Whose last word where it is done

В английском языке существует категория относительных местоимений – relative pronouns, основная функция которых – присоединять придаточные предложения к главным. Они могут выступать в качестве союзных слов, а значит, могут являться членами предложения.

Самыми используемыми из относительных местоимений являются who, which, that. Их зачастую путают. Причина этому: в зависимости от контекста они могут иметь одинаковый перевод.

Английское местоимение Who

• Местоимение переводится как «кто/который». Употребляется, когда речь идёт об одушевлённых лицах (люди, животные). В придаточных предложениях выступает в роли подлежащего или дополнения. Сказуемое, идущее после, может быть в единственном и множественном числе.
  Например:
  • There are a lot of volunteers here who she asked to help with organization of the event. — Здесь много волонтёров, которых она попросила помочь с организацией этого мероприятия (who – дополнение).
  • I have never met a person who has such a strong wish to win. — Я никогда не встречал человека, который так сильно желает выиграть (who – подлежащее).
• В вопросах используется в качестве:
  • Подлежащего. Глагол, следующий за местоимением в таком вопросе, употребляется в единственном числе. Есть исключение: случаи, когда мы знаем, что последует ответ во множественном числе.
    Например:
    • Who were sitting there? — Кто здесь сидел? Заметьте: в вопросах к подлежащему вспомогательный глагол не нужен.
    • Who wrote this novel? — Кто написал этот роман?
    • Who has already finished the test? — Кто уже закончил тест?
  • Остальные же виды вопросов требуют вспомогательного глагола:
    • Who did you come to? — К кому ты пошёл?
    • Who hasn’t you told about it yet? — Кому ты ещё не сказал об этом?
  • Именной части сказуемого. Глагол-связка в данном случае стоит в том же числе и лице, что и следующее за ним подлежащее.
    Например:
    • Who is this man? — Кто этот мужчина?
    • Who are these people standing at the bus stop? — Кто эти люди, стоящие на автобусной остановке?
• Используется в эмфатических оборотах, призванных уделить большее внимание подлежащему, подчеркнуть/усилить его значение. Структура такого оборота – “It is/was…who…”. Грамотнее перевести его, используя слово «именно».
  Например:
  • It was our school’s teacher who helped me to overcome all difficulties. — Именно учительница нашей школы помогла мне преодолеть все трудности.

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Английское местоимение Which

Which переводится «кто/который/какой», используется, когда речь идёт о неодушевлённых предметах или животных.

Как и предыдущее местоимение, which в повествовательных вопросах употребляется как дополнение или подлежащее:

• It is the recipe which I created. — Это рецепт, который придумала я (which – дополнение).
• Don’t forget about the notes about which I told earlier. — Не забудь о заметках, о которых я говорила ранее (which – дополнение).
• The new recipe which was published in the magazine draws a lot of attention. — Новый рецепт, который был опубликован в журнале, привлекает много внимания (which – подлежащее).
• My sister has become a famous singer who has many fans all around the world. — Моя сестра стала известной певицей, у которой много фанатов во всем мире (which – подлежащее).

В вопросах используется в качестве:

• Местоимения-существительного (обычно идёт в паре с предлогом of):
  • Which of these articles did you write last week? — Какие из этих статей ты написал вчера?
  • Which of you will pay for the dinner? — Кто из вас будет платить за обед.
  • Which of your friends had the same job as mine? — У кого из твоих друзей была такая же работа, как у меня?
• Местоимения-прилагательного:
  • Which course have you chosen? — Какой курс ты выбрал?
  • Which colors are your favorites? — Какие у тебя любимые цвета?
  • Which fruits do you prefer? — Какие фрукты ты предпочитаешь?
• В некоторых вопросах может использоваться и which, и what без изменения смысла или стиля. Но сейчас чаще употребляется вариант с what.
  Например:
  • What/which city do you want to live in? — В каком городе ты хочешь жить?

В английских предложениях, где местоимение идёт с предлогом (примеры: «с которым», «к которому»), предлоги выносятся в конец предложения:

• Where is the key which I was looking for? — Где ключ, который я искал?

Английское местоимение That

Правила употребления:

• That используется с одушевленными лицами и неодушевлёнными объектами. Переводится как прошлые 2 местоимения. Призвано соединять определительные придаточные предложения в составе сложного. Употребляется только в придаточных ограничительных, о которых ещё будет упомянуто в статье.
  Примеры:
  • A man that is standing outside is our new colleague. — Мужчина, который стоит на улице — наш новый коллега.
  • Please, buy a plant that is in a pink pot as she adores this color. — Пожалуйста, купи растение, которое в розовом горшке, так как она обожает этот цвет.
  • Who has planted a tree that grows near the school? — Кто посадил дерево, которое растёт рядом со школой?
  • Don’t disturb a person that is sitting in front of you now. — Не отвлекай человека, который сейчас сидит перед тобой.
• В отличие от предыдущих местоимений who и which это местоимение не может употребляться в вопросительных предложениях на первом месте. Нельзя сказать “That film do you prefer?”. Правильно будет выбрать вариант “Which/what film do you prefer?”.
• Употребляется в эмфатических оборотах, о которых уже было написано выше. Конструкция “It is/was…that…”.
  Например:
  • It is Mary that he cares about most. — Именно о Мэри он заботится больше всего.
• Служит, чтобы заменить написанное до этого существительное во избежание тавтологии:
  • The price of a new fridge is much higher than that of the old one. — Цена нового холодильника намного выше, чем старого.
• That применяется и в других случаях: в качестве союза или подлежащего. Тогда оно уже не будет относительным местоимением.
  Например:
  • Tell him that I will be late so there is no need to hurry. — Скажи ему, что я опоздаю, поэтому можно не торопиться.

Who, Whose, Whom – правило

Примеры:

• The Minister whom I sent my report yesterday turns out to be our family’s friend. — Министр, которому я вчера отправил свой доклад, оказался другом нашей семьи.
• Would you mind if I tell Mr. John whom I have chosen for this job. — Вы не возражаете, если я скажу мистеру Джону, кого я выбрал для этой работы?

Местоимение whose переводится как «чей», указывает на принадлежность кому-то/чему-то:

• Whose notebook did you take? — Чью тетрадь ты взял?
• Do you remember Skylar whose daughter works as a doctor in the local hospital? — Ты помнишь Скайлар, чья дочь работает доктором в местной больнице?

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Когда можно опустить?

Относительные местоимения пропускаются, если не играют роль подлежащего. В таких случаях их можно убрать без потери смысла, и предложение останется грамматически правильным. Это явление особенно распространенно в разговорном английском.

Примеры:

• Is it the bag (that) you are looking for right now? — Это сумка, которую ты сейчас ищешь?
• The teacher (that) I told you about knows 4 foreign languages! — Учитель, о котором я тебе рассказывала, знает 4 иностранных языка!
• The director of the theatre (that) you see every day lives in your quarter? — Директор театра, которого ты видишь каждый день, живёт в твоём квартале.

Но если в предложении относительное местоимение является подлежащим, опускать его нельзя.

Сравните:

• The T-shirt (that) I bought is so expensive. — Футболка, которую я купил, очень дорогая.
• Don’t wear a T-shirt which lies on my bed. — Не надевай футболку, которая лежит на моей кровати.

Во втором примере местоимение не может быть опущено, так как играет роль подлежащего.

Какие бывают предложения с Who, Which и That в английском языке?

Эти относительные местоимения могут использоваться в вопросительных, отрицательных и утвердительных предложениях, например:

• Who did you go for a walk with? — С кем ты ходил гулять?
• It is not the information which I have asked for. — Это не та информация, которую я просил.
• It is the first book that I can’t read without tears. — Это первая книга, которую я не могу читать без слёз.

В английском существуют описательные и ограничительные (ограничивающие) определительные придаточные предложения. Ограничительное придаточное тесно связано с тем членом предложения, к которому оно относится, и не может быть опущено без изменения смысла. Обычно не выделяется запятой.

Пример:

• The geometric figure that has no angles is a circle. — Геометрическая фигура, у которой нет углов, – это круг.

Описательное придаточное вводит дополнительную информацию о предмете и лице, которое оно описывает, и может быть убрано без изменения смысла. В таких предложениях придаточное выделяется запятыми.

Например:

• The city, which my friend likes to travel, is considered one of the oldest cities. — Город, в который мой друг любит путешествовать, считается одним из самых старинных городов.

Сравните:

• The building that has a lot of pretentious decorations refers to baroque. — Здание, которое имеет много напыщенных декоративных элементов, относится к барокко.
  Здесь придаточное предложение нельзя убрать, иначе получится, что любое здание относится к барокко.
• The local bank, which was built in 1990, is a leader of the industry nowadays. — Местный банк, который был построен в 1990 году, на сегодняшний день является лидером индустрии.
  Придаточное вводит дополнительную информацию, которую можно опустить, ведь самое главное – то, что банк является лидером индустрии, а не то, когда он был построен.

Who или That?

Who опять же является более официальным вариантом и чаще употребляется в письменной речи. Оба местоимения используются для описания одушевлённых лиц.

Но есть случаи, в которых предпочтительнее использовать один из вариантов, хотя строгих правил нет, но все же:

• Когда мы описываем людей, можно ставить оба местоимения. Но при описании определённой черты, способности, лучше выбирать местоимение that.
  Например:
  • My grandmother is the person that looks cheerful every day. — Моя бабушка – человек, который каждый день выглядит бодрым.
  • Tom is a boy that constantly fights with his disease. — Том – это мальчик, который постоянно борется со своей болезнью.
• Если придаточное предложение в официальной речи указывает на конкретную личность, то желательно использовать who.
  Например:
  • The doctor who leads the hospital has got financial support from the state. — Доктор, которая возглавляет эту больницу, получила финансовую поддержку от государства.
  • A woman who is standing in front of you is our new manager. — Женщина, которая стоит перед вами, наш новый менеджер.

С собирательными существительными используется who, в эту категорию существительных относятся такие слова, как:

company – компания;

family – семья;

group – группа;

audience – зрители;

army – армия;

police – полиция;

people – люди;

team – команда;

jury – жюри и множество других слов.

Примеры:

• The football team who lost competitions last month is training hard these days. — Футбольная команда, которая проиграла соревнования в прошлом месяце, сейчас упорно тренируется.
• The audience who came to the concert had fun all the time and supported all artists. — Зрители, которые пришли на концерт, всё время веселились и поддерживали всех артистов.

Which или That?

That предпочтительнее использовать, когда:

• Перед ним стоят слова something, nothing, anything, all, few, much, many.
  Например:
  • Do you have something that will be interesting for me? — У тебя есть что-нибудь, что будет мне интересно?
  • I have so many tasks for today that I need to do. — У меня так много заданий на сегодня, которые мне нужно сделать.
• После порядковых местоимений:
  • It is the first day that seems to be boring. — Это первый день, который кажется скучным.
  • It is the 3^rd lesson that I have missed. — Это третий урок, который я пропустил.
• После превосходной степени прилагательных:
  • It is the most touching story that I have ever heard. — Это самая трогательная история, которую я когда-либо слышала.
  • Your brother is the most good-natures person that I have ever met. — Твой брат – самый добродушный человек из всех, кого я когда-либо встречал.

Таблица критериев выбора местоимений для предложений

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Заключение

Данная тема не так сложна для понимания, однако, содержит много нюансов, обязательных к изучению. Рекомендуем составить собственную таблицу, где будут прописаны все указанные выше тонкости, исключения, особенности и приведён пример на каждый пункт.

Чтобы не путать местоимения и помнить разницу в использовании между ними, нужно знать:

• с какими существительными (одушевлённым/неодушевлённым) они употребляются;
• в каких придаточных предложениях (ограничительных/описательных);
• в официальной/разговорной речи;
• конкретные случаи употребления и исключения.

Эти пункты помогут вам разобраться в большом объёме информации и структурировать её удобным образом. Не забывайте периодически просматривать правило употребления этих местоимений, чтобы освежить и закрепить его в памяти.

Переведи-ка на английский язык: «Это дом, который построил Джек».
Каким словом ты переведешь «который»? Which? Или that? А может who?!

Запутаться в этих словах с непривычки – легко. Разобраться с ними – еще легче. 🙂 В помощь наша статья.

Who, which, that – это местоимения. Когда они соединяют две части сложного предложения, на русский язык все три слова переводятся словом «который».

– Here are some cells which have been affected. (Вот некоторые ячейки, которые были повреждены).

– This is a man who takes his responsibilities seriously. (Это человек, который серьезно относится к своим обязанностям).

– They’re the people that want to buy our house. (Это люди, которые хотят купить наш дом).

В этом и сложность для нас – мы можем не увидеть разницы. Итак, начнем с противопоставления who и which.

Правило Who-Which, или Смотри не перепутай!

Вот и вся разница. 🙂 Также which используется, когда придаточное относится не к какому-то конкретному слову, а ко всему предложению:

We’re starting to sell electric cars, which is great. (Мы начинаем продавать электромобили, что здорово).

Но это, разумеется, не конец статьи. Что насчет that?
В неформальной речи that может заменять как who, так и which. Но опять же все не так просто.

That и which: употребление

В одних предложениях ты можешь использовать оба местоимения:

– The movie that/which I saw last weekend was great. (Кино, которое я посмотрел на прошлых выходных, было классным)

– The table that/which I bought from ikea was cheap. (Стол, который я купил в Икее, был дешевым).

Сюда же относится и наш пример с Джеком:

– This is the house that Jack built (в оригинале that, но можно использовать which).

Теперь сравни:

– Harry Potter, which I finished last week, was an excellent book. (Гарри Поттер, которого я дочитал на прошлой неделе, – прекрасная книга).

– Toronto, which is heavily populated, is a multicultural city. (Торонто, который густо населен, является мультикультурным городом).

Обрати внимание: в этих примерах мы уже не можем использовать that и обособляем придаточное запятыми. В чем разница?

Первые 2 примера называются Defining relative clauses. В этих предложениях мы не могли «выкинуть» без потери смысла часть, присоединенную which/that:

The movie that/which i saw last weekend was great. (А какое кино? Извольте уточнить!)

The table which/that i bought from ikea was cheap. (А какой именно стол? Тоже хочу дешевый стол!)

Вторые предложения называются Non-defining relative clauses. Если мы выкинем придаточную часть с which, предложение все равно будет иметь смысл:

Toronto, which is heavily populated, is a multicultural city.

Harry Potter, which I finished last week, was an excellent book.

В таких предложениях нельзя использовать that и нужны запятые. Об этом же правиле ты можешь посмотреть крутое видео от engvid (заодно потренировать аудирование).

А подробнее о пунктуации тут: Запятые в английском, или Как не съесть бабушку на ужин.

Употребление that и who

В неформальной речи ты можешь использовать that вместо who, хотя экзаменаторы это не оценят. В качестве иллюстрации разговорной речи возьмем песенные примеры:

Aerosmith: «I’m the one that jaded you».

Katy Perry: «I don’t have to say you were the one that got away».

Но и здесь повторяется история с Non-defining relative clauses.

Сравни с примерами из песен эти предложения:

– Alice, who has worked in Brussels ever since leaving Edinburgh, will be starting a teaching course in the autumn. (Элис, которая работала в Брюсселе с тех пор, как покинула Эдинбург, начнет курс обучения осенью).

– Clare, who I work with, is doing the London marathon this year. (Клэр, с которой я работаю, организует Лондонский марафон в этом году).

Такое же правило: если мы можем выкинуть часть предложения – она несет лишь дополнительную информацию, без нее предложение не потеряет смысл – то мы не используем that и выделяем придаточное запятыми.

Who / whose, whom – правило

Whom – это объектный падеж для who. Переводится как наше «которого, которому, которым, о котором». То есть все, кроме именительного падежа – «который».

Whom используется, когда придаточное предложение относится НЕ к подлежащему (=кто выполняет действие):

– That’s the guy whom she married. (Это парень, за которого она вышла замуж)

Whom относится к слову guy (парень), но подлежащее в придаточном – she (она). Именно она вышла замуж – выполнила действие. Еще больше примеров в видео от engvid.

Whom – книжный вариант, в устной речи обычно заменяется на who или that, или просто опускается.

– He was talking to a man (whom, who, that) I have never seen before. (Он разговаривал с человеком, которого я никогда раньше не видел.)

Вот как реагируют на тех, кто пытается использовать whom 🙂

Whose – переводится, как наше «чей, чья, чье».

– She’s now playing a woman whose son was killed in the First World War. (Сейчас она играет женщину, чей сын был убит в Первой мировой войне).

Когда можно опустить?

Как мы сказали выше, whom можно опустить. То же самое относится к which, that и who. Когда это можно сделать? Объяснить будет трудновато, но я постараюсь.

Сравни:

Видишь разницу? Если нет, то давай разбираться. Возьмем лишь придаточные предложения и рассмотрим их отдельно:

…which Carina sent me (которую Карина скинула мне).
…which was promptly brought (который был принесен сразу).

– В первом случае подлежащее (=действующее лицо) – Carina. Which – дополнение. В таком случае which можно опустить.

– Во втором случае подлежащее – само местоимение which (именно оно было принесено). Подлежащее слишком важно. Его опускать нельзя.

А когда подлежащим является who, его не только нельзя опускать, но и заменять на that:

This is the man who wants to see you. (Это человек, который хочет встретиться с тобой).

Да и в целом осторожнее заменяй who на that. Когда речь идет о людях, лучше использовать who. Тогда точно не ошибешься.

Еще один шаг к пятерке!

Оказалось, все не так сложно, правда? Предлагаем тебе разобраться и с другими темами грамматики с помощью онлайн-курса на Lingualeo и грамматических тренажеров (бесплатные тренировки, доступны после регистрации).

Специальные вопросы в английском языке, как и в русском, задаются с целью выяснить какую-то конкретную информацию о предмете или явлении. Отличительной чертой специальных вопросов в английском является обязательное наличие вопросительных слов.

Такие вопросы в английском языке задается к любому члену предложения. Все зависит от того, что именно нужно узнать человеку.

Примеры

What do you need for a good mood? — Что тебе нужно для хорошего настроения?

What is the main question? — Каков основной вопрос?

When will you be here? — Когда ты будешь здесь?

Вопросительные слова:

What? — Что?

Where? — Где?

When? — Когда?

Why? — Почему?

Who? — Кто?

Which? — Который?

Whose? — Чей?

Whom? — Кого?

How? — Как?

Вопросительные слова what (что), where (где), when (когда) используются чаще всего.

Вопросительные слова в английском начинаются с сочетания букв wh. По этой причине  специальные вопросы также называют «Wh-questions».

Кроме того, в английском языке есть и вопросительные конструкции, состоящие из двух слов:

What kind? — Какой?

What time? — Во сколько?

How many? — Сколько? (для исчисляемых существительных)

How much? — Сколько? (для неисчисляемых существительных)

How long? — Как долго?

How often? — Как часто?

How far? — Как далеко?

Важно помнить, что вопросительное и уточняющее слова в вопросе не разделяются. Вся конструкция ставится в начало предложения.

Примеры

How far will she go? — Как далеко она зайдет?

How long will it take? — Сколько времени это займет?

Выбирая вопросительную конструкцию, автор вопроса определяет, какая именно информация его интересует. Например, к предложению

Maria bakes bread once a week. — Мария печет хлеб раз в неделю.

можно задать несколько вопросов:

Who bakes bread once a week? — Кто печет хлеб раз в неделю?

How often does Maria bake bread? — Как часто Мария печет хлеб?

What does Maria bake once a week? — Что Мария печет раз в неделю?

Как задать специальный вопрос

При формировании специального вопроса за основу берется общий. Например, общий вопрос к предложению

She saw this film. — Она смотрела этот фильм

будет звучать как

Did she see this film? — Она смотрела этот фильм?

Для того чтобы преобразовать его в специальный, необходимо добавить в начало предложения одно из вопросительных слов.

Пример

When did she see this film? — Когда она смотрела этот фильм?

Вспомогательный глагол, как и в общем вопросе, ставится перед существительным, смысловой — после него.

Общая схема построения специального вопроса в английском:

Вопросительное слово + вспомогательный глагол + подлежащее + сказуемое + остальные члены предложения

Примеры

What have you done? — Что ты наделал?

Why has he eaten this? — Почему он съел это?

What are you doing? — Что ты делаешь?

Правила формирования специального вопроса

• Первое место в порядке слов принадлежит вопросительному слову.
• Второе место занимают модальные (should, ought, may, must, can и другие) или вспомогательные (do/does,have/has, to be и другие) глаголы.

Схемы построения видов специальных вопросов в английском языке

• С вспомогательными глаголами (do/does, will, did и т.д.)

Вспомогательные глаголы — это слова, которые не переводятся, а лишь выполняют роль указателей. Они помогают определить время происходящего (настоящее, будущее, прошлое) и количество действующих лиц (много или один).

Схема образования такого вопроса:

Вопросительное слово + вспомогательный глагол + действующее лицо + совершаемое действие

На первом месте будет стоять вопросительное слово, на втором — вспомогательный глагол, далее идет человек или предмет, о котором идет речь и, наконец, действие.

• С модальными глаголами (can, may, should, must и т.д.).

Модальные глаголы не указывают действие (идти, читать, изучать), а показывают отношение к этим действиям (должен идти, могу читать, следует изучать). Они не требуют вспомогательных глаголов, а являются самостоятельными.

Если в предложении присутствует модальный глагол, то вспомогательный глагол не нужен, но вопрос также строится с помощью перестановки подлежащего и сказуемого.

Примеры

We can meet at the station. — Мы можем встретиться на станции.

Where can we meet? — Где мы можем встретиться?

I should eat a banana for lunch. — Мне следует съесть банан на обед.

What should I eat for lunch? — Что мне следует съесть на обед?

Схема образования такого вопроса:

Вопросительное слово + модальный глагол + действующее лицо + совершаемое действие

На первом месте в таком предложении стоит вопросительное слово, на втором — модальный глагол, далее тот, о ком идет речь и совершаемое действие.

• С глаголом to be (am, are, is, was, were, will be).

To be — особый вид глагола. Его мы используем, когда говорим, что кто-то:

— Находится где-то («Он в парке»)

— Является кем-то («Она медсестра»)

— Является каким-то («Кот серый»)

Если в предложении смысловой глагол — это to be, то вопрос задается с помощью перемены мест подлежащего и сказуемого.

Примеры

Last night you were at the theatre. — Прошлым вечером ты был в театре.

Where were you last night? — Где ты был прошлым вечером?

I don’t know why it was so difficult. — Я не знаю, почему это было так сложно.

Why was it so difficult? — Почему это было так сложно?

Схема образования такого вопроса:

Вопросительное слово + глагол to be + действующее лицо + место / состояние / явление

К каким членам предложения ставится специальный вопрос

• Вопрос к дополнению

Дополнение — член предложения, который дает какую-то дополнительную информацию и отвечает на вопросы «Кого?», «Чего?», «Кому?», «Чему?», «Что?».

Вопросы к дополнению — это, чаще всего, вопросы с what или начинающиеся с вопросительного местоимения who или whom (более формальный вариант).

Примеры

The girl saw me yesterday. — Девочка видела меня вчера.

Whom (Who) did the girl see yesterday? — Кого девочка видела вчера?

We are waiting for the train. — Мы ждем поезд.

What are you waiting for? — Чего вы ждете?

He bought a bottle of wine at the supermarket. — Он купил бутылку вина в супермаркете.

What did he buy at the supermarket? — Что он купил в супермаркете?

Вопросительные слова выполняют роль предложных дополнений или определений к предложным дополнениям, в таких предложениях предлог ставится в конце предложения.

Примеры

What are they laughing at? — Над чем они смеются?

What are you talking about? — О чем вы говорите?

What are you thinking of? — О чем ты думаешь?

Who is she talking to? — С кем она разговаривает?

Вопрос может относиться и к неодушевленному предмету.

Примеры

What are you looking at? — На что вы смотрите?

What do you complain of? — На что вы жалуетесь?

• Вопрос к обстоятельству

Обстоятельство — второстепенный член предложения, который отвечает на вопросы «Где?», «Когда?», «Куда?», «Откуда?», «Зачем?», «Почему?», «Как?».

Обстоятельства времени (где, когда)

I will be back on Monday. — Я вернусь в понедельник.

When will I be back? — Когда я вернусь?

Обстоятельство условия (почему)

He asked to call him if needed. — Он просил позвонить ему в случае необходимости.

Why did he ask to call him? — Почему он просил позвонить ему?

Обстоятельство образа действия (как)

These people work very slowly. — Эти люди работают очень медленно.

How do these people work? — Как работают эти люди?

Обстоятельство места (куда, откуда)

These children are from Denmark. — Эти дети из Дании.

Where are these children from? — Откуда эти дети?

Обстоятельство причины (зачем)

You said it to disturb me. — Ты сказал это, чтобы расстроить меня.

What did you say it for? — Зачем ты сказал это?

Если в специальном вопросе в английском языке содержатся словосочетания for what или where from, то вопросительное слово ставится в начале предложения, а предлог — в конце.

Where are these children from? — Откуда эти дети?

What did you say it for? — Зачем ты сказал это?

Вопросительные слова выполняют роль обстоятельств или определений к обстоятельствам, в таких случаях предлоги тоже ставятся после глаголов.

Примеры

Where is she coming from? — Откуда она?

Where is he driving to? — Куда он едет?

What city does she live in? — В каком городе она живет?

• Вопрос к определению

Определение — член предложения, обозначающий признак предмета и отвечающий на вопросы «Какой?», «Чей?».

Примеры

What (в значении «какой»)

I like watching documentary movies. — Я люблю смотреть документальные фильмы.

What movies do you like to watch? — Какие фильмы тебе нравится смотреть?

Which of (который)

These two songs are good. — Эти две песни хорошие.

Which one of these two songs is better? — Какая из этих двух песен лучше?

Whose (чей)

This watch is hers. — Это ее часы.

Whose watch is this? — Чьи это часы?

How much (сколько, для неисчисляемых)

It doesn’t cost much. — Это стоит недорого.

How much does it cost? — Сколько это стоит?

How many (сколько, для исчисляемых)

I work five days a week. — Я работаю пять дней в неделю.

How many days a week do you work? — Сколько дней в неделю ты работаешь?

• Вопрос к подлежащему

При построении специальных вопросов к подлежащему не используются вспомогательные глаголы. Нужно только заменить подлежащее на what или who соответственно.

Схема построения специального вопроса к подлежащему:

Вопросительное слово + сказуемое + второстепенные члены предложения

Важно не путать вопросы к подлежащему с вопросами к дополнению, которые также начинаются со слов what или who.

Отрицательная форма специальных вопросов в английском языке

Для того чтобы сделать из обычного специального вопроса отрицательный, достаточно просто добавить частицу not после подлежащего.

Where did he not go? — Куда он не ездил?

Однако, такая классическая форма отрицательных вопросов встречается крайне редко. В разговорной речи частица not сливается с глаголом и ставится перед подлежащим.

Where didn’t he go? — Куда он не ездил?

How many candies haven’t you eaten? — Сколько конфет ты не съел?

Where can’t I meet you? — Где я могу тебя не встретить?

Where aren’t you studying? — Где ты не занимаешься?

Ответы на специальные вопросы в английском

Специальные вопросы, в отличие от общих, нуждаются в поясняющем ответе. Это может быть полное или неполное предложение.

Примеры

When is he leaving? — Когда он уезжает?

Today. — Сегодня.

When is he leaving? — Когда он уезжает?

He still hasn’t decided. — Он все еще не решил.

What is the matter with them? — Что с ними?

They are suffering from toothache. — Они страдают от зубной боли.

Ответ может состоять из одного или нескольких слов. Эти слова или слово относятся к тому члену предложения, к которому относился вопрос.

Примеры

What is the matter with them? — Что с ними?

Nothing. — Ничего.

How do you like my new shirt? — Как тебе моя новая рубашка?

Oh, it’s awful! — О, она отвратительная!

Where is my sister’s seat? — Где место моей сестры?

Row 13, seat 13. Your sister is a lucky one. — 13 ряд, 13 место. Твоя сестра счастливица.

When will you send the letter? — Когда ты отправишь письмо?

In a week. — Через неделю.

Ответы на вопрос к подлежащему обычно даются в краткой форме и содержат подлежащее, выраженное существительным или местоимением и сказуемое, выраженное вспомогательным глаголом (если таковой употребляется в вопросе) или модальным глаголом.

Who took my pen? — I did.

Кто взял мою ручку? — Я.

Who has read this article? — We have.

Кто прочел эту статью? — Мы.

Ответы на вопросы к дополнению могут иметь полную или краткую форму (последняя чаще употребляется в разговорной речи).

Who(m) did you see there? — Кого вы видели там?

(I saw) Магу. — (Я видел) Мэри.

Who(m) did you give it to? — Кому вы это дали?

(I gave it) to Маrу. — (Я дал это) Мэри.

Ответы на вопросы к определению могут иметь полную или краткую форму в зависимости от ситуации, но чаще краткую — как у ответов на вопросы к подлежащему. Хотя ответы могут состоять и только из одного слова.

Whose brother serves in the army? — Чей брат служит в армии?

My brother does. — Мой (брат).

Mine (does). — Мой.

Whose book is it? — Чья это книга?  

It’s my book. — Это моя книга.

(It’s) mine. — (Это) моя.

(It’s) Peter’s. — Петра.

Which shirt did he choose? — Какую рубашку он выбрал?

The green one. — Зелёную.

(one здесь заменяет слово shirt во избежание повторения)

Ответы на вопросы к обстоятельствам могут иметь полную или краткую форму в зависимости от ситуации. Для разговорной речи характерно употребление кратких ответов.

Where is he from? — Откуда он (родом)?

(Не is from) Britain. —  (Он) из Великобритании.

How long did the concert last? — Сколько длился концерт?

(It lasted) two hours. — (Он продолжался) два часа.

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

A person’s last words, their final articulated words stated prior to death or as death approaches, are often recorded because of the decedent’s fame, but sometimes because of interest in the statement itself. (People dying of illness are frequently inarticulate at the end,^[1] and in such cases their actual last utterances may not be recorded or considered very important.) Last words may be recorded accurately, or, for a variety of reasons, may not. Reasons can include simple error or deliberate intent. Even if reported wrongly, putative last words can constitute an important part of the perceived historical records^[2] or demonstration of cultural attitudes toward death at the time.^[1]

Charles Darwin, for example, was reported to have disavowed his theory of evolution in favor of traditional religious faith at his death. This widely disseminated report served the interests of those who opposed Darwin’s theory on religious grounds. However, the putative witness had not been at Darwin’s deathbed or seen him at any time near the end of his life.^[3]

Both Eastern and Western cultural traditions ascribe special significance to words uttered at or near death,^[4] but the form and content of reported last words may depend on cultural context. There is a tradition in Hindu and Buddhist cultures of an expectation of a meaningful farewell statement; Zen monks by long custom are expected to compose a poem on the spot and recite it with their last breath. In Western culture particular attention has been paid to last words which demonstrate deathbed salvation – the repentance of sins and affirmation of faith.^[3]

Chronological list of last words[edit]

In rising chronological order, with death date specified. If relevant, also the context of the words or the circumstances of death are specified. If there is controversy or uncertainty concerning a person’s last words, this is described in footnotes. For additional suicide notes, see Suicide note.

Pre-5th century[edit]

Many of these stories are likely to be apocryphal.

«Wash me well, hold me to your breast, protect me from the earth (lying against) your breast.»^[5]

— Ḫattušili I, Hittite king (17th century BCE), probably addressing his wife or favorite concubine and expressing his fear of death while being gravely ill.^{[note 1]}

«Draw thy sword, and slay me, that men say not of me, A woman slew him.»^[6][7][8]

(«כֵלָ֗יו וַיֹּ֤אמֶר לוֹ֙ שְׁלֹ֤ף חַרְבְּךָ֙ וּמ֣וֹתְתֵ֔נִי פֶּן־יֹ֥אמְרוּ לִ֖י אִשָּׁ֣ה הֲרָגָ֑תְהוּ וַיִּדְקְרֵ֥הוּ נַעֲר֖וֹ וַיָּמֹֽת׃»)

— Abimelech, king of Shechem (12th century BCE). Mortally wounded in battle by a stone thrown by a woman, he asked his armor-bearer to kill him.

«Let me die with the Philistines.»^{[9][10][11]: 142}

(«תמות נפשי עם־פלשתים»)

— Samson, judge of the Israelites (c. 1078 BCE), prior to bringing down pillars of the Philistine temple and killing 3000 people along with himself

«Draw thy sword, and thrust me through therewith; lest these uncircumcised come and thrust me through, and abuse me.»^[12][13]

(«שְׁלֹף חַרְבְּךָ וְדָקְרֵנִי בָהּ פֶּן יָבוֹאוּ הָעֲרֵלִים הָאֵלֶּה וּדְקָרֻנִי וְהִתְעַלְּלוּ בִי»)

— Saul, king of Israel (c. 1012 BCE), to his servant during the Battle of Mount Gilboa

«My reputation carried me safe through Greece, but the envy it excited at home has been my ruin.»^{[14][note 2]}

— Anacharsis, Scythian philosopher (6th century BCE), mortally wounded with an arrow by his brother, King Caduidas

«You know that during the long time I have been in the world, I have said and done many things; upon mature reflection, I find nothing of which I have cause to repent, excepting a case which I will now submit to your decision, that I may know whether I have acted properly or not.

«On a certain occasion, I chanced to be one of three who sat in judgment on one of my own good friends, who, according to the laws, should have been punished with death. I was greatly embarrassed. One of two things was inevitable—either to violate the law or condemn my friend. After careful consideration, I devised this expedient. I delivered with such address all the most plausible arguments in behalf of the accused, that my two colleagues found no difficulty in acquitting him, and yet I, myself, condemned him to death without assigning any reason for my conduct. Thus I discharged two duties, those of friend and judge; yet I feel in my conscience something which makes me doubt whether my conduct was not criminal.»^{[15]: 131–132}

— Chilon of Sparta, philosopher (6th century BCE), speaking to his friends before his death

«It is better to perish here than to kill all these poor beans.»^{[15]: 130 [note 3]}

— Pythagoras, Ionian Greek philosopher and founder of Pythagoreanism (495 BCE), refusing to escape with his students from the Crotonians through a fava bean field

«All compounded things are subject to vanish. Strive with earnestness.»^{[16][note 4]}

(«वयधम्मा सङखार्आ अप्पमादेन सम्पादेथा»)

— Siddhārtha Gautama Buddha, Indian sage who founded Buddhism (c. 483 BCE)

«Heaven has turned against me. No wise ruler arises, and no one in the Empire wishes to make me his teacher. The hour of my death has come.»^{[citation needed][note 5]}

— Confucius, Chinese philosopher who founded Confucianism (479 BCE)

«Can you turn rainy weather into dry?»^[15]: 128

— Heraclitus, Greek philosopher (c. 475 BCE), asking his physicians for relief from dropsy

«For, no Athenian, through my means, ever wore mourning.»^[15]: 37

— Pericles, Greek statesman (429 BCE), discussing with his friends what his greatest accomplishment had been

«Give the boys a holiday.»^{[8][11]: 4 [17][note 6]}

— Anaxagoras, Greek philosopher (c. 428 BCE), in response to citizens of Lampsacus asking how they could honor his memory

«This to the fair Critias.»^[17]

— Theramenes, Athenian statesman (404 BCE), after swallowing poison hemlock which he had been condemned to drink by Critias

«Crito, we owe a cock to Asclepius. Please, don’t forget to pay the debt.»^[18]

(«Κρίτων, ἔφη, τῷ Ἀσκληπιῷ ὀφείλομεν ἀλεκτρυόνα· ἀλλὰ ἀπόδοτε καὶ μὴ ἀμελήσητε»)

— Socrates, Greek philosopher (399 BCE), just before his death by ingestion of poison hemlock which he was forced to drink as a death sentence

«Men, it is good for me to die on this spot, where honor bids me; but for you, yonder your path lies. Hurry and save yourselves before the enemy can close with us.»^[8]

— Anaxibius, Spartan admiral (388 BCE), before being killed in Athenian ambush

«Then I die happy.»^{[15]: 46 [17]}

— Epaminondas, Greek general and statesman of Thebes (362 BCE). He pulled out the weapon with which he had been impaled in battle once he heard the enemy was fleeing.

«But Alexander, whose kindness to my mother, my wife, and my children I hope the gods will recompense, will doubtless thank you for your humanity to me. Tell him, therefore, in token of my acknowledgement, I give him this right hand.»^{[15]: 24–25}

— Darius III, Achaemenid King of Kings of Persia (330 BCE), to a man who gave him water as he was dying

«How can the teeth of wild beasts hurt me, without consciousness?»^[17]

(«Quid mihi nocebunt ferārum dentes nihil sentienti.»)

— Diogenes, Greek Cynic philosopher (323 BCE), asking for his body to be thrown outside the city wall for animals to eat

«To the strongest.»^{[8][19][note 7]}

(«τῷ κρατίστῳ»)

— Alexander the Great, conqueror and king of Macedonia (c. 11 June 323 BCE), when asked to whom his vast empire should belong after his death

«Now, as soon as you please you may commence the part of Creon in the tragedy, and cast out this body of mine unburied. But, O gracious Neptune, I, for my part, while I am yet alive, arise up and depart out of this sacred place; though Antipater and the Macedonians have not left so much as thy temple unpolluted.»^[15]: 46

— Demosthenes, Greek statesman and orator (12 October 322 BCE), to Archias of Thurii; Demosthenes had taken poison to avoid arrest by Archias

«Ah! poor hump-back! thy many long years are at last conveying thee to the tomb; thou shalt soon see the palace of Pluto.»^{[11]: 40 [15]: 125}

— Crates of Thebes, Cynic philosopher (c. 285 BCE), surveying himself when about to die

«Now, farewell, and remember all my words!»^[21]

— Epicurus, Greek philosopher (270 BCE); the majority of his writings are now lost

«I come, I come, why dost thou call for me?»^{[22][note 8]}

— Zeno of Citium, Greek philosopher and founder of Stoicism (c. 262 BCE), quoting Aeschylus’ play Niobe and striking the ground with his hand after sustaining a minor injury, which he considered a sign that he was about to die. He then killed himself.

«Weep not, friend, for me, who dies innocent, by the lawless act of wicked men. My condition is much better than theirs.»^{[8][15]: 30}

— Agis IV, king of Sparta (241 BCE), prior to execution by strangulation

«O children, whither are you going?»^[15]: 110

— Cratesiclea, queen of Sparta (219 BCE), after seeing the children of her family executed and prior to her own execution

«These, O Cephalon, are the wages of a king’s love.»^{[8][15]: 109}

— Aratus of Sicyon, Hellenistic Greek politician and military commander (213 BCE), after expectorating blood while allegedly being slowly poisoned on the orders of Philip V of Macedon, his former friend

«Do not disturb my circles!»^[8][23][24]

(«Μη μου τους κύκλους τάραττε!»)

— Archimedes, Greek mathematician (c. 212 BCE), to a Roman soldier who interrupted his geometric experiments during the capture of Syracuse, whereupon the soldier killed him

«Go and give the ass a drink of wine to wash down the figs.»^[21]

— Chrysippus, Greek philosopher (c. 206 BCE), before dying of laughter

«It is well that we have not been every way unfortunate.»^[15]: 115

— Philopoemen, Greek general and statesman (183 BCE), sent a cup of poison to kill himself after being captured in battle. He asked the messenger with the poison about his cavalry and was told that most of them had escaped.

«Let us ease the Roman people of their continual care, who think it long to await the death of an old man.»^[25]

(«Liberemus diuturna cura populum Romanum, quando mortem senis exspectare longum censent.»)

— Hannibal, Carthaginian general (c. 182 BCE)

«Let no one weep for me, or celebrate my funeral with mourning; for I still live, as I pass to and fro through the mouths of men.»^{[15]: 74 [26]}

— Ennius, writer and poet of the Roman Republic (c. 169 BCE); lines dictated to be engraved on his memorial. Only fragments of his works now survive.

«It is a cold bath you give me.»^[15]: 18

— Jugurtha, king of Numidia (104 BCE), being lowered by the Romans into a damp dungeon to starve to death

«When will the republic find a citizen like me?»^[15]: 48

— Marcus Livius Drusus, Roman politician and reformer (91 BCE), after being stabbed by unknown assassin

«Fear not true Pharisees, but greatly fear painted Pharisees.»^[11]: 3

— Alexander Jannaeus, king of Judea (c. 76 BCE), to his wife

«O wretched head-band!—not able to help me even in this small thing!»^{[15]: 15 [27]}

— Monime, wife of Mithridates VI (72/71 BCE), after failing to hang herself by her crown’s strings in fulfillment of her death sentence

«I am not mistaken, surely, in believing you to have been formerly my fellow-soldier.»^[15]: 118

— Pompey, Roman general and statesman (28 September 48 BCE), to Lucius Septimius, one of his assassins

«You too, my child?»^{[note 9][29][30]}

(«καὶ σὺ, τέκνον;»)

— Julius Caesar, Roman dictator (15 March 44 BCE), discovering that his stepson Brutus was among his murderers

«O wretched virtue! thou art a bare name! I mistook thee for a substance; but thou thyself art the slave of fortune.»^{[11]: 23–24}

— Decimus Junius Brutus Albinus, Roman general and politician, conspirator in Julius Caesar’s assassination (September 43 BCE), quoting from Euripides prior to execution

«I go no further: approach, veteran soldier, and, if you can at least do so much properly, sever this neck. […] What would you have done had you come to me as your first victim?»^{[31][note 10]}

(«Accede, veterane, et, si hoc saltim potes recte facere, incide cervicem […] ‘quid, si ad me inquit primum venissetis?»)

— Cicero, Roman statesman (7 December 43 BCE), facing an assassin sent by an enemy

«Through too much fondness of life, I have lived to endure the sight of my friend taken by the enemy before my face.»^[15]: 121

— Gaius Cassius Longinus, Roman senator and general, one of Julius Caesar’s assassins (3 October 42 BCE), erroneously believing his comrade Titinius had been captured by Mark Antony’s forces at the Battle of Philippi. Cassius then killed himself.

«Yes, indeed, we must fly; but not with our feet, but with our hands.»^[15]: 122

— Marcus Junius Brutus, Roman senator and assassin of Julius Caesar (23 October 42 BCE), after defeat at the Battle of Philippi. He then bade his friends farewell before killing himself.

«You must not pity me in this last turn of fate. You should rather be happy in the remembrance of our love, and in the recollection that of all men I was once the most famous and the most powerful, and now, at the end, have fallen not dishonorably, a Roman by a Roman vanquished.»^{[8][note 11]}

— Mark Antony, Roman politician and general (1 August 30 BCE); to Cleopatra before his suicide

«Here thou art, then!»^{[11]: 36–37}

(«Τόσο εδώ!»)

— Cleopatra, pharaoh of Egypt (12 August 30 BCE), right before she reportedly committed suicide by letting an asp bite her

«Extremely well, and as became the descendant of so many kings.»^[15]: 106

— Charmion, servant to Cleopatra (12 August 30 BCE), when one of Emperor Augustus’ men asked her, «Was this well done of your lady, Charmion?» She then fell dead.

«Death twitches my ear. ‘Live,’ he says. ‘I am coming.'»^[32]: 30

— Virgil, Roman poet (21 September 19 BCE)

«Have I played the part well? Then applaud, as I exit.»^{[29][33][34][note 12][note 13]}

(«Acta est fabula, plaudite.»)

— Augustus, First Roman Emperor (19 August 14 CE)

«It is finished.»^{[note 14]}

(«Ha m’shalam.»)

— Jesus, founder of Christianity (c. 30 CE), right before his death by crucifixion

«Lord Jesus, receive my spirit.^[35] Lord, lay not this sin to their charge.»^{[11]: 158 [35]}

— Saint Stephen, early Christian deacon and protomartyr (c. 34 CE), while being stoned to death

«I am still alive!»^{[33][better source needed]}

— Caligula, Roman emperor (24 January 41 CE), after being fatally stabbed

«It is not painful, Pætus.»^[11]: 6

(«Non dolet, Paete!»)

— Arria, Roman woman (42 CE), to her husband, Aulus Caecina Paetus. He had been condemned to death but given permission to kill himself; when he hesitated to do so, his wife stabbed herself first and handed the dagger to him.^{[note 15]}

«Strike here! Level your rage against the womb which gave birth to such a monster.»^[8]

— Agrippina the Younger, mother of Nero (23 March 59 CE), to her murderer

«Asunder flies the man— / No single wound the gaping rupture seems, / Where trickling crimson flows the tender streams; / But from an opening horrible and wide / A thousand vessels pour the bursting tide: / At once the winding channel’s course was broke, / Where wandering life her mazy journey took.»^[11]: 101

— Lucan, Roman poet (30 April 65 CE), forced to commit suicide after joining in a conspiracy against Nero. He died quoting lines from his own epic poem Pharsalia.

«Too late; is this your fidelity?»^{[11]: 122–123 [28]}

(«Sero… Haec est fides»)

— Nero, Roman emperor (9 June 68 CE), to a soldier trying to save him after his suicide

«Strike, if it be for the Romans’ good.»^{[11]: 63 [15]: 16}

(«Ferirent si ita e republica videretur.»)

— Galba, Roman emperor (15 January 69 CE), prior to beheading by supporters of Otho

«Go and show yourself to the soldiers, lest they cut you to pieces for being accessory to my death.»^[15]: 25

— Otho, Roman emperor (16 April 69 CE), to a freedman, prior to committing suicide

«Yet I was once your Emperor.»^[15]: 12

— Vitellius, Roman emperor (22 December 69 CE), prior to his killing on the Gemonian stairs

«Woe, I think I’m turning into a god… An emperor should die on his feet.»^[36][37]

(«Vae, puto, deus fio… imperatorem stantem oportet mori.»)

— Vespasian, Roman emperor (24 June 79 CE), ironically alluding to the Roman practice of posthumously deifying former emperors, before he collapsed and died when attempting to stand up

«My life is taken from me, though I have done nothing to deserve it; for there is no action of mine of which I should repent, but one.»^{[11]: 169 [note 16]}

— Titus, Roman emperor (13 September 81 CE)

«One!»^[32]: 51

(«אֶחָד»)

— Rabbi Akiva, Jewish scholar and sage (28 September 135 CE), concluding his recitation of the Shema Yisrael while being executed by the Romans

«O my poor soul, whither art thou going?»^[11]: 2

— Hadrian, Roman emperor (10 July 138 CE)

«O Lord God Almighty, Father of Thy well-beloved Son, Jesus Christ, by whom we have received knowledge of Thee; God of angels, powers, and every creature that lives before Thee; I thank Thee that Thou hast graciously thought me worthy of this day and hour, that I may receive a portion in the number of Thy martyrs, and drink of Christ’s cup, for the resurrection of both soul and body unto life eternal, in the incorruptibleness of the Holy Spirit. Among them may I be admitted this day, as an acceptable sacrifice, as Thou, O true and faithful God, hast prepared, foreshown, and accomplished. Wherefore, I praise Thee for all Thy mercies. I bless Thee. I glorify Thee, with Jesus Christ, Thy beloved Son, the Eternal, to Whom, with Thee and the Holy Spirit, be glory now and forever.»^{[15]: 153–154}

— Polycarp, Christian bishop of Smyrna (155 CE), prior to martyrdom by burning and spearing

«Equanimity.»^{[8][15]: 17}

(«Æquanimitas.»)

— Antoninus Pius, Roman emperor (7 March 161 CE), giving the password for the night-watch

«You may go home, the show is over.»^{[11]: 44 [17]}

— Demonax, Greek Cynic philosopher (c. 170 CE)^{[note 17]}

«Go to the rising sun, for I am setting.^{[32]: 91 [39]} Think more of death than of me.»^[32]: 91

— Marcus Aurelius, Roman emperor and philosopher (17 March 180 CE)

«Hurry, if anything remains for me to do.»^[15]: 22

(«Adeste, si quid mihi restat agendum.»)

— Septimius Severus, Roman emperor (4 February 211 CE)

«I am roasted,—now turn me, and eat me.»^{[11]: 96 [note 18]}

(«Assatus est; jam versa et manduca.»)

— Saint Lawrence, Christian deacon (10 August 258 CE), while being burned alive on a gridiron

«God be thanked.»^[15]: 157

— Cyprian, Christian bishop of Carthage and martyr (14 September 258 CE), sentenced to death by beheading

«I am making my last effort to return that which is divine in me to that which is divine in the Universe.»^{[32]: 20 [note 19]}

— Plotinus, Hellenistic philosopher (270 CE)

«And let my word be kept secret by you, so that no one knows the place but you alone. For in the resurrection of the dead I shall receive my body incorruptible once again from the Savior. Distribute my clothing. To Bishop Athanasius give the one sheepskin and the cloak on which I lie, which he gave to me new, but I have by now worn out. And to Bishop Serapion give the other sheepskin, and you keep the hair garment. And now God preserve you, children, for Antony is leaving and is with you no longer.»^[8]

— Anthony the Great, Christian monk from Egypt (17 January 356 CE)

«How am I advanced, despising you that are upon the earth!»^[11]: 104

— Marcus of Arethusa, Christian bishop and martyr (362 CE), hung up in a honey-smeared basket for bees to sting him to death

«And yet Thou hast conquered, O Galilean!»^{[15]: 30 [17][note 20]}

(«Vicisti, Galilaee.»)

— Julian, Roman emperor (26 June 363 CE), mortally wounded in battle. He had rejected Christianity in favor of paganism; according to some accounts, he was assassinated by a Christian.

«In peace I will sleep with Him and take my rest.»^[17]

— Saint Monica, mother of Augustine of Hippo (387 CE)

«My dear one, with whom I lived in love so long, make room for me, for this is my grave, and in death we shall not be divided.»^[11]: 149

— Severus of Ravenna, Bishop of Ravenna (c. 348 CE). According to a traditional story, Severus laid himself in his family tomb alongside his dead wife and daughter, then died.^{[11]: 149 [41]}

«Old though he be, he is the best of all.»^{[8][note 21]}

— Ambrose, Bishop of Milan (4 April 397 CE), when Simplician was mentioned as his possible successor

«What dost thou here, thou cruel beast?»^[17]

— Martin of Tours, third bishop of Tours (8 November 397 CE), to the Devil

5th to 14th centuries[edit]

«Glory to God for all things!^{[11]: 36 [17][42]} Amen.»^{[11]: 36 [17][note 22]}

(«δόξα τῷ θεῷ πάντων ἕνεκεν»)

— John Chrysostom, Early Church Father and Archbishop of Constantinople (14 September 407), while traveling deeper into exile

«And me as I am going towards the God of mine, and I thank His name, as the Lord gave me everything bless His name. And I am telling you, to stand firm on your faith and to search for death for Christ for His name and you will find the permanent glory. I for my life glorified you and all of our race. And do not insult our home and do not abandon the love of the Greeks.»^[43]

(«მე ესე რა წარვალ წინაშე ღმრთისა ჩემისა, და ვმადლობ სახელსა მისსა, რამეთუ არა დამაკლო გამორჩეულთა წმიდათა მისთა. აწ გამცნებ თქუენ, რათა მტკიცედ სარწმუნოებასა ზედა სდგეთ და ეძიებდეთ ქრისტესთჳს სიკუდილსა სახელსა მისსა ზედა, რათა წარუვალი დიდება მოიგოთ. მე ჴორციელებრითა დიდებითა გადიდენ თქუენ ნათესავთა ჩემთა. და სახლსა ჩუენსა ნუ შეურაცხჰყოფთ, და სიყუარულსა ბერძენთასა ნუ დაუტეობთ».)

— Vakhtang I, Georgian monarch (502/22), to his son Dachi.

«Here must I stop. What follows, let Baithen write.»^[15]: 173

— Columba, Irish abbot and missionary evangelist (8 June 597), ceasing to transcribe a Psalter

«Oh God, the Friend Most High!»^{[44][45][46][note 23]} or «The prayer, the prayer! And fear Allah with regard to those whom your right hands possess»

(«اللَّهُمَّ الرَّفِيقَ الأَعْلَى») or  «الصلاة ، الصلاة! واتقوا الله في من يملك يمينكم»)

— Muhammad, Prophet of God in Islam (8 June 632)

«My children, these fearful forests and these barren rocks shall be adorned with cities and temples, where the name of Jesus shall be openly adored. Ye shall abandon your precarious and hard chase, and assemble together under temples lofty as those pines, and graceful as the crown of the palm.

«Here shall my Saviour be known in all the simplicity of his doctrines. Ah! would that I might witness it; but I have seen those things in a vision. But I faint! I am weary! My earthly journey is finished! Receive my blessing. Go! and be kind one to another.»^[11]: 66

— Goar of Aquitaine, priest and hermit (6 July 649), dying in Oberwesel, Austrasia

«I desire that whatever merits I may have gained by good works may fall upon other people. May I be born again with them in the heaven of the blessed, be admitted to the family of Mi-le, and serve the Buddha of the future, who is full of kindness and affection. When I descend again upon earth, to pass through other forms of existence, I desire at every new birth to fulfill my duties toward Buddha, and arrive at the end to the highest perfect intelligence.»^[15]: 139

— Xuanzang, Chinese Buddhist monk, scholar, traveler and translator (5 February 664)

«You speak truth, all is finished now. Glory to God.»^{[15]: 175 [note 24]}

— Bede, English Benedictine monk (26 May 735); to a scribe to whom he was dictating a translation of the Gospel of John

«Lord, into Thy hands I commend my spirit.»^{[11]: 35 [15]: 25 [17][25][47]}

— Charlemagne, European monarch (28 January 814), quoting Jesus

«Out! out!»^{[11]: 99 [17]}

(«Huz! huz!»)

— Louis the Pious, King of the Franks (20 June 840), after turning his face to the wall before dying

«Thou my dear son, set thee now beside me, and I will deliver thee true instructions. My son, I feel that my hour is coming. My countenance is wan. My days are almost done. We must now part. I shall to another world, and thou shalt be left alone in all my wealth. I pray thee (for thou art my dear child) strive to be a father, and a lord to thy people. Be thou the children’s father, and the widow’s friend. Comfort thou the poor, and shelter the weak; and, with all thy might, right that which is wrong. And, son, govern thyself, by law; then shall the Lord love thee, and God above all things shall be thy reward. Call thou upon him to advise thee in all thy need, and so shall he help thee, the better to compass that which thou wouldest.»^{[8][15]: 20–21 [note 25]}

— Alfred the Great, king of the Anglo-Saxons (26 October 899), to his son, Edward the Elder

«I have now reigned above fifty years in victory or peace; beloved by my subjects, dreaded by my enemies, and respected by my allies. Riches and honors, power and pleasure, have waited on my call, nor does any earthly blessing appear to have been wanting to my felicity. In this situation, I have diligently numbered the days of pure and genuine happiness which have fallen to my lot: they amount to Fourteen:—O man! place not thy confidence in this present world!»^{[8][48][note 26]}

— Abd al-Rahman III, first Caliph of Córdoba (15 October 961)

«You urge me in vain. I am not the man to provide Christian flesh for pagan teeth to devour, and it would be so acting if I delivered unto you that which the poor have laid by for their subsistence.»^{[8][note 27]}

(«Christianorum carnes paganis dentibus conterendas dare. Ego equidem id faciam, si quod paupertas ad vitem paraverat, vestries hoc morsibus abutendum tradam.»)

— Ælfheah of Canterbury, Archbishop of Canterbury (19 April 1012), refusing to pay ransom before being killed by his Danish captors

«How shameful it is that I, who could not die in so many battles, should have been saved for the ignominious death of a cow! At least clothe me in my impenetrable breastplate, gird me with my sword, place my helmet on my head, my shield in my left hand, my gilded battle-axe in my right, that I, the bravest of soldiers, may die like a soldier.»^{[49][note 28]}

— Siward, Earl of Northumbria (1055), dying of dysentery

«I have loved justice and hated iniquity; therefore I die in exile.»^{[11]: 69 [15]: 176 [17][32]: 56 [50]}

(«Dilexi iustitiam et odivi iniquitatem propterea morior in exilio.»)

— Pope Gregory VII (25 May 1085), in exile in Salerno due to his conflicts with Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor

«Then to our blessed Lady Mary, the mother of God, I commend myself. May she, by her holy intercessions, reconcile me to our Lord and Savior, Jesus Christ. God be merciful to—»^{[15]: 26 [note 29]}

— William the Conqueror, King of England (9 September 1087), after hearing bell ringing Prime

«I shall not long hesitate between conscience and the Pope,^{[note 30]} for I shall soon appear in the presence of God, to be acquitted, I hope; to be condemned, I fear.»^{[8][11]: 14 [note 31]}

— Berengar of Tours, French Christian theologian (6 January 1088), dying in ascetic solitude on the island of Saint-Cosme near Tours

«Shoot, Walter, in the devil’s name!»^[17]

— William II of England (2 August 1100), to Walter Tirel, who allegedly shot the king in a hunting accident

«Yes, if it be His will, I shall obey it willingly. But were He to let me stay with you a little longer till I have resolved a problem about the origin of the soul, I would gladly accept the boon; for I do not know whether anyone will work it out when I am gone. If I could but eat, I think I should pick up a little strength. I feel no pain in any part of my body; only I cannot retain nourishment, and that exhausts me.»^{[8][note 32]}

— Anselm of Canterbury, Archbishop of Canterbury (21 April 1109)

«I wished to do more harm than I could.»^[51]

(«Plus volui nocere quam potui.»)

— Ranulf Flambard, Norman Bishop of Durham and government minister (5 September 1128)

«I don’t know.»^{[8][32]: 16 [52]}

(«Je ne sais.»)

— Peter Abelard, French philosopher and theologian (21 April 1142)

«May God’s will be done.»^{[8][11]: 15 [note 33]}

— Bernard of Clairvaux, Burgundian abbot (20 August 1153), on being told he was dying

«In death at last let me rest with Abelard.»^[11]: 76

— Héloïse, French nun, philosopher, writer, scholar and abbess (16 May 1163–64?)

«For the name of Jesus and the protection of the church I am ready to embrace death.»^{[53][54][note 34]}

— Thomas Becket, Archbishop of Canterbury (29 December 1170), to his murderers

«Lord, have mercy upon me. Wilt thou break a bruised reed?»^[8][11]: 6

— Andronikos I Komnenos, Byzantine Emperor (12 September 1185), lynched by his former subjects

«Now let the world go as it will; I care for nothing more.»^[17]

— Henry II of England (6 July 1189), on being told his son John was one of those conspiring against him

«When I am buried, carry my winding-sheet on the point of a spear, and say these words: Behold the spoils which Saladin carries with him! Of all his victories, realms, and riches, nothing remains to him but this.»^[17]

— Saladin, first sultan of Egypt and Syria (4 March 1193)

«Youth, I forgive thee! Take off his chains, give him 100 shillings, and let him go.»^[17]

— Richard I of England (6 April 1199), with reference to the young man who had mortally wounded him with a crossbow

«Under the feet of my friars.»^{[11]: 48–49}

— Saint Dominic, Castilian Catholic priest, founder of the Dominican Order, when asked where he wanted to be buried (6 August 1221)

«I have sinned against my brother, the ass.»^{[32]: 55 [note 35]}

— Francis of Assisi, Italian Catholic friar (3 October 1226)

«Let not my end disarm you, and on no account weep or keen for me, lest the enemy be warned of my death.»^[50]

(«Миний төгсгөлийг чамаас гуйхгүй, ямар ч шалтгаангүйгээр битгий уйлж, дуулгавартай байгаарай, дайсан минь миний үхлээс сэрэмжлүүлцгээе.»)

— Genghis Khan, warlord and khan of Mongolia (18 August 1227)

«I see my God. He calls me to Him.»^[8][17]

— Anthony of Padua, Portuguese Catholic priest and Franciscan friar (13 June 1231)

«Don’t cut my face.»^[56]

(«Ikke hugg meg i ansiktet»)

— Skule Bårdsson, Norwegian nobleman (24 May 1240), before being killed by supporters of King Haakon IV of Norway

«By the arm of St. James, it is time to die.»^{[17][note 36]}

— Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester (4 August 1265), before dying at the Battle of Evesham

«O my mother! how deep will be thy sorrow at the news of this day!»^[11]: 38

— Conradin, last direct heir of the House of Hohenstaufen (29 October 1268), prior to execution by beheading at the age of 16

«I will enter thy house. I will worship in Thy sanctuary.»^{[15]: 17 [note 37]}

— Louis IX of France (25 August 1270)

«I am on the way to Spires to visit the kings, my predecessors.»^[15]: 26

— Rudolf I of Germany (15 July 1291); he was buried at Speyer Cathedral

«Carry my bones before you on your march, for the rebels will not be able to endure the sight of me, alive or dead.»^{[11]: 50–51}

— Edward I of England (7 July 1307), to his son, Edward II of England, while dying during a war with Scotland

«Pope Clement, Chevalier Guillaume de Nogaret, King Philip! I summon you to the Tribunal of Heaven before the year is out!»^{[57][note 38]}

— Jacques de Molay, last Grand Master of the Knights Templar (11 or 18 March 1314), before being burned at the stake

«King of heaven, do thou have mercy on me, for the king of earth hath forsaken me.»^{[15]: 111 [note 39]}

— Thomas, 2nd Earl of Lancaster (22 March 1322), before beheading for treason against his cousin, Edward II of England

«I have not told half of what I saw.»^[58]

(«Non ho detto metà di quello che ho visto.»)

— Marco Polo, Venetian traveller in Asia (c. January 9, 1324), responding to skepticism about the content of his memoir, The Travels of Marco Polo

«I give thee thanks, O God, for all thy benefits, and with all the pains of my soul I humbly beseech thy mercy to give me remission of those sins I have wickedly committed against thee; and of all mortal men whom willingly or ignorantly I have offended, with all my heart I desire forgiveness.»^[11]: 51

— Edward the Black Prince, heir to the English throne (8 June 1376)

«Jesus.»^[15]: 18

— Edward III of England (21 June 1377), kissing a crucifix

«Ah, Jesus!»^[11]: 34

— Charles V of France (16 September 1380)

«Because they are all under my command, they are sworn to do what I bid them.»^[17]

— Wat Tyler, leader of the Peasants’ Revolt (15 June 1381), prior to being killed by officers loyal to Richard II of England

«I am a dead man! Lord, have mercy upon me!»^[17]

— Gaston III, Count of Foix (1 August 1391)

15th century[edit]

«Never yet has death been frightened away by screaming.»^[32]: 91

— Timur, Turco-Mongol conqueror, founder of the Timurid Empire (17–19 February 1405)

«O, holy simplicity!»^{[32]: 57 [50][note 40]}

(«O Sancta Simplicitas!»)

— Jan Hus, Czech theologian and church reformer (6 July 1415). While being burned at the stake for heresy, he saw an old woman throw a small amount of brushwood onto the fire.

«O Lord God, Father Almighty, have mercy upon me, and be merciful unto mine offences, for^{[15]: 146–147} thou knowest how sincerely I have loved Thy truth.»^{[15]: 146–147 [17][note 41]}

— Jerome of Prague, Czech scholastic philosopher and theologian (30 May 1416), burned for heresy

«Make my skin into drumheads for the Bohemian cause.»^[17][59][60]

— Jan Žižka, Czech general (11 October 1424)^{[note 42]}

«I die content, after living the prescribed time, and leaving you, my sons, in affluence and health, placed in such a situation as, if you follow my example, will enable you to live honored and respected. I recall nothing in my life with so much pleasure as having given offence to no one, and having tried to serve all men as far as possible. I advise you to act thus, if you would live securely, accepting only those honors as the laws and favor of the state confer upon you; for it is the exercise of power that has been violently—not voluntarily—obtained, that occasions hatred and strife.»^[15]: 89

— Giovanni di Bicci de’ Medici, Italian banker (February 1429)

«Hold the cross high so I may see it through the flames!»^{[32]: 51 [61][62][note 43]}

— Joan of Arc, French military leader and mystic (30 May 1431), while she was burning at the stake

«Fie on life! Speak no more of it to me.»^{[11]: 105 [17]}

(«Fi de la vie! qu’on ne m’en parle plus.»)

— Margaret Stewart, Dauphine of France (16 August 1445)

«O Gabriel, Gabriel, better would it have been for you to have been neither pope, nor cardinal, nor bishop, but to have finished your days as you commenced them, following peaceably in the monastery the exercises of your order.»^[15]: 167

— Pope Eugene IV (born Gabriele Condulmer) (23 February 1447)

«Will not all my riches save me? What, is there no bribing death?»^{[32]: 55 [63]: 195 [note 44]}

— Henry Beaufort (11 April 1447), Cardinal, Bishop of Winchester

«Were I born the son of a farmer, and became a friar of the Abrojo, and not the king of Castile.»^[64]

«Naciera yo hijo de un labrador e fuera fraile del Abrojo, que no rey de Castilla«

— John II of Castile (22 July 1454), King of Castile

«I was born as a lily in the garden, and like the lily I grew, as my age advanced / I became old and had to die, and so I withered and died.»^[65][66]

— Pachacuti (c. 1471/1472), Sapa Inca and founder of the Inca Empire, poem composed on his deathbed

«Our Lady of Embrun, my good mistress, help me.»^[17]

(«Notre dame d’Embrun, ma bonne maitresse, aidez moi.»)

— Louis XI, King of France (30 August 1483)

«Treason! treason!»^[17]

— Richard III of England (22 August 1485), when deserted by his best troops at the Battle of Bosworth Field

«I know only Jesus the crucified.»^[15]: 167

— Wessel Gansfort, Dutch theologian and humanist (4 October 1489)

«I hope never again to commit a mortal sin, nor even a venial one, if I can help it.»^[17]

— Charles VIII of France (7 April 1498)

«My Lord died innocent of all crimes, for my sins; and shall not I willingly give my soul for the love of Him.»^{[15]: 161 [note 45]}

— Girolamo Savonarola, Italian Dominican friar (23 May 1498), when asked before his execution if he was resigned to death

16th century[edit]

«I come. I come. It is right. Wait a moment.»^{[8][32]: 52 [55]}

(«Va bene, va bene, arrivo. Aspettate un momento.»)

— Pope Alexander VI (18 August 1503)

«Into Your hands, O Lord, I commend my spirit.»^{[11]: 37 [15]: 62 [67]}

(«In manus tuas, Domine, commendo spiritum meum.»)

— Christopher Columbus, Italian explorer (20 May 1506), quoting Jesus

«I have taken care of everything in life, only not for death—and now I have to die completely unprepared.»^[68]

— Cesare Borgia, Italian politician and condottiero (12 March 1507)

«We heartily desire our executors to consider how behoofful it is to be prayed for.»^[17]

— Henry VII of England (21 April 1509)

«I believe.»^[8]

— Georges d’Amboise, French Roman Catholic cardinal and minister of state (25 May 1510)

«That is false. I always have served my king loyally and sought to add to his domains.»^{[8][note 46]}

— Vasco Núñez de Balboa, Spanish explorer, governor and conquistador (January 1519), on hearing a herald call him a «usurper of the rights of the Crown» while on the way to his execution by decapitation

«I have offended God and mankind because my work did not reach the quality it should have.»^{[34][63]: 196 [69][70][71][note 47]}

(«Ho offeso Dio e l’umanità perché il mio lavoro non ha raggiunto la qualità che dovrebbe avere.»)

— Leonardo da Vinci, Italian artist and scientist (2 May 1519), to King Francis I of France

«Happy.»^[8][70]

— Raphael, Italian artist (6 April 1520)

«I confide to your care my beloved children, the most precious jewels I can leave you. The great monarch beyond the ocean will interest himself to see that they come into their inheritance, if you present before him their just claims. I know your master will do this, if for no other reason, then for the kindness I have shown the Spaniards, though it has occasioned my ruin. For all my misfortunes, Malinche, I bear you no ill will.»^[11]: 115

— Moctezuma II, Huey Tlatoani or Emperor of the Aztec Empire (29 June 1520), to Hernán Cortés (calling him by the name of his interpreter, La Malinche)

«I have been murdered; no remedy can prevent my speedy death.»^[11]: 97

— Pope Leo X (1 December 1521), rumored to have died by poison

«I am curious to see what happens in the next world to one who dies unshriven.»^[33][72]

— Pietro Perugino, Italian artist (1523), declining the last rites

«I have already confessed my sins to God.»^[11]: 151

— Franz von Sickingen, German knight and Protestant leader (7 May 1523), when his chaplain asked if he wanted to confess prior to his death defending his castle

«At least I may die facing the enemy.»^{[8][note 48]}

— Pierre Terrail, seigneur de Bayard, French knight (30 April 1524), mortally wounded at the Battle of the Sesia (1524)

«I desire to go to hell, and not to heaven. In the former place I shall enjoy the company of popes, kings, and princes, while in the latter are only beggars, monks, hermits, and apostles.»^{[11]: 102 [21][63]: 196}

— Niccolò Machiavelli (21 June 1527), Italian Renaissance diplomat, philosopher and writer

«How long, Lord, shall darkness cover this land? How long wilt thou suffer this tyranny of men? Lord Jesus, receive my spirit.»^[15]: 155

— Patrick Hamilton, Scottish churchman (29 February 1528), while being burned at the stake

«Master Kyngston, I pray you have me commended to his Grace, and beseech him, in my behalf, to call to mind all things that have passed between us, especially concerning good Queen Katharine and himself, and then shall his Grace’s conscience know whether I have offended him or not. He is a prince of most royal courage, and rather than miss any part of his will, he will endanger one-half of his kingdom; and, I do assure you, I have often knelt before him, sometimes for three hours together, to persuade him from his appetite, and could not prevail.

«And, Master Kyngston, had I but served God as diligently as I have served the king, he would not have given me over in my gray hairs. But this is my just reward for my pains and study, not regarding my service to God, but only my duty to my Prince.»^{[15]: 170–171 [note 49]}

— Thomas Wolsey, English archbishop, statesman and cardinal (29 November 1530); to the Lieutenant of the Tower of London, after falling ill on the way to London under arrest for treason

«I give your brothers to your keeping. Be faithful to them and all the people.»^[8]

— Babur, founder of the Mughal Empire and first Emperor of the Mughal dynasty (26 December 1530)

«I pray you, good people, be not the worse to these men on my account, as though they were the authors of my death.»^[15]: 152

— Thomas Bilney, English Christian martyr (19 August 1531). While he awaited burning for heresy, the friars and people present argued over who was responsible for Bilney’s death; the friars threatened to withhold alms from the people if they were blamed

«Can this be considered a calamity? Well!^[11]: 189 they can, indeed, kill the body, but they are not able to kill the soul.»^{[11]: 189 [15]: 169}

— Huldrych Zwingli, priest and leader of the Reformation in Switzerland (11 October 1531), mortally wounded at the Battle of Kappel

«O ye papists: behold, ye look for miracles, and here now ye may see a miracle, for in this fire I feel no more pain than if I were in a bed of down, but it is to me as sweet as a bed of roses.»^[8]

— James Bainham, English lawyer and Protestant reformer (30 April 1532), while burning at the stake for heresy

«That is enough to last till I get to Heaven.»^[11]: 176

— William Warham, Archbishop of Canterbury (22 August 1532), when a servant told him he had thirty pounds left

«Father, into Thy hands I commend my spirit.»^[8][73]

— Ludovica Albertoni, Italian noblewoman, professed member of the Third Order of Saint Francis (31 January 1533), quoting Jesus

«This is not my home.»^{[8][11]: 6 [32]: 21}

— Ludovico Ariosto, Italian poet (6 July 1533)

«What have I done, or my children, that I should meet such a fate? And from your hands, too, you who have met with friendship and kindness from my people who have received nothing but benefits from my hands.»^[8]

— Atahualpa, last Sapa Inca of the Inca Empire (26 July 1533), prior to execution by strangling

«Begone thou wretched beast, which hast utterly undone me.»^{[8][note 50]}

(«Abi perdita bestia, que me perdidisti.»)

— Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa, German polymath and occultist (18 February 1535), to his black dog (allegedly his familiar)

«I die the King’s good servant, and God’s first.»^{[74][75][76][note 51]}

— Thomas More, Lord High Chancellor of Britain (6 July 1535), prior to beheading for treason

«Mine eyes desire thee only. Farewell.»^[78]

(«Oculi mei te solum desiderant. Vale.»)

— Catherine of Aragon, Queen of England (7 January 1536), closing her last letter to her former husband, Henry VIII of England

«Masters, I pray you pray for me, for I have deserved this death.»^[15]: 107

— Mark Smeaton, musician in the household of Queen Anne Boleyn (17 May 1536), prior to beheading for alleged treason and adultery

«Oh God, have pity on my soul. Oh God, have pity on my soul.»^{[53][69][note 52]}

— Anne Boleyn, Queen of England (19 May 1536), prior to her execution by beheading

«Lord! Lord! make an end! make an end!»^[11]: 57

(«Domine! Domine! fac finem! fac finem!»)

— Erasmus, Dutch Catholic priest and humanist scholar (12 July 1536)

«Lord, open the King of England’s eyes.»^{[15]: 144 [32]: 52 [79][note 53]}

— William Tyndale, English scholar and Bible translator (c. 6 October 1536), before being strangled and burned at the stake for heresy

«None but Christ! None but Christ!»^{[15]: 144 [17][80]}

— John Lambert, English Protestant martyr (22 November 1538), while being burned at the stake

«May an avenger arise from my bones.»^[11]: 160

(«Exariare aliquis nostris ex ossibus ultor.»)

— Filippo Strozzi the Younger, Florentine banker (18 December 1538). He carved this line from Virgil’s Aeneid on a mantelpiece with his sword as his suicide note.

«Death cannot destroy us, for it is destroyed already by Him for Whose sake we suffer.»^[15]: 155

— Jerome Russell, Franciscan friar (1539), burned for heresy in Scotland

«God be merciful to me, a sinner; Lord Jesus receive my spirit! Miserere mei Deus secundum magnam misericordiam tuam.»^[15]: 155

— Thomas Forret, vicar of Dollar, Clackmannanshire, burned for heresy (28 February/1 March 1539), quoting Psalm 51

«Did you envy my happiness?»^[15]: 157

— Francisco de San Roman, Spanish merchant and Protestant martyr (1540). While burning at the stake, he moved his head in a way which caused the friars to believe he had recanted. Upon his removal from the flames, he asked them this question and was then returned to the fire.

«I die in the traditional faith.»^[25]

— Thomas Cromwell, 1st Earl of Essex (28 July 1540), prior to beheading for treason and heresy

«I trust in no good works that ever I did, but only in the death of Christ. I do not doubt but through Him to inherit the kingdom of Heaven. But imagine not that I speak against good works, for they are to be done, and verily they that do them not shall never enter into the kingdom of God.»^[8]

— Robert Barnes, English reformer and Protestant martyr (30 July 1540), while being burned at the stake for heresy

«Blessed are they who suffer persecution for righteousness’ sake.»^[15]: 107

— Margaret Pole, Countess of Salisbury (27 May 1541), quoting Matthew 5:10^[81] while an incompetent executioner attempted to behead her

«Jesu!»^{[11]: 130 [17]}

— Francisco Pizarro, Spanish conquistador (26 June 1541), after being stabbed by assassins

«Luis de Moscoso.»^[11]: 45

— Hernando de Soto, Spanish explorer and conquistador (21 May 1542), naming his successor

«It [the Crown of Scotland] came with a lass, and it will go with a lass.»^{[11]: 91 [17][note 54]}

(«It came wi a lass, it’ll gang wi a lass.»)

— James V of Scotland (15 December 1542), on being informed of the birth of his daughter and successor, Mary, Queen of Scots

«Now, O Lord, set thy servant free.»^[17]

— Nicolaus Copernicus, mathematician and astronomer (24 May 1543), paraphrasing Luke 2:29

«We are beggars, this is true.»^{[82][83][note 55]}

(«Wir sind Bettler, Hoc est Verum.»)

— Martin Luther, German theologian who started the Protestant Reformation (18 February 1546)

«Lo! here is a token that I forgive thee; my heart, do thine office.»^{[15]: 158 [note 56]}

— George Wishart, Scottish Protestant reformer and martyr (1 March 1546), kissing one of his executioners on the cheek after the man asked for his forgiveness

«I am a priest; I am a priest! Fie! Fie! All is gone.»^[8]

— David Beaton, Archbishop of St Andrews, final Scottish Cardinal prior to the Scottish Reformation (29 May 1546), during his assassination

«I came not hither to deny my Lord and Master.»^{[15]: 149 [note 57]}

— Anne Askew, English writer and poet (16 July 1546), when offered letter of pardon before being burned at the stake for heresy

«All is lost!^[17] Monks, monks, monks!»^{[11]: 78 [17]}

— Henry VIII, King of England (28 January 1547)

«Farewell, and remember me.»^{[11]: 105–106 [note 58]}

— Margaret of Valois-Angoulême, Queen of Navarre (21 December 1549)

«Jesu, Maria!»^[17]

— George Martinuzzi, Archbishop of Esztergom (16 December 1551), while being assassinated

«Bring down the curtain, the farce is played out.»^{[84][note 59]}

— François Rabelais, French writer and physician (1553)

«Lord take my spirit.»^[11]: 51

— Edward VI of England (6 July 1553)

«Jesus, Son of the eternal God, have mercy on me!»^{[11]: 148 [17]}

— Michael Servetus, Spanish theologian, physician and humanist (27 October 1553), while being burned at the stake for heresy on a pyre of his own books

«Lord, into Thy hands I commend my spirit.»^{[11]: 69–70 [17][note 60]}

— Lady Jane Grey, de facto Queen of England and Ireland (12 February 1554), quoting Jesus prior to her beheading

«What I then said I unsay now; and what I now say is the truth.»^{[17][note 61]}

— Thomas Wyatt the Younger, English politician and leader of Wyatt’s rebellion (11 April 1554), exculpating Princess Elizabeth and Edward Courtenay, 1st Earl of Devon, prior to execution by beheading for treason

«Lord, receive my spirit.»^[11]: 140

— John Rogers, English clergyman, Bible translator and commentator (4 February 1555), prior to burning at the stake for heresy

«Welcome the cross of Christ! welcome everlasting life!»^{[11]: 142–143 [15]: 152}

— Laurence Saunders, English Protestant martyr (8 February 1555), kissing the stake at which he was to be burned

«If you love my soul, away with it!»^{[11]: 81–82 [note 62]}

— John Hooper, Anglican Bishop of Gloucester and Worcester, Protestant martyr (9 February 1555), refusing a pardon prior to burning at the stake for heresy

«Merciful Father of heaven, for Jesus Christ my Savior’s sake, receive my soul into Thy hand.»^{[15]: 151 [note 63]}

— Rowland Taylor, English Protestant martyr (9 February 1555), while being burned at the stake for heresy

«I am not afraid. Lord, Lord, Lord, receive my spirit!»^{[11]: 85–86}

— William Hunter, English silk-weaver and Protestant martyr (27 March 1555), while being burned at the stake for heresy

«Be of good comfort, brother, for we shall have a merry supper with the Lord this night: if there be any way to heaven on horseback or in fiery chariots, this is it.»^[11]: 20

— John Bradford, English Reformer and Protestant martyr (1 July 1555), to John Leaf, a fellow martyr, prior to being burned at the stake

«Let the flames come near me.^[32]: 50 I cannot burn! I cannot burn!»^{[15]: 163 [32]: 50}

— Nicholas Ridley, Bishop of London (16 October 1555). While burning at the stake for heresy, only his lower limbs burned away.

«Be of good comfort, Master Ridley, and play the man; we shall this day light such a candle by God’s grace in England as (I trust) shall never be put out.»^{[11]: 96 [15]: 161 [32]: 50}

— Hugh Latimer, former Bishop of Worcester (16 October 1555); to Nicholas Ridley while they were burning at the stake for heresy

«Like Peter, I have erred, unlike Peter, I have not wept.»

(«Erravi cum Petro, sed non flevi cum Petro.»)^[11]: 64

— Stephen Gardiner, English bishop and politician (12 November 1555)

«Lord Jesus, receive my spirit…^[85] I see the heavens open and Jesus standing at the right hand of God.»^{[78][85][86][note 64]}

— Thomas Cranmer, Archbishop of Canterbury (21 March 1556), alluding to Acts 7:56 prior to execution by burning

«Now I’m oiled. Keep me from the rats.»^{[52][note 65]}

— Pietro Aretino, Italian writer and blackmailer (21 October 1556), after receiving the last rites

«Lord Jesu!»^[8]

— Albert Alcibiades, Margrave of Brandenburg-Kulmbach (8 January 1557)

«Lord, have mercy upon me! Pray, people, while there is time.»^[15]: 146

— Walter Milne, last Protestant martyr burned in Scotland before the Scottish Reformation (28 April 1558)

«Now, Lord, I go!^[11]: 35 Ay, Jesus!»^{[11]: 35 [17]}

— Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor (21 September 1558), looking at a crucifix

«After I am dead,^[11]: 108 you will find Calais written upon my heart.»^{[11]: 108 [17]}

— Mary I of England (17 November 1558). French forces had captured Calais from England earlier that year.

«Nothing else but heaven.»^{[11]: 111 [17][87]}

— Philip Melanchthon, German Lutheran reformer (19 April 1560), when asked if he wanted anything^{[note 66]}

«Farewell, thou who art so beautiful and so cruel; who killest me and whom I cannot cease to love.»^{[15]: 72 [88]}

(«Adieu, toi si belle et si cruelle, qui me tues et que je ne puis cesser d’aimer.»)

— Pierre de Bocosel de Chastelard, French poet (22 February 1563), addressing the window of Holyrood Palace before being hanged for hiding under the bed of Mary, Queen of Scots

«I’m still learning.»^{[25][note 67]}

(«Ancora imparo.»)

— Michelangelo, Italian artist and poet (18 February 1564)

«Thou, Lord, bruisest me; but I am abundantly satisfied, since it is from thy hand.»^[11]: 29

— John Calvin, French theologian and Protestant reformer, principal developer of Calvinism (27 May 1564)

«Tomorrow, at sunrise, I shall no longer be here.»^{[8][25][34][70]}

(«Vous ne me trouverez pas vivant au lever du soleil.»)

— Nostradamus, French seer (2 July 1566), correctly predicting his death

«I desire to die and be with Christ.»^[8]

— Roger Ascham, English scholar and didactic writer (30 December 1568)

«Victory! Victory!»^[15]: 158

(«Vittoria! Vittoria!»)

— Bartolomeo Bartocci, Italian trader (25 May 1569), while burning at the stake for heresy

«I am he; respect my gray hairs, young man!»^[15]: 42

— Gaspard II de Coligny, Admiral of France (24 August 1572), in response to one of his assassins asking, «Art thou Coligny?»

«Now it is come.»^{[11]: 96 [17][note 68]}

— John Knox, founder of the Presbyterian Church of Scotland (24 November 1572)

«Nurse, nurse, what murder! what blood! Oh! I have done wrong. God pardon me!»^{[11]: 34 [17]}

— Charles IX of France (30 May 1574)

«Royal freedom will only be lost with life»^[89]

(«A liberdade real só há de perder-se com a vida»)

— Sebastian of Portugal (4 August 1578), when being advised to surrender, and to hand over his sword to the victors of the Battle of Alcácer Quibir

«It matters little to me; for if I am but once dead they may bury me or not bury me as they please.^[11]: 24 They may leave my corpse to rot where I die if they wish.»^{[11]: 24 [21]}

— George Buchanan, Scottish historian and humanist scholar (28 September 1582), when his servant asked who would pay for his burial after Buchanan told him to distribute his property among the poor

«Over my spirit flash and float in divine radiancy the bright and glorious visions of the world to which I go.»^{[11]: 166 [note 69]}

— Teresa of Ávila, Spanish Carmelite nun, mystic and author (4 or 15 October 1582);^{[note 70]} last words uncertain

«Too late.»^[8]

— Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba (11 December 1582), on learning that the King was to visit him

«We are as neare to Heaven by sea as by land.»^[50][90][91]

— Humphrey Gilbert, English adventurer and explorer (9 September 1583), prior to sinking of HMS Squirrel with all hands

«God have mercy upon me, and upon this poor nation.»^{[11]: 125 [15]: 14 [17]}

(«Mon Dieu, ayez pitié de mon âme; mon Dieu, ayez pitié de ce pauvre peuple.»)

— William the Silent, Prince of Orange (10 July 1584), assassinated by Balthasar Gérard

«Jesus! I pardon you.»^[8]

— Vittoria Accoramboni, Italian noblewoman (22 December 1585), kneeling before a crucifix

«The murder of the Queen had been represented to me as a deed lawful and meritorious. I die a firm Catholic.»^{[8][11]: 6–7}

— Anthony Babington, English gentleman, conspirator in the Babington Plot (20 September 1586), prior to being hanged, drawn and quartered for high treason

«Take it; thy need is greater than mine.»^{[15]: 122 [note 71]}

— Philip Sidney, English poet and soldier (17 October 1586), mortally wounded at the Battle of Zutphen, passing a cup of water to another wounded soldier

«O Lord, into Thy hands I commend my spirit.»^[11]: 107

(«In manus, Domine, tuas commendo animam meam.»)

— Mary, Queen of Scots (8 February 1587), quoting Jesus prior to execution by beheading

«Let the pulse beat as it may, we know the mercy of God will never fail.»^[15]: 22

— Frederick II of Denmark (4 April 1588)

«Absit mihi gloriari nisi in Cruce Domini Nostri Jesu Christi [Far from me to glory except in the cross of Jesus Christ]. Good people, I beseech God to send all felicity.»^[8]

— George Beesley, English Roman Catholic priest and martyr (2 July 1591), prior to execution

«It is time for Matins.»^[32]: 52

— John of the Cross, Spanish Catholic priest and mystic (14 December 1591), dying at the stroke of midnight

«A bishop ought to die on his legs.»^{[11]: 186 [32]: 54}

— John Woolton, Bishop of Exeter (13 March 1594)

«Lord, into Thy hands I commend my spirit.»^{[11]: 162 [17]}

— Torquato Tasso, Italian poet (25 April 1595), quoting Jesus

«Life or death is welcome to me; and I desire not to live, but so far as I may be serviceable to God and His church.»^[11]: 179

— William Whitaker, Calvinistic Anglican churchman, academic and theologian (4 December 1595)

«Do not announce my death.»

(«나의 죽음을 알리지 마라.»)

— Yi Sun-sin, Korean naval commander (16 December 1598), telling his nephew to hide his death by gunshot from his soldiers to avoid demoralizing them during the Battle of Noryang

«I die a martyr and willingly — my soul shall mount up to heaven in this chariot of smoke.»^[11]: 23

— Giordano Bruno, Italian Dominican friar (17 February 1600), prior to burning at the stake for heresy

«Good Doctor, God hath heard my daily petitions, for I am at peace with all men, and He is at peace with me; and from that blessed assurance I feel that inward joy which this world can neither give nor take from me:^{[11]: 81 [92]} my conscience beareth me this witness, and this witness makes the thoughts of death joyful. I could wish to live to do the Church more service, but cannot hope it, for^[92] my days are passed as a shadow that returns not.»^{[15]: 168 [92]}

— Richard Hooker, English priest and theologian (3 November 1600)

17th century[edit]

«May I not seem to have lived in vain.»^{[15]: 99 [33][77]: 18}

(«Ne frustra vixisse videar.»)

— Tycho Brahe, Danish astronomer (24 October 1601), to his assistant Johannes Kepler

«All my possessions for a moment of time.»^{[11]: 53 [15]: 16 [17][61][69][93][note 72]}

— Elizabeth I, queen regnant of England (24 March 1603)

«I cannot bear that any misunderstanding should subsist between you and those who have for so many years shared in my toils and been the companions of my glory.»^[8]

— Akbar, third Mughal emperor (27 October 1605), to his nobles and his son, Jahangir; he then asked their forgiveness if he had ever wronged them

«Stand by me, Tom, and we will die together.»^[17]

— Robert Catesby, leader of the Gunpowder Plot (8 November 1605). Catesby and Thomas Percy were shot by armed men led by Sir Richard Walsh.

«Now I am going.»^[11]: 57

— Paolo Farinati, Italian Mannerist painter (1606), on his deathbed. His wife replied, «I will bear you company, my dear husband,» and also died.

«I begin to perceive and feel the joys of eternal life. I shall soon behold Him, who was sacrificed for men; I long for the blessed sight. All else is to me as dross: there is nothing that could make me wish to live one hour longer.»^[92]

— Joseph Justus Scaliger, French Calvinist religious leader and scholar (21 January 1609)

«I am wounded.»^[11]: 77

— Henry IV of France (14 May 1610), while being assassinated by stabbing

«I receive absolution upon this condition.»^[11]: 134

— François Ravaillac, French Catholic zealot, assassin of Henry IV of France (27 May 1610), receiving conditional absolution prior to his execution due to his insistence that he had no accomplices

«Ease and pleasure quake to hear of death; but my life, full of cares and miseries, desireth to be dissolved.»^[15]: 88

— Robert Cecil, 1st Earl of Salisbury, English statesman (24 May 1612)

«I would say ‘somewhat,’ but I cannot utter it.»^{[60][63]: 198 [note 73]}

— Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales (6 November 1612), when asked if he was in pain

«If there be here any hidden Catholics, let them pray for me, but the prayers of heretics I will not have.»^[94]

— John Ogilvie SJ (10 March 1615), hanged, drawn and quartered at Glasgow Cross because of having preached the Catholic religion, then illegal in Scotland, and for refusing to pledge allegiance to King James VI of Scotland.

«I am Sanada Nobushige, no doubt an adversary quite worthy of you, but I am exhausted and can fight no longer. Go on, take my head as your trophy.»^{[60][note 74]}

— Sanada Yukimura, Japanese samurai warrior (3 June 1615), to his foes prior to his death at the Battle of Tennōji

«Already my foot is in the stirrup.»^[21]

— Miguel de Cervantes, Spanish novelist (22 April 1616)

«Come Lord Jesu, come quickly, finish in me the work that Thou has begun; into Thy hands, O Lord, I commend my spirit, for Thou has redeemed me. O God of truth, save me Thy servant, who hopes and confides in Thee alone; let Thy mercy, O Lord, be shewn unto me; in Thee have I trusted, O Lord, let me not be confounded for ever.»^[8]

— Robert Abbot, Anglican clergyman and academic (2 March 1617)

«What dost thou fear?^[84] Strike, man, strike!»^{[33][84][95][96][note 75]}

— Walter Raleigh, English poet, soldier and courtier (29 October 1618), as he lay ready to be beheaded in the Old Palace Yard at the Palace of Westminster

«They sweat in extremes, for fear of the unwarlike; I am dying undisturbed»^[11]: 171

(«Illi in extremis prae timore imbellis sudor; ego imperturbatus morior.»)

— Lucilio Vanini, Italian philosopher, physician and freethinker (9 February 1619), prior to execution by strangling and burning for atheism and blasphemy

«Make it short. Make it short.»^{[8][note 76]}

(«Maak het kort, maak het kort.»)

— Johan van Oldenbarnevelt, Dutch statesman (13 May 1619), to his executioner

«Oh, would to God I had never reigned! Oh, that those years I have spent in my kingdom I had lived a solitary life in the wilderness! Oh, that I had lived alone with God! How much more secure should I now have died! With how much more confidence should I have gone to the throne of God! What doth all my glory profit, but that I have so much the more torment in my death?»^{[11]: 130 [63]: 195}

— Philip III of Spain (31 March 1621)

«Now I have overcome.»^[8]

— Johann Arndt, German Lutheran theologian (11 May 1621), to his wife

«Jesus, Jesus, Jesus.»^{[8][note 77]}

— Robert Bellarmine, Italian Jesuit and Roman Catholic cardinal (17 September 1621)

«All my life I have carried myself gracefully.»^[11]: 28

— Rodrigo Calderón, Count of Oliva (21 October 1621), when his confessor chastised him for his attention to his appearance prior to his execution by beheading

«Be thou everlasting.»^[11]: 142

— Paolo Sarpi, Venetian historian, prelate, scientist, canon lawyer and statesman (15 January 1623), referring to Venice

«Thy creatures, O Lord, have been my books, but Thy Holy Scriptures much more. I have sought Thee in the fields and gardens, but I have found Thee, O God, in Thy Sanctuary—Thy Temple.»^{[8][11]: 7 [note 78]}

— Francis Bacon, English philosopher and statesman (9 April 1626)

«Blessed be God, though I change my place, I shall not change my company; for I have walked with God while living, and now I go to rest with God.»^[11]: 132

— John Preston, Anglican minister, master of Emmanuel College, Cambridge (20 July 1628)

«Villaine!»^{[97][note 79]}

— George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham (23 August 1628); to his assassin, John Felton, after being stabbed by him

«Hold your tongue; your wretched style only makes me out of conceit with them.»^{[11]: 103 [note 80]}

— François de Malherbe, French poet, critic and translator (16 October 1628), listening on his deathbed to his confessor describing the glories of heaven

«I am the man.»^[17]

— John Felton, assassin of George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham (29 November 1628), referring to the killing of Buckingham

«I do bless.—May Jesus and Mary bless, rule and govern.»^[8]

— Pierre de Bérulle, French Roman Catholic cardinal and statesman (2 October 1629), blessing his congregation while celebrating Mass

«It comes at last, the happy day: Let thanks be given to God in heaven, while we learn pleasure in His way.»^[8]

— Agrippa d’Aubigné, French poet, soldier, propagandist and chronicler (29 April 1630)

«I were miserable, if I might not die.»^{[11]: 49 [note 81]}

— John Donne, English poet, scholar and soldier, Dean of St Paul’s (31 March 1631)

«Now, God be with you, my dear children; I have breakfasted with you, and shall sup with my Lord Jesus Christ this night.»^{[11]: 22–23 [note 82]}

— Robert Bruce of Kinnaird, Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland (27 July 1631)

«I have enough, brother; try to save your own life.»^{[11]: 71–72 [note 83]}

— Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden (16 November 1632), mortally wounded at the Battle of Lützen (1632)

«I am now ready to die. Lord, forsake me not, now my strength faileth me; but grant me mercy for the merits of my Jesus. And now Lord—^[11]: 79Lord, now receive my soul.»^{[11]: 79 [17]}

— George Herbert, Welsh-born poet, orator, and priest of the Church of England (1 March 1633)

«Thy kingdom come, thy will be done.»^[11]: 37

— Edward Coke, English barrister, judge and politician (3 September 1634)^{[note 84]}

«All right then, I’ll say it. Dante makes me sick.»^{[33][98][32]: 26 [99][note 85]}

— Lope de Vega, Spanish playwright (27 August 1635)

«I have kept the faith once given to the saints; for the which cause I have also suffered these things; but I am not ashamed, for I know whom I have believed, and I am persuaded that He is able to keep that which I have committed to Him against that day.»^{[8][note 86]}

— William Bedell, Anglican Lord Bishop of Kilmore (7 February 1642), dying from exposure after being imprisoned and tortured by rebels

«Absolutely, and I pray God to condemn me, if I have had any other aim than the welfare of God and the state.»^[11]: 137

— Cardinal Richelieu, French clergyman and statesman (4 December 1642), when asked whether he pardoned his enemies

«O Lord, save my country! O Lord, be merciful to—»^[11]: 73

— John Hampden, English landowner and politician (24 June 1643), mortally wounded at the Battle of Chalgrove Field six days before his death

«I, feeble and of small virtue, have offended against Heaven; the rebels have seized my capital because my ministers deceived me. Ashamed to face my ancestors, I die. Removing my imperial cap and with my hair disheveled about my face, I leave to the rebels the dismemberment of my body. Let them not harm my people!»^{[citation needed]}

(«朕自登基十七年，虽朕薄德匪躬，上干天怒，然皆诸臣误朕，致逆贼直逼京师。朕死，无面目见祖宗于地下，自去冠冕，以发覆面。任贼分裂朕尸，勿伤百姓一人。»)

— Chongzhen Emperor, the last emperor of Ming Dynasty (24 April 1644)

«Lord, receive my soul.»^[11]: 96

— William Laud, Archbishop of Canterbury (10 January 1645), spoken as the signal to the executioner at his beheading for treason

«Be serious.»^{[11]: 70 [17][note 87]}

— Hugo Grotius, Dutch humanist, diplomat, lawyer, theologian and writer (28 August 1645)

«Ungrateful traitors!»^{[11]: 108–109 [17]}

— Masaniello, Italian fisherman and revolutionary leader (16 July 1647), to his assassins^{[note 88]}

«Ay! but I have been nearer to you, my friends, many a time, and you have missed me.»^[17]

— George Lisle, Royalist leader in the English Civil War (28 August 1648), when the officer in charge of his firing squad said they would hit him

«Stay for the sign.»^{[78][note 89]}

— Charles I of England (30 January 1649), asking for his executioner to await his signal before beheading him

«The covenant which I took, I own it and adhere to it. Bishops, I do not care for them. I never intended to advance their interests.»^[15]: 34

— James Graham, 1st Marquess of Montrose (21 May 1650), prior to execution by hanging, beheading and quartering

«Lord Jesus, receive me!»^[8][101]

— Eusebius Andrews, English royalist (22 August 1650), prior to execution by beheading for treason

«How sweet it is to rest!»^[11]: 164

— John Taylor, English poet (December 1653)^{[note 90]}

«You see what is man’s life.»^[11]: 64

— Pierre Gassendi, French philosopher, Catholic priest, astronomer and mathematician (24 October 1655)

«O Lord, forgive me specially my sins of omission.»^{[15]: 168 [note 91]}

— James Ussher, Church of Ireland Archbishop of Armagh and Primate of All Ireland (21 March 1656)

«It is not my design to drink or to sleep, but^[102] my design is to make what haste I can to be gone.»^{[17][102][note 92]}

— Oliver Cromwell, English general and statesman, Lord Protector (3 September 1658)

«Ah! mes enfans, you cannot cry as much for me as I have made you laugh^{[11]: 143–144 [17]} in my time! I never thought that it was so easy a matter to laugh at the approach of death.»^{[11]: 143–144}

— Paul Scarron, French poet, dramatist and novelist (6 October 1660)

«O, my poor soul, what is to become of thee? Whither wilt thou go?»^[11]: 110

— Cardinal Mazarin, Italian cardinal, diplomat and politician (9 March 1661)

«I bless the Lord that he gave me counsel.»^{[103][unreliable source?]}

— Samuel Rutherford, Scottish pastor (29 March 1661)

«I die not only a Protestant, but with a heart-hatred of popery, prelacy, and all superstition.^{[11]: 6 [15]: 148} Lord Jesus, receive me into Thy glory.»^[15]: 148

— Archibald Campbell, 1st Marquess of Argyll, Scottish nobleman (27 May 1661), before execution by beheading

«I take God to record upon my soul that I would not exchange this scaffold with the palace or mitre of the greatest prelate in Britain. The covenants, the covenants shall yet be Scotland’s reviving.»^[15]: 150

— James Guthrie, Scottish Presbyterian minister (1 June 1661), prior to execution by hanging for high treason

«Jesus, oh Jesus, you are my God, my justice, my strength, my all.»^{[8][note 93]}

— Marie Angélique Arnauld, Abbess of the Abbey of Port-Royal (6 August 1661)

«It is a bad cause which cannot bear the words of a dying man.»^{[17][note 94]}

— Henry Vane the Younger, English politician, statesman and colonial governor (14 June 1662), prior to execution by beheading for treason

«My God, forsake me not.»^{[17][note 95]}

— Blaise Pascal, French mathematician, physicist and theologian (19 August 1662)

«My heart is fixed, O God! my heart is fixed where true joy is to be found.»^[11]: 142

— Robert Sanderson, English theologian and casuist (29 January 1663)

«Abba, Father, accept this, Thy poor sinful servant, coming unto Thee through the merits of Jesus Christ. O pray, pray! praise, praise!»^[15]: 147

— Archibald Johnston, Scottish judge and statesman (22 July 1663), before execution by hanging

«Monsieur de Montaigu, consider what I owe to God, the favor He has shown me, and the great indulgence for which I am beholden to Him. Observe how they are swelled; time to depart.»^[8]

— Anne of Austria, former Queen of France (20 January 1666), looking at her formerly beautiful hands

«And now I begin my intercourse with God, which shall never be broken off. Farewell, father and mother, friends and relations; farewell, the world and all delights; farewell, sun, moon and stars! Welcome, God and Father; welcome, sweet Jesus Christ, the mediator of the new covenant; welcome, blessed Spirit of grace, the God of all consolation; welcome, glory; welcome, eternal life; and welcome, death.»^[15]: 149

— Hugh Mackail, Scottish martyr (22 December 1666), prior to execution by hanging

«My trust is in God.»^[11]: 163

— Jeremy Taylor, Anglican divine (13 August 1667)

«Vex me not with this thing, but give me a simple cross, that I may adore it, both as it is in itself and as I can figure it in my mind.»^[11]: 30

— Alonso Cano, Spanish painter, architect and sculptor (3 September 1667), asking a priest to take away a badly carved crucifix

«I shall have to ask leave to desist, when I am interrupted by so great an experiment as dying.»^{[32]: 20 [63]: 195}

— William Davenant, English poet and playwright (7 April 1668), setting aside the manuscript of a new poem

«Far from well, yet far better than mine iniquities deserve.»^{[11]: 109–110}

— Richard Mather, Puritan minister (22 April 1669), when asked about his health

«Lord!»^[11]: 39

— John Cosin, English churchman (15 January 1672), raising his hand

«Well, my friend, what news from the Great Mogul?»^[11]: 118

— François de La Mothe Le Vayer, French writer (9 May 1672), to physician and traveler François Bernier, who had come to say goodbye to him

«Bad, bad!^[15]: 95 To judge by what I now endure, the hand of death grasps me sharply.»^{[11]: 140 [15]: 95}

— Salvator Rosa, Italian artist and poet (15 March 1673), when asked how he was

«Death is the great key that opens the palace of Eternity.»^[69]

— John Milton, English poet and intellectual (8 November 1674)

«I did not mean to be killed today.»^{[60][63]: 197}

(«Je ne veux point être tué aujourd’hui.»)

— Henri de La Tour d’Auvergne, Viscount of Turenne (27 July 1675), struck by a cannonball at the Battle of Salzbach

«I would never have married had I known that my time would be so brief. If I had known that, I would not have taken upon myself double tears.»^[8]

— Alexis of Russia, Russian Tsar (8 February [O.S. 29 January] 1676)

«I have seen the glories of the world.»^{[8][32]: 51}

— Isaac Barrow, English Christian theologian and mathematician (4 May 1677)

«Well, ladies, if I were one hour in heaven, I would not be again with you, as much as I love you.»^[11]: 108

— Mary Rich, Countess of Warwick (12 April 1678)

«How beautiful!»^[11]: 121

— Giovan Battista Nani, Venetian ambassador, librarian and historian (5 November 1678)

«I shall be happy.»^[17]

— James Sharp, Archbishop of St Andrews (3 May 1679)

«Now I am about to take my last voyage,^{[11]: 80 [17][32]: 32 [69]} a great leap in the dark.»^{[11]: 80 [17][25][32]: 32 [69][note 96]}

— Thomas Hobbes, English philosopher (4 December 1679)

«The only objection against the Bible is a bad life.»^[11]: 184

— John Wilmot, 2nd Earl of Rochester, English poet and courtier (26 July 1680)

«I do not fear death.»^{[11]: 17–18}

— Thomas Blood, Anglo-Irish officer and desperado (24 August 1680)

«I do forgive you.»^[11]: 84

— William Howard, 1st Viscount Stafford (29 December 1680), to his executioner prior to beheading for alleged treason

«Now the bitterness of death is past.»^[15]: 84

— William Russell, Lord Russell (21 July 1683), after bidding farewell to his wife prior to execution by beheading for treason

«Stop. Change that to say, ‘I am yet in the land of the dying, but I hope soon to be in the land of the living.'»^{[68][note 97]}

— John Owen, English Nonconformist church leader and theologian (24 August 1683), when his secretary had written «I am still in the land of the living» in a letter in his name

«I know that my Redeemer liveth. I die for the good old cause.»^{[11]: 162 [17]}

— Algernon Sidney, English politician (7 December 1683), prior to execution by beheading for treason

«My God, my Father, and my Friend, / Do not forsake me in the end.»^[11]: 48

— Wentworth Dillon, 4th Earl of Roscommon, Anglo-Irish landlord, Irish peer, and poet (18 January 1685), quoting from his own translation of the «Dies irae»

«I have been a most unconscionable time dying, but I beg you to excuse it.»^{[63]: 195 [note 98]}

— Charles II of England (6 February 1685)

«There are six guineas for you, and^[11]: 147 do not hack me as you did my Lord Russell.^{[11]: 147 [62]} I have heard that you struck him three or four times. My servant will give you more gold if you do your work well.»^[11]: 147

— James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth, illegitimate son of Charles II of England (15 July 1685), to Jack Ketch, his executioner. Ketch was nervous and took several blows to behead Scott.

«Lord, into Thy hands I commend my spirit; for Thou hast redeemed me, Lord God of truth.»^[15]: 147

— James Renwick, Scottish minister (17 February 1688), before execution by hanging

«Take me, for I come to Thee.»^[32]: 15

— John Bunyan, English writer and preacher (31 August 1688)

«O, come in glory! I have long waited for Thy coming. Let no dark cloud rest on the work of the Indians. Let it live when I am dead. Welcome joy!»^[11]: 53

— John Eliot, Puritan missionary to the American Indians, founder of Roxbury Latin School (21 May 1690)

«I need nothing but God, and to lose myself in the heart of Jesus.»^[8]

— Margaret Mary Alacoque, French Roman Catholic nun, promoter of devotion to the Sacred Heart of Jesus (17 October 1690)

«Never heed; the Lord’s power is over all weakness and death.»^[11]: 58

— George Fox, English Dissenter, founder of the Religious Society of Friends (13 January 1691)

«I know that it will be well with me.»^[11]: 58

— John Flavel, English Presbyterian clergyman and author (26 June 1691)

«Death, death. O I thank Him, I thank Him. The Lord teach you to die.»^{[8][note 99]}

— Richard Baxter, English Puritan church leader, poet, hymnodist and theologian (8 December 1691)

«Nectare clausa suo, / Dignum tantorum pretium tulit illa laborum.»^{[11]: 147–148}

— Louise-Anastasia Serment, French natural philosopher and poet (1692); lines addressed to Death

«You are a lyer;^[104][105] I am no more a Witch than you are a Wizard, and if you take away my Life, God will give you Blood to drink.»^{[104][105][106]}

— Sarah Good, American woman accused of witchcraft during the Salem witch trials (29 July [O.S. 19 July] 1692), to Reverend Nicholas Noyes prior to execution by hanging^{[note 100]}

«More weight.»^{[note 101]}

— Giles Corey, English-born American farmer (19 September 1692), before being pressed to death during the Salem witch trials

«Oh, that this were for Ireland.»^[109]

— Patrick Sarsfield, 1st Earl of Lucan, Irish soldier (21 August 1693), mortally wounded at the Battle of Landen

«My Lord, why do you not go on? I am not afraid to die.»^[11]: 108

— Mary II of England (28 December 1694), when the clergyman reading the prayers for the sick paused due to being overcome by grief^{[note 102]}

«O death, where is thy—»^[11]: 78

— Philip Henry, English Nonconformist clergyman and diarist (24 June 1696), quoting 1 Corinthians 15:55^[111]

«Debt!»^[11]: 110

— Hortense Mancini, Duchesse de Mazarin, niece of Cardinal Mazarin and mistress of Charles II of England (2 July 1699), dying in financial ruin^{[note 103]}

«I am nothing.»

— Charles II of Spain (1 November 1700)

18th century[edit]

19th century[edit]

20th century[edit]

21st century[edit]

Ironic last words[edit]

«Let no one weep for me, or celebrate my funeral with mourning; for I still live, as I pass to and fro through the mouths of men.»^{[15]: 74 [112]}

— Ennius, writer and poet of the Roman Republic (c. 169 BCE); lines dictated to be engraved on his memorial. Only fragments of his works now survive.

«Let all brave Prussians follow me!«

— Field Marshal Kurt Christoph Graf von Schwerin (6 May 1757), at the Battle of Prague, immediately before being struck by a cannonball.^{[113][114][115]}

«Thomas Jefferson survives.»^[116]

— John Adams, president of the United States (4 July 1826), unaware that Jefferson had died earlier that same day

«They couldn’t hit an elephant at this distance. […] All right, my man; go to your place.»^[117]

— General John Sedgwick (9 May 1864) at the Battle of Spotsylvania Court House shortly before being shot in the eye.^[118]

«Sergeant, the Spanish bullet isn’t made that will kill me.»

— Captain Buckey O’Neill (1 July 1898), one of Theodore Roosevelt’s Rough Riders, just before being shot in the mouth prior to charge up Kettle Hill.^[72]

«I think I’m going to make it.»

— Richard A. Loeb (28 January 1936), after being slashed 56 times with a razor in a prison fight.^[62]

«I’ll show you that it won’t shoot.»

— Johnny Ace (25 December 1954), American musician, playing with a .32 caliber revolver.^[8][70]

«What do you think I’m gonna do? Blow my brains out?»

— Terry Kath (23 January 1978), of the band Chicago, just before putting a supposedly unloaded semi-automatic 9-mm pistol to his temple and pulling the trigger.^[119]

«I’ve got to be crazy to do this shot. I should’ve asked for a double.»

— Vic Morrow, American actor (23 July 1982), prior to being killed along with two child actors during filming in the Twilight Zone accident^[120]

«I feel great.»^[70][121]

— Pete Maravich, American basketball player (5 January 1988), before dying of undiagnosed heart defect during pickup game

«I told u I was hardcore […] u are so fucking stupid»

— Brandon Vedas (12 January 2003), American computer enthusiast talking on IRC during a drug overdose^[122]

«You’re a lifesaver, Andy.»

— William Donaldson, British satirist and playboy (22 June 2005), to the caretaker of his building, who had collected pills for him^[25]

Independently notable last words[edit]

This section is for last words that pass Wikipedia’s notability guidelines and have therefore warranted their own article.

«Do not disturb my circles!»^[8][23][24]

(«Μη μου τους κύκλους τάραττε!»)

— Archimedes, Greek mathematician (c. 212 BCE), to a Roman soldier who interrupted his geometric experiments during the capture of Syracuse, whereupon the soldier killed him

«You too, my child?»^{[note 104][29][30]}

(«καὶ σὺ, τέκνον;»)

— Julius Caesar, Roman dictator (15 March 44 BCE), discovering that his stepson Brutus was among his murderers

«It is finished.»^{[note 105]}

(«Ha m’shalam.»)

— Jesus, founder of Christianity (c. 30 CE), right before his death by crucifixion

«Death to fascism! Freedom to the people!»^[123]

(«Smrt fašizmu, sloboda narodu!»)

— Stjepan Filipović, Yugoslav communist (22 May 1942), seconds before execution by hanging

«Are you guys ready? Let’s roll.»^[8][33][124]

— Todd Beamer, American passenger on United Airlines Flight 93 (11 September 2001), signaling the start of the revolt against the flight’s hijackers, resulting in the plane crashing in the ensuing struggle for the controls, killing all 44 aboard

«I can’t breathe. I can’t breathe. I can’t breathe. I can’t breathe. I can’t breathe. I can’t breathe. I can’t breathe. I can’t breathe. I can’t breathe. I can’t breathe. I can’t breathe.»

— Eric Garner, American former horticulturist (17 July 2014), after being put in a chokehold by an arresting NYPD officer

See also[edit]

• Last words, about the actual final utterings of dying patients
• Last words of Julius Caesar
• Last Words of Christ
• Gallows humor
• List of unusual deaths
• Death poem
• Last meal

Notes[edit]

References[edit]