Which and that word usage

In today’s usage which and that are both used to introduce restrictive clauses, those which cannot be removed from the context of the sentence, and which is also used to introduce nonrestrictive clauses, those which provide additional information but can be removed without the sentence falling apart. These rules are actually older than the words themselves, which were frequently interchangeable until the 18th century.

Do you suffer from low self-esteem? Do you have anxiety, or difficulty making decisions? Do you find yourself unable to decide whether you should use that or which when composing a sentence? In the event that you answered “yes” to either of the first two questions you have our sympathies, but as a dictionary we can offer little else. However, if the source of your trouble is the issue of that and which we may be of some small assistance.

that vs which

Use ‘which’ or ‘that’ to introduce a restrictive clause, and ‘which’ to introduce a nonrestrictive clause.

Restrictive and Unrestrictive Clauses

Before we begin, you should be warned that it’s time to put your grammar pants on, since we’re about to dive into the world of restrictive and nonrestrictive clauses. (If you don’t know what grammar pants are, they are itchy woolen slacks that are too tight, and magically make you mildly dissatisfied with the choices of everyone around you.)

Once upon a time, long ago, when the English language was still basking in its Edenic youth, that and which were freely interchanged. Everyone was very happy.

Render therefore unto Caesar the things which are Caesars; and unto God the things which are Gods.
—Joseph Hall, A Plaine and Familiar Explication, 1633

Render therefore unto Caesar, the things that are Caesars; and unto God, the things that are Gods.
—Robert Grosse, Royalty and Loyalty, 1647

Render therefore unto Caesar the things that are Caesar’s, and unto God the things which are God’s.
—Samuel Sturmy, The Mariners Magazine, 1669

Render therefore unto Caesar the things which are Caesars: and unto God the things that are Gods.
—Richard Hollingworth, An Exercitation Concerning Usurped Powers, 1650

The careful reader may have noticed that in the four examples given above, all published within a span of four decades, each of the authors writes what is essentially the same sentence, but uses that and which in a manner that is different from each of the others. The mid-17th century was apparently a period of syntactical free love. Then the rules on restrictive and nonrestrictive clauses came along.

If you are not a copy editor, or someone who is deeply interested in grammar, you may have forgotten what restrictive and nonrestrictive clauses are. A restrictive clause is a part of a sentence that may not be removed without rendering that sentence incomplete, difficult to understand, or with its meaning substantially changed. “The essay that covers grammar is very boring” contains a restrictive clause (“that covers grammar”) that is important in making the sentence understood. “The essay that covers grammar, which I read while I was supposed to be working, is very boring,” contains the same restrictive clause, but also has a nonrestrictive clause (“which I read while I was supposed to be working”). This nonrestrictive clause adds information to the sentence, but it is not imperative to include it.

If you would prefer a sartorial analogy, the nonrestrictive clause functions like a silk scarf; you may wish to wear one when leaving the house, but your day won’t really be affected if you decide to leave it at home. The restrictive clause, however, is more akin to pants; your day will have a decidedly problematic tone if you leave home without them.

That underwent a period of decline at the end of the 17th century, then made a comeback several decades later. When it reappeared, that was used for nonrestrictive clauses much less frequently than it had previously been (although some writers, such as Thackeray and Tennyson, still used it in this way quite often).

Rules for ‘Which’ and ‘That’

Soon, grammarians tried to establish a set of rules to govern the use of these words. As is so often the case when a grammatical rule is established based on the preference of usage writers, rather than actual usage, there was a great deal of disagreement as to what the rules should actually be. In 1906 the Fowler brothers (Henry Watson and Francis George) published The King’s English, and came up with a firm set of guidelines which were adopted by many subsequent usage guides (the Fowlers used the terms defining and non-defining instead of restrictive and nonrestrictive).

That should never be used to introduce a non-defining clause.

Which should not be used in defining clauses except when custom, euphony, or convenience is decidedly against the use of that.

—Fowler, F.G. & H.W., The King’s English, 1906

There are some problems with these rules. The main one is that they don’t really work. Some twenty years after the brothers first issued them, Henry Watson wrote another book on usage. He plaintively expressed his feelings on the way that people were treating that and which:

…if writers would agree to regard that as the defining relative pronoun, & which as the non-defining, there would be much gain both in lucidity & in ease. Some there are who follow this principle now; but it would be idle to pretend that it is the practice either of most or of the best writers.
—H. W. Fowler, A Dictionary of Modern English Usage, 1926

It has been pointed out that if most of your language’s writers do not follow a rule (and the best writers seem to disregard it as well) then you may have to accept that it’s not much of a rule. Another issue with the Fowler’s dicta is that if you say that your rule can be ignored for reasons of “custom, euphony, or convenience”, it would appear to be more of a mild suggestion than a rule.

It is true that that is rarely found today used in nonrestrictive clauses (although poets still use it thusly), but which seems to have a fair degree of flexibility to it, and can perform very nicely in restrictive clauses, nonrestrictive clauses, and in annoying people who feel that it should never be found outside of a nonrestrictive clause. Here is what our own usage guide, the Merriam-Webster Dictionary of English Usage, has to say on the matter:

We conclude that at the end of the 20th century, the usage of which and that—at least in prose—has pretty much settled down. You can use either which or that to introduce a restrictive clause—the grounds for your choice should be stylistic—and which to introduce a nonrestrictive clause.

Another way of looking at this is that if your clause is bracketed by commas (“the article on grammar, which I started while eating lunch, seemed to never end”) it is likely a nonrestrictive clause, and you can give it a which. If it is not surrounded by commas, then it is most likely a restrictive clause, and you can choose to give it a that or a which. If anyone questions your decision, you can say that you are following the advice of the Fowlers, and are making a decision based on custom, euphony, and convenience.

Оба местоимения мы используем в речи довольно часто. Но они не синонимы. В английском каждое из этих слов имеет свои условия употребления. Не всегда будет корректно применить «That» на месте «Which». И наоборот. Рассмотрим, как разграничивать сферу их использования и грамотно их употреблять.

Особенности выбора

Чтобы не ошибиться с выбором, не забывайте про одну вещь. Помните, что когда вам нужно сказать о человеке, эти местоимения использовать нельзя. Для указания на одушевленное лицо применяется только местоимение «Who». Слова «Which» и «That» подходят исключительно для описания неодушевленных предметов или животных без кличек. При этом у каждого местоимения будет свой смысловой оттенок.

  • «That» применяется в качестве определения. Причем это слово выделяет предмет среди множества других по какому-то признаку. Оно вносит в реплику конкретику, уточняет сведения, помогает обозначить конкретный объект из общей массы таких же вещей.

All bags that are over 30 pounds will not be permitted. / Все сумки, вес которых превышает 30 фунтов, не разрешены.

  • «Which» тоже выполняет функцию определения. Но при этом такое местоимение не отделяет предмет от других по какому-то особенному признаку. Оно просто делает акцент на определенном качестве вещи.

Her bedroom, which is on the third floor, is messy. / Ее спальня, которая находится на третьем этаже, грязная.

Правила разграничения

Разграничивать эти слова очень просто. Одно имеет добавочное значение, поэтому легко убирается из предложения. А второе содержит в себе строгое условие, поэтому такое местоимение не выйдет удалить из высказывания.

  • «That» нельзя убрать из предложения без потери смысла. Это местоимение задает важную деталь, делает акцент на каком-либо качестве объекта, выделяя его на фоне других. Данное слово вносит уточняющую информацию, без него вся фраза окажется бессмысленной.

My car that has a broken seat in the parking. / Моя машина та, со сломанным сиденьем на парковке.

  • «Which» указывает на несущественный признак. Если удалить конструкцию с этим словом, то смысл фразы не поменяется. По этой причине обороты с «Which» обычно выделяются запятыми. Это своеобразная подсказка, что всю конструкцию можно удалить, смысл выражения не поменяется.

My car, which has a broken seat, is in the parking. / Моя машина, у которой сломанное сиденье, стоит на парковке.

Еще один способ поставить грань между этими словами – это учитывать тип придаточного предложения. Важно, что именно вы хотите сказать, по какому принципу выделить качество предмета.

  • «That» применяется только в Restrictive clauses (предложения, которые передают индивидуальный признак какого-то предмета).

His bike that is red goes fast. / Тот мой красный мотоцикл ездит быстро.

Здесь имеется в виду, что у рассказчика есть большая коллекция мотоциклов. Но только красный считается самым скоростным. По этой причине убрать часть предложения с «That» нельзя – потеряется весь смысл высказывания.

  • «Which» употребляется в Nonrestrictive clauses (предложения, которые вводят дополнительную информацию, не меняя содержание всей конструкции).

His bike, which is red, goes fast. / Мой мотоцикл, который красный, ездит быстро.

В этой фразе говорящий сообщает, что его мотоцикл перемещается стремительно. А цветовая гамма в данном случае – лишь дополнительная деталь, которую можно и удалить, не меняя значение всей реплики.

Чтобы хорошо знать английский, нужно разбираться во всех языковых нюансах. Тогда у вас не возникнет проблем во время заграничного путешествия, общения с носителями языка или трудоустройства на работу за рубежом. Зная правила использования схожих по значению слов, вы не допустите ошибок, сможете без проблем сдать любой языковой экзамен и получить заветный сертификат по английскому языку. А если в процессе подготовки возникли сложности, обращайтесь к нам! В WSE работают опытные преподаватели, которые не только доступно объяснят все правила, но и помогут качественно подготовиться к любым международным тестам на уровень владения английским языком.

В английском полно слов-определителей и вопросительных слов, с которыми все не так просто. Например, у what и that разница не столько в буквах, сколько в смыслах, хотя на русский они оба переводятся, как «что».

Но русский перевод лучше оставить в стороне. Здесь главное уловить истинное значение и связь между этими английскими словами, а уж на родном языке можно как угодно сказать — и «что», и «который», и «какой».

That и which как относительные местоимения

Чтобы понять ту роль, которую играют иногда that и which, нужна небольшая грамматическая справка.

Относительные местоимения (relative pronouns на английском) — это такие слова, которые нужны, чтобы связать две части предложения. Одна его часть обычно называет объект (о чем или о ком говорится), а вторая дает о нем какие-то подробности.

table 1

Относительные местоимения в английском бывают следующие:

Who кто

Whom кого

Whose чей

Which который

That который

  • Who и whom используются, когда мы говорим о людях:

The girl who played with fire.

Девочка, которая играла с огнем.

  • Which — о вещах:

Facebook blocked the pages which I liked.

Фейсбук заблокировал страницы, которые я лайкнул.

  • That — и о том, и о другом.

The girl that I like.

Девушка, которая мне нравится.

The idea that I cannot accept.

Идея, которую я не могу принять.

Relative pronouns используются:

  • После существительного, чтобы уточнить, какой человек (предмет) имелся в виду.

The money that I earned.

Деньги, которые я заработал.

The man who changed the world.

Человек, который изменил мир.

  • Чтобы дать больше информации о предмете или человеке (в этом случае нельзя употреблять that) :

My aunt, who is 69, still works as a teacher.

Моя тетя, которой 69 лет, все еще работает учителем.

The house, which is owned by Santa is in Lapland.

Дом, которым владеет Санта, находится в Лапландии.

Остановимся на местоимении that.

Когда в предложении встречается that, это значит, что до этого момента уже было упомянуто что-то, о чем шла речь. «That» используется, чтобы описать и определить вещь, про которую вы УЖЕ говорили.

Например:

Where is the book? (Где книга?)
Which book? (Какая книга?)
The book that I was reading. (Книга, которую я читал).

I saw that movie. (Я видел то кино).
Which movie? (Какое кино?)
The movie that you were talking about. (Кино, про которое ты мне рассказывал).

«That» определяет предшествующее существительное и соединяет объект, упомянутый ранее, с другими членами предложения.

То есть, в примере

The car that cost me around 10000 Euros.

Машина, которая стоила мне около 10000 евро,

До того уже была упомянута машина, именно поэтому дальше идет that.

Употребление what и which в вопросах. Разница между which и what.

Основная функция слова what — задавать вопросы, начинающиеся на «что?», «какой?».

Примеры вопросов:

What is he doing? (Что он делает?)

What is love? (Что такое любовь?)

What are your hobbies? (Какие у тебя хобби?)

Which — более формальный способ задать похожий вопрос. Особенно часто это слово употребляется, когда нужно выбрать из нескольких вариантов. В русском ему соответствуют вопросительные слова «который?» «какой именно?»

Можно заменить which с помощью what, и ошибки не будет.
Например:

Which of the following answers is true?

Какой из следующих ответов правильный?

В этом предложении определенно есть ситуация выбора, поэтому which идеально подходит. С what предложение тоже «работает»:

What of the following answers is true?

Но наоборот сделать получается не всегда. Если мы захотим изменить

What is your name? (дословно: какое твое имя?)

на

Which is your name?

это будет иметь смысл только в том случае, если есть список с именами, и говорящий показывает его собеседнику и просит сделать выбор.

Отличие what от that

Мы уже сказали, что с what часто начинаются вопросы.

Но это слово встречается и в утвердительных предложениях. И если в них нет ответа на вопрос «что?», то эту недостающую информацию можно заменить местоимением what:

What he did was terrible.

То, что он сделал, было ужасно.
(Что он сделал? Покормил аквариумных рыбок кошачьим кормом? Надел носки разного цвета? Мы не знаем, поэтому используем what).

Обычно, говоря «what» подразумевают «вещь, которая», или «то, что».

What you need is a cup of strong hot coffee.
(Та вещь, которая тебе нужна чашка крепкого горячего кофе).

Возьмем фразу:

What I’m going to tell you is very important.

(То, что я собираюсь тебе рассказать, очень важно).

Неизвестно, что автор собирается рассказать. Поэтому он использовал what.

Но почему бы не сказать:

That I’m going to tell you is very important?

That, как мы знаем, используется после существительного, когда мы уже знаем, о чем идет речь. Поэтому ни с того, ни с сего, без контекста, это местоимение просто не воспринимается.

А что, если мы изменим этот пример, и добавим существительное перед местоимением? Сможем ли мы тогда использовать that?

The secret that I’m going to tell you about is very important.

Секрет, о котором я тебе расскажу, очень важный.

Получилось! Поставив существительное «секрет» в начало предложения, мы сделали возможным использование that.

Итак, что же нового мы сегодня узнали?

  • That и which могут связывать части предложения и переводиться, как «который».
  • Which в вопросительных предложениях подразумевает ситуацию выбора.
  • That говорит об определенности, о том, что предмет разговора нам знаком.
  • What используется там, где есть недостаток информации.

If you aren’t sure when to use which vs. that in your writing, don’t feel bad. They are one of the most common questions I get from readers, wondering when it is correct to use which word.

Which and that are both complicated words in English with many different uses inside a sentence. And while they both can be used in other constructions, the confusion between the two usually centers on their uses as relative pronouns. If you’re not sure what these are, don’t worry; everything you need is explained below.

What is the Difference Between Which and That?

Many people say the differences between these two words aren’t really differences at all. Still, many people yet swear by the traditional rule I will outline below.

That and Which as Pronouns

how-to-use-that-or-whichA brief, important note on using which or that as pronouns: be careful when using them to refer to people. Many style guides specify writers to solely use who when referring human beings and/or animals with a name. For example,

  • The woman who opened the door for you is my mom. (CORRECT)
  • The woman that opened the door for you is my mom. (WRONG)

Which and that are used, instead, for inanimate objects or animals without a name. For example,

  • The car, which had already ran out of gas, now has a flat tire.
  • The bat that I threw hit the bleachers.
  • I am sick of the dog that keeps barking.

This rule is followed by the AP Stylebook but not the Chicago Manual of Style. It’s not clear that it’s absolutely necessary, but if you are writing a paper or any piece of formal writing, it’s probably best to observe the rule.

When to Use That

The traditional American English rule regarding that and which states that that should be used with restrictive clauses and which should be used with nonrestrictive clauses.

A restrictive clause is one that is essential to the meaning of a sentence. They are also sometimes called essential clauses. A restrictive clause is used to narrow a category or identify a particular item being talked about. It restricts the meaning, making it more specific. For example,

  • All bags that are over 50 pounds will not be permitted.

The words that are over 50 pounds restrict the kind of bags you are talking about by making your sentence more specific. Without them you would be saying that no bags are permitted at all.

You should also note that restrictive clauses are not set off by commas.

When to Use Which

which-versus-that-grammarWhile that is used restrictively, which is used nonrestrictively with nonrestrictive clauses.

A nonrestrictive clause is one that is nonessential to meaning of the sentence. If you removed it, the sentence would still be understood. This doesn’t mean they are pointless; nonrestrictive clauses add some bit of extra information to the sentence. For example,

  • My bedroom, which is on the second floor, is very messy.

The words which is on the second floor add an extra piece of information about my bedroom. But if you were to remove them from the second, you would still understand that my bedroom is messy.

Nonrestrictive clauses, since they are parenthetical in nature, are always set off by commas. As you see above, there is a comma before which and after floor. These commas are very important because they can change the entire meaning of a sentence should you not have them in place.

The Chicago Manual of Style holds that which can be used restrictively when it is preceded by a preposition. For example,

  • The situation in which you put us is very dangerous.
  • The school from which I graduated is very prestigious.

Why You Need To Use That and Which Correctly

Restrictive clauses (or essential clauses) do not have commas introducing or surrounding them, but nonrestrictive (or nonessential clauses) do have commas introducing or surrounding them.

Now, as I said above, misplacing a comma when you are dealing with restrictive and nonrestrictive clauses can change the entire meaning of your sentence. The same goes for using that when you really mean which. For example, consider the following sentences,

  • My dirt bike that is green goes really fast.
  • My dirt bike, which is green, goes really fast.

The first sentence suggests that we might have more than one dirt bike and that out of our collection the green one is the fast one.

The second sentence, since the words which is green can be removed, simply informs the reader that my dirt bike is green, and it can go really fast.

It should be noted, however, that the commas in these sentences are really doing the brunt of the work, not necessarily the words which and that.

Quiz and Sentence Examples

Below are a few sentences you can use to practice,

  1. My mother was a great woman ______ always helped me with my writing.
  2. The year ______ our daughter was born was a great year.
  3. This book, ______ was written last November, is a great read.
  4. Any book ______ gets them reading is worth having.
  5. He scored 81 points in that game, ______ is hardly an easy accomplishment.

Display the answers below

Remember the Difference

A good way to remember when to use that vs. which is that “which clauses” can be removed from the sentences. You could say that you can throw out the “whiches” and no meaning will be lost.

The “thats,” however, cannot be removed from your sentences without changing the meaning.

A Note on British English Usage

I began by saying that this is a standard American English rule. In British English, writers seldom observe the distinction between that vs. which, and even though Fowler’s Usage Guide recognizes that much is to be gained by recognizing the distinction, not all British writers do.

Summary

That and which should not be used to refer to people.

That is reserved for restrictive clauses, essential to a sentence’s meaning.

Which is used with nonrestrictive clauses, nonessential to a sentence’s meaning.

Answers

  1. Who
  2. That
  3. Which
  4. That
  5. Which

Contents

  • 1 What is the Difference Between Which and That?
  • 2 That and Which as Pronouns
  • 3 When to Use That
  • 4 When to Use Which
  • 5 Why You Need To Use That and Which Correctly
  • 6 Quiz and Sentence Examples
  • 7 Remember the Difference
  • 8 A Note on British English Usage
  • 9 Summary
      • 9.0.1 Answers


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It can be hard to know when to use “which” and when to use “that” in a sentence, even if you are a native English speaker. Knowing the difference between a restrictive and non-restrictive clause and when and how to use them can help you learn how to use “which” and “that” correctly.

  1. Image titled Use "That" and "Which" Correctly Step 1

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    Determine what a restrictive clause is. The key to knowing if you need to use “which” or “that” in a sentence is deciding if you need to create a restrictive or non-restrictive clause.

    • A restrictive clause is one that sets limits on the subject of the sentence. A restrictive clause also contributes to the meaning of the sentence – the sentence won’t make sense without the restrictive clause.
    • For example, the sentence “I like flowers that are purple” has a restrictive clause in it and removing it would change the meaning of the sentence. “That are purple” is the restrictive clause, because without it you would just be telling people that you like flowers in general.[1]
  2. Image titled Use "That" and "Which" Correctly Step 2

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    Determine what a non-restrictive clause is. A non-restrictive clause adds information to the sentence, but removing it doesn’t change the meaning of the sentence. These are usually separated by commas before and after the clause. They may also be distinguished by dashes or parentheses.

    • For example, the sentence, “The car, which is red, was totaled in the accident,” has a non-restrictive clause in it because “which is red” can be removed without changing the sentence’s meaning. The car will still be totaled, whether we know its color or not. “Which is red” is the non-restrictive clause.[2]

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  3. Image titled Use "That" and "Which" Correctly Step 3

    3

    Determine if you’re using a restrictive or non-restrictive clause. When you’re trying to figure out if you’re using a restrictive or non-restrictive clause, ask yourself if the clause changes the meaning of the sentence or if it just adds information to it.

    • If taking out the clause changes the meaning of the sentence, you’re using a restrictive clause. In the sentence «Jimmy likes apples that are red» taking out «that are red» changes the meaning of the sentence; we might think Jimmy likes all apples and not just the red ones. «That are red» is, therefore, a restrictive clause.
    • If taking out the clause doesn’t change the meaning of the sentence, you’re using a non-restrictive clause.[3]
      In the sentence «Jimmy thinks apples, which grow on trees in his yard, are the best fruit,» taking out «which grow on trees in his yard» doesn’t change the meaning of the sentence. We still learn that apples are Jimmy’s favorite fruit, and therefore «which grow on trees in his yard» is a non-restrictive clause.
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  1. Image titled Use "That" and "Which" Correctly Step 4

    1

    Use “that” for restrictive clauses. If you determine that omitting the clause changes the meaning of the sentence, you need to use “that” in your sentence.[4]

    • For example, in the sentence “I like dogs that are brown,” the clause “that are brown” is crucial to understanding the sentence; it limits what type of dogs you like.
  2. Image titled Use "That" and "Which" Correctly Step 5

    2

    Use “which” for non-restrictive clauses. If omitting the clause only removes additional information from the sentence, you need to use “which” in your sentence.

    • For example, in the sentence “I took the firetruck, which is my niece’s favorite toy, to be fixed,” the clause “which is my niece’s favorite toy” only adds information to the sentence. You’re taking the firetruck to be fixed – the fact that the truck is your niece’s favorite doesn’t change the meaning of the sentence.[5]
  3. Image titled Use "That" and "Which" Correctly Step 6

    3

    Determine where you should place commas. If you’re creating a non-restrictive clause and therefore using “which” in your sentence, the clause should usually be surrounded by commas. In some cases, though, you may also use dashes or parentheses to separate a non-restrictive clause.

    • For example, “I love lobster, which is expensive, because it reminds me of growing up by the ocean,” would still have the same meaning without “which is expensive.” Therefore, «which is expensive» is the phrase you should surround with commas.
    • If you know you have a non-restrictive clause and need to use “which,” but don’t know where to put the commas, test it. Your sentence should still make sense if you take out the words surrounded by commas.[6]
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  • Question

    How is «which» used in a question?

    Community Answer

    «Which» is used in a question when you are referring choices or options. Some examples would be «Which flower do you like?» «Which song do you want to play?» «Which store are we going to?»

  • Question

    How do I use «should» and «must» correctly?

    Community Answer

    «Should» is a suggestion; «must» is an insistence, usually used when something is imperative.

  • Question

    «I was sorry that I could not to go to class.» Is this sentence correct?

    Donagan

    Almost. «…that I could not go to class.»

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Article SummaryX

To use “that” and “which” correctly, determine if the clause in question would change the meaning of the sentence if it were removed. If it does change the meaning of the sentence, use “that.” For example, in the sentence, “I like flowers that are red,” you’d use “that” because if you removed the phrase, “that are red,” the meaning of the sentence would change. Alternatively, if the phrase is just adding information to the sentence, as in, “That car, which is red, is mine,” you’d use “which” because removing the phrase, “which is red,” wouldn’t change the meaning. For tips on how to place commas around these types of phrases, read on!

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