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Where the word “dollar” came from
Surprise! Surprise! The word “dollar” has German origin and is much older than the USA and its currency! In 1516 in Bohemia, in a place called “Joachimsthal” (which means “Joachim’s valley”) a silver mine was opened, and they started to produce coins known as “Joachimsthalers”. This long word was soon shortened to “thalers” and called “dalers” by the Dutch. The English changed this word to “dollar” and began to use it when speaking of any large silver foreign coin. In North America, for instance, English settlers referred to the Spanish piece of eight reals as the “Spanish dollar”.
(отрывок из текста)
Откуда произошло слово «доллар»
Сюрприз! Сюрприз! Слово «доллар» имеет немецкое происхождение и намного старше, чем США и их валюта! В 1516 году в Чехии, в месте под названием «Joachimsthal» (что означает «долина Иоахима») был открыт серебряный рудник, и они начали выпускать монеты, известные как «Joachimsthalers». Это длинное слово вскоре сокращено до «талера», голландцы говорили «далер». Англичане изменили это слово на «доллар» и начали использовать его, когда речь шла о какой-либо большой серебряной иностранной монете. В Северной Америке, например, английские поселенцы называли испанские восемь реалов — «испанский доллар».
В течение нескольких лет после получения независимости американцы не имели свою собственную валюту, они использовали любые иностранные монеты, которые могли получить, включая испанские доллары. Но они понимали, что новой нации нужна своя валюта. Томас Джефферсон решительно возражал против использования английской системы. Это была его идея назвать американские деньги «доллары», словом, которое было уже знакомо людям. Доллар был официально объявлен денежной единицей США в 1785 году.
Say if the following statements are true, false or not stated. – Скажите, верны ли следующие утверждения, ложные или не указано.
1. According to the text, the word “thaler” is connected with a certain place name. — В соответствии с текстом, слово «талер» связано с название определенного места.
a) true b) false c) not stated
2. The Dutch brought German thalers to Britain. — Голландцы принесли немецкие талеры в Великобританию.
a) true b) false c) not stated
3. In English the word “dollar” was at first used to describe any silver coin. — В английском языке слово «доллар» сначала было использовано для описания любой серебряной монеты.
a) true b) false c) not stated
4. Thomas Jefferson wanted the US to have their own currency. — Томас Джефферсон хотел, чтобы США имели свою собственную валюту.
a) true b) false c) not stated
5. According to the text, for 9 years the USA didn’t have currency of their own. — В соответствии с текстом, в течение 9 лет США не имели свою собственную валюту.
a) true b) false c) not stated

Источник

Many people are fascinated by etymology, and will happily spend a large amount of time tracing some specific word’s history, looking back through hundreds of years of history in search of lexical information. While we are always happy to see people indulge their passion for language, we must also say that in many cases the story of a word’s history is likely to be a rather dry affair. If you are at a dinner party, and someone tries to engage you in small talk by telling you the interesting story of a word such as posh there is a good chance that the word’s history will not actually be as supposed.

The ‘dollar’ is known throughout the world, but the word’s origin story begins hundreds of years ago in a small town in Bohemia.

However, there are thousands and thousands of English words with great backstories. Take, for instance, the humble dollar: why do we call our basic unit of currency by this name?

It all begins, logically enough (if you accept a somewhat loose definition of “logically”), in a small mountain town in northwestern Bohemia, named Jáchymov. In the beginning of the 16th century this town (located in what today is the Czech Republic) was known by its German name, Sankt Joachimsthal, which may be translated as “dale (or valley) of Joachim.” This may not seem yet like it allows a logical path to the modern dollar, but it will.

About the beginning of the 16th century the Count of Schlick (a name that comes from genuine history books, and not from a Lemony Snicket novel) opened a mine in this town, and from its ore began to mint and issue a good amount of silver coin. William Lyman Fawcett, in his Gold and Debt; an American Handbook of Finance (1879) informs us that these coins were “of uniform weight and fineness” and that “traders of the time were in want of some international standard,” and so “these coins soon became in good repute all over Europe under the names of Schlicken thalers or Joachim’s thalers.”

The second of these names, more often written as joachimstaler, appeared to have had more success than did schlicken thaler, although it did not last for a terribly long time. Soon the name of this coin became shortened to the German taler, and from there became daler. By the middle of the 16th century the English language had added daler to its vocabulary, used in reference to an increasing variety of coins from Europe and elsewhere which were being so described.

The dollar was proposed as the monetary unit of the United States in the early 1780s, and adopted formally in 1792 (although they were not actually issued as currency until 1794). Since that time our language has taken on a remarkable number of synonyms for this word for “100 cents,” often found in the form of slang. We have paid for things with bones, bucks, smackers (and smackeroos), clams, iron men (for silver dollars), plunks, and simoleons.

Although the list of slang and colloquial terms for the dollar (and other denominations of our currency, such as Benjamin for the $100 bill, which bears the portrait of Benjamin Franklin) is long and quite creative, we are sad to report that the word based on the long-dead Count appears to have been largely overlooked. If you are of a mind to try to introduce a new bit of slang for the dollar, and would like to spice your coinage with a degree of historical flair you could certainly do worse than schlickenthaler.

Источник

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This article is about the name used for currencies. For the currency used in the United States of America, see United States dollar. For other uses, see Dollar (disambiguation).

Countries or territories that use a non-US currency named dollar

Countries that formerly used a dollar currency

The Joachimsthaler of the Kingdom of Bohemia was the first thaler (dollar).

Dollar is the name of more than 20 currencies. The United States dollar, named after the international currency known as the Spanish dollar, was established in 1792 and is the first so named that still survives. Others include the Australian dollar, Brunei dollar, Canadian dollar, Eastern Caribbean dollar, Hong Kong dollar, Jamaican dollar, Liberian dollar, Namibian dollar, New Taiwan dollar, New Zealand dollar, Singapore dollar, Trinidad and Tobago Dollar and several others. The symbol for most of those currencies is the dollar sign $ in the same way as many countries using peso currencies. The name «dollar» originates from Bohemia and a 29 g silver-coin called the Joachimsthaler.

Economies that use a «dollar»[edit]

Currency	ISO 4217 code	Country or territory	Established	Preceding currency
Eastern Caribbean dollar	XCD	Antigua and Barbuda	1965	British West Indies dollar
Australian dollar	AUD	Australia and its territories	1966-02-14	Australian pound 1910-1966 Pound sterling 1825-1910
Bahamian dollar	BSD	Bahamas	1966	Bahamian pound
Barbadian dollar	BBD	Barbados	1972	Eastern Caribbean dollar
Belize dollar	BZD/USD	Belize	1973	British Honduran dollar
Bermudian dollar	BMD	Bermuda	1970	Pound sterling
Brunei dollar (Alongside the Singapore dollar)	BND (SGD)	Brunei	1967	Malaya and British Borneo dollar
Canadian dollar	CAD	Canada	1858	Spanish dollar pre-1841 Canadian pound 1841–1858 Newfoundland dollar 1865–1949 in the Dominion of Newfoundland
Cayman Islands dollar	KYD	Cayman Islands	1972	Jamaican dollar
Eastern Caribbean dollar	XCD	Dominica	1965	British West Indies dollar
United States dollar	USD	East Timor	2002	Indonesian rupiah
United States dollar	USD	Ecuador	2001	Ecuadorian sucre
United States dollar	USD	El Salvador	2001	Salvadoran colón
Fijian dollar	FJD	Fiji	1969	Fijian pound
Eastern Caribbean dollar	XCD	Grenada	1965	British West Indies dollar
Guyanese dollar	GYD	Guyana	1839	Eastern Caribbean dollar
Hong Kong dollar	HKD	Hong Kong	1863	Rupee, Real (Spanish/Colonial Spain: Mexican), Chinese cash
Jamaican dollar	JMD	Jamaica	1969	Jamaican pound
Kiribati dollar along with the Australian dollar	KID / AUD	Kiribati	1979	Australian dollar
Liberian dollar	LRD	Liberia	1937	United States dollar
United States dollar	USD	Marshall Islands
United States dollar	USD	Federated States of Micronesia
Namibian dollar along with the South African rand	NAD	Namibia	1993	South African rand
Australian dollar	AUD	Nauru	1966
New Zealand dollar	NZD	New Zealand and its territories and dependencies	1967	New Zealand pound
United States dollar	USD	Palau
Eastern Caribbean dollar	XCD	Saint Kitts and Nevis	1965
Eastern Caribbean dollar	XCD	Saint Lucia
Eastern Caribbean dollar	XCD	Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Singapore dollar (Alongside the Brunei dollar)	SGD (BND)	Singapore	1967	Malaya and British Borneo dollar
Solomon Islands dollar	SBD	Solomon Islands	1977	Australian pound
Surinamese dollar	SRD	Suriname	2004	Surinamese guilder
New Taiwan dollar	TWD	Taiwan	1949	Old Taiwan dollar
Trinidad and Tobago dollar	TTD	Trinidad and Tobago	1964	British West Indies dollar
Tuvaluan dollar along with the Australian dollar	TVD / AUD	Tuvalu	1976
United States dollar	USD	United States and its territories	1792	Spanish dollar colonial scrip
Dolar West Papua^[1]	IDX	Indonesia	1949	Gulden Netherlands Indonesian rupiah (1969-present now)

Other territories that use a «dollar»[edit]

Countries unofficially accepting «dollars»[edit]

Countries and regions that have previously used a «dollar» currency[edit]

Confederate States of America: The Confederate States dollar issued from March 1861 to 1865
Ethiopia: The name «Ethiopian dollar» was used in the English text on the birr banknotes before the Derg takeover in 1974.
Malaysia: the Malaysian ringgit used to be called the «Malaysian Dollar». The surrounding territories (that is, Malaya, British North Borneo, Sarawak, Brunei, and Singapore) used several varieties of dollars (for example, Straits dollar, Malayan dollar, Sarawak dollar, British North Borneo dollar; Malaya and British Borneo dollar) before Malaya, British North Borneo, Sarawak, Singapore and Brunei gained their independence from the United Kingdom. See also for complete list of currencies.
Sierra Leone: The Sierra Leonean dollar was used from 1791 to 1805. It was subdivided into 100 cents and was issued by the Sierra Leone Company. The dollar was pegged to sterling at a rate of 1 dollar = 4 shillings 2 pence.
Spain: the Spanish dollar was used from 1497 to 1868. It is closely related to the dollars (Spanish dollar was used in the US until 1857) and euros used today.^{[clarification needed]}
Sri Lanka; the Ceylonese rixdollar was a currency used in British Ceylon in the early 19th Century.
Rhodesia: the Rhodesian dollar replaced the Rhodesian pound in 1970 and it was used until Zimbabwe came into being in 1980.
Republic of Texas: the Texas dollar was issued between January 1839 and September 1840.
Zimbabwe: uses the Zimbabwe dollar,and also accepts the South African rand, the US dollar,^[10] the Euro, the Pound sterling, the Botswana pula, the Chinese yuan, the Indian rupee and the Japanese yen.^[11]

History[edit]

Etymology[edit]

On 15 January 1520, the Kingdom of Bohemia began minting coins from silver mined locally in Joachimsthal and marked on reverse with the Bohemian lion. The coins would be named Joachimsthaler after the town, becoming shortened in common usage to thaler or taler. The town itself derived its name from Saint Joachim, coupled with the German word Thal (Tal in modern spelling) means ‘valley’ (cf. the English term dale).^[12]

This name found its way into other languages, for example:^[13]

German — Thaler (or Taler)
Czech, Slovak and Slovenian — tolar
Slovak — toliar
Polish — talar
Low German — daler
Dutch — rijksdaalder (or daler),
Danish and Norwegian — rigsdaler
Swedish — riksdaler
Spanish — dólar (or real de a ocho or peso duro)
Hungarian — tallér
Ethiopian — talari (ታላሪ)
English — dollar

In contrast to other languages which adopted the second part of word joachimsthaler, the first part found its way into Russian language and became efimok [ru], yefimok (ефимок).^[14]

The predecessor of the Joachimsthaler was the Guldengroschen or Guldiner which was a large silver coin originally minted in Tirol in 1486, but which was introduced into the Duchy of Saxony in 1500. The King of Bohemia wanted a similar silver coin which then became the Joachimsthaler.

Europe and colonial North America[edit]

The Joachimsthaler of the 16th century was succeeded by the longer-lived Reichsthaler of the Holy Roman Empire, used from the 16th to 19th centuries. The Netherlands also introduced its own dollars in the 16th century: the Burgundian Cross Thaler (Bourgondrische Kruisdaalder), the German-inspired Rijksdaalder, and the Dutch liondollar (leeuwendaalder). The latter coin was used for Dutch trade in the Middle East, in the Dutch East Indies and West Indies, and in the Thirteen Colonies of North America.^[15]

For the English North American colonists, however, the Spanish peso or «piece of eight» has always held first place, and this coin was also called the «dollar» as early as 1581. Spanish dollars or «pieces of eight» were distributed widely in the Spanish colonies in the New World and in the Philippines.^[16]^[17]^[18]^[19]^[20]

Origins of the dollar sign[edit]

The sign is first attested in business correspondence in the 1770s as a scribal abbreviation «p^s«, referring to the Spanish American peso,^[21]^[22] that is, the «Spanish dollar» as it was known in British North America. These late 18th- and early 19th-century manuscripts show that the s gradually came to be written over the p developing a close equivalent to the «$» mark, and this new symbol was retained to refer to the American dollar as well, once this currency was adopted in 1785 by the United States.^[23]^[24]^[25]^[26]^[27]

Adoption by the United States[edit]

By the time of the American Revolution, the Spanish dólar gained significance because they backed paper money authorized by the individual colonies and the Continental Congress.^[17] Because Britain deliberately withheld hard currency from the American colonies, virtually all the non-token coinage in circulation was Spanish (and to a much lesser extent French and Dutch) silver, obtained via illegal but widespread commerce with the West Indies. Common in the Thirteen Colonies, Spanish dólar were even legal tender in one colony, Virginia.

On April 2, 1792, U.S. Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton reported to Congress the precise amount of silver found in Spanish dollar coins in common use in the states. As a result, the United States dollar was defined^[28] as a unit of pure silver weighing 371 4/16th grains (24.057 grams), or 416 grains of standard silver (standard silver being defined as 371.25/416 in silver, and balance in alloy).^[29] It was specified that the «money of account» of the United States should be expressed in those same «dollars» or parts thereof. Additionally, all lesser-denomination coins were defined as percentages of the dollar coin, such that a half-dollar was to contain half as much silver as a dollar, quarter-dollars would contain one-fourth as much, and so on.

In an act passed in January 1837, the dollar’s weight was reduced to 412.5 grains and alloy at 90% silver, resulting in the same fine silver content of 371.25 grains. On February 21, 1853, the quantity of silver in the lesser coins was reduced, with the effect that their denominations no longer represented their silver content relative to dollar coins.

Various acts have subsequently been passed affecting the amount and type of metal in U.S. coins, so that today there is no legal definition of the term «dollar» to be found in U.S. statute.^[30]^[31]^[32] Currently the closest thing to a definition is found in United States Code Title 31, Section 5116, paragraph b, subsection 2: «The Secretary [of the Treasury] shall sell silver under conditions the Secretary considers appropriate for at least $1.292929292 a fine troy ounce.»

Silver was mostly removed from U.S. coinage by 1965 and the dollar became a free-floating fiat money without a commodity backing defined in terms of real gold or silver. The US Mint continues to make silver $1-denomination coins, but these are not intended for general circulation.

Usage in the United Kingdom[edit]

There are two quotes in the plays of William Shakespeare referring to dollars as money. Coins known as «thistle dollars» were in use in Scotland during the 16th and 17th centuries,^[33] and use of the English word, and perhaps even the use of the coin, may have begun at the University of St Andrews^[34] This might be supported by a reference to the sum of «ten thousand dollars» in Macbeth (act I, scene II) (an anachronism because the real Macbeth, upon whom the play was based, lived in the 11th century). In the Sherlock Holmes story «The Man with the Twisted Lip» by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, published in 1891,^[35]^{[circular reference]} an Englishman posing as a London beggar describes the shillings and pounds he collected as dollars.

In 1804, a British five-shilling piece, or crown, was sometimes called «dollar». It was an overstruck Spanish eight real coin (the famous «piece of eight»), the original of which was known as a Spanish dollar. Large numbers of these eight-real coins were captured during the Napoleonic Wars, hence their re-use by the Bank of England. They remained in use until 1811.^[36]^[37] During World War II, when the U.S. dollar was (approximately) valued at five shillings, the half crown (2s 6d) acquired the nickname «half dollar» or «half a dollar» in the UK.

Usage elsewhere[edit]

Chinese demand for silver in the 19th and early 20th centuries led several countries, notably the United Kingdom, United States and Japan, to mint trade dollars, which were often of slightly different weights from comparable domestic coinage. Silver dollars reaching China (whether Spanish, trade, or other) were often stamped with Chinese characters known as «chop marks», which indicated that that particular coin had been assayed by a well-known merchant and deemed genuine.

Other national currencies called «dollar»[edit]

Prior to 1873, the silver dollar circulated in many parts of the world, with a value in relation to the British gold sovereign of roughly $1 = 4s 2d (21p approx). As a result of the decision of the German Empire to stop minting silver thaler coins in 1871, in the wake of the Franco-Prussian War, the worldwide price of silver began to fall.^[38] This resulted in the U.S. Coinage Act (1873) which put the United States onto a ‘de facto’ gold standard. Canada and Newfoundland were already on the gold standard, and the result was that the value of the dollar in North America increased in relation to silver dollars being used elsewhere, particularly Latin America and the Far East. By 1900, value of silver dollars had fallen to 50 percent of gold dollars. Following the abandonment of the gold standard by Canada in 1931, the Canadian dollar began to drift away from parity with the U.S. dollar. It returned to parity a few times, but since the end of the Bretton Woods system of fixed exchange rates that was agreed to in 1944, the Canadian dollar has been floating against the U.S. dollar. The silver dollars of Latin America and South East Asia began to diverge from each other as well during the course of the 20th century. The Straits dollar adopted a gold exchange standard in 1906 after it had been forced to rise in value against other silver dollars in the region. Hence, by 1935, when China and Hong Kong came off the silver standard, the Straits dollar was worth 2s 4d (11.5p approx) sterling, whereas the Hong Kong dollar was worth only 1s 3d sterling (6p approx).

The term «dollar» has also been adopted by other countries for currencies which do not share a common history with other dollars. Many of these currencies adopted the name after moving from a £sd-based to a decimalized monetary system. Examples include the Australian dollar, the New Zealand dollar, the Jamaican dollar, the Cayman Islands dollar, the Fiji dollar, the Namibian dollar, the Rhodesian dollar, the Zimbabwe dollar, and the Solomon Islands dollar.

The tala is based on the Samoan pronunciation of the word «dollar».
The Slovenian tolar had the same etymological origin as dollar (that is, thaler).
The Swedish Daler used to be the name for the currency and have the same etymological origin as the German thaler).

References[edit]

^ Rupiah is often used/dollars are rarely used?
^ Torres, Andrea (17 July 2020). «Cuba to accept U.S. dollars at government stores». Local 10.
^ Estrada, Oscar Fernandez (8 November 2019). «Return to the US Dollar in Cuba: What about the CUC?». Havana Times.
^ Kornbluh, Peter. «Cuba Is Getting Rid of the CUC». Cigar Aficionado.
^ «Can I Use U.s. Dollars To Make Purchases In Cuba?». Insight Cuba.
^ Robinson, Circles (30 August 2020). «US Dollar Taking Over in Cuba as CUC Plummets». Havana Times.
^ Wojtanik, Andrew (2005). Afghanistan to Zimbabwe. Washington, DC: National Geographic Society. p. 147.
^ Lankov, Andrei (2015). The Real North Korea: Life and Politics in the Failed Stalinist Utopia. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 89. ISBN 978-0-19-939003-8.
^ Although called Panamanian balboas, US dollars circulate as official currency, since there are no Balboa bills, only coins that are the same size, weight and value as their US counterparts.
^ Adopted for all official government transactions
^ Hungwe, Brian. «Zimbabwe’s multi-currency confusion», BBC News, Harare, 6 February 2014. Retrieved on 5 November 2016.
^ Welcome to Jáchymov: the Czech town that invented the dollar. The tiny town of Jáchymov was just named one of Unesco’s newest World Heritage sites Five hundred years after coining the first dollar, a tiny mining town is coming to grips with the many ways it shaped the modern world. bbc.com.
^ «Why Is The Dollar Sign A Letter S?». Observation Deck. Retrieved 2015-02-09.
^ «Талер, доллар, ефимок — Троицкий вариант — Наука». 20 June 2017. Retrieved 30 January 2021.
^ «Lion Dollar — Introduction». coins.nd.edu.
^ Rabushka, Alvin (16 December 2010). Taxation in Colonial America. ISBN 978-1400828708. Retrieved 6 October 2014.
^ ^a ^b Julian, R.W. (2007). «All About the Dollar». Numismatist: 41.
^ Cross, Bill (2012). Dollar Default: How the Federal Reserve and the Government Betrayed Your Trust. pp. 17–18. ISBN 9781475261080.
^ National Geographic. June 2002. p. 1. Ask Us.
^ Vries, Jan de; Woude, Ad van der (28 May 1997). The First Modern Economy. ISBN 9780521578257. Retrieved 6 October 2014.
^ Lawrence Kinnaird (July 1976). «The Western Fringe of Revolution,» The Western Historical Quarterly 7(3), 259. JSTOR 967081
^ «Origin of Dollar Sign is Traced to Mexico», Popular Science, 116 (2): 59, 1930, ISSN 0161-7370
^ Florian Cajori ([1929]1993). A History of Mathematical Notations (Vol. 2), 15-29.
^ Arthur S. Aiton and Benjamin W. Wheeler (May 1931). «The First American Mint», The Hispanic American Historical Review 11(2), 198 and note 2 on 198. JSTOR 2506275
^ Nussbaum, Arthur (1957). A History of the Dollar. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 56.
^ Riesco Terrero, Ángel (1983). Diccionario de abreviaturas hispanas de los siglos XIII al XVIII: Con un apendice de expresiones y formulas juridico-diplomaticas de uso corriente. Salamanca: Imprenta Varona, 350. ISBN 84-300-9090-8
^ Bureau of Engraving and Printing. «‘What is the origin of the $ sign?’ in FAQ Library». Archived from the original on May 5, 2015. Retrieved December 14, 2010.
^ Act of April 2, A.D. 1792 of the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, Section 9.
^ Section 13 of the Act.
^ United States Statutes at Large.
^ Yeoman, RS (1965). A Guide Book of United States Coins.
^ Ewart, James E. Money — Ye shall have honest weights and measures.
^ Herbert Appold Grueber (January 1999). Handbook of the Coins of Great Britain and Ireland in the British Museum. ISBN 9781402110900.
^ Michael, T.R.B. Turnbull (30 July 2009). «Saint Andrew». BBC. Retrieved 27 August 2020.
^ The Man with the Twisted Lip
^ All Things Austen: An Encyclopedia of Austen’s World ISBN 0-313-33034-4 p. 444
^ «The Coinage of Britain — Milled Coins 1662-1816». www.kenelks.co.uk. Retrieved 30 January 2021.
^ «Monetary Madhouse, Charles Savoie, 2005». Silver-investor.com. Archived from the original on 2012-02-27. Retrieved 2012-03-25.

External links[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dollar.

Etymonline (word history). for buck; Etymonline (word history) for dollar
Currency converter. CNNMoney.com

Источник

Asked by: Roxane Becker DDS

Score: 5/5
(56 votes)

The word dollar is the Anglicized version of the German word thaler (Czech tolar and Dutch word daalder or daler), a shortened version of the word Joachimthalers. The word thaler comes from the German root “thal” which means valley and “thaler” indicates a person or thing from the valley.

How did the dollar get its name?

History. The dollar is named after the thaler. The thaler was a large silver coin first made in the year 1518. The thaler named after the Joachimsthal (Joachim’s valley) mine in Bohemia (Thal means valley in German).

When was the term dollar first used?

The dollar was proposed as the monetary unit of the United States in the early 1780s, and adopted formally in 1792 (although they were not actually issued as currency until 1794). Since that time our language has taken on a remarkable number of synonyms for this word for “100 cents,” often found in the form of slang.

Is dollar a Spanish name?

The common ancestor is the taler (pronounced like “dollar”), also spelled thaler, a series of silver coins minted in Germany in the 1500s. … In the thirteen colonies, a Spanish coin called pieces of eight came to be called Spanish dollars because of their resemblance to talers.

Who came up with the dollar?

Origins: the Spanish dollar

The United States Mint commenced production of the United States dollar in 1792 as a local version of the popular Spanish dollar or piece of eight produced in Spanish America and widely circulated throughout the Americas from the 16th to the 19th centuries.

20 related questions found

Who invented money?

The first region of the world to use an industrial facility to manufacture coins that could be used as currency was in Europe, in the region called Lydia (modern-day Western Turkey), in approximately 600 B.C. The Chinese were the first to devise a system of paper money, in approximately 770 B.C.

Why is US money green?

The green ink on paper money protects against counterfeiting. … This special green ink is just one tool that the government uses to protect us from counterfeiters. Also, there was lots of green ink for the government to use when it started printing the money we have now.

What are Spanish cents?

One euro is divided into 100 cents, and you´ll find eight different types of coins for the Spanish currency: 1cts, 2cents, 5 cents, 10cents, 20 cents, 50 cents as well as 1euro and 2-euro coins. When talking about the Spanish bank notes, you can find 7 different kinds: 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200 and 500 euros.

Why is a dollar like a Neanderthal?

By the 1860s the new man identified by the fossils was named Neanderthal. … (The German given name is from Old Testament Hebrew, but seems not to have been used by the English; it is, however, cognate with Spanish Joaquín.) The English spelling had been modified to dollar by 1600.

What was before the dollar?

Commodity money was used when cash (coins and paper money) were scarce. Commodities such as tobacco, beaver skins, and wampum, served as money at various times in many locations. Cash in the Colonies was denominated in pounds, shillings, and pence.

What is US dollar backed by?

In contrast to commodity-based money like gold coins or paper bills redeemable for precious metals, fiat money is backed entirely by the full faith and trust in the government that issued it. One reason this has merit is because governments demand that you pay taxes in the fiat money it issues.

What are the 4 types of money?

Economists identify four main types of money – commodity, fiat, fiduciary, and commercial. All are very different but have similar functions.

Why is a dollar a dollar?

Those coins, particularly the Spanish peso or dollar circulated widely in Britain’s North American colonies because of a shortage of official British coins. That is why, after the United States gained its independence the new nation chose «dollar» as the name of its currency instead of keeping the pound.

How many dollars is 100 cents?

For example, 100 cents equals 1 dollar.

What are Mexican slang words?

11 Mexican Slang Words Only the Locals Know

Pendejo. One of the most used slang words in Mexico is calling someone a ‘pendejo’. …
Güey. Güey, sometimes spelled in the way it is pronounced as ‘wey’, means “mate” and is used all the time in Mexican Spanish. …
Chido & Padre. …
Cabrón. …
Buena Onda. …
La Neta. …
Pinche. …
Crudo.

Which word is slang for money?

This also became dough, by derivation from the same root), «cabbage», «clam», «milk», «dosh», «dough», «shillings», «frogskins», «notes», «ducats», «loot», «bones», «bar», «coin», «folding stuff», «honk», «lolly», «lucre»/»filthy «Lucre», «moola/moolah», «mazuma», «paper», «scratch», «readies», «rhino» (Thieves’ cant), …

Does pasta mean money in Spanish?

Money, money, money. Or, pasta, pasta, pasta if you’re in Spain. That’s right – rather than a call out to the Italians across the sea, in Spain pasta means money. Whether in coins, notes, cards, pesetas or Euros, whether you have it or not, it’s all pasta to the Spanish.

What is the name of Spain money?

What is the official currency? The Euro (€). You can consult its official value on the European Central Bank website. One Euro is made up of 100 cents, and there are eight different coins (1, 2, 5, 10, 20 and 50 cents, and 1 and 2 Euros), and seven notes (5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200 and 500 Euros).

What country uses pesetas?

Peseta, former monetary unit of Spain. The peseta ceased to be legal tender in 2002, when the euro, the monetary unit of the European Union, was adopted as the country’s sole monetary unit.

What is the actual color of money?

Why money is green

When paper notes were introduced in 1929, the U.S. Bureau of Engraving and Printing opted to use green ink because the color was relatively high in its resistance to chemical and physical changes.

Did the US ever have a 3 dollar bill?

Though a gold three-dollar coin was produced in the 1800s, no three-dollar bill has ever been produced. Various fake US$3 bills have also been released over time. … However, many businesses print million dollar bills for sale as novelties. Such bills do not assert that they are legal tender.

What is the color for money?

Gold: Gold is also the color of money and power.

Gold bars. Gold jewelry. All of these things represent money and wealth.

Источник

Last Update: Jan 03, 2023

This is a question our experts keep getting from time to time. Now, we have got the complete detailed explanation and answer for everyone, who is interested!

Asked by: Roxane Becker DDS

Score: 5/5
(56 votes)

How did the dollar get its name?

When was the term dollar first used?

Is dollar a Spanish name?

Who came up with the dollar?

Origins: the Spanish dollar

20 related questions found

Who invented money?

Why is US money green?

What are Spanish cents?

Why is a dollar like a Neanderthal?

What was before the dollar?

What is US dollar backed by?

What are the 4 types of money?

Economists identify four main types of money – commodity, fiat, fiduciary, and commercial. All are very different but have similar functions.

Why is a dollar a dollar?

How many dollars is 100 cents?

For example, 100 cents equals 1 dollar.

What are Mexican slang words?

11 Mexican Slang Words Only the Locals Know

Pendejo. One of the most used slang words in Mexico is calling someone a ‘pendejo’. …
Güey. Güey, sometimes spelled in the way it is pronounced as ‘wey’, means “mate” and is used all the time in Mexican Spanish. …
Chido & Padre. …
Cabrón. …
Buena Onda. …
La Neta. …
Pinche. …
Crudo.

Which word is slang for money?

Does pasta mean money in Spanish?

What is the name of Spain money?

What country uses pesetas?

Peseta, former monetary unit of Spain. The peseta ceased to be legal tender in 2002, when the euro, the monetary unit of the European Union, was adopted as the country’s sole monetary unit.

What is the actual color of money?

Why money is green

When paper notes were introduced in 1929, the U.S. Bureau of Engraving and Printing opted to use green ink because the color was relatively high in its resistance to chemical and physical changes.

Did the US ever have a 3 dollar bill?

What is the color for money?

Gold: Gold is also the color of money and power.

Gold bars. Gold jewelry. All of these things represent money and wealth.

Источник

January 2, 2011

Daven Hiskey

##EMBED##

Click Here to Read Where the Dollar Sign Comes From

Text Version

The name ‘dollar’ derived from the word ‘thaler’ which is an abbreviation for the word “Joachimsthaler”, a coin type from the city of Joachimsthal (Jáchymov) in Bohemia, where some of the first such coins were minted in 1516.

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Источник

Where does the term dollar come from?

The word dollar is the Anglicized version of the German word thaler (Czech tolar and Dutch word daalder or daler), a shortened version of the word Joachimthalers. The word thaler comes from the German root “thal” which means valley and “thaler” indicates a person or thing from the valley.

Why is the dollar sign an S with a line?

But they did want to make their lives a little easier when they recorded transactions. So they came up with a “P” with a superscript “S” — the plural of pesos. It looked like this: PS. Over time, the two overlapped and became today’s dollar sign.

Is dollar a Spanish name?

Thaler is a shortened form of the term by which the coin was originally known – Joachimsthaler. Later on, the English version of the name (dollar) was also applied to similar coins, not only ones minted in central Europe but also the Spanish peso and the Portuguese eight-real piece.

What currency did the US use before the dollar?

Continental currency

How much is a 2 dollar bill worth?

Most large size two-dollar bills issued from 1862 through 1918, are highly collectible and are worth at least $100 in well-circulated condition. Uncirculated large size notes are worth at least $500 and can go up to $10,000 or more.

Does America have $1000 notes?

The U.S. stopped printing the $1,000 bill and larger denominations by 1946, but these bills continued circulating until the Federal Reserve decided to recall them in 1969, Forgue said. Running off a lot of $1 notes is more cost efficient than producing comparatively few $1,000 notes, he added.

Can I get a $500 bill from the bank?

Although no longer in circulation, the $500 bill remains legal tender.

Who’s on the 2 million dollar bill?

The United States two-dollar bill ($2) is a current denomination of United States currency. A portrait of Thomas Jefferson, the third President of the United States (1801–1809), is featured on the obverse of the note.

Did they ever make a million dollar bill?

The United States has never issued a million dollar bill. However, many businesses print million dollar bills for sale as novelties. Such bills do not assert that they are legal tender.

Is there a 200 dollar bill?

In 2001, a man bought a sundae at a Danville, Kentucky, Kentucky Dairy Queen with a United States 200 dollar bill featuring President of the United States George W. Bush and received $197.88 in change.

Does ATM detect fake money?

It is against the law to deposit counterfeit money, whether it is via the teller, or via an ATM. They will discover it, and be able to trace it back to you (that’s easily than you think). You will be charged with passing counterfeit bills.

Are $2 bills rare?

According to Business Insider, 2-dollar bills account for less than 0.001% of all currency in circulation. They are the rarest currently-produced money in the United States, and only about 1.2 billion 2-dollar bills are in current circulation.

Can a business refuse $100 dollar bills?

Yes, U.S. currency of any denomination is “legal tender FOR ALL DEBTS, public and private.” But when you go into a store you (normally) don’t owe them anything. In that case, it’s more like a barter transaction: Your currency for their soda. Meaning that they can refuse to take “your currency.”

Where can you break a $50 bill?

EMSK: The easiest ways to break large bills ($50’s, $100’s) and what places have to accept them.

municipal dumps/transfer stations.
sit-down resturants.
state run liqour stores.
Autoshops/mechanics.
many cash-only businesses.

Is it legal for stores to not give change?

There is no federal statute mandating that a private business, a person, or an organization must accept currency or coins as payment for goods or services. Private businesses are free to develop their own policies on whether to accept cash unless there is a state law that says otherwise.

Why do some places not take $100 dollar bills?

As someone who use to manage a restaurant at a fast food chain, the reason why we use to refuse $100 bills is that the company required that cashiers keep less than $125 worth of change in the till. This was to limit the risk of the place being robbed.

Is refusing money illegal?

Contrary to common misconception, there is no federal law stating that a private business, a person, or a government organization must accept currency or coins for payment. In addition, movie theaters, convenience stores, and gas stations may refuse to accept large denomination currency as a matter of policy or safety.

Does Chick Fil A take $50 bills?

If you come during the rushes, usually it’s fine. We always had a lot of money moving around at Chick-Fil-A, and changing out 50’s or even 100’s wasn’t impossible, though at times we had to be sure it wasn’t counterfeit.

Can I pay with 100 dollar bill?

Federal law says your $100 is indeed legal tender. However, there is no rule that says a retailer has to accept it anymore than there is a rule that says you can pay with chickens or a sack of potatoes. For one thing, $100 bills are popular with counterfeiters.

Can you use $100 bill at self checkout?

You can also use a $100 bill to make a purchase and get change back. Most Target self-checkout machines accept $100 bills, the representative said.

Can you break 100 at an ATM?

You can break a $100 bill into smaller units at virtually any bank in the United States. Some merchants will also do this and might find it helpful if their cash drawer gets stacked with too many $20 bills.

Should I carry cash on me?

It’s always good to carry cash both for handling things when they go wrong, and to be able to make sure things go right. 2. To pay and tip service providers more generously. So every time you pay/tip with a card, you eat into a merchant’s profit margin a bit, which can already be low for small-time operations.

How much money should a man carry?

Ideally you should carry $150 in cash for emergencies, but at a minimum you should carry $100. Your money should be split between $50, $20, and $5 denominations.

How much money should a man keep in his wallet?

Good rule of thumb is to carry at least 500 in 1s so you can make it rain. I usually carry $40-50 cash. No specific reasons, just enough for a small emergency. Carry enough to get home.

What is the most cash you can carry?

Here’s what the U.S. Customs and Border Protection website writes: “It is legal to transport any amount of currency or monetary instruments into or out of the United States,” But anyone carrying more than $10,000 must declare the amount by filing a Report of International Transportation of Currency or Monetary …

Is it legal to save cash at home?

It is legal for you to store large amounts of cash at home so long that the source of the money has been declared on your tax returns. There is no limit to the amount of cash, silver and gold a person can keep in their home, the important thing is properly securing it.

Can scanners detect money?

Think those TSA agents waving a metal-detecting wand at your pockets only know how many coins you’re carrying? Think again. Metal detectors can tell how much cash is on you, too, according to a new study by researchers at the University of Washington’s Applied Physics Laboratory in Seattle, the Daily Mail reported.

How much cash can I fly with?

If you’re on a domestic flight within the U.S., there’s no limit to the amount of cash (or monetary instruments) you can carry. Unlike flying internationally, when you must declare $10,000 or more, you don’t have to declare any cash you’re carrying, no matter how much, on domestic flights.

Источник

Forward 7

Вербицкая М. В. Forward. Английский язык для 7 класса. Consolidations + Workbook

Consolidation 1
Ex. 1 “Animal World” is a TV quiz programme, and Michael Morgan is the presenter. Listen to the programme and say what the prize is and who wins it. — «Животный мир» – это ТВ викторина, а Майкл Морган — ведущий. Послушайте программу и скажите какой приз и кто его выиграет.
Then listen to the programme again and answer the questions in your Workbook. — Затем послушайте программу снова и ответьте на вопросы в рабочей тетради.

1. What’s the first contestant’s name? – Maggie.
Как зовут первого участника? – Мэгги.
2. Which animal is the first question about? – African elephant.
О каком животном первый вопрос? – Африканский слон.
3. What is the correct answer to the first question? – 600 kilos.
Какой правильный ответ на первый вопрос? – 600 кг.
4. Which animal is the second question about? – Ostrich.
О каком животном второй вопрос? – Страус.

5. What is the correct answer to this question? – 1-2 kilos
Какой правильный ответ на этот вопрос? – 1-2 кг.
6. Which animal is the last question about? – Rhino.
О каком животном последний вопрос? – носорог.
7. What does she answer to the last question? – Обычно рог носорога от 20 до 60 см, был зафиксирован рекорд в 158 см.
Какой ответ на последний вопрос? — 150 см
8. What does she win? – photo safari in Kenya.
Что она выиграла? – Фото сафари в Кении.

Ex. 2 Listen to the pronunciation of these words and repeat them between /о:/ and /з:/ sounds. — Послушайте произношение этих слов и повторите их обращая внимание на звуки /о:/ и /з:/.
tall — turn (высокий – поворот)
four — fur (четыре – мех)
warm — worm (теплый – червь)
board — bird (доска – птица)
thought — third (мысль – третий)
form — firm (форма – фирма)
what — word (что – слово)
water — world (вода – мир)
short — shirt (короткий – рубашка)

Ex.3 In pairs, complete the questions and answer them (you can guess). Then, you can check your answers at the back of your Workbook. — В парах завершите вопросы и ответьте на них (вы можете догадаться). Затем, вы можете проверить свои ответы в конце вашей рабочей тетради.

1. What is the fastest animal in the world? How fast can a cheetah run? – Какое самое быстрое животное в мире? Как быстро гепард может бегать?
Cheetah is the fastest animal in the world. It can run 100 kilometers per hour. — Гепард является самым быстрым животным в мире. Он может бегать 100 километров в час.

2. What is the heaviest animal in the world? How much does an elephant weigh? – Какое самое тяжелое животное в мире? Сколько весит слон?
An elephant is the heaviest animal in the world. It weighs 6000 kilos. — Слон является самым тяжелым животным в мире. Он весит 6000 килограммов.

3. What is the longest animal in the world? How long is this animal? – Какое животное самое длинное в мире? Насколько длинно это животное?
Python is the longest animal in the world. It is 600 centimeters long. — Питон является самым длинным животным в мире. Его длина составляет 600 сантиметров.

4. What is the tallest animal in the world? How tall is a giraffe? – Какое животное самое высокое в мире? Какой рост у жирафа?
Giraffe is the tallest animal in the world. It is 600 centimeters tall. — Жираф является самым высоким животным в мире. Он 600 сантиметров в высоту.

5. What is the smallest bird in the world? How small is a hummingbird? – Какая птица самая маленькая в мире? Насколько мала колибри?
Hummingbird is the smallest bird in the world. It is 2 cm long and weighs 5 grams. — Колибри является самой маленькой птицей в мире. Он имеет длину 2 см и весит 5 граммов.

Вербицкая М. В. Forward. Английский язык для 7 класса. Consolidation

Ex. 4 Complete the sentences. — Дополните предложения.

1. If it rains tomorrow, we’ll stay at home. – Если завтра пойдет дождь, мы останемся дома.
2. If you go to school by bus, it’s faster than on foot. – Если ты поедешь завтра в школу на автобусе, это будет быстрее, чем пешком.
3. If you go to school by bike, it’s healthier than by bus. – Если вы поедите на велосипеде, это полезнее, чем на автобусе.
4. If you are ready, let’s go. — Если вы готовы, давайте пойдем.

Ex. 5 Work in pairs. Look at the animals on page 34 again for two minutes. Don’t write anything! Try to remember the names and numbers of the animals. Then write a sentence for each type of animal. – Работа в парах. Посмотрите на животных на странице 34 еще раз в течение двух минут. Ничего не пишите! Постарайтесь запомнить названия и количество животных. Затем напишите предложение для каждого вида животных.

Example: There were two horses. – Две лошади.
Compare your lists. Then check your answers together. — Сравните свои списки. Затем проверьте свои ответы вместе.

Ex. 6 In pairs, discuss what you used to do when you were in primary school and what you do today at school and at home. — В парах, обсудите, что вы привыкли делать, когда вы были в начальной школе и что вы делаете сегодня в школе и дома.

Ex. 7 Read Nina’s letter from the USA and complete the table in your Workbook. – Прочитайте письмо Нины из США и заполните таблицу в рабочей тетради.

Schools in the USA and the UK
Dear RAP readers,
You remember me, don’t you? I went to England last year with my parents.
Now I’m writing this e-mail to The RAP from Denver in the USA. My parents are staying here for six months, so I’m going to school here. Many RAP readers wanted to know about the English school system. Well, here’s a comparison of the English and American systems.
In England you start school when you are five and you go to primary school. When you’re eleven you go to secondary school, either a comprehensive school or a grammar school. Then, when you are sixteen, you take exams called GCSEs (General Certificate of Secondary Education). Then you can leave! A lot of students stay at school and take А-levels (Advanced levels) when they are eighteen before going to university. You can study for А-levels at the same school or you can go to a sixth-form college.
(отрывок из текста)

Школы в США и Великобритании
Дорогие читатели Rap,
Вы помните меня, не так ли? Я ездила в Англию в прошлом году с моими родителями.
Сейчас я пишу это электронное письмо для Rap из Денвера в США. Мои родители живут здесь в течение шести месяцев, так что я хожу здесь в школу. Многие читатели RAP хотели знать об английской школьной системе. Ну, вот сравнение английских и американских систем.
В Англии вы начинаете школу, когда вам пять, и вы идете в начальную школу. Когда вам одиннадцать вы идете в среднюю школу, либо общеобразовательную школу, либо в гимназию. Затем, когда вам шестнадцать, вы сдаете экзамены, называемые GCSEs (ГИА, сейчас ОГЭ, Общее свидетельство о среднем образовании). После этого вы можете оставить школу! Многие студенты остаются в школе и готовятся к А-уровню (продвинутый уровень, ЕГЭ), когда им восемнадцать лет, прежде чем поступить в университет. Вы можете учиться в той же школе, или вы можете пойти в колледж.
В США все по-другому. Вы начинаете начальную школу, когда вам шесть, и остаетесь там до тех пор, пока вам не исполнится одиннадцать лет. Затем вы идете в младшие классы средней школы — седьмой, восьмой и девятый классы. В четырнадцать лет вы оканчиваете среднюю школу. После этого вы идете в старшую среднюю школу — десятый, одиннадцатый и двенадцатый классы. Вас называют первокурсником, когда вы в десятом классе. В конце двенадцатого класса вы сдаете государственный выпускной экзамен. Вы оканчиваете среднюю школу, когда вам семнадцать.
Хотели бы вы написать мне в США? Отправляйте письма на мой адрес электронной почты в верхней части этого письма.
А сейчас до свидания,
Нина Семенова

From the editor — От редактора
We would like to continue our discussion of schools. — Мы хотели бы продолжить наше обсуждение школ.
Here are some questions for our readers. — Вот некоторые вопросы для наших читателей.
1. If you could design your own school, what would it look like? — Если бы вы могли создать свою собственную школу, то как бы она выглядела?
2. Imagine you are in control of the school’s money and have an extra 1,000,000 roubles this school year. What would you spend it on? — Представьте, что вы контролируете школьные деньги и у вас есть 1 000 000 рублей в этом учебном году. На что бы вы их потратили?
3. Pretend you are the principal of your school and in charge of hiring teachers. Describe your hiring process. What would you look for in a teacher? What questions would you ask the candidate? — Представьте, что вы являетесь директором вашей школы и отвечаете за наем учителей. Опишите процесс найма. Что вы ищете в учителях? Какие вопросы вы бы задали кандидату?
4. Describe the kind of teacher you would never hire. What kind of things makes a bad teacher? – Опишите учителя, которого вы бы никогда не наняли. Что делает плохой учитель?

Ex. 8 In pairs, choose a question from The RAP list and discuss it. Then tell the class what you think about it. — В парах, выберите вопрос из списка RAP и обсудите его. Затем расскажите классу, что вы думаете об этом.

Ex. 9 Remember the names of the days of the week in English. Look at the German names for the days of the week. What is the German for “день”? — Помните названия дней недели на английском языке. Посмотрите на немецкие названия дней недели. Как по-немецки «день»?
День — Tag
Sonntag – Sunday — воскресенье
Donnerstag – Thursday — четверг
Montag – Monday — понедельник
Dienstag – Tuesday — вторник
Mittwoch – Wednesday — среда
Freitag – Friday — пятница
Samstag – Saturday — суббота

Ex. 10 “Mitte” in German means “the middle”, “Woche” means “a week”. Find the German word for “Wednesday”. Can you guess the meaning of the other words above? – Mitte в немецком языке означает «средний», Woche означает «неделя». Найти как по-немецки будет среда. Можете ли вы угадать смысл других слов, данных выше?
Mittwoch – Wednesday – среда

Ex. 11 Test yourself. Work independently. Don’t use the dictionary or the keys. Do Test 1 and fill in the Self-assessment checklist in your Workbook. — Проверьте себя. Работайте самостоятельно. Не пользуйтесь словарем или ответами. Выполните Тест 1 и заполните контрольный перечень вопросов для самооценки в рабочей тетради.

Вербицкая М. В. Forward. Английский язык для 7 класса. Consolidation

Workbook Consolidation 1

Ex. 1 Animal World is a TV quiz programme, and Michael Morgan is the presenter. Listen to the programme and say what the prize is and who wins it. Then listen to the programme again and answer the following questions. — «Животный мир» – это ТВ викторина, а Майкл Морган — ведущий. Послушайте программу и скажите какой приз и кто его выиграет. Затем послушайте программу снова и ответить на следующие вопросы.

1. What’s the first contestant’s name? — Как зовут первого участника?
a) Mary b) Maggie c) Monica
2. Which animal is the first question about? — О каком животном первый вопрос?
a) Elephant b) Kangaroo c) Ostrich
3. What is the correct answer to the first question? — Какой правильный ответ на первый вопрос?
a) 1,000 kg b) 6,000 kg c) 20,000 kg
4. Which animal is the second question about? — О каком животном второй вопрос?
a) Rhino b) Cobra c) Ostrich
5. What is the correct answer? — Какой правильный ответ на этот вопрос?
a) 1-2 kg b) 3-4 kg c) 5-6 kg
6. Which animal is the last question about? — О каком животном последний вопрос?
a) Ostrich b) Rhinoceros c) Tiger
7. What is the correct answer? — Какой правильный ответ?
a) 30 cm long b) 150 cm long c) 300 cm long
8. What does she win? – Каков выигрыш?
a) A rhino’s horn b) A holiday c) A camera

Ex. 2 Complete the sentences. — Дополните предложения.

Ex. 3 Work in pairs. Look at the animals on page 34 of your Student’s Book (Part 1) again for two minutes. Don’t write anything! — Работа в парах. Посмотрите на животных на странице 34 вашего учебника (часть 1) еще раз в течение двух минут. Ничего не пишите!
Try to remember the names and the number of the animals. Then write a sentence for each picture you remember, following the example. — Постарайтесь запомнить названия и количество животных. Затем напишите предложение для каждого изображения, которое вы запомнили, следуя примеру.
Compare your lists. Then check your answers together. — Сравните свои списки. Затем проверьте свои ответы вместе.

1. There were two horses. – Было две лошади.
2. There was one cheetah. – Был один гепард.
3. There were five kangaroos. – Было пять кенгуру.
4. There was one elephant. – Был один слон.
5. There was one python. – Был один питон.
6. There were six swallows. – Было шесть ласточек.
7. There was one leopard. – Был один леопард.
8. There were three rhinos. – Было три носорога.
9. There were four giraffes. – Было четыре жирафа.
10. There were three cobras. – Было три кобры.
11. There was one scorpion. – Был один скорпион.
12. There was one tiger. – Был один тигр.
13. There was one ostrich. – Был один страус.

Ex. 4 Silvia and Tina, who are now elderly ladies, discuss old times when they were young. Write sentences about those times using used to. — Сильвия и Тина, которые теперь пожилые дамы, обсуждают старые времена, когда они были молоды. Напишите предложения о тех временах используя used to.

1. We used to talk on the phone for ages. — Мы привыкли говорить по телефону часами.
2. Edward used to watch TV for hours. – Эдвард смотрел телевизор часами.
3. Daniel used to play computer games a lot. — Даниил много играл в компьютерные игры.
4. Annie and Richard used to walk a lot. — Энни и Ричард много гуляли.
5. Mr Thomson used to visit football matches. – Мистер Томсон имел обыкновение посещать футбольные матчи.
6. Gail and Barbara used to play tennis. – Гэйл и Барбара играли в теннис.

Ex. 5 Read Nina’s letter on page 45 of your Student’s Book (Part 1) and complete the tables. — Прочитайте письмо Нины на странице 45 вашего учебника (часть 1) и заполните таблицы.

UK school system — система школьного образования Великобритании

Primary school — 5 years old — Начальная школа – возраст 5 лет
Secondary school 11 years old — Средняя школа – 11 лет
Exams — GCSEs at 16 — Экзамены ГИА в 16
Secondary school/ sixth-form college — at 18 years old — Средняя школа / колледжа — 18 лет
Exams – A-level at 18

USA school system — школьная система США
Elementary school 6 years old — Начальная школа 6 лет.
Junior high school 11 — 14 years old — Младшая средняя школа 11-14 лет.
High school 15 years old — Средняя школа 15 лет.
Exams — at 17 – Экзамены в 17.
High school graduation at 17 — Окончания средней школы в 17.

Consolidation 2

Ex. 1 Listen to Trevor and complete the sentences. — Послушайте Тревора и завершите предложения.

I earn 10 pounds a week at The RAP. I usually spend about 5 pounds on CDs, sweets and crisps, and I usually save about five pounds. — Я зарабатываю 10 фунтов неделю в RAP. Я обычно трачу около 5 фунтов на компакт-диски, сладости и чипсы, и я обычно экономлю около пяти фунтов.

Ex. 2 Listen to the different pronunciation of these plural nouns. – Послушайте различные произношения множественного числа существительных.

1. plates /s/ 2. spoons /z/ 3. oranges /iz/

Say these plurals and write a number (1, 2, or 3) next to each one. – Произнесите эти множественные числа и напишите номера (1, 2 или 3) рядом с каждым из них.

3 – sandwiches — бутерброды
2 – tomatoes — помидоры
2 – eggs — яйца
2 – apples — яблоки
2 – knives — ножи
1 – cups — чашки
3 – foxes — лисы
1 – forks — вилки
3 – exercises — упражнения
1 – crisps – картофель фри
3 — pencil cases — пеналы
2 – friends — друзья

Ex. 3 Make sentences using the verbs in brackets. – Составьте предложения, используя глаголы в скобках.

Example: 1. If you (go) to England, you (speak) English every day. — If you go to England, you’ll speak English every day. — Если вы поедите в Англию, вы будете говорить по-английски каждый день.
2. If you study hard, you will pass the exam. – Если ты будешь усердно учиться, ты сдашь экзамен.
3. He will be late for school if he doesn’t get up soon. – Он опоздает в школу если не встанет в ближайшее время.
4. If you do not ride your bicycle more carefully, you will have an accident. – Если ты не будешь ездить на велосипеде аккуратнее, ты попадешь в аварию.
5. If we run, we will not miss the train. – Если мы побежим, мы не упустим поезд.
6. If you start work now, you will finish by six o’clock. — Если начать работу сейчас, вы закончите к шести часам.
7. Nevita will write to you if you send her your address. – Невита напишет тебе, если ты отправишь ей свой адрес.
8. They will go to the USA this summer if they can find a cheap ticket. — Они поедут в США этим летом, если они смогут найти дешевый билет.
9. If Rachel leaves school next year, she will get a job with a newspaper. — Если Рейчел покинет школу в следующем году, она получит работу в газете.

Ex. 4 Work in pairs. Add to where necessary. Complete the dialogues and role-play them. — Работа в парах. Добавьте частицу to где это необходимо. Дополните диалоги и разыграйте их.

1 — Would you like to go to the cinema? — No, I’m sorry, I’m busy. – Не хочешь сходить в кино? — Нет, мне очень жаль, я занят.
2 — I have to do the washing-up now. — I can help you. – Я должен сейчас помыть посуду. — Я могу помочь.
3 — I can — play the piano, but I can’t — swim. — Let’s go to the piano concert. – Я могу играть на пианино, но я не умею плавать. – Давай сходим на фортепианный концерт.
4 — Could you — lay the table, please? — Yes, of course. — Не могли бы вы накрыть на стол, пожалуйста? — Да, конечно.
5 — Do you have to do the shopping? — No, I don’t. I did it last Monday. – Ты должен сделать покупки? – Нет. Я сделал это еще в прошлый понедельник.
6 — Can you — play tennis? — Yes, I can. – Ты умеешь играть в теннис? – Да.
7 — Do you like — swimming? — Yes, I do. I like swimming very much. – Ты любишь плавать? — Да. Я очень люблю плавать.
8 — Could you — take out the rubbish for me, please? — No, I can’t. I have to do my homework. – Ты можешь вынести мусор для меня, пожалуйста? — Нет, я не могу. Я должен сделать свою домашнюю работу.

Ex. 5 Your friend would like to participate in some school activities, but can’t make his/her choice. Give him/her a piece of advice using the modal verb should. — Ваш друг хотел бы принять участие в некоторых школьных мероприятиях, но не может сделать его / ее выбор. Дайте ему / ей совет, используя модальный глагол следует.

Ex. 6 Read about the history of the word “dollar”. – Прочитайте историю слова «доллар».

Where the word “dollar” came from
Surprise! Surprise! The word “dollar” has German origin and is much older than the USA and its currency! In 1516 in Bohemia, in a place called “Joachimsthal” (which means “Joachim’s valley”) a silver mine was opened, and they started to produce coins known as “Joachimsthalers”. This long word was soon shortened to “thalers” and called “dalers” by the Dutch. The English changed this word to “dollar” and began to use it when speaking of any large silver foreign coin. In North America, for instance, English settlers referred to the Spanish piece of eight reals as the “Spanish dollar”.
(отрывок из текста)

Откуда произошло слово «доллар»
Сюрприз! Сюрприз! Слово «доллар» имеет немецкое происхождение и намного старше, чем США и их валюта! В 1516 году в Чехии, в месте под названием «Joachimsthal» (что означает «долина Иоахима») был открыт серебряный рудник, и они начали выпускать монеты, известные как «Joachimsthalers». Это длинное слово вскоре сокращено до «талера», голландцы говорили «далер». Англичане изменили это слово на «доллар» и начали использовать его, когда речь шла о какой-либо большой серебряной иностранной монете. В Северной Америке, например, английские поселенцы называли испанские восемь реалов — «испанский доллар».
В течение нескольких лет после получения независимости американцы не имели свою собственную валюту, они использовали любые иностранные монеты, которые могли получить, включая испанские доллары. Но они понимали, что новой нации нужна своя валюта. Томас Джефферсон решительно возражал против использования английской системы. Это была его идея назвать американские деньги «доллары», словом, которое было уже знакомо людям. Доллар был официально объявлен денежной единицей США в 1785 году.

Say if the following statements are true, false or not stated. – Скажите, верны ли следующие утверждения, ложные или не указано.

1. According to the text, the word “thaler” is connected with a certain place name. — В соответствии с текстом, слово «талер» связано с название определенного места.
a) true b) false c) not stated
2. The Dutch brought German thalers to Britain. — Голландцы принесли немецкие талеры в Великобританию.
a) true b) false c) not stated
3. In English the word “dollar” was at first used to describe any silver coin. — В английском языке слово «доллар» сначала было использовано для описания любой серебряной монеты.
a) true b) false c) not stated
4. Thomas Jefferson wanted the US to have their own currency. — Томас Джефферсон хотел, чтобы США имели свою собственную валюту.
a) true b) false c) not stated
5. According to the text, for 9 years the USA didn’t have currency of their own. — В соответствии с текстом, в течение 9 лет США не имели свою собственную валюту.
a) true b) false c) not stated

Ex. 7 Find in each paragraph 2 sentences with the most interesting information and write questions to them. – Найдите в каждом абзаце 2 предложения с самой интересной информацией и пишите к им вопросы.

1. The word “dollar” has German origin and is much older than the USA and its currency! — Where the word “dollar” came from? — Слово «доллар» имеет немецкое происхождение и намного старше, чем США и их валюта! – Откуда происходит слово «доллар»?
2. The English changed this word to “dollar” and began to use it when speaking of any large silver foreign coin. – When did the English use the word “dollar”? — Англичане изменили это слово на «доллар» и начали использовать его, когда речь шла о какой-либо большой серебряной иностранной монете. — Когда англичане использовали слово «доллар»?
3. For several years after independence Americans didn’t have a currency of their own. – Did Americans have their own currency after independence? — В течение нескольких лет после получения независимости американцы не имели свою собственную валюту. — Американцы имели свою собственную валюту после получения независимости?
4. The dollar was officially declared the USA monetary unit in 1785. – When did the dollar become the USA monetary unit? — Доллар был официально объявлен денежной единицей США в 1785 году — Когда доллар стал денежной единицей США?

Ex. 8 Work in groups. Can you solve these riddles? – Работа в группах. Можете ли вы решить эти загадки?

1. What is found in the middle of both America and Australia? — alphabet «R» — То, что находится в середине Америки и Австралии? – буква алфавита «R»

Interesting Riddles
1. A fruit on a tree, a tree on a fruit? (pineapple)
2. Which is the most shocking city? (electricity)
3. Which bow cannot be tied? (rainbow)
4. Which bet can never be won? (alphabet)
5. What kind of dress can never be worn? (address)
6. Which ship has two mates, but no captain? (friendship)
7. A white lady who sheds tears all the time? (candle)
8. The more you take that, the more you leave behind? (footsteps)
9. What has scales but cannot be measured? (fish)
10. Which two keys can’t open any doors? (monkey and donkey)
11. What’s black when it’s clean and white when it’s dirty? (blackboard)

2. There are three words in the English language that end in the letters g-r-y. Two are “hungry” and “angry”. You know the third word, you use it every day and you need a lot of it to be a success in your studies and school activities. A car and a computer and many other things need it, too. What is the third word? – energy.
В английском языке есть три слова, которые заканчиваются на буквы g-r-y. Два из них «голодный» и «злой». Вы знаете третье слово, вы используете его каждый день, и вам нужно много его, чтобы иметь успех в учебе и школьных мероприятиях. Автомобиль и компьютер и многое другое тоже в этом нуждаются. Что это за слово? – энергия. (в задании не говорилось ничего о порядке этих трех букв).

3. What two words contain thousands of letters? – post office.
Какие два слова содержат тысячи писем? – почтовое отделение.

Think of another riddle like this, in Russian or in English. – Подумайте о другой загадке, похожей на эти, на русском или на английском языке.

Ex. 9 Test yourself. Work independently. Don’t use the dictionary or the keys. Do Test 2 and fill in the Self-assessment checklist in your Workbook. — Проверьте себя. Работайте самостоятельно. Не следует использовать словарь или ответы. Выполните тест 2, и заполните контрольный перечень вопросов для самооценки в рабочей тетради.

Workbook Consolidation 2

Ex. 1 Listen to Trevor and complete the sentences. – Послушайте Тревора и дополните предложения.
I earn 10 pounds a week at The RAP. I usually spend about 5 pounds on CDs, sweets and crisps, and I usually save about five pounds. — Я зарабатываю 10 фунтов неделю в RAP. Я обычно трачу около 5 фунтов на компакт-диски, сладости и чипсы, и я обычно экономлю около пяти фунтов.

Ex. 2 Make sentences using the verbs in brackets in the right form. — Составьте предложения, используя глаголы в скобках в правильной форме.

Ex. 3 Work in pairs. Add to where necessary. Complete the dialogues and role-play them. — Работа в парах. Добавьте частицу to где это необходимо. Дополните диалоги и разыграйте их.

Ex. 4 Find 2 sentences with the most interesting information in each paragraph of the text about the history of the word dollar on page 79 of your Student’s Book (Part 1). Write questions to these sentences. – Найдите 2 предложения с наиболее интересной информацией в каждом абзаце текста об истории слова доллара на странице 79 вашего учебника (часть 1). Напишите вопросы к этим предложениям.

Where the word “dollar” came from
Questions
1. The word “dollar” has German origin and is much older than the USA and its currency! — Where the word “dollar” came from? — Слово «доллар» имеет немецкое происхождение и намного старше, чем США и их валюта! – Откуда происходит слово «доллар»?
2. The English changed this word to “dollar” and began to use it when speaking of any large silver foreign coin. – When did the English use the word “dollar”? — Англичане изменили это слово на «доллар» и начали использовать его, когда речь шла о какой-либо большой серебряной иностранной монете. — Когда англичане использовали слово «доллар»?
3. For several years after independence Americans didn’t have a currency of their own. – Did Americans have their own currency after independence? — В течение нескольких лет после получения независимости американцы не имели свою собственную валюту. — Американцы имели свою собственную валюту после получения независимости?
4. The dollar was officially declared the USA monetary unit in 1785. – When did the dollar become the USA monetary unit? — Доллар был официально объявлен денежной единицей США в 1785 году — Когда доллар стал денежной единицей США?

Вербицкая М. В. Forward. Английский язык для 7 класса. Consolidation

Consolidation 3

Ex. 1 Listen again to Pat and Rachel’s conversation and choose the right words in the following sentences. – Послушайте снова разговор Пат и Рейчел и выберите правильные слова в следующих предложениях.

1. Pat’s going to the sports centre. — Пат собирается в спортивный центр.
2. Pat plays tennis every morning. — Пат играет в теннис каждое утро.
3. Pat is spending the day at the Bristol Daily News. – Пат проведет день в Бристольском Дэйли Ньюз.
4. Pat is going there on Wednesday. – Пат собирается туда в среду.
5. She’s meeting the editor at ten o’clock. – Она встречается с редактором в десять часов.
6. Pat is having lunch at the newspaper. – Пат пообедает в газете.
7. She’s meeting the reporters at three o’clock. – Она встречается с репортерами в три часа.
8. When Pat meets Rachel it’s half past eight. — Когда Пат встречает Рейчел это половина девятого.

Ex. 2 Read the article. Then match facts 1-10 with a-j. – Прочитайте статью. Затем сопоставьте факты 1-10 с a-j.

Star Pilot
As a senior first officer, Paula is responsible for flying British Airways’ jumbo jets on long-haul trips to places such as New York. “My friends think it is a glamorous job,” says Paula, 28, “flying to exotic places, — but it’s not always interesting. You don’t usually have much time for sightseeing, and if you are flying on short trips in Britain, you feel like a bus driver.”
(отрывок из текста)

Звездный пилот
Как старший первый офицер, Паула отвечает за полеты аэробусов Бритиш Эйрвейс на длинные расстояния в такие места как Нью-Йорк. «Мои друзья думают, что это гламурная работа», говорит 28-летняя Паула, «летать в экзотические места, — но это не всегда интересно. У вас обычно нет много времени для осмотра достопримечательностей, а если вы летите на короткие расстояния в Британии, вы чувствуете себя как водитель автобуса».
Орвилл Райт был первым человеком, который пилотировал самолет 17 декабря 1903. Полет продолжался 12 секунд и покрыл расстояние 36,5 метров. Шесть лет спустя, в 1909 году французский изобретатель Луи Блерио стал первым международным пилотом, пролетев 41,8 км через Ла-Манш за 36 минут. Не забыл ли он взять с собой паспорт, мне интересно?
Не все пилоты имеют двигатели, которые помогают им летать, некоторые люди должны использовать свою собственную энергию. В 1988 году Канеллос Канеллопулос вылетел с Крита до Санторини на своем велосипеде самолете. На 119 километровый полет Канеллосу потребовалось 3 часа и 56 минут.

1. Paula’s age. d) 28 — возраст Паулы – 28 лет.
2. First human flight in history. g) 1903 – Первый полет человека в истории – 1903 год.
3. Duration of the flight. i) 12 seconds — Продолжительность полета. – 12 секунд.
4. Distance covered. h) 36.5 metres — Пройденное расстояние – 36,5 метров.
5. Distance of the first international flight. a) 41.8 km — Расстояние первого международного рейса – 41,6 километров.
6. The date of the flight in a bicycle aeroplane. e) 1988 — Дата полета на самолете велосипеде – 1988.
7. Duration of Kanellos’ flight. j) 3 hours 56 minutes — Продолжительность полета Канеллоса – 3 часа 56 минут.
8. Distance covered by Kanellos. b) 119 km – Расстояние покрытое Канеллосом – 119 километров.
9. The duration of the Channel flight. f) 36 minutes — Продолжительность полета через Ламанш – 36 минут.
10. The year of the first Channel flight. c) 1909 — Год первого полета через Ламанш.

Find the words that sound similar in Russian and in English. Do you think these words have the same meaning in both languages? – Найдите слова, которые звучат похоже на русском и на английском языке. Как вы думаете, эти слова имеют одинаковое значение в обоих языках?

Ex. 3 Listen and repeat. Pay special attention to the pronunciation of /w/ and /v/ sounds. – Послушайте и повторите. Обращая особое внимание на произношение звуков /w/ и /v/.
1. waitress — официантка, worldwide – по всему миру, watch – смотреть, часы, well-paid – хорошо оплачиваемая, wheelchair – инвалидное кресло, wildlife – дикая природа, wind — ветер, where – где, куда, when – когда.
2. vegetable — овощ, volleyball — волейбол, varied — разнообразный, invite — приглашать, discoverer — открыватель, discovery — открытие, invention — изобретение, valuable – ценный.
3. very well – очень хорошо, a wonderful invention – замечательное изобретение, a wonderful discovery – замечательное открытие, a well-paid inventor – хорошо оплачиваемый изобретатель.

Ex. 4 Complete the question tags in the interview. – Допишите разделительные вопросы в интервью.

A: Your name is Anna Pavlova, isn’t it? – Вас зовут Анна Павлова, не так ли?
B: Yes, it is. I’m Anna Pavlova. — Да. Я Анна Павлова.
A: You’ve come from Moscow, haven’t you? — Вы приехали из Москвы, не так ли?
B: No, I haven’t. I live in Moscow, but I was on a business trip in Sochi, so I’ve come to London from Sochi. — Нет. Я живу в Москве, но я была в командировке в Сочи, поэтому я приехала в Лондон из Сочи.
A: You work for the Olympics Organising Committee, don’t you? — Вы работаете в Оргкомитете Олимпийских игр, не так ли?
B: Yes, I do. I was lucky to get this job. — Да. Мне повезло получить эту работу.
A: It’s an exciting job, isn’t it? — Это захватывающая работа, не так ли?
B: Yes, it is. I work with volunteers. — Да. Я работаю с добровольцами (волонтерами).
A: There are many volunteers, aren’t there? — Много добровольцев, не так ли?
B: Yes, there are 25,000 volunteers. — Да, 25 000 добровольцев.

Write a paragraph summarizing the interview. – Допишите пункт подытоживающий интервью.

Ex. 5 Finish these sentences. — Закончите эти предложения.

1. Next year I’m going to visit my aunt in Moscow. — В следующем году я собираюсь навестить свою тетю в Москве.
2. When I graduate from school, I will work in the hospital. — Когда я окончe школу, я буду работать в больнице.
3. In ten years’ time people will travel only by bikes. — Через десять лет люди будут ездить только на велосипедах.
4. In the future our planet will be more polluted. — В будущем наша планета будет более загрязненной.
5. In 2020 I will live in Australia. — В 2020 году я буду жить в Австралии.
6. In the next century people will read less books than today. — В следующем столетии люди будут читать меньше книг, чем сегодня.

Ex. 6 Tell your classmates what you will do/be doing in future using the phrases from Exercise 5. — Расскажите своим одноклассникам, что вы будете делать в будущем, используя фразы из упражнения 5.
Example: Next year, when I’m a year older, I’ll be studying at school. — В следующем году, когда я буду на год старше, я буду учиться в школе.
In the future, when I graduate from university, I’ll be a scientist. — В будущем, когда я закончу университет, я буду ученым.

Ex. 7 In pairs, role-play Clive Pambegan and Pat’s conversation or Trevor and Nikita’s Skype conversation about their future jobs. Use as many question tags to check information as possible. — В парах разыграйте разговор Пат и Клайва Пэмбигана или разговор Тревора и Никиты по скайпу об их будущих работах. Используйте столько разделительных вопросов, сколько возможно.

Ex. 8 Work in a groups. Can you solve these riddles? – Работа в группах. Можете ли вы решить эти загадки?

1. Pat’s friend Clive Pambegan was born on December 20th, yet his birthday always falls in the summer. How is that possible? – Друг Пат Клайв Пэмбиган родился 20 декабря, но его день рождения всегда выпадает в летнее время. Как это возможно?
Это происходит, потому что он живет в Австралии, а там все времена года наступают не так как у нас, наоборот.
2. What do the letter t and an island have in common? — Что буква Т и остров имеют общего?
Both in the middle of waTer – оба посредине воды.
3. Jerry’s mother has three children. The first child was named April. The second child was named May. What was the third child’s name? – У матери Джерри трое детей. Первого ребенка назвали Апрель. Второго назвали Май. Как зовут третьего ребенка? – Джерри.

Workbook Consolidation 3

Ex. 2 Complete the question tags with appropriate answers. – Дополните разделительные вопросы соответствующими ответами.

1. You’re a student, aren’t you? – Yes, I am. / No, I’m not. — Вы студент, не так ли? — Да. / Нет.
2. You like playing tennis, don’t you? – Yes, I do. / No, I don’t. — Вам нравится играть в теннис, не так ли? — Да. / Нет.
3. You’re fourteen years old, aren’t you? – Yes, I am. / No, I’m not. — Тебе четырнадцать лет, не так ли? — Да. / Нет.
4. You live in Kazan, don’t you? – Yes, I do. / No, I don’t. — Вы живете в Казани, не так ли? — Да. / Нет.
5. You’re English, aren’t you? – Yes, I am. / No, I’m not. – Ты англичанин, не так ли? – Да. / Нет.
6. You’re from Vladivostok, aren’t you? – Yes, I am. / No, I’m not. — Вы из Владивостока, не так ли? — Да. / Нет.
7. You go to school at eight o’clock, don’t you? – Yes, I do. / No, I don’t. — Вы ходите в школу в восемь часов, не так ли? — Да. / Нет.
8. You finish school at one o’clock, don’t you? – Yes, I do. / No, I don’t. — Вы заканчиваете школу в час, не так ли? — Да. / Нет.
9. You’re Maria, aren’t you? – Yes, I am. / No, I’m not. — Вы Мария, не так ли? — Да. / Нет.
10. You like pop music, don’t you? – Yes, I do. / No, I don’t. — Вы любите поп-музыку, не так ли? — Да. / Нет.

Ex. 3 Complete the sentences using the verbs could, should, have to, would. – Дополните предложения, используя глаголы could, should, have to, would.

1. Could you do the shopping, please? — Yes, of course. What do we need? — Не могли бы вы сделать покупки, пожалуйста? — Да, конечно. Что нам нужно?
2. I have to tidy my room every week. — Я должен приводить в порядок свою комнату каждую неделю.
3. They have to wear a white shirt and a tie to school every day. — Они должны носить белую рубашку и галстук в школу каждый день.
4. Could you lend me your bike? — No, I’m sorry. I need it today. — Не могли бы вы одолжить мне свой велосипед? — Нет, прости. Он мне нужен сегодня.
5. I can’t do this exercise. — You should ask your father to help you. — Я не могу делать это упражнение. – Тебе следует попросить отца помочь тебе.
6. Would you like to go and see a film this evening? — Yes, I’d love to. — Вы хотите пойти и посмотреть фильм в этот вечер? — Да, я бы хотел.
7. I’m bored! You should go and see your friends. — Мне скучно! Тебе следует пойти и увидеть твоих друзей.
8. Would you like tea or coffee? — Coffee, please. — Вы хотите чай или кофе? — Кофе, пожалуйста.

Ex. 4 What are you going to do next Sunday? Use the list below and write 3 affirmative and 3 negative sentences following the example. — Что вы собираетесь делать в ближайшее воскресенье? Используйте список, приведенный ниже и напишите 3 утвердительный и 3 отрицательных предложения по примеру.

1. I’m not going to stay at home. I’m going to see my friends. — Я не собираюсь оставаться дома. Я собираюсь увидеть своих друзей.
2. I’m not going to cook lunch. I’m going to do a project in history. — Я не собираюсь готовить обед. Я собираюсь сделать проект по истории.
3. I’m not going to go for a walk. I’m going to visit relatives. — Я не собираюсь идти на прогулку. Я собираюсь навестить родственников.
4. I’m not going to play videogames. I’m going to play football. — Я не буду играть в видеоигры. Я собираюсь играть в футбол.
5. I’m not going to go to a disco. I’m going to have a picnic. — Я не собираюсь идти на дискотеку. Я собираюсь устроить пикник.
6. I’m not going to have a party. I’m going to tidy my room. — Я не собираюсь устроить вечеринку. Я собираюсь привести в порядок свою комнату.

Ex. 5 Circle the correct words. – Обведите правильные слова.

1. I’m meeting my mum and dad outside the post office at three o’clock. – Я встречаюсь со своими мамой и папой у почты в три часа.
2. Robert’s going to an article about cheetahs for The RAP next weekend. — Роберт собирается написать статью о гепардах для RAP на следующих выходных.
3. In the year 2050 people will work twenty hours a week. — В 2050 году люди будут работать двадцать часов в неделю.
4. I’m going to get a job in a factory next year. — Я собираюсь получить работу на заводе в следующем году.
5. Pat’s having an interview at The Bristol Daily News on Tuesday morning. – У Пат будет интервью в Бристольском Дэйли Ньюз во вторник утром.
6. We’re catching the 9.00 train to London tomorrow morning. – Мы поймаем девятичасовой поезд в Лондон завтра утром.

Ex. 6 Read the words silently and find one word that is pronounced with the diphthong [ai]. Then write out the words that are pronounced with a short [i] sound and which are pronounced with a long [i:] sound. Read the words paying special attention to these vowels. — Прочитайте слова про себя и найдите одно слово, которое произносится с дифтонгом [ai]. Затем выпишите слова, которые произносятся с коротким звуком [i] и которые произносятся с долгим звуком [i:]. Прочитайте слова обращая особое внимание на эти гласные.

[ai] – wild – дикий.
[i] – things — вещи, kitchen — кухня, event — событие, children — дети, list — список, which — который, skills — навыки, this – это.
[i:] – need — необходимость, read — читать, themed — тематические, clean — чистые, seek — искать, teen — подросток, build — строить, people — люди, meals — питание, free — бесплатный, these – эти.

Ex. 7 Which of these words are pronounced with [s] and which — with [z] sound? There is one word which has both of these sounds. Read the words paying special attention to these sounds. — Какие из этих слов произносятся со звуком [s] а какие со звуком [z]? Есть слово, которое имеет оба этих звука. Прочитайте слова обращая особое внимание на эти звуки.

[s] — [z] – horses — лошади
[s] – stadium — стадион, soup — суп, meals — питание
[z] – user — пользователь, disabled — инвалид, teenagers — подростки

Вербицкая М. В. Forward. Английский язык для 7 класса. Consolidation

Consolidation 4

Ex. 1 Sharks sometimes attack humans because they think they are seals. Look at the seal and the boats. Which of these boats do you think looks most like a seal to a shark? — акулы иногда нападают на людей, потому что они думают, что они являются тюленями. Посмотрите на тюленя и лодки. Какая из этих лодок, по вашему мнению, выглядит как тюлень для акулы?
Listen to the interview with Ken Carlton who had a close encounter with a shark and choose the correct statement. — Послушайте интервью с Кеном Карлтоном, который имел столкновение с акулой и выберите правильное утверждение.

1. Ken was in the USA when the incident happened. — Кен был в США когда произошел инцидент.
2. Ken was with a friend. — Кен был с другом.
3. Ken was frightened. – Кен был напуган.

Listen again and answer the questions. — Прослушайте снова и ответьте на вопросы.

1. Where and when did the incident happen? — Где и когда произошел инцидент?
The incident happened in California last summer. — Инцидент произошел в Калифорнии прошлым летом.
2. How long has Ken been canoeing? — Как долго Кен занимается греблей?
Ken has been canoeing for about five years. — Кен занимается греблей в течение пяти лет.
3. How far were they from the shore at the moment of the attack? — Насколько далеко они были от берега в момент нападения?
They were one hundred meters from the shore at the moment of the attack. — Они были в ста метрах от берега в момент нападения.
4. What did Ken shout when the shark attacked him? — Что закричал Кен, когда акула напала на него?
He shouted: What’s happening? — Он закричал: Что происходит?
5. How long was Ken under the water? — Как долго Кен был под водой?
Ken was under the water for about five seconds. — Кен находился под водой в течение примерно пяти секунд.
6. Who did Ken and Anthea see on the beach? — Кого Кен и Антея увидели на пляже?
They saw rangers. — Они увидели рейнджеров (егерей).
7. How big was the shark which attacked Ken? — Насколько велика была акула, которая напала на Кена?
The shark was about four meters long. – Акула была длиной около четырех метров.

Работать в парах. Расскажите историю Кена к другому студенту в классе. Ответьте на его вопрос.

Ex. 2 Think about the verb forms. Match 1-9 with А-I. Explain the use of this form. — Подумайте о глагольных формах. Сопоставьте 1-9 с А-I. Объяснить использование этой формы.

1. She plays tennis. E Present Simple — Она играет в теннис. Настоящее простое время
2. What are you doing, Tom? — I’m studying. H Present Continuous — Что ты делаешь, Том? — Я учусь. Настоящее продолженное
3. I was chatting with Dasha at three o’clock. I Past Continuous — Я болтал с Дашей в три часа. Прошедшее продолженное
4. I was at the cinema, so I didn’t watch TV last night. F Past Simple — Я был в кино, так что я не смотрел телевизор прошлой ночью. Прошедшее простое
5. I’m going to see my friends on Sunday. G “Going to” Future — Я собираюсь увидеть моих друзей в воскресенье.
6. Will you go to university after school? Yes, I will. С “Will” Future — Будете ли вы поступить в университет после школы? Да. Будущее простое
7. If I were you, I’d buy this book. A “Would” for conditional – На твоем месте, я бы купил эту книгу. Сослагательное наклонение
8. Have you finished your article about pocket money yet? D Present Perfect — Вы уже закончили свою статью о карманных деньгах? Настоящее совершенное время
9. I’ve been studying English since I was eight. В Present Perfect Continuous — Я изучаю английский язык с восьмилетнего возраста. Настоящее совершенно-продолженное

Ex. 3 Long or short “i”? Listen to the pronunciation of these two words. Then listen and repeat. – Долгий или краткий звук “i”? Послушайте произношение этих двух слов. Затем послушайте и повторите.
ship /i/ sheep /i:/
Listen and choose the word you hear. – Послушайте и выберите слово, которое вы слышите.
1. sheep — овцы
2. bit — немного
3. hit – хит, бить
4. sit — сидеть
5. feel — чувствовать
6. it’s — его
Listen again and check. Then read it aloud. — Послушайте снова и проверьте. Затем прочитайте их вслух.

Ex. 4 Look at these pictures before you read. Which of them shows America before the arrival of Europeans; Ancient Greece; Ancient Egypt? Then read the text and say which of the countries is described in it. How do you know? — Посмотрите на эти фотографии, прежде чем читать. Какая из них показывает Америку до прихода европейцев (3); Древнюю Грецию (2); Древний Египет (1)? Затем прочитайте текст и скажите, какие из стран описываются в нем. Откуда вы знаете?

This country still exists today, but it was different many years ago. Its society was very advanced even by today’s standards.
Agriculture was a very important part of the economy. Wheat and millet were grown in the fields and exported to other countries. For example, agricultural products were exchanged for wood, leather, gold and ivory. These materials were used in industry, which was highly developed, too, and jewellery, ceramics and cloth were all made in this country.
(отрывок из текста)

Эта страна до сих пор существует, но она была другой много лет назад. Ее общество было очень продвинутым даже по сегодняшним меркам.
Сельское хозяйство было очень важной частью экономики. Пшеницу и просо выращивали на полях и экспортировали в другие страны. Например, проводился обмен сельскохозяйственной продукции на дерево, кожу, золото и слоновую кость. Эти материалы были использованы в промышленности, которая была тоже высоко развита, ювелирные изделия, керамика и ткани изготавливались в этой стране.
Многие памятники, построенные в то время известны даже сегодня. Миллионы людей посещают их каждый год. Некоторые из памятников были обнаружены только в начале 20-го века.
Животные были возвышены в этой стране, тоже, и некоторые животные считались богами. Например, был бог по имени Хорус с соколиной головой; Тот, который был ибисом (тип птицы); Бастет, которая была кошкой; и Апис, бык. В одном городе крокодил считался богом и был украшен драгоценными камнями и золотом!

Answer the questions. — Ответьте на вопросы.

1. What crops were grown in this country? — Какие сельскохозяйственные культуры выращивались в этой стране?
Wheat and millet were grown in the fields. — Пшеницу и просо выращивали на полях.
2. What were agricultural products exchanged for? – На что обменивали сельскохозяйственные продукты?
Agricultural products were exchanged for wood, leather, gold and ivory. — проводился обмен сельскохозяйственной продукции на дерево, кожу, золото и слоновую кость.
3. What products were made? — Какие продукты изготавливали?
Jewellery, ceramics and cloth were all made in this country. — ювелирные изделия, керамика и ткани изготавливались в этой стране.
4. When were some of the ancient monuments of this country discovered? — Когда были некоторые из древних памятников этой страны обнаружены?
Some of the monuments were only discovered at the beginning of the 20th century. — Некоторые из памятников были обнаружены только в начале 20-го века.
5. What animals were considered to be gods? — Какие животные считались богами?
For example, there was a god called Horus with a falcon head; Thoth, who was an ibis (a type of bird); Bastet, who was a cat; and Apis, a bull. — Например, был бог по имени Хорус с соколиной головой; Тот, который был ибисом (тип птицы); Бастет, которая была кошкой; и Апис, бык.
6. What animal was decorated with jewels and gold? — Какое животное было украшено драгоценными камнями и золотом?
The crocodile was considered a god and was decorated with jewels and gold! — крокодил считался богом и был украшен драгоценными камнями и золотом!

Ex. 5 Read the text and fill in the gaps with the appropriate names of well-known special days (A — Thanksgiving, В — Christmas). — Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски соответствующими названиями известных особых дней (А — День благодарения, В — Рождество).

1. No Christmas is complete without lots of desserts, and nothing symbolizes Christmas more than baked breads and cookies hot from the oven. Many American traditional desserts, like other Christmas customs, were started long ago in some other parts of the world. English fruit cake or plum pudding, Italian “Crostoli”, a fried bread spiced with orange peel, German “Pfeffernuesse”, a bread full of sweet spices, and Ukrainian doughnuts all find their place on the Christmas table!
Ни одно Рождество не обходится без большого количества десертов, и ничто не символизирует Рождество больше, чем сухарики и печенье горячие из духовки. Многие американские традиционные десерты, как и другие рождественские обычаи, были начаты давно в некоторых других частях мира. Английский фруктовый торт или сливовый пудинг, итальянский «Crostoli», жареный хлеб, приправленный апельсиновой коркой, немецкий «Pfeffernuesse», хлеб полный сладких специй, и украинские пончики все находят свое место на рождественском столе!

2. The American Thanksgiving holiday began as a feast of Thanksgiving colonies almost 400 years ago. In the autumn of 1621 in the early days of the American the colonists harvested bountiful crops of corn, barley, beans and pumpkins, and arranged a feast to thank the Indians who taught them how to grow unfamiliar crops in an unfamiliar soil. Without the Indians the first settlers would not have survived. Turkey (a native of North America), corn (or maize), pumpkins and cranberry sauce are symbols which represent the first Thanksgiving. You will find these traditional foods on most tables throughout the US on the fourth Thursday of November.
Американский праздник День благодарения начался как праздник благодарения колоний почти 400 лет назад. Осенью 1621 года в первые дни американские колонисты собрали обильный урожай кукурузы, ячменя, бобов и тыквы, и устроил пир, чтобы поблагодарить индейцев, которые научили их, как вырастить урожай незнакомых растений в незнакомой почве. Без индейцев первые поселенцы не выжили бы. Индейка (родом из Северной Америки), кукуруза, тыква и клюквенный соус являются символами, которые представляют собой первый День благодарения. Вы найдете эти традиционные продукты на большинстве столов на всей территории США в четвертый четверг ноября.

Ex. 6 Work in groups. Write a questionnaire to find out what students in your class know about festivals and special days in the UK, the USA, Canada and Australia. Discuss your questions, write about your ideas and give the paper to your teacher. Then make changes, if necessary, and make a “clean” copy of the questionnaire. Swap your questionnaire with another group and answer the questions.
Работа в группах. Напишите вопросник, чтобы выяснить, что студенты в классе знают о фестивалях и специальных днях в Великобритании, США, Канаде и Австралии. Обсудите ваши вопросы, напишите о своих идеях и дайте бумагу своему учителю. Затем внесите изменения, если это необходимо, и сделайте «чистую» копию вопросника. Поменяйтесь вопросником с другой группой, и ответьте на вопросы.

Workbook Consolidation 4

Ex. 1 Look at the magic square and find words and phrases for the following categories. — Посмотрите на магический квадрат и найдите слова и фразы для следующих категорий.

Free time activities — Занятия в свободное время
fun fair – парк аттракционов
disc — диск
have a party – устроить вечеринку
have a picnic – устроить пикник

Picnic basket — Корзинка для пикника
ham — ветчина
cola – кола
sandwiches — сэндвичи

Professions – Профессии
builder — строитель
mechanic — механик
secretary – секретарь
cashier – кассир

Transport — Транспорт
train — поезд
car – машина
bus — автобус
scooter – мотороллер

Ex. 2 Think about the verb forms. Match 1 -9 with А-I. Explain the use of the verb forms. — Подумайте о глагольных формах. Сопоставьте 1-9 с А-I. Объяснить использование этой формы.

Ex. 3 What do you think Russian teenagers are like? Complete the sentences using nobody, no one, everybody, everyone, some people, most people. — Как вы думаете, российские подростки похожи? Дополните предложения, используя никто, все, некоторые люди, большинство людей.

1. play computer games — Everyone plays computer games.
2. Everybody surf the Internet. — Все пользуются Интернетом.
3. Most people ride a bicycle. — Большинство людей катаются на велосипеде.
4. Some people can swim. — Некоторые люди могут плавать.
5. No one go on a holiday to the seaside every year. — Никто не ездит на каникулы к морю каждый год.

Ex. 4 Complete the sentences using the verbs forms from the box. — Дополните предложения, используя глаголы из рамки.

1. I was reading a book when my mum came home. — Я читал книгу, когда моя мама пришла домой.
2. I’ve been reading this book since half past two. — Я читаю эту книгу с половины третьего.
3. I read that book last week. I finished it on Friday. — Я прочитал эту книгу на прошлой неделе. Я закончил ее в пятницу.
4. I’ve read many books in Italian, but I’ve never read any books in English. — Я прочитал много книг на итальянском языке, но я никогда не читал ни одной книги на английском языке.
5. When the lesson started, I was playing with my computer game. — Когда урок начался, я играл в свою компьютерную игру.
6. I’ve played a lot of tennis recently. — Я много играл в теннис в последнее время.
7. I’ve been playing volleyball lots of times, so I know the rules. — Я играл в волейбол много раз, так что я знаю правила.
8. I played tennis on Saturday morning. — Я играл в теннис в субботу утром.

Ex. 5 Look at the pictures and compare Maria’s and Peter’s abilities. — Посмотрите на картинки и сравните способности Марии и Питера.

1. Marta can play tennis better than Peter. — Марта может играть в теннис лучше, чем Питер.
2. Marta can run worse than Peter. — Марта может бегать хуже, чем Питер.
3. Marta can play the piano worse than Peter. — Марта может играть на пианино хуже, чем Питер.
4. Marta can study worse than Peter. — Марта может учиться хуже, чем Питер.
5. Marta can ski better than Peter. — Марта можно кататься на лыжах лучше, чем Питер.
6. Marta can sing louder than Peter. — Марта может петь громче, чем Питер.
7. Marta can ride a bike better than Peter. — Марта может ездить на велосипеде лучше, чем Питер.
8. Marta can draw better than Peter. — Марта может рисовать лучше, чем Питер.

Источник

Economies that use a «dollar»[edit]

Other territories that use a «dollar»[edit]

Countries unofficially accepting «dollars»[edit]

Countries and regions that have previously used a «dollar» currency[edit]

History[edit]

Etymology[edit]

Europe and colonial North America[edit]

Origins of the dollar sign[edit]

Adoption by the United States[edit]

Usage in the United Kingdom[edit]

Usage elsewhere[edit]

Other national currencies called «dollar»[edit]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

External links[edit]

How did the dollar get its name?

When was the term dollar first used?

Is dollar a Spanish name?

Who came up with the dollar?

Who invented money?

Why is US money green?

What are Spanish cents?

Why is a dollar like a Neanderthal?

What was before the dollar?

What is US dollar backed by?

What are the 4 types of money?

Why is a dollar a dollar?

How many dollars is 100 cents?

What are Mexican slang words?

Which word is slang for money?

Does pasta mean money in Spanish?

What is the name of Spain money?

What country uses pesetas?

What is the actual color of money?

Did the US ever have a 3 dollar bill?

What is the color for money?

How did the dollar get its name?

When was the term dollar first used?

Is dollar a Spanish name?

Who came up with the dollar?

Who invented money?

Why is US money green?

What are Spanish cents?

Why is a dollar like a Neanderthal?

What was before the dollar?

What is US dollar backed by?

What are the 4 types of money?

Why is a dollar a dollar?

How many dollars is 100 cents?

What are Mexican slang words?

Which word is slang for money?

Does pasta mean money in Spanish?

What is the name of Spain money?

What country uses pesetas?

What is the actual color of money?

Did the US ever have a 3 dollar bill?

What is the color for money?

One comment

Where does the term dollar come from?

Is dollar a Spanish name?

How much is a 2 dollar bill worth?

Can I get a $500 bill from the bank?

Did they ever make a million dollar bill?

Does ATM detect fake money?

Can a business refuse $100 dollar bills?

Is it legal for stores to not give change?

Is refusing money illegal?

Can I pay with 100 dollar bill?

Can you break 100 at an ATM?

How much money should a man carry?

What is the most cash you can carry?

Can scanners detect money?

Вербицкая М. В. Forward. Английский язык для 7 класса. Consolidation

Вербицкая М. В. Forward. Английский язык для 7 класса. Consolidation

Вербицкая М. В. Forward. Английский язык для 7 класса. Consolidation

Вербицкая М. В. Forward. Английский язык для 7 класса. Consolidation