear, fair, equal, pleased, continue, fasten, normal, employed, friendly, trust, professional, known, cover, safe, use, probable, important, emotional.

WORD-BUILDING (Test)

1. Определите, к какой части речи относятся данные слова. Переведите их:

Beautiful, function, artist, musician, heartless, economic, worker, badly, act, action, active, basic, fruitless, population, movement, historic, democratic, work, daily, literature, pic­ture, organization, friendship, highly, leader, fight, fighter, national, im­pressive, hopeful, hopeless, beautiful, special, specialist, define, definition, humanism, humanist, humanistic, use, useful, useless.

2. Переведите слова на русский язык. Определите префикс и его значение:

Coauthor, undress, disarm, postwar, illegal, unkind, reconstruct, defor­mation, prewar,antihero , ex-champion, superhuman,disagreement,

3. Образуйте прилагательные от существительных при помощи следующих суффиксов: —al, —ful, —ous, -у, —able, —ible, —ic, —less, —ish. Переведите пары слов.

Reason, beauty, hope, doubt, care, aim, use, desire, boy, success, heart, experiment, form, office, danger, fame, electron, base, nature, cloud, sun, child, Scott, history, home.

4. Переведите предложения. Определите, к каким частям речи относятся выделенные слова. Назовите сложные слова:

1. Many pupils study English. 2. My grandfather has a large study. 3. Who ruled this country? 4. All sportsmen must obey the rules of the game. 5. The Soviet Union is tied by friend­ship with India in their work for peace. 6. All peace-loving people work for peace for the whole of mankind.

5. Назовите глаголы, от которых образованы следующие сущест­вительные:

Protection, show, writer, worker, movement, investigation, achieve­ ment, statement, reader, department, equipment, construction, organiza­tion, reporter, arrival, improvement, conductor, establishment, develop­ment, education, definition, regulation, assistance, agreement.

6. Переведите без словаря. Определите, к какой части речи относятся слова:

a) Specialist, institute, university, culture,cultural,centre, central, nation,national, international, orga­nization, minister, na­ture, natural, traditional, progressive, moral, social, socialist, public, programmer, popular, modern, revolution, revolutionary, final, talent, continent, festival, political, experiment, experimentation, electricity, technical, transformation, system, systematically, practice, practical, seminar, lecture, lecturer, period, historic, history, professor, complex, form, acceleration, instrument, philosopher, idea, basic, fundamental, conceptions, mass, class, element, motor, method, problem, energy, radio, text, material, temperature, progress, television.

b) 1. France and England are European countries. 2. In the evening we like to listen to classical music. 3. We saw a comedy at the Drama Theatre last night. 4. Your train leaves from platform two. 5. This jazz orchestra gave several concerts in our town. 6. In 1610 Galileo constructed the first tele­ scope in the world. 7. This was a dangerous experiment.

7. Проанализируйте следующие слова, какие они? Определите их сос­тавляющие. Переведите на русский язык:

Ice-hockey, world-wide, bedroom, newspaper, long-term, birthplace, sportsman, apple-juice, peace-loving, schoolchildren, football, highland, te­levision, underground, north-west, sometimes, lowland, landscape, well-known, multinational, network, vice-president.

8. Поставьте слово, указанное в скобках, в нужную форму.

1. My father is very … (act) even though he’s seventy. 2. I’ve always wanted to work in the theatre, but … (act) it isn’t a very secure profession. 3. I … (hope), we’ll soon find a solution to the problem. 4. Look … (care) to the left and to the right before crossing the road. 5. It was very … (care) of you to lose my watch. 6. I take two … (day) newspapers and three Sunday papers. 7. You’ve broken my camera! Look at it! It’s … (use)! 8. Thanks for the advice. It was really … (use). 9. I have some very … (noise) neighbours. 10. She became … (fame) as a result of her invention.

Тренировочные тесты.

Test 1.

1. This is the most . . . . . . concert I‘ve ever been to. (Expense)

2. Her husband’s not a very……person. (Patience)

3. Susan is very……and wants to do well. (Ambition)

4. Show some……. Don’t you like the idea? (Enthuse)

5. Her problem is that she has not enough……in herself. (Confide)

6. Dan is really very……, even rude sometimes. (Polite)

7. I haven’t been to the cinema…… . (Recent)

8. Mary…… and they never s aw her again. (Appear)

Test 2.

1. Most people have no real…… in ghosts.(Believe)

2. Mark Twain wrote many…… stories. (Humour)

3. The children’s…… at the concert was excellent. (Behave)

4. Rita asked for a …… and cashier gave her one. (Receive)

5. Do you think you have the…… to pass the exam? (Able)

6. You need a lot of …… to write a good story. (Imagine)

7. I read an interesting …… in the newspaper. (Advertise)

8. Their friendship began in their …… . (Child)

Test 3.

1. I’m telling you the ……! I swear! (True)

2. Your composition isn’t good enough. You’ll have to …… it. (Write)

3. Did you know Ann used to work as a …… when she was younger? (Wait)

4. They need your …… before they can do it. (Sign)

5. It all happened quite…… . I didn’t have time to think. (Sudden)

6. I’m sure his new film is going to be a huge…… .(Succeed)

7. Did Paul give an …… for his actions? (Explain)

8. The …… of the village are all very kind. (Inhabit)

Test 4.

1. The leaflet gives a brief…… of each place. (Describe)

2. Can you give us a quick …… of how it works? (Explain)

3. Olga broke the vase during an …… with her husband. (Argue)

4. Gold is a very …… metal. (Value)

5. Peter began to feel depressed and …… . (Help)

6. His book is the result of years of …… research. (Care)

7. This snake is not …… at all. (Danger)

8. The bright flowers make the room look….. . (Cheer)

Test 5.

1. Teenagers nowadays are more interested in ……. problems. (Globe)

2. Have you seen the new Levi …… on TV? (Advertise)

3. I looked everywhere but I couldn’t find him. He’s …… (Appear)

4. It’s very…… to drink and drive. (Danger)

5. Can you give me some more …… about this adventure holiday? (Inform)

6. We need to put up some …… for tonight’s party. (Decorate)

7. The weather today will be cold and…… . (Wind)

8. Margarita was very …… with the service. (Satisfy)

Test 6.

1. They put a lot of …… on him to agree to their demands. (Press)

2. I’ve had three…… nights and l feel exhausted. (Sleep)

3. If you have problems with your ……, see a doctor. (Circulate)

4. I’m feeling very …… today. I think I’ll go for a run. (Energy)

5. Remember that …… are also human. (Examine)

6. His nose was quite …… for days after he’d it pierced. ( Pain)

7. There are a lot of …… restaurants in this area. (Fashion)

8. Although she isn’t beautiful, most men find her quite…… (Attract).

Test 7.

1.The food was completely …… ; he was a useless cook .(Taste)

2. There were over 500 ……to the temple every day .(Visit )

3. You can’t hope to win the race without any …… .(Train)

4. In spite of her ……,Jane continued her journey .(Hungry )

5.Hard as he tried , he was unable to find …… .(Solve )

6.I …… speaking , I don’t think Latin is a useful subject .(Person)

7.You need to organize your time more …… (Efficient )

Test 8.

1. Stories are more ……. than lists of words .(Memory )

2. His exam results were very …… . (Please )

3. Passing exams will help you to get a ……job .(Good )

4. You should revise on a regular …… (Base )

5. There are books that are specially …….for foreign learners.(Simple )

6. A degree is a very useful…….to have .(Qualify )

7. I hope you will take into …… what I have just said to you .(Consider )

8. This new book had many beautiful ……in it .(ILLUSTRATE)

Test 9.

1.My aunt became …….when she went to America.

(Fame)

2.Paul sings …….; I’m surprised he isn’t a professional singer. (Beauty)

3.I was …….to see all my old friends again. (Delight )

4.They bought some …… for their new house. (Furnish )

5. She lives in a really ……mansion in the suburbs. (Luxury )

6. Are you sitting ……. in that chair ? (Comfort )

7.Everyone was nervous about the ……’s visit. (Inspector)

8.Our teacher has a really strong ……. . (Person)

9.His father has the best …… of ancient coins. (Collect)

Test 10.

1.The teacher wanted to know what my greatest …….(Ambitious)

2.I……ever go to the theatre. I don’t like it .(Hard )

3.Marina has a very …… manner , which I appreciate .(Relax)

4.Her son took part in the world ……last year .(Champion)

5.I was …….when victor said I was beautiful.(Flatter)

6. Julia got a ……for best leading actress .(Nominate )

7.She’s a very ……thinker .(Origin)

8.Her friend is very …….! You can trust him .(Rely)

Ответы к тренировочным тестам.

Test 1.

1. Expensive

2. Patient

3.Ambitious

4.Enthusiasm

5. Confidence

6.Impolite

7.Recently

8.Disappeared

Test 2.

1. Belief

2. Humorous

3. Behaviour

4. Receipt

5. Ability

6. Success

7. Advertisement

8. Childhood

Test 3.

1. Truth

2. Rewrite

3. Waitress

4. Signature

5. Suddenly

6. Success

7.Explanation

8. Inhabitants

Test 4.

1. Description

2. Explanation

3. Argument

4. Valuable

5. Helpless

6. Careful

7. Dangerous

8. Cheerful

Test 5.

1. Global

2. Advertisement

3. Disappeared

4. Dangerous

5. Information

6. Decorations

7. Windy

8. Satisfied

Test 6.

1. Pressure

2. Sleepless

3. Circulation

4. Energetic

5. Examiners

6.Painful

Test 7.

1.Tasteless

2. Visitors

3.Training

4 . Hunger

5. Solution

6. Personally

7. Efficiently

Test 8.

1. Memorable

2. Pleasant

3. Better

4. Basis

5. Simplified

6. Qualification

7. Consideration

8. ILLustrations

Test 9.

1. Famous

2. Beautifully

3. Delighted

4. Furniture

5. Luxurious

6. Comfortably

7. Inspector

8. Personality

9. Collection

Test 10.

1. Ambition

2. Hardly

3. Relaxed

4. Championship

5. Flattered

6. Nomination

7. Original

8. Reliable

TEST YOUR VOCABULARY 5 (ADVANCED)

10. Word building

ANSWER
KEY

Word-formation
is the process of creating new words from the material available in
the language according to its structural and semantic formulas and
patterns. For instance, the noun driver
is formed after the pattern V
+ -er,
i.e. a verbal stem + the noun-forming suffix -er.
The meaning of the derived noun driver
is related to the meaning of the stem drive-
‘to direct the course of a vehicle’ and the suffix —er
meaning ‘an active agent’: a
driver
is ‘one who drives’ (a carriage, motorcar, railway engine, etc.).
Word-formation is a morphological naming because it uses morphemes
existing in the language.

There are two major types of
word-formation: word-derivation and word-composition.

Words
created by word-derivation
have only one derivative base. The basic ways of forming-words in
word-derivation are affixation and conversion. Affixation
(progressive
derivation)
is
the formation of a new word with the help of affixes, e.g. cleanness
from clean,
to
overdo
from to
do,
etc. Conversion
is the formation of a new word by bringing a stem of this word into a
different part-of-speech paradigm, e.g. a
fall
from to
fall,
to
slave
from a
slave.

Word-composition
is the formation of a new word by combining two or more stems which
occur in the language as free forms, e.g. door-handle,
house-keeper.

Apart from principal there are
some minor types of modern word-formation, i.e. shortening, blending,
acronymy, sound interchange, sound imitation, distinctive stress and
back-formation.

Affixation
includes suffixation and prefixation. Suffixation
is the formation of words with the help of suffixes. Suffixes usually
modify the lexical meaning of the base and transfer words either to a
different part of speech or transfer a word to a different
lexico-semantic group: employ
– employee,
director – directorship.
Prefixation
is
the formation of words with the help of prefixes. Prefixes modify the
lexical meaning of the base. They don’t shift words to a different
part of speech: to
write – to rewrite.

Suffixes and prefixes may be
classified along different lines.

Classification of
suffixes

Suffixes are classified
according to:

I.
part-of-speech
they form:

1.
Noun-forming suffixes: -age
(bondage,
breakage,
mileage,
vicarage);
-ance/ -ence (assistance,
ref-erence);
-ant/-ent (disinfectant,
student);
-dom (kingdom,
freedom,
official-dom);
-ее (employee);
-eer (profiteer);
-er (writer,
type-writer);
-ess (actress,
lioness);
-hood (manhood);
-ing (building,
meaning,
washing);
-ion/-sion/ -tion/-ation (rebellion,
tension,
creation,
explanation);
-ism/-icism (heroism,
criticism);
-ist (novelist,
communist);
-ment (government,
nour-ishment);
-ness (tenderness);
-ship (friendship);
—(i)ty
(sonority);
-y
(smarty); -ian (vulgarian).

2.
Adjective-forming suffixes: -able/-ible/-uble
(unbearable,
audible,
soluble);
-al (formal);
-ic (poetic);
-ical (ethical);
-ant/-ent (repentant,
dependent);
-ary (revolutionary);
-ate/-ete (accurate,
complete);
-ed/-d (wooded);
-ful (delightful);

-an/-ian (African,
Australian);
-ish (Irish,
reddish,
childish);
-ive (active);
-less (useless);
-like (lifelike);
-ly (manly);
-ous/-ious (tremendous,
curious);
-some (tiresome,
lovesome);
-y (cloudy,
dressy).

3.
Numeral-forming suffixes: -fold
(twofold);
-teen (fourteen);
-th (seventh);
-ty (sixty).

4.
Verb-forming suffixes: —ate
(facilitate);
-er (glimmer);
-en (shorten);
-fy/-ify (terrify,
speechify,
solidify);
-ise/-ize (equalise);
-ish (establish).

5.
Adverb-forming suffixes: -ly
(coldly);
-ward/-wards (upward,
northwards);
-wise (likewise).

II.
lexico-grammatical
character of
the base they are added:

1.
deverbal suffixes (are added to a verbal base) -er,
-ing,
—ment,
-able;

2. denominal
suffixes (are added to a noun base) -less,
-ful,
-ist,
-some (awesome);

3.
deadjectival suffixes (are added to an adjective base) -en,
-ly,
-ish,
-ness;

III. number of meanings:

1.
monosemantic -ess
[female] tigress,
tailoress;

2.
polysemantic -hood
1) ‘condition or quality’ falsehood,
womanhood;
2) ‘collection or group’ brotherhood;

IV.
denotational
meaning:

• denoting
  the agent of an action —er
  (sinner);

• denoting
  nationality
  —ian,
  —ese
  (Italian,
  Vietnamese);

• denoting
  collectivity —edge
  (knowledge),
  -dom (kingdom),
  -ry (peasantry);

• denoting
  gender -ess,
  -ine (empress,
  feline);

• quality,
  e.g. -ness
  (copelessness),
  -ity (answerability);

• with
  the meaning of diminutiveness -y
  (birdy),
  -let (cloudlet,
  goblet),
  -ling (squirreling);

V.
connotational
meaning:

• stylistically
  neutral -able,
  -er,
  -ing;

• stylistically
  marked, for example, terminological: -oid
  (hominoid,
  android),
  -tron (cyclotron),
  -i/form (cruciform),
  -id
  (adverbid,
  arachnid);
  with derogatory meaning: -ard
  (dullard),
  -ster (oldster);

VI. productivity:

1.
productive, such as: -er,
-ize,
-ly,
-ness;

2.
semi-productive,
such as: -eer
(profiteer),
-ette (bachelorette),
-ward (seaward),
-dom (computerdom);

3.
non-productive -ard
(drunkard),
-th (length),
-man
(ice-man);

VII. origin:

• the
  native affixes -dom,
  -ed,
  -en,
  -fold,
  -ful,
  -hood,
  -ing,
  -ish,
  -less,
  -let,
  -like,
  -lock,
  -ly,
  -ness,
  -oc,
  -red,
  -ship,
  -some,
  -teen,
  -th,
  -ward,
  -wise,
  -y;

—
the borrowed affixes
(-able/-ible,
-ant/-ent),
French
(-age,
-ance/-ence,
-ancy/ -ency,
-ard,
-ate,
-sy),
Greek
(-ist,
-ism,
-ite),
etc.

Classification
of prefixes

Prefixes
may be classified on the same principles as suffixes.

Synchronically prefixes may be
classified:

I.
according to the class of words they preferably form:

a)
verb-forming, e.g. en-/em-
(embed,
enclose);
be- (befriend);
de- (dethrone);

b)
noun-forming prefixes, e.g. non-
(non-smoker),
sub- (sub-total),
ex- (ex-champion);

c)
adjective-forming prefixes, e.g. un-
(unfair);
il- (illiterate);

d)
adverb-forming prefixes, e.g. -un
(unfortunately),
-up (uphill);

II.
as to the type of lexical-grammatical character of the base they are
added to into:

a)
deverbal, e.g. rewrite,
outstay,
overdo,
etc.;

b)
denominal, e.g. unbutton,
detrain,
ex-president,
etc.;

c)
deadjectival, e.g. uneasy,
biannual,
etc.;

III.
number
of meanings:

1.
monosemantic co-
“joint, with, accompanying” coordinator,
cooperation,
co-worker,
co-auther;

2.
polysemantic un—
1) “not, opposite of” unnecessary,
unequal,
2) “reverse action, deprive of, release from” undo,
untie;

IV.
as
to the generic denotational meaning:

a) negative
prefixes, such as: un¹-,
non-,
in-,
dis¹-,
a-,
e.g. ungrateful,
unemployment,
non-politician,
non-scientific,
incorrect,
disloyal,
disadvantage,
amoral,
asymmetry;

b) reversative
or privative prefixes (these
prefixes describe actions being reversed or of antonymic character),
such as un²-,
de-,
dis²-,
e.g. untie,
unleash,
decentralise,
disconnect;

c) prefixes
of time and order, such as fore-,
pre-,
post-,
ex-,
e.g. foretell,
foreknowledge,
prewar,
postsurvey,
post-classical,
ex-soldier;

d) prefix
of repetition: re-,
e.g. rebuild,
re-write;

e) locative
prefixes, such as super-,
sub-,
inter-,
trans-,
e.g.
superstructure,
subway,
inter-continental,
transatlantic;

V.
connotational
meaning:

• stylistically
  neutral, e.g.
  unnatural,
  unknown,
  unlace,
  outnumber,
  oversee,
  resell,
  undernourish,
  etc.;

—
stylistically marked, for example, pejorative
prefixes (pejorative
prefixes are highly evaluative in the negative sense), such as mis-,
mal-,
pseudo-,
e.g. miscalculate,
misinform,
maltreat,
pseudo-classicism,
pseudo-scientific;
those possessing quite a definite terminological value, e.g.
pseudo-classical,
superstructure,
ultra-violet,
unilateral,
bifocal,
etc.;

VI. as
to the degree of productivity:

—
highly-productive
(de-,
re-,
pre-,
non-,
un-,
anti-.
sub-,
over-,
under-,
pro-);

—
productive
(co-,
a-,
mal-,
arch-,
out-,
sur-,
counter-);

—
non-productive
(in-,
il- ,
ir-,
im-,
mis-,
dis-,
be-,
en-).

VI.
diachronically distinction is made between prefixes of native and
foreign origin:

a)
native (Germanic), such as: un-,
over-,
under-,
etc.;

b)
Romanic, such as: in-,
de-,
ex-,
re-,
etc.;

c)
Greek, such as: sym-,
hyper-,
etc.

Hybrids
are words that consist of etymologically different morphemes. Models
are many: a native root + borrowed word-building morphemes, e.g. to
dislike
(Latin prefix + native root); borrowed root + native affix, e.g.
peaceful
(native
root + French suffix), around
(English
prefix + French root); all elements are borrowed but from different
languages, e.g. violinist
(Italian root + Greek suffix), unmistakable
(English prefix + Scandinavian root + Latin suffix).

Conversion
(affixless
word-derivation,
zero derivation)
consists
in making a new word from some existing word by changing the category
of a part of speech, the morphemic shape of the original word
remaining unchanged. For instance, yellow
in “The leaves were turning yellow” – the adjective denotes
colour. Yet in “The leaves yellowed” the converted unit no longer
denotes colour, but the process of changing colour, so that there is
an essential change in meaning. Besides these two words yellow
(adj)
– to yellow (v)
differ in the paradigm. Thus it is the paradigm that is used as a
word-building means. Hence, we may define conversion
as the formation of a new word through changes in its paradigm. As
soon as the word has crossed the category borderline, the new word
automatically acquires all the properties of the new category, so
that if it has entered the verb category it is used
in all the forms of tense and has the forms of the participle and the
gerund.

Among the main varieties of
conversion are:

1) verbalization
(the formation of verbs), e.g. water
– to water,
ape – to ape,
doctor
– to doctor,
score – to score,
wireless
– to wireless,
vacuum – to vacuum;

2) substantivation
(the formation of nouns), e.g. to
run – run,
the
rich and the poor,
the wounded,
a savage,
a commercial,
a criminal,
a grown-up,
a final
(exam),
tangibles,
a
vertical.

3) adjectivization
(the formation of adjectives), e.g. a kindly
gentleman,
the down
escalator;

4) adverbialization
(the formation of adverbs), e.g. to go home,
to work hard.

One
should take into consideration synchronic and diachronic criteria
when speaking of conversion. Homonymous word were absent in Old
English, cf. lufu
– lufian.
So
it’s necessary to discriminate between homonymous parts of speech
such as
smoke,
work,
note,
drink,
rest,
change,
answer,
hate,
sorrow and
parts of speech derived according to the conversion model such as
smile,
dream,
move,
nose,
laugh,
place,
hand,
pity,
praise,
chance.

Compounding
or word-composition
is the means of word-formation
in which words
are made up of two immediate constituents which are both derivative
bases,
e.g. lamp-shade,
ice-cold,
looking-glass,
daydream,
hotbed,
speedometer,
peace-fighter,
care-free,
long-legged,
ash-tray,
a run-away,
etc.

Derivative bases in compounds
can have different degrees of complexity:

—
both bases are simple (weekend,
girlfriend);

—
one base is simple, the other is derivative (a
shoemaker);

—
one base is compound and the other is either simple or derivative
(fancy-dress >
fancydress-ball,
fancydress-maker).

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