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Where the word “dollar” came from
Surprise! Surprise! The word “dollar” has German origin and is much older than the USA and its currency! In 1516 in Bohemia, in a place called “Joachimsthal” (which means “Joachim’s valley”) a silver mine was opened, and they started to produce coins known as “Joachimsthalers”. This long word was soon shortened to “thalers” and called “dalers” by the Dutch. The English changed this word to “dollar” and began to use it when speaking of any large silver foreign coin. In North America, for instance, English settlers referred to the Spanish piece of eight reals as the “Spanish dollar”.
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Откуда произошло слово «доллар»
Сюрприз! Сюрприз! Слово «доллар» имеет немецкое происхождение и намного старше, чем США и их валюта! В 1516 году в Чехии, в месте под названием «Joachimsthal» (что означает «долина Иоахима») был открыт серебряный рудник, и они начали выпускать монеты, известные как «Joachimsthalers». Это длинное слово вскоре сокращено до «талера», голландцы говорили «далер». Англичане изменили это слово на «доллар» и начали использовать его, когда речь шла о какой-либо большой серебряной иностранной монете. В Северной Америке, например, английские поселенцы называли испанские восемь реалов — «испанский доллар».
В течение нескольких лет после получения независимости американцы не имели свою собственную валюту, они использовали любые иностранные монеты, которые могли получить, включая испанские доллары. Но они понимали, что новой нации нужна своя валюта. Томас Джефферсон решительно возражал против использования английской системы. Это была его идея назвать американские деньги «доллары», словом, которое было уже знакомо людям. Доллар был официально объявлен денежной единицей США в 1785 году.
Say if the following statements are true, false or not stated. – Скажите, верны ли следующие утверждения, ложные или не указано.
1. According to the text, the word “thaler” is connected with a certain place name. — В соответствии с текстом, слово «талер» связано с название определенного места.
a) true b) false c) not stated
2. The Dutch brought German thalers to Britain. — Голландцы принесли немецкие талеры в Великобританию.
a) true b) false c) not stated
3. In English the word “dollar” was at first used to describe any silver coin. — В английском языке слово «доллар» сначала было использовано для описания любой серебряной монеты.
a) true b) false c) not stated
4. Thomas Jefferson wanted the US to have their own currency. — Томас Джефферсон хотел, чтобы США имели свою собственную валюту.
a) true b) false c) not stated
5. According to the text, for 9 years the USA didn’t have currency of their own. — В соответствии с текстом, в течение 9 лет США не имели свою собственную валюту.
a) true b) false c) not stated

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Last Update: Jan 03, 2023

This is a question our experts keep getting from time to time. Now, we have got the complete detailed explanation and answer for everyone, who is interested!

Asked by: Rhoda Bernhard

Score: 4.6/5
(2 votes)

The word dollar is the Anglicized version of the German word thaler (Czech tolar and Dutch word daalder or daler), a shortened version of the word Joachimthalers. The word thaler comes from the German root “thal” which means valley and “thaler” indicates a person or thing from the valley.

How did dollar get its name?

The word ‘dollar’ itself derives from the Flemish or Low German word daler (in German taler or thaler), short for Joachimstaler, referring to a coin from the silver mines of Joachimstal, in Bohemia (now Jáchymov in the Czech Republic).

Why do we call a dollar a buck ‘?

Buck is an informal reference to $1 that may trace its origins to the American colonial period when deerskins (buckskins) were commonly traded for goods. The buck also refers to the U.S. dollar as a currency that can be used both domestically and internationally.

What dollar stands for?

It stands for the initials of the United States‘. It seems that Rand was wrong, not least because until 1776, the US was known as the United Colonies of America, and there are suggestions that the dollar sign was in use before the United States was born.

Why is the dollar sign an S with a line through it?

In one popular origin story, the dollar sign started as a U on top of an S, as shorthand for «United States.» Over time, the bottom of the U disappeared, leaving the S with two lines through it. Later it was simplified to only one line.

16 related questions found

Do dollar signs have 1 or 2 lines?

You may have heard that the dollar sign started as a U on top of an S, as in “United States.” Over time, the bottom of the U disappeared, leaving the S with two lines through it, which was eventually simplified to only one line. … In fact, this symbol was actually used for another form of currency before the U.S. dollar.

What does a dollar sign look like?

According to Rand, the dollar sign (written with two downward slashes instead of one) came from the initials of the United States: A capital U superimposed over a capital S, minus the lower part of the U.

Who invented money?

The first region of the world to use an industrial facility to manufacture coins that could be used as currency was in Europe, in the region called Lydia (modern-day Western Turkey), in approximately 600 B.C. The Chinese were the first to devise a system of paper money, in approximately 770 B.C.

How many countries use the dollar?

Official Use of the U.S. Dollar

More than 65 countries peg their currencies to the U.S. dollar while five U.S. territories and seven sovereign countries use it as their official currency of exchange.

What does 5 bucks mean?

Deerskins were commonly used as a form of currency at the time. In fact, one of the earliest known uses of the term is a trade record from 1748 that details the exchange rate for a cask of whiskey as «5 bucks,» or deerskins, according to the video.

What is slang for money?

This also became dough, by derivation from the same root), «cabbage», «clam», «milk», «dosh», «dough», «shillings», «frogskins», «notes», «ducats», «loot», «bones», «bar», «coin», «folding stuff», «honk», «lolly», «lucre»/»filthy «Lucre», «moola/moolah», «mazuma», «paper», «scratch», «readies», «rhino» (Thieves’ cant), …

Which word is slang for money?

Bucks. Perhaps the most commonly used slang term for dollars, it is believed to originate from early American colonists who would often trade deerskins, or buckskins.

Why is a dollar like a Neanderthal?

By the 1860s the new man identified by the fossils was named Neanderthal. … (The German given name is from Old Testament Hebrew, but seems not to have been used by the English; it is, however, cognate with Spanish Joaquín.) The English spelling had been modified to dollar by 1600.

What are the 4 types of money?

Economists identify four main types of money – commodity, fiat, fiduciary, and commercial. All are very different but have similar functions.

What is the US dollar backed by?

In contrast to commodity-based money like gold coins or paper bills redeemable for precious metals, fiat money is backed entirely by the full faith and trust in the government that issued it. One reason this has merit is because governments demand that you pay taxes in the fiat money it issues.

Which currency is highest in the world?

1. Kuwaiti dinar. Known as the strongest currency in the world, the Kuwaiti dinar or KWD was introduced in 1960 and was initially equivalent to one pound sterling.

Why is the British pound symbol an L?

The symbol derives from the upper case Latin letter L, representing libra pondo, the basic unit of weight in the Roman Empire, which in turn is derived from the Latin word, libra, meaning scales or a balance.

What is the pound symbol on a phone?

On North American telephones, the pound sign (#) is found in the lower right-hand corner of the keypad. Please call this mark (#) a number sign!

Who invented school?

Credit for our modern version of the school system usually goes to Horace Mann. When he became Secretary of Education in Massachusetts in 1837, he set forth his vision for a system of professional teachers who would teach students an organized curriculum of basic content.

What was the first form of money?

Cattle, which throughout history and across the globe have included not only cows but also sheep, camels, and other livestock, are the first and oldest form of money. With the advent of agriculture also came the use of grain and other vegetable or plant products as a standard form of barter in many cultures.

What is money made of?

The ordinary paper that consumers use throughout their everyday life such as newspapers, books, cereal boxes, etc., is primarily made of wood pulp; however, United States currency paper is composed of 75 percent cotton and 25 percent linen. This is what gives United States currency its distinct look and feel.

How do I type a dollar sign?

You can use “Shift + 4” keys to type dollar from the keyboard.
…
Type Dollar Symbol in Windows

In Windows, use alt + 0036 keys on the number pad to type $ symbol.
Only on Word documents, use 0024 + alt + x keys to type $.
You can also use Character Map or Symbols utilities to insert the symbol.

How do you write the dollar sign with two lines?

Dollar Sign Alt Code

Make sure you switch on the NumLock,
press and hold down the Alt key,
type the Alt Code value of the Dollar Sign 3 6 on the numeric pad ,
release the Alt key and you got a $ Dollar Sign.
or you can just press and hold down the ⇧ Shift + 4 key to get the $ Dollar Sign.

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Forward 7

Вербицкая М. В. Forward. Английский язык для 7 класса. Consolidations + Workbook

Consolidation 1
Ex. 1 “Animal World” is a TV quiz programme, and Michael Morgan is the presenter. Listen to the programme and say what the prize is and who wins it. — «Животный мир» – это ТВ викторина, а Майкл Морган — ведущий. Послушайте программу и скажите какой приз и кто его выиграет.
Then listen to the programme again and answer the questions in your Workbook. — Затем послушайте программу снова и ответьте на вопросы в рабочей тетради.

1. What’s the first contestant’s name? – Maggie.
Как зовут первого участника? – Мэгги.
2. Which animal is the first question about? – African elephant.
О каком животном первый вопрос? – Африканский слон.
3. What is the correct answer to the first question? – 600 kilos.
Какой правильный ответ на первый вопрос? – 600 кг.
4. Which animal is the second question about? – Ostrich.
О каком животном второй вопрос? – Страус.

5. What is the correct answer to this question? – 1-2 kilos
Какой правильный ответ на этот вопрос? – 1-2 кг.
6. Which animal is the last question about? – Rhino.
О каком животном последний вопрос? – носорог.
7. What does she answer to the last question? – Обычно рог носорога от 20 до 60 см, был зафиксирован рекорд в 158 см.
Какой ответ на последний вопрос? — 150 см
8. What does she win? – photo safari in Kenya.
Что она выиграла? – Фото сафари в Кении.

Ex. 2 Listen to the pronunciation of these words and repeat them between /о:/ and /з:/ sounds. — Послушайте произношение этих слов и повторите их обращая внимание на звуки /о:/ и /з:/.
tall — turn (высокий – поворот)
four — fur (четыре – мех)
warm — worm (теплый – червь)
board — bird (доска – птица)
thought — third (мысль – третий)
form — firm (форма – фирма)
what — word (что – слово)
water — world (вода – мир)
short — shirt (короткий – рубашка)

Ex.3 In pairs, complete the questions and answer them (you can guess). Then, you can check your answers at the back of your Workbook. — В парах завершите вопросы и ответьте на них (вы можете догадаться). Затем, вы можете проверить свои ответы в конце вашей рабочей тетради.

1. What is the fastest animal in the world? How fast can a cheetah run? – Какое самое быстрое животное в мире? Как быстро гепард может бегать?
Cheetah is the fastest animal in the world. It can run 100 kilometers per hour. — Гепард является самым быстрым животным в мире. Он может бегать 100 километров в час.

2. What is the heaviest animal in the world? How much does an elephant weigh? – Какое самое тяжелое животное в мире? Сколько весит слон?
An elephant is the heaviest animal in the world. It weighs 6000 kilos. — Слон является самым тяжелым животным в мире. Он весит 6000 килограммов.

3. What is the longest animal in the world? How long is this animal? – Какое животное самое длинное в мире? Насколько длинно это животное?
Python is the longest animal in the world. It is 600 centimeters long. — Питон является самым длинным животным в мире. Его длина составляет 600 сантиметров.

4. What is the tallest animal in the world? How tall is a giraffe? – Какое животное самое высокое в мире? Какой рост у жирафа?
Giraffe is the tallest animal in the world. It is 600 centimeters tall. — Жираф является самым высоким животным в мире. Он 600 сантиметров в высоту.

5. What is the smallest bird in the world? How small is a hummingbird? – Какая птица самая маленькая в мире? Насколько мала колибри?
Hummingbird is the smallest bird in the world. It is 2 cm long and weighs 5 grams. — Колибри является самой маленькой птицей в мире. Он имеет длину 2 см и весит 5 граммов.

Вербицкая М. В. Forward. Английский язык для 7 класса. Consolidation

Ex. 4 Complete the sentences. — Дополните предложения.

1. If it rains tomorrow, we’ll stay at home. – Если завтра пойдет дождь, мы останемся дома.
2. If you go to school by bus, it’s faster than on foot. – Если ты поедешь завтра в школу на автобусе, это будет быстрее, чем пешком.
3. If you go to school by bike, it’s healthier than by bus. – Если вы поедите на велосипеде, это полезнее, чем на автобусе.
4. If you are ready, let’s go. — Если вы готовы, давайте пойдем.

Ex. 5 Work in pairs. Look at the animals on page 34 again for two minutes. Don’t write anything! Try to remember the names and numbers of the animals. Then write a sentence for each type of animal. – Работа в парах. Посмотрите на животных на странице 34 еще раз в течение двух минут. Ничего не пишите! Постарайтесь запомнить названия и количество животных. Затем напишите предложение для каждого вида животных.

Example: There were two horses. – Две лошади.
Compare your lists. Then check your answers together. — Сравните свои списки. Затем проверьте свои ответы вместе.

Ex. 6 In pairs, discuss what you used to do when you were in primary school and what you do today at school and at home. — В парах, обсудите, что вы привыкли делать, когда вы были в начальной школе и что вы делаете сегодня в школе и дома.

Ex. 7 Read Nina’s letter from the USA and complete the table in your Workbook. – Прочитайте письмо Нины из США и заполните таблицу в рабочей тетради.

Schools in the USA and the UK
Dear RAP readers,
You remember me, don’t you? I went to England last year with my parents.
Now I’m writing this e-mail to The RAP from Denver in the USA. My parents are staying here for six months, so I’m going to school here. Many RAP readers wanted to know about the English school system. Well, here’s a comparison of the English and American systems.
In England you start school when you are five and you go to primary school. When you’re eleven you go to secondary school, either a comprehensive school or a grammar school. Then, when you are sixteen, you take exams called GCSEs (General Certificate of Secondary Education). Then you can leave! A lot of students stay at school and take А-levels (Advanced levels) when they are eighteen before going to university. You can study for А-levels at the same school or you can go to a sixth-form college.
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Школы в США и Великобритании
Дорогие читатели Rap,
Вы помните меня, не так ли? Я ездила в Англию в прошлом году с моими родителями.
Сейчас я пишу это электронное письмо для Rap из Денвера в США. Мои родители живут здесь в течение шести месяцев, так что я хожу здесь в школу. Многие читатели RAP хотели знать об английской школьной системе. Ну, вот сравнение английских и американских систем.
В Англии вы начинаете школу, когда вам пять, и вы идете в начальную школу. Когда вам одиннадцать вы идете в среднюю школу, либо общеобразовательную школу, либо в гимназию. Затем, когда вам шестнадцать, вы сдаете экзамены, называемые GCSEs (ГИА, сейчас ОГЭ, Общее свидетельство о среднем образовании). После этого вы можете оставить школу! Многие студенты остаются в школе и готовятся к А-уровню (продвинутый уровень, ЕГЭ), когда им восемнадцать лет, прежде чем поступить в университет. Вы можете учиться в той же школе, или вы можете пойти в колледж.
В США все по-другому. Вы начинаете начальную школу, когда вам шесть, и остаетесь там до тех пор, пока вам не исполнится одиннадцать лет. Затем вы идете в младшие классы средней школы — седьмой, восьмой и девятый классы. В четырнадцать лет вы оканчиваете среднюю школу. После этого вы идете в старшую среднюю школу — десятый, одиннадцатый и двенадцатый классы. Вас называют первокурсником, когда вы в десятом классе. В конце двенадцатого класса вы сдаете государственный выпускной экзамен. Вы оканчиваете среднюю школу, когда вам семнадцать.
Хотели бы вы написать мне в США? Отправляйте письма на мой адрес электронной почты в верхней части этого письма.
А сейчас до свидания,
Нина Семенова

From the editor — От редактора
We would like to continue our discussion of schools. — Мы хотели бы продолжить наше обсуждение школ.
Here are some questions for our readers. — Вот некоторые вопросы для наших читателей.
1. If you could design your own school, what would it look like? — Если бы вы могли создать свою собственную школу, то как бы она выглядела?
2. Imagine you are in control of the school’s money and have an extra 1,000,000 roubles this school year. What would you spend it on? — Представьте, что вы контролируете школьные деньги и у вас есть 1 000 000 рублей в этом учебном году. На что бы вы их потратили?
3. Pretend you are the principal of your school and in charge of hiring teachers. Describe your hiring process. What would you look for in a teacher? What questions would you ask the candidate? — Представьте, что вы являетесь директором вашей школы и отвечаете за наем учителей. Опишите процесс найма. Что вы ищете в учителях? Какие вопросы вы бы задали кандидату?
4. Describe the kind of teacher you would never hire. What kind of things makes a bad teacher? – Опишите учителя, которого вы бы никогда не наняли. Что делает плохой учитель?

Ex. 8 In pairs, choose a question from The RAP list and discuss it. Then tell the class what you think about it. — В парах, выберите вопрос из списка RAP и обсудите его. Затем расскажите классу, что вы думаете об этом.

Ex. 9 Remember the names of the days of the week in English. Look at the German names for the days of the week. What is the German for “день”? — Помните названия дней недели на английском языке. Посмотрите на немецкие названия дней недели. Как по-немецки «день»?
День — Tag
Sonntag – Sunday — воскресенье
Donnerstag – Thursday — четверг
Montag – Monday — понедельник
Dienstag – Tuesday — вторник
Mittwoch – Wednesday — среда
Freitag – Friday — пятница
Samstag – Saturday — суббота

Ex. 10 “Mitte” in German means “the middle”, “Woche” means “a week”. Find the German word for “Wednesday”. Can you guess the meaning of the other words above? – Mitte в немецком языке означает «средний», Woche означает «неделя». Найти как по-немецки будет среда. Можете ли вы угадать смысл других слов, данных выше?
Mittwoch – Wednesday – среда

Ex. 11 Test yourself. Work independently. Don’t use the dictionary or the keys. Do Test 1 and fill in the Self-assessment checklist in your Workbook. — Проверьте себя. Работайте самостоятельно. Не пользуйтесь словарем или ответами. Выполните Тест 1 и заполните контрольный перечень вопросов для самооценки в рабочей тетради.

Вербицкая М. В. Forward. Английский язык для 7 класса. Consolidation

Workbook Consolidation 1

Ex. 1 Animal World is a TV quiz programme, and Michael Morgan is the presenter. Listen to the programme and say what the prize is and who wins it. Then listen to the programme again and answer the following questions. — «Животный мир» – это ТВ викторина, а Майкл Морган — ведущий. Послушайте программу и скажите какой приз и кто его выиграет. Затем послушайте программу снова и ответить на следующие вопросы.

1. What’s the first contestant’s name? — Как зовут первого участника?
a) Mary b) Maggie c) Monica
2. Which animal is the first question about? — О каком животном первый вопрос?
a) Elephant b) Kangaroo c) Ostrich
3. What is the correct answer to the first question? — Какой правильный ответ на первый вопрос?
a) 1,000 kg b) 6,000 kg c) 20,000 kg
4. Which animal is the second question about? — О каком животном второй вопрос?
a) Rhino b) Cobra c) Ostrich
5. What is the correct answer? — Какой правильный ответ на этот вопрос?
a) 1-2 kg b) 3-4 kg c) 5-6 kg
6. Which animal is the last question about? — О каком животном последний вопрос?
a) Ostrich b) Rhinoceros c) Tiger
7. What is the correct answer? — Какой правильный ответ?
a) 30 cm long b) 150 cm long c) 300 cm long
8. What does she win? – Каков выигрыш?
a) A rhino’s horn b) A holiday c) A camera

Ex. 2 Complete the sentences. — Дополните предложения.

Ex. 3 Work in pairs. Look at the animals on page 34 of your Student’s Book (Part 1) again for two minutes. Don’t write anything! — Работа в парах. Посмотрите на животных на странице 34 вашего учебника (часть 1) еще раз в течение двух минут. Ничего не пишите!
Try to remember the names and the number of the animals. Then write a sentence for each picture you remember, following the example. — Постарайтесь запомнить названия и количество животных. Затем напишите предложение для каждого изображения, которое вы запомнили, следуя примеру.
Compare your lists. Then check your answers together. — Сравните свои списки. Затем проверьте свои ответы вместе.

1. There were two horses. – Было две лошади.
2. There was one cheetah. – Был один гепард.
3. There were five kangaroos. – Было пять кенгуру.
4. There was one elephant. – Был один слон.
5. There was one python. – Был один питон.
6. There were six swallows. – Было шесть ласточек.
7. There was one leopard. – Был один леопард.
8. There were three rhinos. – Было три носорога.
9. There were four giraffes. – Было четыре жирафа.
10. There were three cobras. – Было три кобры.
11. There was one scorpion. – Был один скорпион.
12. There was one tiger. – Был один тигр.
13. There was one ostrich. – Был один страус.

Ex. 4 Silvia and Tina, who are now elderly ladies, discuss old times when they were young. Write sentences about those times using used to. — Сильвия и Тина, которые теперь пожилые дамы, обсуждают старые времена, когда они были молоды. Напишите предложения о тех временах используя used to.

1. We used to talk on the phone for ages. — Мы привыкли говорить по телефону часами.
2. Edward used to watch TV for hours. – Эдвард смотрел телевизор часами.
3. Daniel used to play computer games a lot. — Даниил много играл в компьютерные игры.
4. Annie and Richard used to walk a lot. — Энни и Ричард много гуляли.
5. Mr Thomson used to visit football matches. – Мистер Томсон имел обыкновение посещать футбольные матчи.
6. Gail and Barbara used to play tennis. – Гэйл и Барбара играли в теннис.

Ex. 5 Read Nina’s letter on page 45 of your Student’s Book (Part 1) and complete the tables. — Прочитайте письмо Нины на странице 45 вашего учебника (часть 1) и заполните таблицы.

UK school system — система школьного образования Великобритании

Primary school — 5 years old — Начальная школа – возраст 5 лет
Secondary school 11 years old — Средняя школа – 11 лет
Exams — GCSEs at 16 — Экзамены ГИА в 16
Secondary school/ sixth-form college — at 18 years old — Средняя школа / колледжа — 18 лет
Exams – A-level at 18

USA school system — школьная система США
Elementary school 6 years old — Начальная школа 6 лет.
Junior high school 11 — 14 years old — Младшая средняя школа 11-14 лет.
High school 15 years old — Средняя школа 15 лет.
Exams — at 17 – Экзамены в 17.
High school graduation at 17 — Окончания средней школы в 17.

Consolidation 2

Ex. 1 Listen to Trevor and complete the sentences. — Послушайте Тревора и завершите предложения.

I earn 10 pounds a week at The RAP. I usually spend about 5 pounds on CDs, sweets and crisps, and I usually save about five pounds. — Я зарабатываю 10 фунтов неделю в RAP. Я обычно трачу около 5 фунтов на компакт-диски, сладости и чипсы, и я обычно экономлю около пяти фунтов.

Ex. 2 Listen to the different pronunciation of these plural nouns. – Послушайте различные произношения множественного числа существительных.

1. plates /s/ 2. spoons /z/ 3. oranges /iz/

Say these plurals and write a number (1, 2, or 3) next to each one. – Произнесите эти множественные числа и напишите номера (1, 2 или 3) рядом с каждым из них.

3 – sandwiches — бутерброды
2 – tomatoes — помидоры
2 – eggs — яйца
2 – apples — яблоки
2 – knives — ножи
1 – cups — чашки
3 – foxes — лисы
1 – forks — вилки
3 – exercises — упражнения
1 – crisps – картофель фри
3 — pencil cases — пеналы
2 – friends — друзья

Ex. 3 Make sentences using the verbs in brackets. – Составьте предложения, используя глаголы в скобках.

Example: 1. If you (go) to England, you (speak) English every day. — If you go to England, you’ll speak English every day. — Если вы поедите в Англию, вы будете говорить по-английски каждый день.
2. If you study hard, you will pass the exam. – Если ты будешь усердно учиться, ты сдашь экзамен.
3. He will be late for school if he doesn’t get up soon. – Он опоздает в школу если не встанет в ближайшее время.
4. If you do not ride your bicycle more carefully, you will have an accident. – Если ты не будешь ездить на велосипеде аккуратнее, ты попадешь в аварию.
5. If we run, we will not miss the train. – Если мы побежим, мы не упустим поезд.
6. If you start work now, you will finish by six o’clock. — Если начать работу сейчас, вы закончите к шести часам.
7. Nevita will write to you if you send her your address. – Невита напишет тебе, если ты отправишь ей свой адрес.
8. They will go to the USA this summer if they can find a cheap ticket. — Они поедут в США этим летом, если они смогут найти дешевый билет.
9. If Rachel leaves school next year, she will get a job with a newspaper. — Если Рейчел покинет школу в следующем году, она получит работу в газете.

Ex. 4 Work in pairs. Add to where necessary. Complete the dialogues and role-play them. — Работа в парах. Добавьте частицу to где это необходимо. Дополните диалоги и разыграйте их.

1 — Would you like to go to the cinema? — No, I’m sorry, I’m busy. – Не хочешь сходить в кино? — Нет, мне очень жаль, я занят.
2 — I have to do the washing-up now. — I can help you. – Я должен сейчас помыть посуду. — Я могу помочь.
3 — I can — play the piano, but I can’t — swim. — Let’s go to the piano concert. – Я могу играть на пианино, но я не умею плавать. – Давай сходим на фортепианный концерт.
4 — Could you — lay the table, please? — Yes, of course. — Не могли бы вы накрыть на стол, пожалуйста? — Да, конечно.
5 — Do you have to do the shopping? — No, I don’t. I did it last Monday. – Ты должен сделать покупки? – Нет. Я сделал это еще в прошлый понедельник.
6 — Can you — play tennis? — Yes, I can. – Ты умеешь играть в теннис? – Да.
7 — Do you like — swimming? — Yes, I do. I like swimming very much. – Ты любишь плавать? — Да. Я очень люблю плавать.
8 — Could you — take out the rubbish for me, please? — No, I can’t. I have to do my homework. – Ты можешь вынести мусор для меня, пожалуйста? — Нет, я не могу. Я должен сделать свою домашнюю работу.

Ex. 5 Your friend would like to participate in some school activities, but can’t make his/her choice. Give him/her a piece of advice using the modal verb should. — Ваш друг хотел бы принять участие в некоторых школьных мероприятиях, но не может сделать его / ее выбор. Дайте ему / ей совет, используя модальный глагол следует.

Ex. 6 Read about the history of the word “dollar”. – Прочитайте историю слова «доллар».

Where the word “dollar” came from
Surprise! Surprise! The word “dollar” has German origin and is much older than the USA and its currency! In 1516 in Bohemia, in a place called “Joachimsthal” (which means “Joachim’s valley”) a silver mine was opened, and they started to produce coins known as “Joachimsthalers”. This long word was soon shortened to “thalers” and called “dalers” by the Dutch. The English changed this word to “dollar” and began to use it when speaking of any large silver foreign coin. In North America, for instance, English settlers referred to the Spanish piece of eight reals as the “Spanish dollar”.
(отрывок из текста)

Откуда произошло слово «доллар»
Сюрприз! Сюрприз! Слово «доллар» имеет немецкое происхождение и намного старше, чем США и их валюта! В 1516 году в Чехии, в месте под названием «Joachimsthal» (что означает «долина Иоахима») был открыт серебряный рудник, и они начали выпускать монеты, известные как «Joachimsthalers». Это длинное слово вскоре сокращено до «талера», голландцы говорили «далер». Англичане изменили это слово на «доллар» и начали использовать его, когда речь шла о какой-либо большой серебряной иностранной монете. В Северной Америке, например, английские поселенцы называли испанские восемь реалов — «испанский доллар».
В течение нескольких лет после получения независимости американцы не имели свою собственную валюту, они использовали любые иностранные монеты, которые могли получить, включая испанские доллары. Но они понимали, что новой нации нужна своя валюта. Томас Джефферсон решительно возражал против использования английской системы. Это была его идея назвать американские деньги «доллары», словом, которое было уже знакомо людям. Доллар был официально объявлен денежной единицей США в 1785 году.

Say if the following statements are true, false or not stated. – Скажите, верны ли следующие утверждения, ложные или не указано.

1. According to the text, the word “thaler” is connected with a certain place name. — В соответствии с текстом, слово «талер» связано с название определенного места.
a) true b) false c) not stated
2. The Dutch brought German thalers to Britain. — Голландцы принесли немецкие талеры в Великобританию.
a) true b) false c) not stated
3. In English the word “dollar” was at first used to describe any silver coin. — В английском языке слово «доллар» сначала было использовано для описания любой серебряной монеты.
a) true b) false c) not stated
4. Thomas Jefferson wanted the US to have their own currency. — Томас Джефферсон хотел, чтобы США имели свою собственную валюту.
a) true b) false c) not stated
5. According to the text, for 9 years the USA didn’t have currency of their own. — В соответствии с текстом, в течение 9 лет США не имели свою собственную валюту.
a) true b) false c) not stated

Ex. 7 Find in each paragraph 2 sentences with the most interesting information and write questions to them. – Найдите в каждом абзаце 2 предложения с самой интересной информацией и пишите к им вопросы.

1. The word “dollar” has German origin and is much older than the USA and its currency! — Where the word “dollar” came from? — Слово «доллар» имеет немецкое происхождение и намного старше, чем США и их валюта! – Откуда происходит слово «доллар»?
2. The English changed this word to “dollar” and began to use it when speaking of any large silver foreign coin. – When did the English use the word “dollar”? — Англичане изменили это слово на «доллар» и начали использовать его, когда речь шла о какой-либо большой серебряной иностранной монете. — Когда англичане использовали слово «доллар»?
3. For several years after independence Americans didn’t have a currency of their own. – Did Americans have their own currency after independence? — В течение нескольких лет после получения независимости американцы не имели свою собственную валюту. — Американцы имели свою собственную валюту после получения независимости?
4. The dollar was officially declared the USA monetary unit in 1785. – When did the dollar become the USA monetary unit? — Доллар был официально объявлен денежной единицей США в 1785 году — Когда доллар стал денежной единицей США?

Ex. 8 Work in groups. Can you solve these riddles? – Работа в группах. Можете ли вы решить эти загадки?

1. What is found in the middle of both America and Australia? — alphabet «R» — То, что находится в середине Америки и Австралии? – буква алфавита «R»

Interesting Riddles
1. A fruit on a tree, a tree on a fruit? (pineapple)
2. Which is the most shocking city? (electricity)
3. Which bow cannot be tied? (rainbow)
4. Which bet can never be won? (alphabet)
5. What kind of dress can never be worn? (address)
6. Which ship has two mates, but no captain? (friendship)
7. A white lady who sheds tears all the time? (candle)
8. The more you take that, the more you leave behind? (footsteps)
9. What has scales but cannot be measured? (fish)
10. Which two keys can’t open any doors? (monkey and donkey)
11. What’s black when it’s clean and white when it’s dirty? (blackboard)

2. There are three words in the English language that end in the letters g-r-y. Two are “hungry” and “angry”. You know the third word, you use it every day and you need a lot of it to be a success in your studies and school activities. A car and a computer and many other things need it, too. What is the third word? – energy.
В английском языке есть три слова, которые заканчиваются на буквы g-r-y. Два из них «голодный» и «злой». Вы знаете третье слово, вы используете его каждый день, и вам нужно много его, чтобы иметь успех в учебе и школьных мероприятиях. Автомобиль и компьютер и многое другое тоже в этом нуждаются. Что это за слово? – энергия. (в задании не говорилось ничего о порядке этих трех букв).

3. What two words contain thousands of letters? – post office.
Какие два слова содержат тысячи писем? – почтовое отделение.

Think of another riddle like this, in Russian or in English. – Подумайте о другой загадке, похожей на эти, на русском или на английском языке.

Ex. 9 Test yourself. Work independently. Don’t use the dictionary or the keys. Do Test 2 and fill in the Self-assessment checklist in your Workbook. — Проверьте себя. Работайте самостоятельно. Не следует использовать словарь или ответы. Выполните тест 2, и заполните контрольный перечень вопросов для самооценки в рабочей тетради.

Workbook Consolidation 2

Ex. 1 Listen to Trevor and complete the sentences. – Послушайте Тревора и дополните предложения.
I earn 10 pounds a week at The RAP. I usually spend about 5 pounds on CDs, sweets and crisps, and I usually save about five pounds. — Я зарабатываю 10 фунтов неделю в RAP. Я обычно трачу около 5 фунтов на компакт-диски, сладости и чипсы, и я обычно экономлю около пяти фунтов.

Ex. 2 Make sentences using the verbs in brackets in the right form. — Составьте предложения, используя глаголы в скобках в правильной форме.

Ex. 3 Work in pairs. Add to where necessary. Complete the dialogues and role-play them. — Работа в парах. Добавьте частицу to где это необходимо. Дополните диалоги и разыграйте их.

Ex. 4 Find 2 sentences with the most interesting information in each paragraph of the text about the history of the word dollar on page 79 of your Student’s Book (Part 1). Write questions to these sentences. – Найдите 2 предложения с наиболее интересной информацией в каждом абзаце текста об истории слова доллара на странице 79 вашего учебника (часть 1). Напишите вопросы к этим предложениям.

Where the word “dollar” came from
Questions
1. The word “dollar” has German origin and is much older than the USA and its currency! — Where the word “dollar” came from? — Слово «доллар» имеет немецкое происхождение и намного старше, чем США и их валюта! – Откуда происходит слово «доллар»?
2. The English changed this word to “dollar” and began to use it when speaking of any large silver foreign coin. – When did the English use the word “dollar”? — Англичане изменили это слово на «доллар» и начали использовать его, когда речь шла о какой-либо большой серебряной иностранной монете. — Когда англичане использовали слово «доллар»?
3. For several years after independence Americans didn’t have a currency of their own. – Did Americans have their own currency after independence? — В течение нескольких лет после получения независимости американцы не имели свою собственную валюту. — Американцы имели свою собственную валюту после получения независимости?
4. The dollar was officially declared the USA monetary unit in 1785. – When did the dollar become the USA monetary unit? — Доллар был официально объявлен денежной единицей США в 1785 году — Когда доллар стал денежной единицей США?

Вербицкая М. В. Forward. Английский язык для 7 класса. Consolidation

Consolidation 3

Ex. 1 Listen again to Pat and Rachel’s conversation and choose the right words in the following sentences. – Послушайте снова разговор Пат и Рейчел и выберите правильные слова в следующих предложениях.

1. Pat’s going to the sports centre. — Пат собирается в спортивный центр.
2. Pat plays tennis every morning. — Пат играет в теннис каждое утро.
3. Pat is spending the day at the Bristol Daily News. – Пат проведет день в Бристольском Дэйли Ньюз.
4. Pat is going there on Wednesday. – Пат собирается туда в среду.
5. She’s meeting the editor at ten o’clock. – Она встречается с редактором в десять часов.
6. Pat is having lunch at the newspaper. – Пат пообедает в газете.
7. She’s meeting the reporters at three o’clock. – Она встречается с репортерами в три часа.
8. When Pat meets Rachel it’s half past eight. — Когда Пат встречает Рейчел это половина девятого.

Ex. 2 Read the article. Then match facts 1-10 with a-j. – Прочитайте статью. Затем сопоставьте факты 1-10 с a-j.

Star Pilot
As a senior first officer, Paula is responsible for flying British Airways’ jumbo jets on long-haul trips to places such as New York. “My friends think it is a glamorous job,” says Paula, 28, “flying to exotic places, — but it’s not always interesting. You don’t usually have much time for sightseeing, and if you are flying on short trips in Britain, you feel like a bus driver.”
(отрывок из текста)

Звездный пилот
Как старший первый офицер, Паула отвечает за полеты аэробусов Бритиш Эйрвейс на длинные расстояния в такие места как Нью-Йорк. «Мои друзья думают, что это гламурная работа», говорит 28-летняя Паула, «летать в экзотические места, — но это не всегда интересно. У вас обычно нет много времени для осмотра достопримечательностей, а если вы летите на короткие расстояния в Британии, вы чувствуете себя как водитель автобуса».
Орвилл Райт был первым человеком, который пилотировал самолет 17 декабря 1903. Полет продолжался 12 секунд и покрыл расстояние 36,5 метров. Шесть лет спустя, в 1909 году французский изобретатель Луи Блерио стал первым международным пилотом, пролетев 41,8 км через Ла-Манш за 36 минут. Не забыл ли он взять с собой паспорт, мне интересно?
Не все пилоты имеют двигатели, которые помогают им летать, некоторые люди должны использовать свою собственную энергию. В 1988 году Канеллос Канеллопулос вылетел с Крита до Санторини на своем велосипеде самолете. На 119 километровый полет Канеллосу потребовалось 3 часа и 56 минут.

1. Paula’s age. d) 28 — возраст Паулы – 28 лет.
2. First human flight in history. g) 1903 – Первый полет человека в истории – 1903 год.
3. Duration of the flight. i) 12 seconds — Продолжительность полета. – 12 секунд.
4. Distance covered. h) 36.5 metres — Пройденное расстояние – 36,5 метров.
5. Distance of the first international flight. a) 41.8 km — Расстояние первого международного рейса – 41,6 километров.
6. The date of the flight in a bicycle aeroplane. e) 1988 — Дата полета на самолете велосипеде – 1988.
7. Duration of Kanellos’ flight. j) 3 hours 56 minutes — Продолжительность полета Канеллоса – 3 часа 56 минут.
8. Distance covered by Kanellos. b) 119 km – Расстояние покрытое Канеллосом – 119 километров.
9. The duration of the Channel flight. f) 36 minutes — Продолжительность полета через Ламанш – 36 минут.
10. The year of the first Channel flight. c) 1909 — Год первого полета через Ламанш.

Find the words that sound similar in Russian and in English. Do you think these words have the same meaning in both languages? – Найдите слова, которые звучат похоже на русском и на английском языке. Как вы думаете, эти слова имеют одинаковое значение в обоих языках?

Ex. 3 Listen and repeat. Pay special attention to the pronunciation of /w/ and /v/ sounds. – Послушайте и повторите. Обращая особое внимание на произношение звуков /w/ и /v/.
1. waitress — официантка, worldwide – по всему миру, watch – смотреть, часы, well-paid – хорошо оплачиваемая, wheelchair – инвалидное кресло, wildlife – дикая природа, wind — ветер, where – где, куда, when – когда.
2. vegetable — овощ, volleyball — волейбол, varied — разнообразный, invite — приглашать, discoverer — открыватель, discovery — открытие, invention — изобретение, valuable – ценный.
3. very well – очень хорошо, a wonderful invention – замечательное изобретение, a wonderful discovery – замечательное открытие, a well-paid inventor – хорошо оплачиваемый изобретатель.

Ex. 4 Complete the question tags in the interview. – Допишите разделительные вопросы в интервью.

A: Your name is Anna Pavlova, isn’t it? – Вас зовут Анна Павлова, не так ли?
B: Yes, it is. I’m Anna Pavlova. — Да. Я Анна Павлова.
A: You’ve come from Moscow, haven’t you? — Вы приехали из Москвы, не так ли?
B: No, I haven’t. I live in Moscow, but I was on a business trip in Sochi, so I’ve come to London from Sochi. — Нет. Я живу в Москве, но я была в командировке в Сочи, поэтому я приехала в Лондон из Сочи.
A: You work for the Olympics Organising Committee, don’t you? — Вы работаете в Оргкомитете Олимпийских игр, не так ли?
B: Yes, I do. I was lucky to get this job. — Да. Мне повезло получить эту работу.
A: It’s an exciting job, isn’t it? — Это захватывающая работа, не так ли?
B: Yes, it is. I work with volunteers. — Да. Я работаю с добровольцами (волонтерами).
A: There are many volunteers, aren’t there? — Много добровольцев, не так ли?
B: Yes, there are 25,000 volunteers. — Да, 25 000 добровольцев.

Write a paragraph summarizing the interview. – Допишите пункт подытоживающий интервью.

Ex. 5 Finish these sentences. — Закончите эти предложения.

1. Next year I’m going to visit my aunt in Moscow. — В следующем году я собираюсь навестить свою тетю в Москве.
2. When I graduate from school, I will work in the hospital. — Когда я окончe школу, я буду работать в больнице.
3. In ten years’ time people will travel only by bikes. — Через десять лет люди будут ездить только на велосипедах.
4. In the future our planet will be more polluted. — В будущем наша планета будет более загрязненной.
5. In 2020 I will live in Australia. — В 2020 году я буду жить в Австралии.
6. In the next century people will read less books than today. — В следующем столетии люди будут читать меньше книг, чем сегодня.

Ex. 6 Tell your classmates what you will do/be doing in future using the phrases from Exercise 5. — Расскажите своим одноклассникам, что вы будете делать в будущем, используя фразы из упражнения 5.
Example: Next year, when I’m a year older, I’ll be studying at school. — В следующем году, когда я буду на год старше, я буду учиться в школе.
In the future, when I graduate from university, I’ll be a scientist. — В будущем, когда я закончу университет, я буду ученым.

Ex. 7 In pairs, role-play Clive Pambegan and Pat’s conversation or Trevor and Nikita’s Skype conversation about their future jobs. Use as many question tags to check information as possible. — В парах разыграйте разговор Пат и Клайва Пэмбигана или разговор Тревора и Никиты по скайпу об их будущих работах. Используйте столько разделительных вопросов, сколько возможно.

Ex. 8 Work in a groups. Can you solve these riddles? – Работа в группах. Можете ли вы решить эти загадки?

1. Pat’s friend Clive Pambegan was born on December 20th, yet his birthday always falls in the summer. How is that possible? – Друг Пат Клайв Пэмбиган родился 20 декабря, но его день рождения всегда выпадает в летнее время. Как это возможно?
Это происходит, потому что он живет в Австралии, а там все времена года наступают не так как у нас, наоборот.
2. What do the letter t and an island have in common? — Что буква Т и остров имеют общего?
Both in the middle of waTer – оба посредине воды.
3. Jerry’s mother has three children. The first child was named April. The second child was named May. What was the third child’s name? – У матери Джерри трое детей. Первого ребенка назвали Апрель. Второго назвали Май. Как зовут третьего ребенка? – Джерри.

Workbook Consolidation 3

Ex. 2 Complete the question tags with appropriate answers. – Дополните разделительные вопросы соответствующими ответами.

1. You’re a student, aren’t you? – Yes, I am. / No, I’m not. — Вы студент, не так ли? — Да. / Нет.
2. You like playing tennis, don’t you? – Yes, I do. / No, I don’t. — Вам нравится играть в теннис, не так ли? — Да. / Нет.
3. You’re fourteen years old, aren’t you? – Yes, I am. / No, I’m not. — Тебе четырнадцать лет, не так ли? — Да. / Нет.
4. You live in Kazan, don’t you? – Yes, I do. / No, I don’t. — Вы живете в Казани, не так ли? — Да. / Нет.
5. You’re English, aren’t you? – Yes, I am. / No, I’m not. – Ты англичанин, не так ли? – Да. / Нет.
6. You’re from Vladivostok, aren’t you? – Yes, I am. / No, I’m not. — Вы из Владивостока, не так ли? — Да. / Нет.
7. You go to school at eight o’clock, don’t you? – Yes, I do. / No, I don’t. — Вы ходите в школу в восемь часов, не так ли? — Да. / Нет.
8. You finish school at one o’clock, don’t you? – Yes, I do. / No, I don’t. — Вы заканчиваете школу в час, не так ли? — Да. / Нет.
9. You’re Maria, aren’t you? – Yes, I am. / No, I’m not. — Вы Мария, не так ли? — Да. / Нет.
10. You like pop music, don’t you? – Yes, I do. / No, I don’t. — Вы любите поп-музыку, не так ли? — Да. / Нет.

Ex. 3 Complete the sentences using the verbs could, should, have to, would. – Дополните предложения, используя глаголы could, should, have to, would.

1. Could you do the shopping, please? — Yes, of course. What do we need? — Не могли бы вы сделать покупки, пожалуйста? — Да, конечно. Что нам нужно?
2. I have to tidy my room every week. — Я должен приводить в порядок свою комнату каждую неделю.
3. They have to wear a white shirt and a tie to school every day. — Они должны носить белую рубашку и галстук в школу каждый день.
4. Could you lend me your bike? — No, I’m sorry. I need it today. — Не могли бы вы одолжить мне свой велосипед? — Нет, прости. Он мне нужен сегодня.
5. I can’t do this exercise. — You should ask your father to help you. — Я не могу делать это упражнение. – Тебе следует попросить отца помочь тебе.
6. Would you like to go and see a film this evening? — Yes, I’d love to. — Вы хотите пойти и посмотреть фильм в этот вечер? — Да, я бы хотел.
7. I’m bored! You should go and see your friends. — Мне скучно! Тебе следует пойти и увидеть твоих друзей.
8. Would you like tea or coffee? — Coffee, please. — Вы хотите чай или кофе? — Кофе, пожалуйста.

Ex. 4 What are you going to do next Sunday? Use the list below and write 3 affirmative and 3 negative sentences following the example. — Что вы собираетесь делать в ближайшее воскресенье? Используйте список, приведенный ниже и напишите 3 утвердительный и 3 отрицательных предложения по примеру.

1. I’m not going to stay at home. I’m going to see my friends. — Я не собираюсь оставаться дома. Я собираюсь увидеть своих друзей.
2. I’m not going to cook lunch. I’m going to do a project in history. — Я не собираюсь готовить обед. Я собираюсь сделать проект по истории.
3. I’m not going to go for a walk. I’m going to visit relatives. — Я не собираюсь идти на прогулку. Я собираюсь навестить родственников.
4. I’m not going to play videogames. I’m going to play football. — Я не буду играть в видеоигры. Я собираюсь играть в футбол.
5. I’m not going to go to a disco. I’m going to have a picnic. — Я не собираюсь идти на дискотеку. Я собираюсь устроить пикник.
6. I’m not going to have a party. I’m going to tidy my room. — Я не собираюсь устроить вечеринку. Я собираюсь привести в порядок свою комнату.

Ex. 5 Circle the correct words. – Обведите правильные слова.

1. I’m meeting my mum and dad outside the post office at three o’clock. – Я встречаюсь со своими мамой и папой у почты в три часа.
2. Robert’s going to an article about cheetahs for The RAP next weekend. — Роберт собирается написать статью о гепардах для RAP на следующих выходных.
3. In the year 2050 people will work twenty hours a week. — В 2050 году люди будут работать двадцать часов в неделю.
4. I’m going to get a job in a factory next year. — Я собираюсь получить работу на заводе в следующем году.
5. Pat’s having an interview at The Bristol Daily News on Tuesday morning. – У Пат будет интервью в Бристольском Дэйли Ньюз во вторник утром.
6. We’re catching the 9.00 train to London tomorrow morning. – Мы поймаем девятичасовой поезд в Лондон завтра утром.

Ex. 6 Read the words silently and find one word that is pronounced with the diphthong [ai]. Then write out the words that are pronounced with a short [i] sound and which are pronounced with a long [i:] sound. Read the words paying special attention to these vowels. — Прочитайте слова про себя и найдите одно слово, которое произносится с дифтонгом [ai]. Затем выпишите слова, которые произносятся с коротким звуком [i] и которые произносятся с долгим звуком [i:]. Прочитайте слова обращая особое внимание на эти гласные.

[ai] – wild – дикий.
[i] – things — вещи, kitchen — кухня, event — событие, children — дети, list — список, which — который, skills — навыки, this – это.
[i:] – need — необходимость, read — читать, themed — тематические, clean — чистые, seek — искать, teen — подросток, build — строить, people — люди, meals — питание, free — бесплатный, these – эти.

Ex. 7 Which of these words are pronounced with [s] and which — with [z] sound? There is one word which has both of these sounds. Read the words paying special attention to these sounds. — Какие из этих слов произносятся со звуком [s] а какие со звуком [z]? Есть слово, которое имеет оба этих звука. Прочитайте слова обращая особое внимание на эти звуки.

[s] — [z] – horses — лошади
[s] – stadium — стадион, soup — суп, meals — питание
[z] – user — пользователь, disabled — инвалид, teenagers — подростки

Вербицкая М. В. Forward. Английский язык для 7 класса. Consolidation

Consolidation 4

Ex. 1 Sharks sometimes attack humans because they think they are seals. Look at the seal and the boats. Which of these boats do you think looks most like a seal to a shark? — акулы иногда нападают на людей, потому что они думают, что они являются тюленями. Посмотрите на тюленя и лодки. Какая из этих лодок, по вашему мнению, выглядит как тюлень для акулы?
Listen to the interview with Ken Carlton who had a close encounter with a shark and choose the correct statement. — Послушайте интервью с Кеном Карлтоном, который имел столкновение с акулой и выберите правильное утверждение.

1. Ken was in the USA when the incident happened. — Кен был в США когда произошел инцидент.
2. Ken was with a friend. — Кен был с другом.
3. Ken was frightened. – Кен был напуган.

Listen again and answer the questions. — Прослушайте снова и ответьте на вопросы.

1. Where and when did the incident happen? — Где и когда произошел инцидент?
The incident happened in California last summer. — Инцидент произошел в Калифорнии прошлым летом.
2. How long has Ken been canoeing? — Как долго Кен занимается греблей?
Ken has been canoeing for about five years. — Кен занимается греблей в течение пяти лет.
3. How far were they from the shore at the moment of the attack? — Насколько далеко они были от берега в момент нападения?
They were one hundred meters from the shore at the moment of the attack. — Они были в ста метрах от берега в момент нападения.
4. What did Ken shout when the shark attacked him? — Что закричал Кен, когда акула напала на него?
He shouted: What’s happening? — Он закричал: Что происходит?
5. How long was Ken under the water? — Как долго Кен был под водой?
Ken was under the water for about five seconds. — Кен находился под водой в течение примерно пяти секунд.
6. Who did Ken and Anthea see on the beach? — Кого Кен и Антея увидели на пляже?
They saw rangers. — Они увидели рейнджеров (егерей).
7. How big was the shark which attacked Ken? — Насколько велика была акула, которая напала на Кена?
The shark was about four meters long. – Акула была длиной около четырех метров.

Работать в парах. Расскажите историю Кена к другому студенту в классе. Ответьте на его вопрос.

Ex. 2 Think about the verb forms. Match 1-9 with А-I. Explain the use of this form. — Подумайте о глагольных формах. Сопоставьте 1-9 с А-I. Объяснить использование этой формы.

1. She plays tennis. E Present Simple — Она играет в теннис. Настоящее простое время
2. What are you doing, Tom? — I’m studying. H Present Continuous — Что ты делаешь, Том? — Я учусь. Настоящее продолженное
3. I was chatting with Dasha at three o’clock. I Past Continuous — Я болтал с Дашей в три часа. Прошедшее продолженное
4. I was at the cinema, so I didn’t watch TV last night. F Past Simple — Я был в кино, так что я не смотрел телевизор прошлой ночью. Прошедшее простое
5. I’m going to see my friends on Sunday. G “Going to” Future — Я собираюсь увидеть моих друзей в воскресенье.
6. Will you go to university after school? Yes, I will. С “Will” Future — Будете ли вы поступить в университет после школы? Да. Будущее простое
7. If I were you, I’d buy this book. A “Would” for conditional – На твоем месте, я бы купил эту книгу. Сослагательное наклонение
8. Have you finished your article about pocket money yet? D Present Perfect — Вы уже закончили свою статью о карманных деньгах? Настоящее совершенное время
9. I’ve been studying English since I was eight. В Present Perfect Continuous — Я изучаю английский язык с восьмилетнего возраста. Настоящее совершенно-продолженное

Ex. 3 Long or short “i”? Listen to the pronunciation of these two words. Then listen and repeat. – Долгий или краткий звук “i”? Послушайте произношение этих двух слов. Затем послушайте и повторите.
ship /i/ sheep /i:/
Listen and choose the word you hear. – Послушайте и выберите слово, которое вы слышите.
1. sheep — овцы
2. bit — немного
3. hit – хит, бить
4. sit — сидеть
5. feel — чувствовать
6. it’s — его
Listen again and check. Then read it aloud. — Послушайте снова и проверьте. Затем прочитайте их вслух.

Ex. 4 Look at these pictures before you read. Which of them shows America before the arrival of Europeans; Ancient Greece; Ancient Egypt? Then read the text and say which of the countries is described in it. How do you know? — Посмотрите на эти фотографии, прежде чем читать. Какая из них показывает Америку до прихода европейцев (3); Древнюю Грецию (2); Древний Египет (1)? Затем прочитайте текст и скажите, какие из стран описываются в нем. Откуда вы знаете?

This country still exists today, but it was different many years ago. Its society was very advanced even by today’s standards.
Agriculture was a very important part of the economy. Wheat and millet were grown in the fields and exported to other countries. For example, agricultural products were exchanged for wood, leather, gold and ivory. These materials were used in industry, which was highly developed, too, and jewellery, ceramics and cloth were all made in this country.
(отрывок из текста)

Эта страна до сих пор существует, но она была другой много лет назад. Ее общество было очень продвинутым даже по сегодняшним меркам.
Сельское хозяйство было очень важной частью экономики. Пшеницу и просо выращивали на полях и экспортировали в другие страны. Например, проводился обмен сельскохозяйственной продукции на дерево, кожу, золото и слоновую кость. Эти материалы были использованы в промышленности, которая была тоже высоко развита, ювелирные изделия, керамика и ткани изготавливались в этой стране.
Многие памятники, построенные в то время известны даже сегодня. Миллионы людей посещают их каждый год. Некоторые из памятников были обнаружены только в начале 20-го века.
Животные были возвышены в этой стране, тоже, и некоторые животные считались богами. Например, был бог по имени Хорус с соколиной головой; Тот, который был ибисом (тип птицы); Бастет, которая была кошкой; и Апис, бык. В одном городе крокодил считался богом и был украшен драгоценными камнями и золотом!

Answer the questions. — Ответьте на вопросы.

1. What crops were grown in this country? — Какие сельскохозяйственные культуры выращивались в этой стране?
Wheat and millet were grown in the fields. — Пшеницу и просо выращивали на полях.
2. What were agricultural products exchanged for? – На что обменивали сельскохозяйственные продукты?
Agricultural products were exchanged for wood, leather, gold and ivory. — проводился обмен сельскохозяйственной продукции на дерево, кожу, золото и слоновую кость.
3. What products were made? — Какие продукты изготавливали?
Jewellery, ceramics and cloth were all made in this country. — ювелирные изделия, керамика и ткани изготавливались в этой стране.
4. When were some of the ancient monuments of this country discovered? — Когда были некоторые из древних памятников этой страны обнаружены?
Some of the monuments were only discovered at the beginning of the 20th century. — Некоторые из памятников были обнаружены только в начале 20-го века.
5. What animals were considered to be gods? — Какие животные считались богами?
For example, there was a god called Horus with a falcon head; Thoth, who was an ibis (a type of bird); Bastet, who was a cat; and Apis, a bull. — Например, был бог по имени Хорус с соколиной головой; Тот, который был ибисом (тип птицы); Бастет, которая была кошкой; и Апис, бык.
6. What animal was decorated with jewels and gold? — Какое животное было украшено драгоценными камнями и золотом?
The crocodile was considered a god and was decorated with jewels and gold! — крокодил считался богом и был украшен драгоценными камнями и золотом!

Ex. 5 Read the text and fill in the gaps with the appropriate names of well-known special days (A — Thanksgiving, В — Christmas). — Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски соответствующими названиями известных особых дней (А — День благодарения, В — Рождество).

1. No Christmas is complete without lots of desserts, and nothing symbolizes Christmas more than baked breads and cookies hot from the oven. Many American traditional desserts, like other Christmas customs, were started long ago in some other parts of the world. English fruit cake or plum pudding, Italian “Crostoli”, a fried bread spiced with orange peel, German “Pfeffernuesse”, a bread full of sweet spices, and Ukrainian doughnuts all find their place on the Christmas table!
Ни одно Рождество не обходится без большого количества десертов, и ничто не символизирует Рождество больше, чем сухарики и печенье горячие из духовки. Многие американские традиционные десерты, как и другие рождественские обычаи, были начаты давно в некоторых других частях мира. Английский фруктовый торт или сливовый пудинг, итальянский «Crostoli», жареный хлеб, приправленный апельсиновой коркой, немецкий «Pfeffernuesse», хлеб полный сладких специй, и украинские пончики все находят свое место на рождественском столе!

2. The American Thanksgiving holiday began as a feast of Thanksgiving colonies almost 400 years ago. In the autumn of 1621 in the early days of the American the colonists harvested bountiful crops of corn, barley, beans and pumpkins, and arranged a feast to thank the Indians who taught them how to grow unfamiliar crops in an unfamiliar soil. Without the Indians the first settlers would not have survived. Turkey (a native of North America), corn (or maize), pumpkins and cranberry sauce are symbols which represent the first Thanksgiving. You will find these traditional foods on most tables throughout the US on the fourth Thursday of November.
Американский праздник День благодарения начался как праздник благодарения колоний почти 400 лет назад. Осенью 1621 года в первые дни американские колонисты собрали обильный урожай кукурузы, ячменя, бобов и тыквы, и устроил пир, чтобы поблагодарить индейцев, которые научили их, как вырастить урожай незнакомых растений в незнакомой почве. Без индейцев первые поселенцы не выжили бы. Индейка (родом из Северной Америки), кукуруза, тыква и клюквенный соус являются символами, которые представляют собой первый День благодарения. Вы найдете эти традиционные продукты на большинстве столов на всей территории США в четвертый четверг ноября.

Ex. 6 Work in groups. Write a questionnaire to find out what students in your class know about festivals and special days in the UK, the USA, Canada and Australia. Discuss your questions, write about your ideas and give the paper to your teacher. Then make changes, if necessary, and make a “clean” copy of the questionnaire. Swap your questionnaire with another group and answer the questions.
Работа в группах. Напишите вопросник, чтобы выяснить, что студенты в классе знают о фестивалях и специальных днях в Великобритании, США, Канаде и Австралии. Обсудите ваши вопросы, напишите о своих идеях и дайте бумагу своему учителю. Затем внесите изменения, если это необходимо, и сделайте «чистую» копию вопросника. Поменяйтесь вопросником с другой группой, и ответьте на вопросы.

Workbook Consolidation 4

Ex. 1 Look at the magic square and find words and phrases for the following categories. — Посмотрите на магический квадрат и найдите слова и фразы для следующих категорий.

Free time activities — Занятия в свободное время
fun fair – парк аттракционов
disc — диск
have a party – устроить вечеринку
have a picnic – устроить пикник

Picnic basket — Корзинка для пикника
ham — ветчина
cola – кола
sandwiches — сэндвичи

Professions – Профессии
builder — строитель
mechanic — механик
secretary – секретарь
cashier – кассир

Transport — Транспорт
train — поезд
car – машина
bus — автобус
scooter – мотороллер

Ex. 2 Think about the verb forms. Match 1 -9 with А-I. Explain the use of the verb forms. — Подумайте о глагольных формах. Сопоставьте 1-9 с А-I. Объяснить использование этой формы.

Ex. 3 What do you think Russian teenagers are like? Complete the sentences using nobody, no one, everybody, everyone, some people, most people. — Как вы думаете, российские подростки похожи? Дополните предложения, используя никто, все, некоторые люди, большинство людей.

1. play computer games — Everyone plays computer games.
2. Everybody surf the Internet. — Все пользуются Интернетом.
3. Most people ride a bicycle. — Большинство людей катаются на велосипеде.
4. Some people can swim. — Некоторые люди могут плавать.
5. No one go on a holiday to the seaside every year. — Никто не ездит на каникулы к морю каждый год.

Ex. 4 Complete the sentences using the verbs forms from the box. — Дополните предложения, используя глаголы из рамки.

1. I was reading a book when my mum came home. — Я читал книгу, когда моя мама пришла домой.
2. I’ve been reading this book since half past two. — Я читаю эту книгу с половины третьего.
3. I read that book last week. I finished it on Friday. — Я прочитал эту книгу на прошлой неделе. Я закончил ее в пятницу.
4. I’ve read many books in Italian, but I’ve never read any books in English. — Я прочитал много книг на итальянском языке, но я никогда не читал ни одной книги на английском языке.
5. When the lesson started, I was playing with my computer game. — Когда урок начался, я играл в свою компьютерную игру.
6. I’ve played a lot of tennis recently. — Я много играл в теннис в последнее время.
7. I’ve been playing volleyball lots of times, so I know the rules. — Я играл в волейбол много раз, так что я знаю правила.
8. I played tennis on Saturday morning. — Я играл в теннис в субботу утром.

Ex. 5 Look at the pictures and compare Maria’s and Peter’s abilities. — Посмотрите на картинки и сравните способности Марии и Питера.

1. Marta can play tennis better than Peter. — Марта может играть в теннис лучше, чем Питер.
2. Marta can run worse than Peter. — Марта может бегать хуже, чем Питер.
3. Marta can play the piano worse than Peter. — Марта может играть на пианино хуже, чем Питер.
4. Marta can study worse than Peter. — Марта может учиться хуже, чем Питер.
5. Marta can ski better than Peter. — Марта можно кататься на лыжах лучше, чем Питер.
6. Marta can sing louder than Peter. — Марта может петь громче, чем Питер.
7. Marta can ride a bike better than Peter. — Марта может ездить на велосипеде лучше, чем Питер.
8. Marta can draw better than Peter. — Марта может рисовать лучше, чем Питер.

Источник

January 2, 2011

Daven Hiskey

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The name ‘dollar’ derived from the word ‘thaler’ which is an abbreviation for the word “Joachimsthaler”, a coin type from the city of Joachimsthal (Jáchymov) in Bohemia, where some of the first such coins were minted in 1516.

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Many people are fascinated by etymology, and will happily spend a large amount of time tracing some specific word’s history, looking back through hundreds of years of history in search of lexical information. While we are always happy to see people indulge their passion for language, we must also say that in many cases the story of a word’s history is likely to be a rather dry affair. If you are at a dinner party, and someone tries to engage you in small talk by telling you the interesting story of a word such as posh there is a good chance that the word’s history will not actually be as supposed.

The ‘dollar’ is known throughout the world, but the word’s origin story begins hundreds of years ago in a small town in Bohemia.

However, there are thousands and thousands of English words with great backstories. Take, for instance, the humble dollar: why do we call our basic unit of currency by this name?

It all begins, logically enough (if you accept a somewhat loose definition of “logically”), in a small mountain town in northwestern Bohemia, named Jáchymov. In the beginning of the 16th century this town (located in what today is the Czech Republic) was known by its German name, Sankt Joachimsthal, which may be translated as “dale (or valley) of Joachim.” This may not seem yet like it allows a logical path to the modern dollar, but it will.

About the beginning of the 16th century the Count of Schlick (a name that comes from genuine history books, and not from a Lemony Snicket novel) opened a mine in this town, and from its ore began to mint and issue a good amount of silver coin. William Lyman Fawcett, in his Gold and Debt; an American Handbook of Finance (1879) informs us that these coins were “of uniform weight and fineness” and that “traders of the time were in want of some international standard,” and so “these coins soon became in good repute all over Europe under the names of Schlicken thalers or Joachim’s thalers.”

The second of these names, more often written as joachimstaler, appeared to have had more success than did schlicken thaler, although it did not last for a terribly long time. Soon the name of this coin became shortened to the German taler, and from there became daler. By the middle of the 16th century the English language had added daler to its vocabulary, used in reference to an increasing variety of coins from Europe and elsewhere which were being so described.

The dollar was proposed as the monetary unit of the United States in the early 1780s, and adopted formally in 1792 (although they were not actually issued as currency until 1794). Since that time our language has taken on a remarkable number of synonyms for this word for “100 cents,” often found in the form of slang. We have paid for things with bones, bucks, smackers (and smackeroos), clams, iron men (for silver dollars), plunks, and simoleons.

Although the list of slang and colloquial terms for the dollar (and other denominations of our currency, such as Benjamin for the $100 bill, which bears the portrait of Benjamin Franklin) is long and quite creative, we are sad to report that the word based on the long-dead Count appears to have been largely overlooked. If you are of a mind to try to introduce a new bit of slang for the dollar, and would like to spice your coinage with a degree of historical flair you could certainly do worse than schlickenthaler.

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Asked by: Roxane Becker DDS

Score: 5/5
(56 votes)

The word dollar is the Anglicized version of the German word thaler (Czech tolar and Dutch word daalder or daler), a shortened version of the word Joachimthalers. The word thaler comes from the German root “thal” which means valley and “thaler” indicates a person or thing from the valley.

How did the dollar get its name?

History. The dollar is named after the thaler. The thaler was a large silver coin first made in the year 1518. The thaler named after the Joachimsthal (Joachim’s valley) mine in Bohemia (Thal means valley in German).

When was the term dollar first used?

The dollar was proposed as the monetary unit of the United States in the early 1780s, and adopted formally in 1792 (although they were not actually issued as currency until 1794). Since that time our language has taken on a remarkable number of synonyms for this word for “100 cents,” often found in the form of slang.

Is dollar a Spanish name?

The common ancestor is the taler (pronounced like “dollar”), also spelled thaler, a series of silver coins minted in Germany in the 1500s. … In the thirteen colonies, a Spanish coin called pieces of eight came to be called Spanish dollars because of their resemblance to talers.

Who came up with the dollar?

Origins: the Spanish dollar

The United States Mint commenced production of the United States dollar in 1792 as a local version of the popular Spanish dollar or piece of eight produced in Spanish America and widely circulated throughout the Americas from the 16th to the 19th centuries.

20 related questions found

Who invented money?

Why is US money green?

The green ink on paper money protects against counterfeiting. … This special green ink is just one tool that the government uses to protect us from counterfeiters. Also, there was lots of green ink for the government to use when it started printing the money we have now.

What are Spanish cents?

One euro is divided into 100 cents, and you´ll find eight different types of coins for the Spanish currency: 1cts, 2cents, 5 cents, 10cents, 20 cents, 50 cents as well as 1euro and 2-euro coins. When talking about the Spanish bank notes, you can find 7 different kinds: 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200 and 500 euros.

Why is a dollar like a Neanderthal?

What was before the dollar?

Commodity money was used when cash (coins and paper money) were scarce. Commodities such as tobacco, beaver skins, and wampum, served as money at various times in many locations. Cash in the Colonies was denominated in pounds, shillings, and pence.

What is US dollar backed by?

What are the 4 types of money?

Economists identify four main types of money – commodity, fiat, fiduciary, and commercial. All are very different but have similar functions.

Why is a dollar a dollar?

Those coins, particularly the Spanish peso or dollar circulated widely in Britain’s North American colonies because of a shortage of official British coins. That is why, after the United States gained its independence the new nation chose «dollar» as the name of its currency instead of keeping the pound.

How many dollars is 100 cents?

For example, 100 cents equals 1 dollar.

What are Mexican slang words?

11 Mexican Slang Words Only the Locals Know

Pendejo. One of the most used slang words in Mexico is calling someone a ‘pendejo’. …
Güey. Güey, sometimes spelled in the way it is pronounced as ‘wey’, means “mate” and is used all the time in Mexican Spanish. …
Chido & Padre. …
Cabrón. …
Buena Onda. …
La Neta. …
Pinche. …
Crudo.

Which word is slang for money?

Does pasta mean money in Spanish?

Money, money, money. Or, pasta, pasta, pasta if you’re in Spain. That’s right – rather than a call out to the Italians across the sea, in Spain pasta means money. Whether in coins, notes, cards, pesetas or Euros, whether you have it or not, it’s all pasta to the Spanish.

What is the name of Spain money?

What is the official currency? The Euro (€). You can consult its official value on the European Central Bank website. One Euro is made up of 100 cents, and there are eight different coins (1, 2, 5, 10, 20 and 50 cents, and 1 and 2 Euros), and seven notes (5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200 and 500 Euros).

What country uses pesetas?

Peseta, former monetary unit of Spain. The peseta ceased to be legal tender in 2002, when the euro, the monetary unit of the European Union, was adopted as the country’s sole monetary unit.

What is the actual color of money?

Why money is green

When paper notes were introduced in 1929, the U.S. Bureau of Engraving and Printing opted to use green ink because the color was relatively high in its resistance to chemical and physical changes.

Did the US ever have a 3 dollar bill?

Though a gold three-dollar coin was produced in the 1800s, no three-dollar bill has ever been produced. Various fake US$3 bills have also been released over time. … However, many businesses print million dollar bills for sale as novelties. Such bills do not assert that they are legal tender.

What is the color for money?

Gold: Gold is also the color of money and power.

Gold bars. Gold jewelry. All of these things represent money and wealth.

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How Did The Dollar Get Its Name, How Did It Come To Be Adopted As The Currency Of The US, And Why Is Denoted By The ‘$’ Sign?

As we wait for the results of today’s Fed meeting, the market is mostly quiet, and is likely to remain so until today’s announcement and the subsequent press conference which will be closely followed.

In the meantime, a little factoid: The word ‘Dollar’, is derived from the German word ‘Thaler’. The ‘Thaler’ was a silver coin minted in Bohemia and in use throughout Central Europe in the 16th Century. The word Thaler itself is a shortened form of the word ‘Joachimsthaler’, a coin from the city of Joachimsthal in Bohemia, which in German literally means ‘Joachim’s valley’ or ‘Joachim’s dale’, which is where the silver for the coin was mined from. Joachimsthal today is actually located in the Czech Republic, and is known by its Czech name of Jáchymov. The original ‘Joachimsthaler’ was depicted with an image of St Joachim, the Father of the Virgin Mary.

The ‘Joachimsthaler’ coin was a great success. It had been part of a revolution in European coinage which had been occurring since the late 15th century; new higher standard coinage was replacing the dire state of the existing coinage of the mid to late 15th Century. – The state of Europe’s coinage had become extremely poor due to repeated debasement. This debasement had seen an erosion of the silver content of coinage to help finance the costs of virtually continual wars, and by the unremitting one-way transfer, over many centuries, of silver and gold to India, Indonesia and the Far East to pay for the importation of much sought after raw materials, spices and fine cloth. The continual debasement had seen the silver content in the dominant European coinage of the time drop to less than five per cent, making them worth far less than their perceived value. (Ok, I am sure many of you are thinking current US Dollar, but let us not get distracted from the story).

Following the success of the ‘Joachimsthaler’, similar coins started to be minted from other rich seams of silver elsewhere in various valleys in the region. Soon there were many such coins in circulation; collectively they became known as ‘Thalers’. With increasing circulation, the name ‘Thaler’ found its way into various other languages. Initially into Dutch, where it was known as ‘Daalder’ or ’Daler’, then into English where it was pronounced as ‘Dollar’.

How did its usage come to be accepted as a common in North America.

During the latter 16th Century the ‘Republic of the Seven United Netherlands’ issued a coin known as a ‘Rijksdaalder’ (Dutch for ‘National Dollar’). This was issued during a period known as the ‘Dutch Revolt’ which was a successful uprising by Protestants in the Low Countries against the combined Catholic forces of Spain and the Holy Roman Empire. The coin featured a half-bust of ‘William the Silent’, who I suppose didn’t have much to say for himself, and was minted to the same standards as the Thalers which were common throughout the Holy Roman Empire.

The Dutch minted another coin known as a ‘Leeuwendaalder’, or ‘Lion Dollar’; it depicted a Lion, the emblem of the ‘Union of Utrecht’, the treaty which founded the ‘Republic of the Seven United Netherlands’. This coin had a slightly lower silver content to the ‘Rijksdaalder’, and hence was of less cost to merchants, thus it was beneficial for Dutch merchants to pay foreign debts in ‘Leeuwendaalder’, rather than ‘Rijksdaalder’. With the Dutch prominent in overseas trade, the coin soon became a favoured coin for foreign trade, particularly in their colonial province on the East Coast of North America, which stretched from the Delmarva Peninsula (Delaware, Eastern Maryland and the south-eastern tip of Virginia) to the south-western tip of Cape Cod, with the provincial capital of New Amsterdam at the southern tip of Manhattan island. From there the Leeuwendaalder’s usage spread to the Thirteen British colonies on the Atlantic coast of North America, where it was known as the ‘Lion Dollar’.

The term ‘Dollar’ soon came to be applied to other similar large silver coins which were practically identical in weight and fineness to the ‘Leeuwendaalder’, or ‘Lion Dollar’. This extended to coins minted elsewhere in Europe and used in trade in the Caribbean and North America. This included the Spanish ‘Real de a ocho’, ‘Eight-real coin’ or ‘Pieces of eight’ (Peso de ocho) and hence the Spanish Peso, the world’s first global currency. (We are probably best familiar with the term ‘Pieces of Eight’ from ‘Pirates of the Caribbean’ and various other Pirate tales).

The Spanish Peso itself had become widely acceptable as one of the world’s major trading currencies; Spain had control of most of the world’s silver reserves following its conquest of Mexico, Peru and Bolivia. As a shortage of official British coins impacted the British North American colonies, itself leading to one of the many disputes between Britain and its North American colonies, so the Spanish peso (known in the British North American Colonies as the ‘Spanish Dollar’) began to circulate widely in North America. When the United States gained its independence, the new nation chose the «Dollar» as the name of its currency rather than keeping the British pound. This was formalised in 1792 when the United States chose the Dollar as the official American currency.

The US decided to opt for decimalisation whereby the Dollar was sub-divided into 100 cents (shortened version of the Latin ‘centum’ meaning a hundred). This was in preference to using the British system, whereby the pound was divided into 20 shillings and 20 shillings was divided into 12 pence, meaning 240 pence equalled a pound.– In this respect the US followed the lead of Russia who had been the first state to adopt decimalisation nearly a century earlier. (A system we in the UK did not stubbornly adopt until 1971).

Where did the ‘$’ sign come from?

Whilst the origins of the term ‘Dollar’ and its transformation to common usage in the US appear to follow a well laid-out path. The evolution of the $ sign itself is somewhat more uncertain. There are a number of competing theories, each of which are seemingly possible, though some with more credence than others.

The most likely is the theory that it comes from a handwritten ‘ps’, an abbreviation used in correspondence as a plural form of ‘Peso’. Manuscripts from the late 18th and early 19th century show the ‘S’ gradually being written over the ‘p’, and the upward stroke of the P gaining dominance over the as the curved upper part of the ‘P’. This eventually developed into something resembling the ‘$’ sign. The ‘ps’ symbol first occurs in the 1770s, in manuscript documents of English-Americans who had business dealings with Spanish-Americans, and it starts to appear in print more commonly after 1800.

This does not explain why sometimes the $ sign is drawn with 2 lines running through it. Other theories for the $ sign include:

It is inspired by the mint mark on the Spanish ‘Pieces of Eight’ coin which became known as the Spanish Dollar. The coins were minted in Potosí in present day Bolivia. The mint mark was composed of the letters «PTSI» superimposed upon each other. The mark bears a strong resemblance to the single-stroke dollar sign (see photo below).

The $ sign is derived from the Number 8, whereby the Spanish Dollar was originally a ‘Piece of Eight’. The P of Peso and the 8 were said to be combined. The modification would have occurred to avoid confusion between the number and the signal. – This explanation would however seem implausible, as the confusion between a number and currency sign would have probably been too great.
The sign was inspired by the Spanish coat of arms engraved on the colonial silver coins which were in circulation in Spain’s colonies in America and Asia. These coins, depicted the Pillars of Hercules a small «S»-shaped horizontal ribbon wrapped around each pillar. For the sake of simplicity, traders might have written signs that, instead of saying dollar or peso that may have evolved into a simple S with two vertical bars. – Highly speculative though.
A dollar sign with two vertical lines could have started off as a monogram of ‘US’, used on money bags issued by the United States Mint. The letters U and S superimposed resemble the historical double-stroke dollar sign: the bottom of the ‘U’ disappears into the bottom curve of the ‘S’, leaving two vertical lines. Ayn Rand, the American libertarian philosopher, endorsed this theory in her novel Atlas Shrugged. However there is no documentary evidence for this theory though.

There it is then, the mighty US Dollar: Threatened as it is today by fears over its future purchasing power due to financing continual costly wars and the continual outflows to Asia and the Far-east. Yet it owes its name to a coinage which came into existence to replace a currency which had been debased to pay for the need to finance costly wars and continual outflows to Asia and the Far-East. Now there’s a pause for thought.

Источник

The US dollar was officially launched by America’s Continental Congress on September 8, 1786. However, the dollar can trace its roots all the way back to 16th century Bavaria.

How did the US dollar come to be one of the world’s largest and most widely-accepted currencies? Where does the value of the US dollar come from? And where is the dollar going in the future? Today, we’re explaining everything you need to know about the history of the dollar.

The Dollar Originated in Bavaria in 1518

If you asked someone where the US dollar first began, they would probably guess America.

But that’s not entirely true. Many historians place the beginnings of the dollar to a small town in Bavaria. In 1518, that town began issuing standardized silver coins using silver from a nearby mine.

These coins were issued at a standardized weight of 29.2 grams. The coins were called “thalers” because “thal” means “valley” in German, and the coins came from a valley. Get it?

Countries across Europe soon came to recognize the value of a standardized currency system. Countries adopted the standardized thaler coin from commerce. Different governments used different silver and different production methods, but all the thalers were virtually identical.

Europe was on a “thaler” standard. You don’t have to change the pronunciation of “thaler” very much to get “dollar” – which is where the name dollar would eventually come from.

The Spanish Silver Dollar

As the Old World began to explore the New World, the thaler or dollar became more and more ubiquitous.

Spanish explorers discovered rich mines in Mexico and other new colonies. They used these mines to produce the Spanish silver dollar. In just years, the Spanish silver dollar became the most common coin in all of the American colonies

Despite its ubiquity, the Spanish silver dollar was far from the only coin in the colonies: silver dollars from the Old World continued to be used throughout the Americas. This tended to complicate transactions at the time – which is why the US began to fight to adopt a standardized currency.

America Before the US Dollar

Before America was officially a country, the colonies had to use something as a currency.

The origins of money in America can be traced back to 17th century Massachusetts. In 1690, the Massachusetts Bay Colony used paper notes to finance military expeditions. Seeing the success of this system, other US colonies quickly followed.

The British eventually imposed restrictions on these early colonial paper currencies. In 1775, when anti-British sentiment was rising, the Continental Congress would choose the Continental currency as its official standard. That currency, however, would not last very long. It did not have sufficient financial backing and the notes were too easy to counterfeit.

The US Congress Adopts the Thaler As Its First Official National Currency

Soon after the American Revolution, US Congress had a big decision to make: what would the young country use at its official currency?

In 1785, US Congress decided to adopt the European thaler as the standard across America. At this point, the original German word “thaler” was being replaced by the Anglicized “dollar”. The two were pronounced in a very similar way.

The Coinage Act of 1792 solidified the US dollar as the nation’s official currency: that act implemented an organized monetary system featuring gold, silver and copper.

The U.S. dollar was slightly lighter than the original thalers used throughout the Old World: it weighed in at 27 grams of silver.

1861 and the Civil War

The US Civil War took place between 1861 and 1865. At this time, America realized a major problem: it needed money to fight the war, but it only had a finite amount of gold, silver, and copper reserves.

Thus, America began to issue paper notes or greenbacks into the system started in 1861 to help finance the Civil War.

Of course, paper notes were easier to counterfeit than traditional metal coins. Around this time, the US treasury began implementing different counterfeit-fighting measures – including a Treasury seal and engraved signatures.

By 1863, Congress had introduced a national banking system that granted the US Treasury permission to oversee the issuance of National Bank notes. This gave national banks the power to distribute money and purchase US bonds more easily while still being regulated.

Federal Reserve Act of 1913

The Federal Reserve Act of 1913 created one central bank and introduced a national banking system. The goals of these two entities were to keep up with the rapidly changing financial needs of the country.

The Federal Reserve Board would eventually create a new currency called the Federal Reserve Note. The first “Note” introduced was a ten dollar bill, introduced in 1914.

The Federal Reserve Board decided to implement two major changes to the design of the bills:

The Board decided to reduce the size of the notes by 30% to lower manufacturing costs
The same designs were printed on all denominations, once again to save manufacturing costs

The design of the US bills would not change until 1996, when rampant counterfeiting forced the US to implement a series of security improvements.

Nevertheless, the US dollar remains a unique currency to this day for having virtual identical designs across its bill denominations in terms of size, shape, and color.

The Relationship Between Silver and Gold

You may have noticed that the thaler or dollar was originally built on the price of silver. However, most of us associate the value of modern currencies like the US dollar with the price of gold.

When did things change?

Well, silver and gold traded at virtually identical ratios throughout history. This was known as the “bimetallic” system of trading. Over the centuries, one ounce of gold was consistently worth about 15 or 16 ounces of silver.

Because the “thaler” system standardized the price of silver, it also, by extension, standardized the price of gold.

Gold was eventually viewed as the more stable commodity and became a more favored indicator of currency value. Britain would eventually throw out the old bimetallic system in 1816, replacing it with the monometallic system. The United States followed suit in 1834 (although the monometallic system would not be officially implemented until 1900).

In 1834, the United States passed the 1834 Coinage Act. This act locked the value of the U.S. dollar to $20.67 per ounce of gold. Each dollar was worth about 1.5048 grams of gold.

It’s easier to visualize the importance of these changes when looking at a graph. In the graph below, you can see that the “dollar” or “thaler” was an unchanging unit of value for most of 415 years, only changing in 1933:

Photo courtesy of HuffingtonPost.com

As you can see, there are several major dips in the graph. In the 1780s, the American colonies experienced a wave of hyperinflation. After the Civil War, there was another hyperinflation problem. However, after these minor inflation problems, the nation would always turn to the stable gold dollar.

That long-standing standardized value of the gold US dollar would change forever in 1933, as you can see by the sudden upheaval of the graph above.

The US Dollar Becomes Permanently Devalued in 1933

So what happened to change the dollar in 1933? In 1933, America was in the heart of the Great Depression. In an effort to spur the economy, America reduced its dollar value to $35 per ounce. One dollar was worth about 0.8887 grams of gold.

The Dollar is Devalued Again in 1971

Starting in 1971, the US dollar would be taken on another ride that would forever change its fate. Nixon’s “easy money” policies of the 1970s led to floating exchange rates. The dollar would lose about 90% of its value relative to gold, eventually stabilizing around $350 per ounce in the 1980s and 1990s.

The “Great Moderation” period, as this is called by some economists, somewhat continues to this day. We take floating exchange rates and currency fluctuations for granted: they’re just part of a global economy.

However, in reality, we’re in the middle of a great experiment – the end results of which have yet to be seen. Some argue that we’ll return to a stable global currency in the future, as it was the basis on which capitalist economies around the world were made.

Who Uses the US Dollar?

The United States dollar is the official currency of the United States. However, it’s also the world’s most common reserve currency. More governments around the world hold US dollars than any other type of currency.

At the same time, certain countries around the world use the US dollar as either their official currency or their de-facto currency. Other countries peg the value of their currency to the US dollar.

Countries and Territories That Use the US Dollar as Their Official Medium of Exchange:

United States of America
Puerto Rico
Ecuador
El Salvador
Zimbabwe
Guam
US Virgin Islands
Timor-Leste (East Timor)
American Samoa
Northern Mariana Islands
Federated States of Micronesia
Palau
Marshall Islands
British Virgin Islands
Turks and Caicos

There are certain unique situations on this list. Zimbabwe, for example, experienced disastrous hyperinflation throughout much of the last few decades. In 2009, the country chose to abandon its own currency and adopt eight new currencies as its official legal tender. The United States dollar is now an official currency in the country along with the South African rand, the Botswana pula, the British pound sterling, the Australian dollar, the Chinese yuan, the Indian rupee, and the Japanese yen.

Countries Where the US Dollar is Commonly Used

The countries above use the US dollar as one of their official currencies (often as the official currency).

However, there are a number of other countries where the US dollar is viewed as a “quasi-currency” of exchange. For example, the US dollar is widely accepted by retailers in Canada and Mexico. It’s also commonly used at tourist destinations around the world – particularly tourist destinations that host many Americans.

Popular tourist destinations that accept the US dollar as a de facto-currency include the Bahamas, Barbados, Bermuda, the Cayman Islands, Sint Maarten, St Kitts and Nevis, Aruba, Bonaire, Curacao, Bonaire, Sint Eustatius, and Saba. As you may have noticed, all of these islands are found in or around the Caribbean.

The Caribbean isn’t the only region that uses US dollars as a quasi-currency. You can also widely use the US dollar in Belize, Panama, Costa Rica, and Nicaragua.

Over the years, the US dollar has also been gaining ground in certain Asian nations. You will likely have success using your US dollar in the Philippines, for example, along with Myanmar (Burma), Cambodia, and Vietnam (particularly in the major cities of Vietnam).

There are also certain outlier countries – like Africa’s Liberia – that widely accept US dollars. The Old City of Jerusalem also accepts US dollars.

Dollars in Other Countries

The United States isn’t the only country that uses the term “dollar” for its official currency. Canada, Australia, and New Zealand all use the dollar as the official medium of exchange.

Since this article is a “history of the dollar”, it seems appropriate to briefly explain the history of these currencies as well.

The Canadian Dollar

When Canada was a British colony, traders mostly used the pound sterling. Inevitably, the young country of Canada did plenty of business with its southern neighbor. This led to pressure to switch from the pound sterling to a decimal-based currency similar to the American one.

Trading between the pound sterling and the US dollar was problematic because the pound sterling divided pounds into 20 shillings, and then divided the shilling into 12 pence.

Thus, there was widespread support to switch to a decimal-based system of currency to facilitate trading between Canada and America.

The British government agreed that this seemed reasonable. Between 1853 and 1857, the Province of Canada (it wasn’t an official country until 1867) would gradually switch over to its own system of Canadian dollars and cents.

Surprisingly, Canada held little autonomy over its currency in the early days of confederation: the Canadian dollar was minted in Britain until 1908, when Canada built its own Ottawa Mint.

The Australian Dollar

Canada adopted its own native currency prior to becoming a country. Australia, however, took a different route: Australia continued using the pound sterling for about 50 years after it gained its independence from Britain (Australia achieved confederation in 1901).

Like the Canadians, however, the Aussies found the pound, shilling, and pence system cumbersome. By the 1960s, Australia had replaced the Australian pound with the Australian dollar. The new Australian dollar was worth 0.5 Australian pounds. In other words, one Australian pound was now worth two Australian dollars.

The UK, by the way, would eventually decimalize its currency and get rid of the old shilling and pence system in 1971.

The New Zealand Dollar

New Zealand, similar to Australia, used the pound for decades after gaining its independence. In 1967, New Zealand began using its own dollar. Nearby countries like Fiji and the Solomon Islands would eventually adopt the New Zealand dollar as their official national currencies.

Today, Pacific island nations typically use the Australia, US, or New Zealand dollar as their official currencies. Kiribati, Tuvalu, and Nauru, for example, all continue to use the US dollar to this day.

The Rhodesian Dollar

Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the United States weren’t the only countries to use the “dollar” as a currency.

In Africa, the British colony of Rhodesia would eventually switch from the pound to the dollar. The Rhodesian dollar was introduced as a decimalized system in 1970, replacing the old shillings and pence system. That currency would only last until 1980, when Rhodesians voted to not only change the name of their currency, but also the name of their country: today, the former British colony of Rhodesia is known as Zimbabwe. As we learned above, the new Zimbabwean currency would not survive past 2009.

Where Does the Dollar Sign Come From?

There’s one more mystery we have yet to explain about the US dollar: where does its ubiquitous “$” sign come from?

We actually don’t know for sure where that sign originated, but there are a few different theories:

United States Abbreviation Theory: Some believe the dollar symbol arose out of a combination of the letters “U” and “S”. When you put the letter “U” overtop of the letter “S”, then drop the lower part of the “U”, you get the $ symbol with two strokes through it.

Peso Theory: The Spanish peso’s abbreviation was simply “P”, but the plural form of the Peso was a large “P” with a small “s” above it and to its right. That small “s” was sometimes superimposed over top of the P, which would lead to the modern US dollar symbol.

There are also several other theories about why the dollar is displayed with a “$” symbol, but those are the two leading theories. Other theories include the “Potosi Mint Mark Theory”, the “Shilling Abbreviation Theory”, and the “Portuguese Cifrao Theory”, all of which can be read about in this informative article here.

What Does the Future Hold for the US Dollar?

Ultimately, the United States dollar is the most widely-used currency in the world. This isn’t by accident: for decades, the US dollar has been viewed as one of the world’s most stable currencies.

Sites like Investopedia are also optimistic about the future of the US dollar:

“Barring some unforeseen catastrophe, the U.S. dollar will likely remain the global currency of choice until such a futuristic time when a global digital money system is invented and accepted.”

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Published August 14, 2010

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Today, this humble blog gets serious. Prepare to unravel (some) of the mysteries of money.

Open your wallet and take out a dollar bill. What is this complicated piece of paper that so much of your life depends on? And really, what’s the deal with the pyramid with an eye on top? (Here’s a decent answer.)

The U.S. is one of many countries to call their currency a dollar. The common ancestor is the taler (pronounced like “dollar”), also spelled thaler, a series of silver coins minted in Germany in the 1500s. You can thank a man with a great name, Count Hieronymus Schlick of Bohemia, for coining the term Joachimsthaler after the place where the silver was mined in what is now the Czech Republic. It won’t surprise you to learn that this five-syllable mouthful was shortened to taler in everyday use, and transformed into dollar by English speakers.

In the thirteen colonies, a Spanish coin called pieces of eight came to be called Spanish dollars because of their resemblance to talers. After the American Revolution, the United States wasn’t exactly a nation of Anglophiles. The Continental Congress didn’t think America should be conducting free enterprise in pounds, which had been the currency under Britain. They settled on dollar, and defined the silver dollar as containing approximately 11% silver per coin.

The first dollar bill was produced in 1862, and George Washington was not on it. In fact, if we were gamblers we would happily bet a dollar that you’ve never heard of the man whose face was printed instead, Salmon P. Chase.

Are you still looking at your dollar bill? Why is it called a buck? This is probably short for buckskin, a unit of exchange among fur traders.

If we had a dollar for every interesting question about U.S. currency, we’d be billionaires. We do have a wealth of information, however. What makes you curious about the money in your wallet? The numbers? The unusual words? Let us know, and we’ll do our best to give you priceless answers in future posts.

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