When is a verb not a doing word

Transitivity category of English verbs

English verbs are classified in many ways. While a lot has been said about the correctness and incorrectness, modality of verbs or their belonging to the auxiliary group, the category of transitivity often remains in the shadows. And in vain, because information about whether a verb is transitive or intransitive will help to correctly use it in a sentence and answer the question about the compatibility of the verb with some grammatical structures.

Separation of English verbs into transitive and intransitive

So, English verbs (as well as Russian ones) are divided into transitive verbs and intransitive verbs. The first ones necessarily require additions after themselves, otherwise the thought expressed by them will not be complete. For example:

He often uses his computer.

He uses his computer a lot.

The verb to use is transitive because you cannot say “he is using” without mentioning what it is. As for the object, it exists in the form of a direct object (it corresponds to the accusative case without a preposition in Russian) and / or indirect. And some transitive verbs require not one, but several additions after themselves. For example:

Mr. Smith offered him a job.

Mr. Smith offered him a job.

In this example, the indirect object him and the direct object a job are used after the transitive verb to offer.

Intransitive verbs do not require additions after themselves. A sentence with such a verb will be complete, even if there are no more sentence members in addition to the subject and predicate. For example:

Mrs. James is traveling.

Mrs. James is traveling.

The verb to travel is intransitive, since it is simply impossible to add an object after it. However, more often such verbs «overgrow» in a sentence with all sorts of circumstances. For example:

Mrs. James is traveling through South America at the moment.

Mrs. James is currently traveling in South America.

Some dictionaries give information about whether a verb is transitive (vt or v / t — verb transitive) or intransitive (vi or v / i — verb intransitive) using special abbreviations before the meaning. For example:

to find — vt –to sit — vi —

find a sit

When determining whether a verb is transitive, you should not rely heavily on the Russian translation. Indeed, many verbs have this feature in both languages, and by trying to add an accusative addition to the corresponding Russian verb without a preposition, it is sometimes possible to determine whether the corresponding English verb will be transitive, for example:

sleep + who? what? = intransitive verb, which means to sleep — also intransitive to see + who? what? = transitive verb, which means to see is also a transitive verb

However, there are many English verbs, the transitivity of which differs from the same characteristic of the corresponding Russian verbs, for example:

wait — transient	to wait for — intransitive
influence — intransitive	to affect — transient

Verbs Combining Transitive and Intransitive Properties

There are a large number of verbs that, due to their polysemy, can manifest transitivity or intransitivity in different meanings. For example:

Transitive verb (vt)	Intransitive verb (vi)
I burnt my hand while cooking. — I AM burn hand while cooking.	The campfire burnt brightly. — Bonfire burned bright.
Jerry walks the dog twice a day. — Jerry walks dog twice a day.	Tom walks home after school. — Volume walks домой on foot after school.
Do not drop litter in the park! — Not throw trash in the park!	Water dropped from the tap. — Water dripping from the tap.
Open

Source: https://1hello.ru/grammatika/kategoriya-perexodnosti-anglijskix-glagolov.html

Transitive and intransitive verbs in Russian: how to determine what it is — a rule, examples and how to distinguish

The verb is a part of speech, «responsible» for the designation of actions. He has not only mutable signs, but also constant ones — those that do not disappear with inflection. Transitive and intransitive verbs in Russian differ in the presence or absence of one of these constant features — transitivity.

The concept of verb transitivity

Transitivity is understood as a grammatical category that indicates the ability of the verb form to control the direct object, that is, to attach nouns (objects) in the accusative and, less often, genitive case that has no preposition.

This is the formal side of the definition. But what is a transition from the semantic side?

The meaning of transitive verb forms is that they denote «non-independent» actions that cannot be performed without a controlled object. Here are some examples:

• To write (what?) A play, to serve (whom?) A client, didn’t earn (what?) Money — transitive verbs (it’s impossible to simply “write” or “serve”, and “making money” without a controlled object is a verb with a different meaning).
• Sitting (on what?) On a chair, washing, suffering (from what?) From an illness are intransitive verbs (you can just “sit” or “suffer”).

The transition is the transfer of the action from the subject (subject) to the object (called direct object).

What cases to put nouns in

Transitive verbs are capable of manipulating the object in both the accusative and genitive forms, in both cases without a preposition. But how to understand which of the two cases to use in each specific case?

Accusative is the main one. The addition acquires the genitive case in the following cases:

1. If it means «a certain amount of something»: «drank water» (genus. P.) — that is, some part of the liquid poured, but «drank water» (wine. P.) — that is, all the water in this vessel or reservoir.
2. In negative sentences, if the meaning “at all” is meant: “I didn’t eat your carrots” (I just didn’t eat) — “I didn’t eat your carrots” (I didn’t eat at all, not a piece).
3. In negative sentences, if there is an amplifying particle «neither»: «We have not the slightest idea.»

The accusative case in negative sentences weakens the negation, while the genitive case, on the contrary, strengthens it.

Important! Some nouns with transitive verb forms acquire a genitive form that differs from the main one: «I’ll take sugar», «not knowing the ford, don’t stick your nose in the water» (instead of «sugar», «ford»).

How to determine the transitivity of a specific verb

How to determine the transitivity of a verb? Problems often arise with this. The presence or absence of transitivity can be found out using the following method.

First you need to find the verb form in the sentence. Then find nouns or pronouns to which you can ask the question «who?» or «what?»

If there is such a word and there is no preposition with it, then this is a direct addition, before us is a transitional one.

If the sentence is incomplete, then the direct object may not be available, but it is implied, in which case you also need to ask the question of the accusative case from the verb: “Do you understand me? “I understand (who? What?)”. If such a question cannot be asked, then it is intransient: “Where have you been for a whole week? — I was sick ”(it is impossible to ask“ who? ”Or“ what? ”).

Important! All reflexive and verbal forms are not transitive, in the passive voice, that is, those that have the suffix «-s» or «-sya»: it seems to be washed, is.

Observing this rule, you need to keep in mind the meaning of the noun — it should denote the object of the action. There are situations when a noun in the form of an accusative case without a preposition stands near the verb and has a relation to it, but it cannot be transitive: “Drive for an hour”, “live for a week”.

Transitivity of polysemantic verbs

Verb forms of a word can have several meanings. In this case, in the first meaning there is a transitional type, and in the second meaning the same word is an intransitive type. “He says (what?) A lie” is transitional, but “the child is already speaking (talking)” is intransitive. «The orchestra is playing (what?) March» is transitional, but «the child is playing (busy playing)» is intransitive.

In humorous texts, a situation is possible when, in the norm, the intransitive acquires a transience: «To drink vodka and discipline to hooligan.»

The comic effect is built on this, while the verbs seem to acquire the meanings of those instead of which they are put — «bully» instead of «violate», etc.

Obsolete meanings of intransitive verb forms may have transitivity.

«To trade» in modern Russian is an intransitive verb, but earlier, meaning «to ask the price», it was transitive: «Trade a horse.» This usage remained in folklore.

Differences between transient and intransient

Now you need to find out how the transitional differs from the intransitive. First of all, this is its meaning. Transient usually means:

1. Creation, modification or destruction of objects (built a house, reduced the dose),
2. Sensory perception of objects (I hear music, I see the city),
3. Contact with the object without changing it (touched the wall, stroked the cat),
4. Attitude to the object (I love science fiction, I love a contrast shower).

It is also possible to distinguish the transitional by trying to form a passive participle from it. If it works out — the verb is transitive, it will not work — intransitive.

Phrases with transitive verbs always consist of a verb form and a direct object, sometimes a definition, a circumstance can be included: chopping down trees, driving a bus, finding a pirate treasure, quickly learning a lesson.

Transitive and intransitive verbs in Russian

We study Russian language types of verbs, examples

Conclusion

It is not so difficult to attribute the verb form to any of the groups. One has only to remember that the meaning of the main and dependent word should be analyzed to a greater extent, and not the external form: the same verb in a different context can be both transitive and intransitive.

Source: https://tvercult.ru/obrazovanie/kak-opredelit-perehodnyie-i-neperehodnyie-glagolyi-v-russkom-yazyike

Transitive and intransitive verbs: how to define transitivity

One of the grammatical characteristics that is worth mentioning when parsing verbs in Russian is transitivity. This feature describes the ability of a verb to attach a direct object in a sentence. That is, whether he can manipulate nouns, which in context are used to denote an object of action.

For example: fix the computer, eat a chocolate bar, stand near the entrance, grow smarter before our eyes.

Transitive and intransitive verbs in Russian have some differences and their own characteristics.

What is a transitive verb

Transitive verb denotes an action that occurs or is directed at an object or creature. In a sentence, there is a grammatical connection between them, due to which the verb affects the non-sentence form of the word and places it in the accusative case. If the verb has a negative meaning or it is about some part called a noun, then the case becomes genitive.

Example: invite (whom?) friends, experience (what?) fear, not buy (what?) encyclopedias, drink (what?) juice.

Transitive verbs can mean:

1. Processes of creating, making adjustments or destroying an object or creature (write a synopsis, tear a manuscript, edit a photo).
2. The speaker’s attitude to some phenomenon or object (adore jazz, prefer wine).
3. Some impact that does not physically affect an object or creature in any way (accused a neighbor, pet a dog).
4. The processes of perceiving the world by touch, hearing, sight or other senses (seeing the stars, feeling cold).

What is an intransitive verb

Intransitive verbs transmit an action that does not need a direct object, because it is not able to go to it. It is important to remember that this kind of verbs can rarely be combined with the name of an object or creature, which is used in the accusative case.

Example: living with neighbors, taking a nap on the bed, singing in the car, teaching at a music school.

The lexical meaning of intransitive verbs can be as follows:

1. The name of the occupation, be it routine or professional (teach, lazy, clean up, play music).
2. The designation of the movements of an object and its existence in general (to be, to be, to move, to appear).
3. Description of the process of changes occurring with an object or being (deteriorate, blush, grow up, grow wiser).
4. Constant of the position of an object in space, its state, physical characteristics, psychological sensations, etc. (to stand, to catch a cold, to become sad, to be happy).

Intransitive verbs include all reflexive ones — to fall in love, to gather, to hug.

How to determine the transitivity of a verb

Since the transitivity of the verb affects primarily the meaning of the word and its interaction with the noun, then this grammatical state can be determined by logically analyzing the phrase.

If a verb expresses a direct effect on an object or being, and the noun describing this object is in the genitive or accusative case, then we are dealing with a transitive verb. If, according to the context, the verb only helps to determine in what state or position the object is, but does not affect it, then it is intransitive.

You can also pay attention to the need for a preposition between the verb and the noun used in the accusative case. If you need it (transfer to the bus) — then this verb is intransitive.

Source: https://russkyaz.ru/slova/glagoly/perehodnye-i-neperehodnye-glagoly-kak-opredelit-perehodnost.html

Transitive and intransitive verbs — what are they

The transitivity of the verb is one of the most difficult topics studied in grade 6. Having mastered this concept, you can avoid mistakes, as well as expand your lexical range due to correctly formed word forms.

What is transitivity

some in Russian are verbs that can control the object without a preposition. Most often, the controlled word is in the accusative case.

Table 1. Examples of both forms

Transient

Drag a suitcase	Walk in the street
Notice the number	Jump off the walkway
To draw a picture	Call parents
Remember a poem	To drive a car

The subordinate part of speech can be a noun or a pronoun.

Example: On the river, her father saw her. Saw — transitional type.

The grammatical meaning is that the action goes to the managed object. In this case, the dependent word can be transformed into a passive participle of the past tense.

For example: Meet a friend — a friend I met. Drinking water — water drunk by a child.

The dependent word can be expressed in the following configurations:

• A noun or a pronoun in VP: learn the news, portray surprise, teach them, emphasize it.
• A noun in R.p. in the meaning of a part of something, a certain amount of a whole: Taste cabbage soup, salad. Drink some water. She brought potatoes from the cellar.
• A noun or pronoun in the genitive case, depending on the construction with a negative particle, is not: You will not meet an aunt. Didn’t see any pencils. Didn’t invite them. Didn’t recognize him.

How to distinguish a transitional form

Intransitive forms

The intransitive form of verbs differs in that the action is not directed to the subject. Such words can be determined by the impossibility of controlling the word in the accusative or genitive case, except for prepositional constructions.

For example: Thinking about the country. Dream of the sea. Sing for them. Take care of him.

A word that depends on a part of speech with the property of intransition cannot be transformed into a passive participle of the past tense.

Rule: reflexive word forms do not need a subordinate word and are almost always characterized by intransitivity.

Meaning of different grammatical forms

Properties of polysemous words

Those words that have different lexical meanings based on the context are called polysemous. The transitivity and intransitivity of such verbs depends on their meaning in each specific case.

Example: He translates (what?) The text. The predicate «translates» governs the word in V. p. (text). Therefore, the view is transitional.

Consider another meaning of this word: Don’t bother translating. The word “translate” in this case does not require any addition and is characterized by intransitivity.

Procedure for defining grammatical properties

Let’s consider the algorithm of actions using an example.

• On the table he saw (what?) A vase of flowers. The predicate has a subordinate word without a preposition in V.p. (vase). The design can be transformed into a passive participle: the vase he saw. Therefore, the type is transitional.
• The other day she saw (who?) Friends. The predicate “saw” is used with the dependent word in T. p. with an excuse (with friends). Therefore, the view is transitional.

Consider how to determine the transitivity of any verb if the word is given out of context.

1. Pick up a dependent word in V.p. or R. p. without an excuse.
2. Transform the construction into a passive participle.

If it was possible to do both, the verb is transitive, if not, it is intransitive.

Algorithm for determining grammatical properties

Transitional constructions are combined with an object in the accusative or genitive case. If such an addition is not required or it is impossible to pick it up, then we have an intransitive view.

Source: https://kakpishem.ru/chasti-rechi/glagol/glagoly-perehodnye-i-neperehodnye-chto-eto-takoe.html

The verb is an independent part of speech with constant morphological features, one of which is transitivity. This criterion is difficult to determine, because you need to look for a subordinate word, establish its case, deal with negative and partial verbs. Let’s set the transition in a simplified and understandable way.

1

How to determine the transitivity of a verb — preface

Transitive verbs (n. G.) Mean an action that switches to an object expressed by a noun in a noun noun without a preposition. — I am composing (what?) A resume, looking for (whom?) A girlfriend. Intransitive — show the movement of an object, its psychophysical state (running along the path, talking about business).

In transitive verbs, the subordinate word can also be in the genitive case:

• The verb comes out with a negative particle — I did not understand the example. Don’t waste time. Transition is easy to check by putting the dependent word in the V.P .: I did not understand (what?) The example, do not waste (what?) Time.
• When expressing partial. Take a sip of wine, drink wine.

Important: reflexive verbs are intransitive. — The climber went down. Passengers return home.

2

How to determine the transitivity of a verb — instructions

• Find the verb, put the question V. p. (Who? What?) From it to the subordinate word (usually this is a direct addition). When you find a noun, see if it has no preposition — it’s a transitive verb. Example: A forester brought (n. G.) Water from a distant spring. The child threw (n. G.) The toy on the floor and ran on. Lower (p. G.) The ladder for me.

• Do you have a verb with a particle “not” in a phrase, but a dependent word is in a phrase without a preposition? This is also a transitive verb. — Grandmother wandered through the forest for a long time, but did not find (n. G.) Not a single mushroom, not even fly agarics. The professor did not start (p. Year) the lecture at exactly ten o’clock, but read it a little later.

• You have found a verb that defines a part of a subject, it is a transitive one. For example: My brother told me to bring (what?) Firewood from the shed for kindling.

So, you have figured out how to find out the transitivity of the verb, analyzed the examples, it remains to practice a little in order to better assimilate the theoretical knowledge.

Source: https://sovetclub.ru/kak-opredelit-perehodnost-glagola

Transitive verb in Russian — transitive and intransitive

The transitivity of the verb or intransitivity is a constant property of this part of speech. Verbs can have only one of the characteristics.

Transitive verb

A transitive verb is when the action indicated by it is directed directly at the object.

To love (whom?) Mom, to meet (what?) A bus, to pretend to be tired, to get to know a friend.

How to find? You need to see the phrase in the sentence. It must include a verb and a noun (pronoun), the accusative case without a preposition.

1. To write (what?) An essay about my native land is my homework.
2. Good taste helped me make a model airplane for the competition.
3. When I see (whom?) You, my heart skips with delight.
4. “Listen to me,” Father asked Misha.

They are predicates in a sentence and govern direct objects.

Such verbs can be combined with a noun in the genitive case. There is also no official word here. In this case, the following conditions must be met:

• only part of the subject expressed by the noun is presented;

1. I would like to drink tea, sweet, hot, with milk.
2. “Today I will definitely buy bread in a nearby store,” Varya thought all the way. “And I’ll also grab some sugar and ask for sweets.”

• there is negation in the sentence;

1. “Well, won’t I watch a film based on Petrov’s story? What of that? » The critic asked.
2. “Yes, I didn’t take your notebook! Didn’t break a pencil! Didn’t wait for you after school! » — the boy shouted convulsively.

• lexical meaning — perception, attitude, destructive or constructive action, etc.

1. I listen to classical music, love nature, write poetry.
2. The Nazis destroyed cities, wiped out historical objects from the face of the earth.

Transitive verbs are the basis for the formation of passive participles: seen a film, heard a sound, read a chapter, increased security.

Intransitive

All other words in this part of speech will be intransitive:

• control nouns or pronouns with prepositions that are indirect objects;

1. Lying on the couch, thinking about world problems, thinking about the soul — these are the usual things of Ilya Ilyich.
2. I will always grieve, take care of you.

• the reflexivity of the verb indicates its intransitivity;

1. Smiling at strangers was a burden to Petrov.
2. The bully from 5A didn’t get tired of running around the school corridors.

Verbs can be polysemous words. In one sense, they are transient.

“My brother is constantly hitting (who?) Me,” complained a neighbor’s kid.

In another lexical sense — no.

The horse hits (with what?) His hoof on the ground, breaks free.

This category depends on the formation of the word.

Intransitive verbs:

• ending in -nice: messing around, doing needlework, cooking, samovar, locksmithing;
• — to stay awake, gloat, be mad, philosophize;
• -to: get wet, dry, freeze, subside, wither;
• formed from interjections: uhnut, gasp, groan, oykat.

The verbs obtained from nouns such as whiten, blacken, blue, dove, green are transitive.

1. Whitewashing huts before the holiday is a tradition of the Russian people.
2. Before washing, every housewife knew how to blue the laundry.

Determination of transitivity-intransitivity

1. Does the verb have an object? No? Intransitive.
2. There is an addition. What questions does he answer?
3. Accusative case without preposition? Transition.
4. For other cases, see the information above.

Source: https://prochastirechi.ru/glagol/perehodnost-glagola

Transitive and intransitive verbs

The transitivity of a verb is a grammatical category of verbs that reflects the ability of a verb to attach a direct object. That is, transitivity indicates whether a verb can govern non-sentence nouns denoting an object of action. For example: visit an exhibition, eat sweets; grow before our eyes, stand near the door.

In the Russian language, there are transitive and intransitive verbs that differ in meaning and control features.

Features of transitive verbs

Transitive verbs are verbs denoting a relation or action directed at a certain object and passing to this object. Transitive verbs control the non-sentence form of the noun in the accusative case.

If the verb is in negative form, then the control is carried out by the noun in the genitive case. Also, control of the genitive case is possible when it comes to a part of an object.

Examples of transitive verbs: invite friends, test, not read books, not receive gratitude, drink water.

From a lexical point of view, transitive verbs can mean:

The process of creating, modifying or destroying an object; Sensory perception ; Impact on an object that does not change it; The relation to the object.

Passive participles are formed from transitive verbs.

Features of intransitive verbs

Intransitive verbs are verbs that denote an action that does not go to a direct object, and does not need such an object. As a rule, such verbs are not combined with nouns in the accusative case. Intransitive verbs examples: lie on the couch, live with your parents, enjoy the new day, teach at school, stay in the car.

From a lexical point of view, intransitive verbs can mean:

Mental, physical condition, position in space; Movement and existence; Professional or non-professional occupations; Formation and identification of qualities.

How to determine the verb transitivity?

Summing up, there are 3 basic rules for determining the transitivity of a verb:

Transitive verbs control nouns and pronouns in the accusative or genitive case without a preposition; Intransitive verbs, when combined with accusative nouns, require the use of a preposition. All reflexive verbs are intransitive.

Source: https://lit.ukrtvory.ru/perexodnye-i-neperexodnye-glagoly/

Indicate transitive and intransitive verbs. Transitive verb

The transitivity of a verb in Russian is determined by its ability to denote an action directed directly at an object. Grammatically, this is expressed by the fact that the verb controls the noun in the accusative case without a preposition. There are many examples of such constructions — «fishing», «writing a letter», «cleaning the carpet».

How to determine the transitivity of a verb? There is nothing complicated in such an operation, it is enough to mentally ask him the question: «Whom?», «What?» If the verb is used in a negative context (don’t buy milk), the case changes to genitive — this should be remembered.

The meaning of transitive and intransitive verbs

Linguists have established that the transitivity and intransitivity of a verb are differentiated by the meaning of words. Thus, transitive verbs refer to various actions on objects. They can be created, destroyed or modified (build a building, chop wood, destroy a house). The object can also remain unchanged (congratulate mom). The same list includes combinations denoting the sensory perception of an object with the verbs «look», «listen», etc.

In turn, intransitive verbs are characterized by the following meanings:

• physical or mental condition (be afraid, doze);
• the appearance of a sign, its strengthening (blush);
• movement or location in space (go sit);
• occupations, skills (host).

Morphological signs of intransition

The main difference between transitive and intransitive verbs lies in the ability to form passive participles. Compare the number of impersonal forms of the words «draw» and «walk»:

Paint

Walk

Sometimes the transitivity of a verb is determined based on the infinitive. There are derivational types of verbs that cannot be transitive:

Base suffix	What part of speech is formed from	Examples
imperfect	adjective	Get stronger, go blind, get wet
то же самое	noun	To malign (however, to feel, to admonish are exceptions)
то же самое	nominal parts of speech	Beast, turn white
то же самое	то же самое	Lazy, carpentry

Reflexive verbs

Of all the formal signs, the transitivity and intransitivity of the verb are best distinguished by the postfixes -ca — / — сь-. Once upon a time they were forms of the pronoun «myself» until they lost their independence. This origin of the postfix determined the specific name of the verbs — reflexive (the action is directed at the agent himself). Compare: wash your face и wash up.

All reflexive verbs are intransitive. And this is absolutely understandable: why use an additional noun next to them, if the transitivity of the verb is contained in the structure of the word itself?

Particularly difficult cases

Sometimes the question of how to determine the transitivity of a verb can be confusing. the difficulty lies in the fact that certain words with the meaning of action can be used in different contexts in different ways. Consider the sentences: «The child is reading a book « and «The child is already reading «.

In the first case, there is an action directed at a specific object — a book. The main purpose of the second sentence is to convey information that the child is able to perceive what has been written, that is, the verb “read” appears as intransitive. Another, more understandable example, with the word «shut up».

Compare: «Everyone fell silent at last « and «Silence a certain fact « (that is, deliberately not to mention anything).

Before determining the transitivity of a verb, it is necessary to check whether the noun next to it in the accusative case has adverbial meaning. In the sentence “We studied all night”, the nominal component is used as a temporal characteristic, and not the object on which the action is performed.

Some transitive verbs govern genitive nouns outside of negation (buy notebooks, pick berries).

In other cases, parallel forms are possible — wait for the trolleybus / trolleybuswhich are differentiated according to the certainty / uncertainty category. So, after the phrase «I’m waiting for a trolleybus» I would like to add «No. 5».

But the form of the genitive case latently indicates that the speaker himself is not completely sure what kind of vehicle he needs. Just waiting and that’s it.

A similar situation is with constructions like «drink tea / tea». The existence of two parallel forms should not be confusing. The genitive case indicates that they are going to drink exactly cup / glass tea. However, both in the first and in the second case, the transitivity of the verb takes place.

For the curious

Phrases like «walk / swim me» can often be heard from young children. Such a mistake testifies to a good sense of language that every child is endowed with.

Several centuries ago, we had many more verbs that governed nouns without prepositions in the accusative case. Now their number has decreased. Perhaps someday the transitivity of the verb in the Russian language will cease to exist altogether.

However, it is difficult to judge how true this information is, so it does not interfere with repeating the above material once again.

The division of verbs into transitive and intransitive is based on their meaning.

Transitional verbs denote an active action that is reversed, passes to an object (subject). Pointing to an object clarifies the meaning of the verb, makes it more specific (break the glass — break the enemy, build a house — make plans). The meaning of transitivity is expressed syntactically: the name of the object with transitive verbs is in the form V.p. without an excuse (write a poem, love a friend, feel joy).

!!! In the form of R. p. an object can stand in 4 main cases:

1) if the verb has a negation (do not receive letters);

2) if the object is not fully used (drank milk, ate bread);

3) if the object is undefined (We were looking for a haven);

4) if R. p. shows that the object is taken for temporary use (Let the cars go to the city).

Instead of a noun, as a direct object in a sentence, some equivalent of it can act:

a) the indefinite form of the verb (I asked him to show the book);

b) an explanatory clause (I love it when the day goes out beyond the river);

c) direct speech (He said «I will come tomorrow»);

d) substantivized unchangeable word (I bet you well).

NOTES:

1. There is a small group of transitive verbs that are usually used without an object. With them, the object is thought of as the only possible one and therefore is easily restored: plow (land), sow (grain), eat, drown, pay, smoke, drink.Such verbs are called absolutive.

2. The accusative case of the object should be distinguished from the accusative circumstance. Blames. the case of a circumstance, denoting a certain period of time or space, does not express an object. In this case, it denotes the measure of the action, that is, it acts as a circumstance, and in that case it is impossible to ask questions from the verb whom? what?,to which the direct complement (sit all day, sleep all the way).

Intransitive verbs denote an action that does not go to the object, and therefore they cannot have a direct object with them.

In addition, a group of indirectly-transitive verbs is distinguished, that is, those verbs that govern the obligatory indirect object (a noun in the indirect case with a preposition and without a preposition, except for V. p.). These verbs denote a relation to an object or a state of a subject, but do not express the transition of an action to an object: be afraid of the dark, be proud of your brother, think of victory.

It should be noted that the meaning of transitivity is closely related to the LZ of the verb. Often, the same verb in one whole LZ is transitive, and the other is intransitive (Compare: He reads the letter. — The child is four years old, and he is already reading.).

Whole semantic groups of verbs are transitive or intransitive. For example, verbs of creation or destruction, destruction of an object, as a rule, are transitive (sew a coat, break a glass).

К intransitive relate

Move verbs (run, swim), position in space (sit, hang), sound (rattle, hiss), states (be silent, hurt)

Verbs ending in —to live, to play, to live,denoting the occupation of the person named in the producing basis (be heroic, mess around, carpentry)

Verbs on -Sya(rejoice, wash)

Verbs formed from adjectives and nouns using a suffix –– (turn white, cool off).

Verbs are independent parts of speech that indicate the action of an object. They, like any part of speech, have permanent signs, that is, those that are characteristic of them in any form, no matter how they change the word. One of these properties is transitivity.

What is the transitivity of a verb, how to determine the transitivity of the intransitivity of a verb, what ways to use for this?

What is a transitive verb?

Transitive verbs denote an action that is directed at an object, «moves» to it. Such verbs have or may have words in the accusative case without a preposition.

Words with transitive verbs can also appear in the genitive case in two cases:

• When designating a part of a whole, for example: drink milk (it is easy to replace the accusative case — drink milk).
• If the verb has a negation: do not complete the task (it is also easy to replace with the accusative case: do not complete the task).

Difficulties can arise in determining the transitivity of a verb. How to determine the transitivity of a verb? We offer an algorithm for how this can be done.

Algorithm for determining the transitivity of a verb

1. Find the verb. Let’s see if there are words in the sentence to which you can ask questions of the accusative case (who? What?), Such words are called direct additions. If questions are asked and the words have no preposition, then these are transitive verbs. Remember that these additions are expressed by nouns or pronouns. Examples: «I read (what?) A book.»; «I saw (whom?) Him.»
2. If there is no direct object in the verb, then we still ask questions of the accusative case and try to find a word that would answer these questions. It was said above that transitivity is a constant sign. This means that it will be characteristic of the transitive verb without the addition. For example: He said (what?) — we can easily pick up the word (truth); «I noticed (who?) Them.» BUT: «To hurry (who? What?)» — the word is not selected, the verb is intransitive.

   “Laugh (who? What?)” Is also intransitive.

3. If the addition to the verb is in the genitive case, does not have a preposition and denotes a part of the whole, or there is a negation in the verb, then the verb will also be transitive. For example: «Drink (what?) Water.»; “Don’t write (what?) A letter.

   «

Remember: all reflexive verbs, that is, those with the suffixes «-sya», «-s», are intransitive, since the action is not directed at something or someone, but «returns» to the subject of the action: it seems to be solved

, «Responsible» for the designation of actions. He has not only mutable signs, but also constant ones — those that do not disappear with inflection. Transitive and intransitive verbs in Russiandiffer in the presence or absence of one of these permanent signs — transitivity.

Source: https://ik-ptz.ru/literatura/ukazat-perehodnye-i-neperehodnye-glagoly-perehodnyi-glagol.html

German grammar (reference)

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Transitive and intransitive verbs. Verb control

Transitive verbsusually denote действиеperformed by a person and directed at an object / object. The addition (to which the action is directed) is in the accusative case (Akkusativ):

Ich lege das Buch auf den Tisch— I put the book on the table
Sie hangt den Mantel in den Schrank— She hangs her coat in the closet
Die kinder springen ins wasser— Children jump into the water

The circumstance of the place contains an accusative preposition. It answers the question Wohin? (where? Akkusativ):

Ich lege das Buch on the material moisture meter shows you the Table— I put the book on the table
Sie hangt den Mantel in the material moisture meter shows you the Cabinet— She hangs her coat in the closet
Die kinder springen in the Water— Children jump into the water

Intransitive verbs denote result of action and have no accusative object:

Mit diesem Mittel wasche ich mein Auto — With this tool I wash my car Sie weint at each Schrei — She cries from any cry

The circumstance of the place contains a dative preposition. It answers the question Where? (where?).

For example:
Die glasses stehen in of the Kuand— Glasses are in the kitchen
Der opa sitzt im Armchair— Grandpa is sitting in a chair
them ground liegt ein Hund- There is a dog on the floor

As a rule, the object in the accusative case of the transitive verb becomes the subject of the intransitive verb:

Ich hänge das Bild an die Wand (The Wohler? Where?) — I hang a picture on the wall
Das Bild hängt an der Wand (Where? Where?) — The picture is hanging on the wall

In German, there are many related pairs from transition и intransitive verbs… In this case, the transitive verb is correct (weak), and the corresponding intransitive verb is irregular (strong).

For example:
put (put): legen-legte-gelegt / lie (lie down): liegen-lag-gelegen
questions (put): stellen-stellte-gestellt / could be shown (to stand): stehen-stand-gestanden
Hangen (hang): hängen-hängte-gehängt / Hangen (hang): hängen-hing-gehangen
etc.

Transitive verbs are indicated in the dictionary vt, non-transitive — vi.

When memorizing verbs, pay great attention to verb control.

For example:
In German, verbs are distinguished verschwenden (wasting) /verschwunden (disappear)
Erverschwendet sein Geld (Akkusativ) — He is wasting money
Das Geld verschwindet in seinen Handen spurlos (datif) — Money disappears in his hands without a trace

The control of verbs is also given in the dictionary. There are no clear rules explaining which case a particular verb controls. The same applies to prepositions used with verbs.

Inconsistencies in the management of verbs with similar verbs in Russian are quite common.

For example:
Reputation me (Akkusativ) sofort an! — Call me (dative *) now!
Ich begegne ihm (Dativ) — I meet him (accusative)
Die Firma kündigte ihm (Dativ) — The firm fired him (accusative)
I agree dir zu (Dativ without a preposition) — I agree with you (preposition)
Erahnelt I seinem friend (Dativ) — He looks like his friend (preposition + blame case)

* An asterisk denotes the control of verbs in Russian

Based on the materials of the textbook by Lev Luchko

Reflexive verbs

Modal verbs

Source: http://www.studygerman.ru/online/manual/verb6.html

Verb forms: transitive and intransitive

The topic of transitivity of verbs in Russian can seem complicated. But this is only at first glance. It is important to understand the topic in order, starting with a general concept. So, what is transitivity and how to define it.

Intransitive verbs

These verb forms do not transfer the action to the object. Even without the addition, they carry an understandable semantic load, while the addition only spreads it.

Take care of your pet, believe in a miracle, smile at a passer-by.
Accusative additions are always attached with a preposition only.

• Reflexive or verb forms ending in –s and –sy are intransitive: take a closer look at the pattern, walk along the embankment, wake up with a smile.
• The suffixes –nicha–, –е– also testify in favor of the intransitivity of the verb: dumbfounded, bother, be careful.

In terms of vocabulary, intransitive verbs express:

• Emotional or physical state, position in space: leaning on a wall, homesick, lift off the ground.
• Movement and process of work: run along the path, dance to the melody, work at the enterprise.
• Manifestation of qualities: blush in public, prettier with age, be careful with the relic.

Attention! Lexically, there is no difference between transitive and intransitive verbs. The only difference is in grammatical construction. Standing close in meaning, can act in two roles, only their form will change. “Walk along the road” and “Cross the road” — the meanings are almost the same, but the phrases are constructed in different ways. This variety of language allows you to more accurately express thoughts and describe what is happening.

How to determine transitivity

1. We choose the phrase «verb + addition».
2. Whether there is a preposition in this phrase means intransitive.
3. If «no», then we determine the case of the complement. If it is any case other than genitive, then it is intransitive.
4. If the genitive case, you need to find out if there is a negation in the phrase, or an indication of an action with a part of the object. If any of this is available, then transitional. If not, intransitive.

Source: http://sklonenie-slova.ru/rus/perehodnost-glagolov

Verbes transitifs et intransitifs — Transitive and intransitive verbs in French

Transitive verbs include those whose action is directed at a person or object, i.e. after such a verb, an addition is used. In dictionaries, such verbs are indicated by letters vt.

• If a direct object is placed after the verb, then this is a direct transitive verb (verbe transitif direct):

J’écris une lettre. — I’m writing a letter. (j’écris quoi? — writing what?)

• If an addition with a preposition is used after the verb, then this is an indirect transitive verb (verbes transitif indirect):

J’écris à mes amis. — I am writing to my friends. (j’écris à qui? — writing to whom?)

• Some verbs can have both direct and indirect objects:

J’écris une lettre à mes amis. — I’m writing a letter to my friends. (j’écris quoi à qui? — writing what to whom?)

• Some verbs can be either direct transitive or indirect transitive, while, usually, the meaning of the verb changes:

1) Il a abusé son ami. — He deceived his friend.

2) Il a abusé de sa force. — He abused his power.

Verbes intransitifs — Intransitive verbs

These are verbs that express an action that is not directed towards an object. In dictionaries are indicated by the abbreviation vi… After such verbs, direct and indirect additions are not used:

Le poisson nage. — The fish swims. (it is impossible to add additions answering the questions «what, what, what», etc.)

However, intransitive verbs can have circumstances related to them (answer the questions «where, where, when, how», etc.):

Le poisson nage dans le lac. — The fish swims in the lake.

• A large number of verbs can be both transitive and intransitive:

1) Je rentre mon vélo. — I bring my bike.

2) Je rentre chez moi. — I am going back home.

• Some verbs are always intransitive: aller, arriver, courir, venir, pleurer, nager, voyager, etc.

• State verbs are always intransitive: être, paraître, sembler, rester, demeurer, devenir.

Why is it necessary to know the transitivity of a verb?

The transitivity of the verb affects:

1) the possibility of using direct and indirect additions with it;

2) coordination of participles in difficult times;

3) the choice of an auxiliary verb for the formation of a complex tense.

Source: http://irgol.ru/grammaticheskij-spravochnik/verbes-transitifs-et-intransitifs-perehodnye-i-neperehodnye-gla/

How to determine the verb transitivity?

Transitivity Is a constant grammatical feature of the verb in Russian. We will learn how to determine the transitivity of a verb using an error-free algorithm.

When morphological analysis of a verb as a part of speech, it is important to correctly indicate its transitivity or intransitivity.

Before compiling an algorithm for determining this feature, let us recall what the transitivity of a verb is in the morphology of the Russian language.

What is transitivity of a verb?

The action that the verb denotes can go directly to the subject.

Let’s observe:

Nadia is carrying (what?) A basket of vegetables.

The girl drew (who?) A bunny.

The verbs «carries» and «painted» do not just denote an action, but an action that is associated with the object (bunny, basket) to which it is directed. Such verbs are called transitive. From transitive verbs, we can ask questions to whom? what?

• catch (who?) perch;
• feed (whom?) the goat;
• call (whom?) you;
• ask (whom?) you;
• glorify (what?) the Motherland;
• protect (what?) nature.

Their grammatical feature is the ability to attach nouns or pronouns in the form accusative without preposition.

Sometimes transitive verbs control the genitive form of a noun, if called

1.part from the whole

• drink (what?) kvass (meaning a glass of kvass);
• eat (what?) ice cream (that is, a serving of ice cream);

2. with a verb with negation «not»

• not meet (what?) a train;
• not hear (what?) news;

3.when specifying a large quantity

• collected (what?) mushrooms;
• picked (what?) flowers.

All other verbs are intransitive. The action they represent does not transfer to an object or a person. You can ask them any case questions:

• R. n. I stand (at what?) by the river;
• etc. I am happy (what?) Christmas;
• v. n. I will ask (who?) from my mother;
• etc. we will meet (with whom?) with friends;
• etc. you will tell (about what?) about the trip.

Note that many nouns and pronouns with intransitive verbs have prepositions in their case form, including the accusative case. This means that a preposition in a noun is a marker of the intransitivity of the associated verb. All reflexive verbs are also intransitive, since, due to their grammatical features, they cannot transfer an action to an object.

TRANSITIONAL VERBSNON-TRANSITIONAL VERBS

carry the sled	wander through the woods
see the boy	stand on the bridge
write a letter	help Mother
I `m studying	lead a team

As a result of our reasoning, we will conclude what is the transitivity of a verb in Russian.

Transition is the ability of a verb to transfer an action to a person or object in the form of the accusative case without a preposition.

To find out whether a verb is transitive or intransitive, we suggest the following reasoning algorithm.

Sample reasoning

In accordance with the specified algorithm, we determine the transitivity of the verb in sentences.

A gray kitten lapping milk from a bowl.

The kitten (what is it doing?) Laps up.

1. The word «lapping» is a verb, as it denotes the action of an object.

2. The verb «lapping» is irrevocable (it has no postfix -sya).

3. The word «milk» depends on it:

lapping (what?) milk

4. The word «milk» has the accusative form without a preposition. This is a direct addition.

5. The verb «lapping» is transitive.

Grandpa went to the well to get water.

Grandpa (what did he do?) Went.

The word «went» is a verb.

2. The verb «went» is irreversible.

3. Nouns depend on it:

• went (for what?) for water (etc.);
• went (to what?) to the well (d. p.)

4. Dependent words «for water» and «to the well» have the form of instrumental and dative cases with prepositions. These are indirect additions.

5. The verb «went» is intransitive.

Listening to the violin, we find ourselves in the wonderful world of music.

We (what are we doing?) Get in.

1. The word «we hit» is a verb.

2. The verb «we get» is irreversible.

3. The noun depends on it:

we fall (into what?) the world.

4. The noun «to the world» has the accusative form with a preposition.

5. The verb «we get» is intransitive.

lesson «Transitive and intransitive verbs»

Source: https://russkiiyazyk.ru/chasti-rechi/glagol/kak-opredelit-perehodnost-glagola.html

Transitive and intransitive verbs in Russian — what is it? Examples of

In Russian, all verbs are divided into transitive and intransitive.

Transitive verbs are verbs that act on a subject. They denote an action that passes to an object. In this case, the addition is in the accusative case, without a preposition.
Example: buy is a transitive verb. I bought (what?) A gift. They bought (who?) A cat.

A verb is a part of speech that denotes an action. Verbs answer the questions what to do? what to do? For example: live, think, paint, work.

Read more about verbs in the article: What is a verb. Forms and types, conjugation of verbs

Transitive verbs are capable of manipulating direct object. The addition — a noun or a pronoun — is most often in the accusative case, without a preposition.

Examples of transitive verbs:

Defeat (whom?) The opponent
Carry (what?) A brick
See (who?) Sister
Detect (what?) Error

In some cases — with nouns and pronouns in the genitive case: drank milk, poured vodka, bought flowers.

Intransitive verbs. What is an intransitive verb. Examples of

Intransitive verbs are all other verbs of the Russian language. Their action is not directed towards the subject. They can denote movement, position in space, state.

Examples of intransitive verbs:
stand, walk, jump, doubt, worry

Intransitive verbs do not have a direct object with them, they cannot control the accusative case of a noun or pronoun.

Intransitive verbs are used with nouns or pronouns with and without prepositions in the following forms:

1. Genitive case. Demand (what?) Respect. Drive (past what?) Past the village.

2. Dative case. Tell (to whom?) Friends. Served (what?) The country. Miss (for what?) Homeland. Push (to what?) To think.

3. Accusative case with a preposition. I didn’t believe (what?) In coincidences. To hit (what?) The bull’s-eye. Enter (what?) Into the room. Inspire (what?) To accomplishments.

4. Instrumental case. Tired (with what?) Chatter. We value (what?) Friendship. Flies (over what?) Over the forest.

5. Prepositional case: To live (in what?) In an apartment. To be located (on what?) On the hill. Swim (what?) In the pool.

All reflexive verbs are intransitive. If the verb ends in -ся or -s, then it refers to reflexive, and cannot be transitive. For example: Soon a young officer (A.S. Pushkin) appeared on one side of the street from behind a coal house.

Intransitive reflexive verbs. Examples: be offended (for what?) At a friend, be worried (for whom?) For your fate, be offended (with what?) Suspicions

doubt (what?) the answer

How to distinguish a transitive from an intransitive verb?

To find out if a verb is transitive or intransitive?

1. Is it possible with him to add? If not, it’s definitely an intransitive verb.

2. Determine the case. Is the accusative case good? Does the question of whom fit in with the supplement? what? If not, then

3. Find out if there is a preposition. If there is a preposition, it is an intransitive verb.

So, if you have a verb with an object without a preposition in the accusative case (blame who? What?) — this is a transitive verb.

Source: https://www.anews.com/p/110802328-perehodnye-i-neperehodnye-glagoly-v-russkom-yazyke-chto-ehto-primery/