What is the word order of adverbs

Данная статья посвящена наречиям английского языка. Эта тема раскрывает все вопросы, которые могут интересовать человека, изучающего грамматические правила. Мы узнаем, как образовать наречия, сравним их с прилагательными, а также где они стоят в предложении. Кроме этого, пополним словарный запас некоторыми выражениями и научимся работать с degrees of comparison of adverbs. И конечно же, всегда после материла, вы сможете проверить знания на пройденную тему.

Статьи, которые могут быть полезными:

1. Исчисляемые и неисчисляемые существительные.
2. Притяжательный падеж и устойчивые фразы.
3. Подробная таблица времен.
4. Too and enough
5. Степень сравнения прилагательных.

Что такое наречия в английском языке?

Наречия (adverbs) обычно описывают или определяют глаголы, прилагательные, другие наречия или целое предложение.

• Например, the adverbs в следующих предложениях выделены жирным и слова, которые они определяют подчеркнуты:

– I often visit the library. – Я часто посещаю библиотеку.
– It is surprisingly cold today. – Сегодня на удивление холодно.

В первом предложении наречие often определяет глагол visit. Во втором, слово surprisingly описывает прилагательное cold.

• Слова, которые используются для описания наречий, также могут относиться к adverbs:

– My cat eats very slowly. – Мой кот ест очень медленно.

В этом предложении наречие very определяет наречие slowly.

Образование наречий в английском языке

Многие наречия связаны с прилагательными, с помощью словообразования:

[Adjective + суффикс ly = Adverb]

• Cheap – cheaply – дешевый – дешево.
• Slow – slowly – медленный – медленно.
• Quick – quickly – быстрый – быстро.

Правила правописания

• Прилагательные, которые заканчиваются на -ic добавляем -ally:

• Tragic – tragically – трагический – трагически.
• Realistic – realistically – реалистичный – реалистично.
• Ironic – ironically – иронический – иронично.

BUT: public – publicly – публичный – публично.

• Прилагательные, которые заканчиваются на –le нужно изменить “e” на “y”:

• Horrible – horribly – ужасный – ужасно.
• Noble – nobly – благородный – благородно.
• Simple – simply – простой – просто.

• Прилагательные, заканчивающиеся на согласную + -y, мы убираем “y” и добавляем –ily:

• Happy – happily – счастливый – счастливо.
• Easy – easily – легкий – легко.
• Crazy – crazily – сумасшедший – безумно.

• Прилагательные, которые заканчиваются на -e образуют наречие с добавлением -ly не опуская букву ‘e’:

• Rare – rarely – редкий – редко.
• Polite – politely – вежливый – вежливо.

• Ну как обычно существуют исключения:

• True – truly
• Whole – wholly
• Due – dully
• Full – fully

[qsm quiz=59]

Прилагательные на суффикс -ly

Есть ряд прилагательных, заканчивающихся на -ly, которые не имеют соответствующих наречий. Такие adjectives, происходят от существительных, обозначающие:

• People:

• 1) Man – мужчина = manly – мужественный, сильный.
  Example:
  – A deep, manly voice.
• 2) King – король = kingly – королевский.

• Family and personal relations:

• 1) Father – отец = fatherly – отцовский.
• 2) Brother = brotherly; friend = friendly.

• И другие:

Lovely – прекрасный.
Lonely – одинокий.
Silly – глупый.
Ugly – уродливый.
Lively – живой.

• Образуют наречие с помощью конструкции [in a Adj way] или [in a Adj manner]:

– They treated me in a friendly way. – Они относились ко мне по-дружески/дружелюбно.

Запомните следующие словосочетания:

in a soldierly way	по-воинские
in a sickly way	болезненно
in a silly way	глупо
in a manly way	по-мужски
in a womanly way	по-женски
in a cowardly way	трусливым образом
in a lively way	живо
in a lovely way	в прекрасной манере
in a motherly way	по-матерински
in a fatherly way	по-отцовски
in a brotherly way	по-братски
in a sisterly way	по-сестрински
in a kingly way	по-королевски

Наречия и прилагательные с одинаковой формой

Существует ряд adjectives / adverbs, которые имеют неизменную форму. Таким образом, это зависит от контекста, является ли слово прилагательным или наречием: Fast, hard, early, late, high, low, right, wrong, straight, daily, monthly and long etc.

• This is hard exercise. – Это упражнение сложное.
• She works hard. – Она работает усердно.
• I saw many high buildings. – Я видела много высоких зданий.
• The plane flew high in the sky. – Самолет летел высоко в небе.

Сравните:

• Walk slow! (Informal English).
• Walk slowly! (Formal English).

Good vs. Well

• Good – прилагательное.
• Well – наречие.

Examples:

• He is a good writer. – Он хороший писатель.
• He writes well. – Он пишет хорошо.

• Иногда well используется как прилагательное, когда говорится о здоровье (health):

• You’re not looking too well. Are you okay? – Ты не очень хорошо выглядишь. Ты в порядке?

Note:

После глаголов look, sound, smell, taste, feel, seem мы используем прилагательное, а не наречие:

• She looks nice /bad /pale/strange.
• It smells sweet /horrible/bad.

Наречия с двумя формами и разными значениями

Некоторые наречия имеют две формы. Первая, которая заканчивается на -ly,
вторая форма остается без изменений: clean(ly), clear(ly) etc.
Эти пары наречий обычно имеют разные значения.

Сравните:

Close or closely?

Close = near (близкий, расположенный недалеко).

– We live close to the church. – Мы живем рядом с церковью.

Closely = carefully (внимательно).

– I was watching the game closely. – Я внимательно следил за игрой.

Второе значение – тесно, близко:

– The two languages are closely related. – Два языка тесно связаны.

Dead or deadly?

Dead = suddenly and completely

– The snow stopped dead. – Снег внезапно остановился.

Deadly = very

– She is deadly serious. – Она очень серьезная.

Deep or deeply?

Deep = a long way down

– I dug deep into the ground. – Я копнул глубоко в землю.

Deeply = very

– I was deeply offended. – Я был очень оскорблен.

Free or freely?

Free = without payment

– Children travel free on buses. – Дети путешествуют бесплатно на автобусах.

Freely = willingly

– She spoke freely about her past. – Она открыто говорила о своем прошлом.

Hard or hardly?

Hard = with a lot of effort

– She worked really hard and passed her exams. – Она усердно работала и сдала экзамены.

Hardly = scarcely/only just

– The telephone line was so bad, I could hardly hear what he was saying. –Телефонная линяя была настолько плохой, что я едва слышал, что он говорил.

High or highly?

High = to/at a high level

– He kicked the ball high over the goal. – Он пнул мяч высоко над воротами.

Highly = very much а также to think/speak highly of something, somebody

– My father is a highly respected dentist. – Мой отец очень уважаемый стоматолог.
– Everyone thinks highly of her behaviour. – Все высоко ценят ее поведение.

Last or Lastly?

Last = after all others

– She got here last. – Она пришла сюда последней.

Lastly = finally

– And lastly, I would like to thank everyone who helped me to open the restaurant. – И наконец, я хочу поблагодарить всех, кто помогал мне открыть ресторан.

Direct or directly?

Direct = without stopping

– ‘Do I have to change trains in Manchester?’ ‘No, you can go direct. – Нужно ли мне пересаживаться на другой поезд в Манчестере? – Нет, можете ехать без пересадок.

Directly = very soon

– I’ll be with him directly. – Я скоро буду вместе с ним.

Late or lately?

Late = after the arranged time

– I stayed up late to watch my favourite film with my boyfriend. – Я задержалась допоздна, чтобы посмотреть мой любимый фильм с моим парнем.

Lately = recently

– I’ve been feeling very well lately. – В последнее время я чувствую себя очень хорошо.

Near or nearly

Near = close

– They live near the university. – Они живут рядом с университетом.

Nearly = almost

– You nearly crashed into the cyclist. – Ты чуть не врезался в велосипедиста.

Pretty or prettily?

Pretty = quite

– I’m pretty sure they’ll accept your invitation. – Я вполне уверен, что они примут твое приглашение.

Prettily = in an attractive way

– She danced prettily. – Она танцевала красиво.

Sharp or sharply?

Sharp = exactly

– The game starts at 5 o’clock sharp. – Игра начинается ровно в пять часов.

Sharply = suddenly and angrily

– ‘Don’t talk to me like that,’ she said sharply – «Не разговаривай со мной так»: она сказала резко.

Short or shortly?

Short = suddenly. Полная фраза stop short (остановиться внезапно или неожиданно)

– I was about to tell the truth but a thought stopped me short. – Я собирался сказать правду, но мысль внезапно остановила меня.
– Cut something short – преждевременно прерывать что-либо:
– He had to cut his speech short when the fire alarm went off. – Ему пришлось прервать свою речь, когда зазвонила пожарная тревога.

Shortly = soon

– Professor will be here shortly. – Профессор скоро будет здесь.

Wide or widely?

Wide = completely also far away from the right point = мимо цели.

– The window was wide opened. – Окно было широко распахнуто.

Widely = to a large extent

– I travel widely in Europe. – Я путешествую много по Европе.

Easy or easily?

Easy = remain calm

– Take it easy, darling. – Успокойся, дорогая.
– Easy does it – Тише едешь, дальше будешь.

Easily = with no difficulty / without doubt / possibly.

– I make friends easily. – Я легко завожу друзей.
– It is easily the best film I’ve seen. – Это, без сомнения, лучший фильм, который я видел.
– This could easily be the answer to your question. – Это может быть ответом на твой вопрос.

Степени сравнения наречий в английском языке

Следует отметить, что многие наречия, такие как sometimes, never, here, there, now, then, first, again, yesterday и daily не образуют сравнительную и превосходную формы.

Наречия, которые используются с окончаниями -er и -est

Наречия также имеют те же сравнительные и превосходные степени, что и прилагательные.

Положительная форма или Positive form	Сравнительная форма Comparative form	Превосходная форма Superlative form
long	longer	(the) longest
near	nearer	(the) nearest
straight	straighter	(the) straightest

Наречия с more и most

Двухсложные или сложные наречия образуются с помощью слов more/most.

Положительная форма или Positive form	Сравнительная форма Comparative form	Превосходная форма Superlative form
carefully	more carefully	(the) most carefully
easily	more easily	(the) most easily
softly	more softly	(the) most softly

Irregular Adverbs/Наречия исключения в английском языке

Неправильные наречия имеют такие же формы, что и неправильные прилагательные.

Positive form	Comparative form	Superlative form
badly	worse	worst
far	farther  or further	farthest or furthest
little	less	least
much	more	most
well	better	best

• Примеры со словом badly:

• We played badly in the first half. – Мы плохо играли в первом тайме.
• She was treated much worse than I was. – С ней обращались гораздо хуже, чем со мной.
• The worst affected area. – Наихудший район.

• Примеры со словом far:

• How far is it to the department store? – Как далеко до универмага?
• In the summer the herds move farther north. – Летом стада уходят дальше на север.
• The dogs walked to the farthest edge of the garden. – Собаки подошли к дальнему краю сада.

Место наречия в английском предложении. Order of Adverbs

Наречия обычно стоят после глагола в конце предложения. Однако их можно ставить в начале или середине. Факторы, определяющие этот выбор, могут быть:

– акцент, который говорящий хотел бы сделать;
– ритм предложения;
– сложность предложения с несколькими дополнениями.

• Front position – Начальная позиция.
• Mid position – Средняя позиция. Перед смысловым глаголом или после вспомогательного глагола.
• End position – В конце предложения.

Пример:

Front	Mid	End
Obviously	they will never	see her again.

Рассмотрим таблицу видов наречий в английском языке

Adverb of manner – наречия образа действия.	Adverb of manner отвечает на вопрос How? Как?	carefully, fast, easily, loudly, well, quickly etc.
Adverbs of place – наречия места.	Where? – где?	here, there, near, away, off, up, in the park etc.
Adverbs of time – наречия времени	When? – Когда?	now, today, tomorrow, then, lately etc.
Adverbs of degree – наречия степени	How much/to what extent? – Сколько? Насколько?/До какой степени?	only, wholly, hardly, far etc.
Adverbs of frequency – наречия частоты	How often? – как часто?	always, ever, never, often, usually etc.
Relative adverbs – относительные наречия.	where, why.	where, why.
Sentence adverbs –  сентенциальное наречие	certainly, probably, possibly etc.	clearly, perhaps.

Разберем каждый тип отдельно.

Adverbs of frequency – наречия частоты

Мы используем некоторые adverbs, чтобы описать, как часто мы что-то делаем.

Частота	Пример
100% – always – всегда	I always brush my teeth at night.
90% – usually – обычно	I usually walk to work.
80% – normally/generally – обычно	I normally get good marks.
70% – often/frequently – часто	I often read books.
50% – sometimes – иногда	I sometimes forget my friend’s birthday.
30% -occasionally – изредка, иногда.	I occasionally drink fizzy water.
10% seldom – редко	I seldom add sugar to my tea.
5% rarely/hardly ever – очень редко	I rarely drink beer.
0% never – никогда	I never swim in the river.

Note:

• Слово often произносится по-разному:

• [ɔfn] –без буквы ‘t’
• [ɔft ən] – с буквой ‘t’

Наречия частоты употребляются перед смысловым глаголом

Subject + adverb + main verb (подлежащее + наречие + смысловой глагол)

He always wants to drink coffee. – Он вечно хочет пить кофе.

I often read in bed at night. – Я часто читаю в постели по ночам.

• Наречие частоты употребляется после глагола to be

Subject + to be + adverb (подлежащее + глагол to be + наречие)

I am normally busy at work. – Я обычно занят на работе.

He is always late. – Он всегда опаздывает.

Когда мы используем вспомогательный глагол (auxiliary verb): has, would / will, should, can, etc., то затем следует наречие и смысловой глагол.

Subject + Auxiliary verb + Adverb + Main Verb (подлежащее + вспомогательный глагол + наречие + смысловой глагол)

I have always lived in Italy. – Я всегда жила в Италии.

I can sometimes beat you in a race. – Иногда я могу победить тебя в гонке.

• Наречия частоты могут также употребляться в начале или в конце предложения, когда хотим что-то выделить или подчеркнуть:

• Sometimes I get up early. – Иногда я встаю рано.
• They only meet occasionally. – Они встречаются лишь изредка.

• Но в начале предложения не могут стоять следующие слова:

Always, seldom, rarely, hardly, ever, never

*Always или Never могут использоваться в начале предложения в повелительном наклонении.

• hardly ever и never употребляются с глаголом в утвердительной форме:

• You never say “thank you”. – Ты никогда не говоришь «спасибо».

• Ever употребляется в вопросительных и отрицательных предложениях:

• Have you ever seen a dolphin? – Ты когда-нибудь видел дельфина?
• I haven’t ever been to Paris. – Я никогда не был в Париже.

• Выражение Used to и модальный глагол have to стоят после наречий частотности:

• You always have to remind them to take of their shoes. – Ты всегда должен напоминать им снимать обувь.

Expressions

А также можно использовать следующие выражения, если хотим быть более конкретными в отношении частотности:

• every day –каждый день;
• once a month – один раз в месяц;
• twice a year – дважды в год;
• four times a day – четыре раза в день;
• daily – ежедневно;
• monthly – ежемесячно;
• weekly – еженедельно;
• annually/every year – ежегодно/каждый год.

I pay for my flat every month = monthly –Я плачу за квартиру каждый месяц.

• I call her daily to make sure she is fine. – Я звоню ей ежедневно, чтобы убедиться, что она в порядке.

Adverbs of time – наречия времени

Adverbs of time отвечает на вопрос When? Когда?

Yesterday, now, later, sooner etc.

Наречия времени могут занимать начальную (если нужно поставить акцент на время) или конечную позицию в предложении.

Пример:

• I will go to the post office tomorrow. – Завтра я пойду на почту.
• Today I will go to the library. – Сегодня я пойду в библиотеку.

Следующие короткие наречия ставятся в середине предложения: Soon, now, then, still, once.

• It is now time to leave. – Пора уходить.

Но также они могут стоять и в других местах:

• Now it’s time to leave.
• It’s time to leave now.

Обратите внимание, что слово sometimes (иногда) относится к типу частотности. Sometime (как-нибудь, когда-нибудь) – наречие времени.

• You must come over and visit me sometime. – Вы должны как-нибудь навестить меня.
• Sometimes I feel like no one understands me. – Иногда мне кажется, что меня никто не понимает.

Adverbs of place – наречия места

Наречия места показывают нам местоположение действия. Они отвечают на следующий вопрос: Where? Где? Home, abroad, around, inside etc.

Наречия места часто ставится после смыслового глагола или в конце предложения.

• После смыслового глагола (main verb):

• She ran home. – Она побежала домой.
• She ran everywhere with her dad. – Она бегала повсюду со своим отцом.

В конце предложения:

• She ran with her dad everywhere.

• Here и there также наречия времени:

• The summer is here. – Лето здесь.
• Take a sit over there. – Присядьте вон там.

• Here и there могут стоять в начале предложения, чтобы сделать акцент:

Если подлежащее является существительным, за here и there следует глагол:

• Here is the summer!
• Here is my brother!
• There went my dog!

Если подлежащее является местоимение, за here и there следует местоимение:

• Here she is!
• Here it is!
• There it is!
• There they are!

Adverbs of degree – наречия меры и степени

Наречия степени отвечает на вопрос How much? To what extent? Сколько? Насколько? /До какой степени?

К наречиям степени относятся такие слова:

Absolutely	совершенно
Just	просто, всего лишь, только
Completely	совершенно
Totally	полностью
Very	очень
Extremely	чрезвычайно
A lot	много
Terribly	ужасно, очень
Really	очень
Much	часто, очень
Awfully	ужасно
Quite	довольно
Pretty	достаточно
Rather	довольно, до некоторой степени
A little/a bit	немного, недостаточно
Enough	достаточно
Too	слишком
Slightly	немного, слегка

Для более детального перевода слов обратитесь к словарю. Так как слова могут иметь разное значение в зависимости от контекста.

Наречия степени обычно ставятся

Перед прилагательным или наречием, которые их определяют:

• He is quite good at Spanish. – Он неплохо владеет испанским языком.
• I am extremely tired. – я очень устала.

Большинство этих наречий могут также стоять перед смысловым глаголом или после вспомогательного глагола.

• I rather like this shirt. – Мне нравится эта рубашка.
• I can’t quite get it. – Я не совсем понимаю это.

Наречия: a lot, totally, completely, absolutely, terribly, awfully, a bit, a little and much могут стоять в середине или в конце предложения.

• The plane was delayed a little. Или The plane was a little delayed.
• The storm completely destroyed the city. Или The storm destroyed the city completely.

Adverbs of manner – наречия образа действия

Наречия образа действия отвечает на вопрос How? Как?

well – хорошо

quickly – быстро

softly – тихо, спокойно

loudly – громко

beautifully – красиво

dangerously – опасно

secretly – тайно

weakly – слабо

happily – счастливо

sadly – грустно

hard – настойчиво / сильно

fast – быстро

quietly – тихо

slowly – медленно

roughly – приблизительно / грубо

greedily – жадно

nicely – хорошо, отлично

badly –  плохо / сильно

hungrily – жадно

angrily – сердито

thankfully – к счастью

Наречия образа действия ставятся после дополнения или смыслового глагола

После смыслового глагола

I dance well – я танцую хорошо.

I dance slowly – я танцую медленно.

I dance beautifully – я танцую красиво.

После дополнения

I read the book well – я читаю книгу хорошо.

I read the book loudly – я читаю книгу громко.

Наречия образа действия также может стоять в середине предложения:

• He looked angrily at me. – Он посмотрел на меня сердито.

Когда в предложении несколько наречий, то порядок таков:

Manner – place – time.

	manner	place	time
He watched TV	quietly	in his room	until 7.00

Однако если есть глагол движения (go, run, leave etc), то наречия места идет рядом с глаголом движения:

	place	manner	time
Ann was rushed	to hospital	suddenly	an hour ago.

Если в предложении есть наречия частоты, то порядок таков:

	manner	place	frequency	time
My sister walks	impatiently	home	every evening	after work.

Sentence Adverbs – сентенциальное наречие

Наречие, обозначающее все предложение, в целом ставится в начале, середине или в конце предложения. Но чаще всего в начальной позиции.

Sentence adverbs

Probably – вероятно

Possibly – может быть, возможно

Certainly – безусловно

Clearly – явно, очевидно

Luckily – к счастью

Of course – конечно

Fortunately – к счастью

Maybe – возможно, может быть

Perhaps – возможно, может быть

Примеры:

• Luckily, he didn’t crash into the tree. – К счастью, он не врезался в дерево.
• He luckily didn’t crash into the tree.
• He didn’t crash into the tree, luckily.

В отрицательных предложениях наречия possibly, certainly and probably стоят перед вспомогательным глаголом:

• I probably didn’t believe you. – Я, вероятно, не верил тебе.

Наречия обычно не употребляются между дополнением (object) и глаголом (verb).

He likes biscuits very much. (not: he likes very much biscuits).

Вывод

В следующей таблице приведены наиболее часто используемые позиции для пяти различных типов наречий, рассмотренных выше.

Type of adverb	Most commonly used position in clause
Adverbs of frequency	Mid-position
Adverbs of time	End-position. *Or at the Front position if we want to put emphasis on the time.
Adverbs of degree	Mid-position
Adverbs of manner	End-position.
Adverbs of place	End-position.

Сделайте упражнение, которое поможет вам лучше понять разницу между прилагательным и наречием.

Тест по теме

[qsm quiz=68]

Adverbs can take different positions in a sentence. It depends on the type of sentence and on what role the adverb plays and what words the adverb defines, characterizes, describes.

Most often, we put adverbs after the verb but before adjectives, other adverbs, or participles.

She walked quickly away.
He runs slowly along.

Adverb and three main positions

There are three main positions for an adverb in a sentence:

• before the verb
• at the beginning of a sentence
• at the end of a sentence

Let’s look at these positions separately.

At the end

We put an Adverb at the end of a sentence after the predicate and the object.

The water is rising fast.

At the beginning

We put an adverb at the beginning of a sentence before the subject.

Today I have a piano lesson.

In the middle

Most often, we put an adverb in the middle of a sentence. But “middle” is not an accurate concept. Where exactly this middle is located, it depends on the words next to which we use the adverb.

1. In interrogative sentences, we put an adverb between the subject and the main verb.

Did he often go out like that?

1. If the predicate in the sentence is only one verb, then we put the adverb before the verb.

You rarely agree with me.

1. If the predicate contains more than one word, then we put the adverb after the modal verb or after the auxiliary verb (if there is a modal verb or auxiliary verb).

You must never do this again.

There are adverbs that we can put before a modal verb or an auxiliary verb.

He surely can prepare for this.

Adverb placement depending on the type of adverb

The place of an adverb depends on what type of adverbs it belongs to. Different adverbs can appear in different places.

Adverbs of manner

We usually use Adverbs of manner:

• before main verbs
• after auxiliary verbs
• at the end of the sentence

1. If the verb is in the Passive Voice, then we use an adverb between the auxiliary verb and the verb in the third form.
2. We usually use Adverbs of manner after the verb or after the Object.
3. We can NOT use an Adverb of manner between the verb and direct object. If the sentence has a verb and a direct object, then we use an adverb of manner before the verb or after the object.
4. Usually we put an adverb of manner that answers the question HOW after the verb or after the verb and the object.

She held the baby gently.
We are running slowly.

1. We usually put the adverbs well, fast, quickly, immediately, slowly at the end of a sentence.

I wrote him an answer immediately.
The truck picked up speed slowly.

Adverbs of Frequency

Adverbs of frequency are adverbs that indicate how often, with what frequency an action occurs.

Adverbs of frequency answer the question “How often?“

1. Most often we put Adverbs of frequency before the main verb.
2. We can use normally, occasionally, sometimes, usually at the beginning of a sentence or at the end of a sentence.
3. We usually put Adverbs of frequency that accurately describe the time (weekly, every day, every Saturday) at the end of a sentence.

We have another board meeting on Monday.
I wish we could have fried chicken every week.
Maybe we could do this every month.

1. We put Adverbs of frequency after the verb to be if the sentence contains the verb to be in the form of Present Simple or Past Simple.

My routine is always the same.

1. We often use usually, never, always, often, sometimes, ever, rarely in the middle of a sentence.

I often wish I knew more about gardening.

1. We can use usually at the beginning of a sentence.

Usually, I keep it to myself.

Adverbs of degree

Adverbs of degree express the degree to which something is happening. These are such adverbs as:

• almost
• absolutely
• completely
• very
• quite
• extremely
• rather
• just
• totally

1. We put Adverbs of degree in the middle of a sentence.
2. We put Adverbs of degree after Auxiliary Verbs.
3. We put Adverbs of degree after modal verbs.

I feel really guilty about that.

1. We put Adverbs of degree before adjectives.

When guns speak it is too late to argue.

1. We put Adverbs of degree before other adverbs.

He loses his temper very easily.

1. Sometimes we put Adverbs of degree before modal verbs and before auxiliary verbs. Usually, we use such adverbs as:

• certainly
• definitely
• really
• surely

You definitely could have handled things better.
I think I really could have won.

1. The adverb enough is an exception to this rule. We put the Adverb enough after the word it characterizes.

I have lived long enough.

Adverbs of place and time

Let’s see where we use the adverbs of place and adverbs of time.

1. Most often we put the adverb of place and time at the end of the sentence.

I thought you didn’t have family nearby.
They found her place in Miami yesterday.

1. We put monosyllabic adverbs of time (for example, such as now, then, soon) before main verbs but after auxiliary verbs including the verb to be.

Now imagine you see another woman.
Yes, he is now a respectable man.

1. We can use adverbs of place and time at the very beginning of a sentence when we want to make the sentence more emotional.

Today, we have to correct his mistakes.

1. We put the adverbs here and there at the end of the sentence.

Independent thought is not valued there.

1. Most often we put adverbs of place and time after the verb or verb + object.

I can’t change what happened yesterday.
You have to attend my wedding next month.

1. Most often we put such adverbs as towards, outside, backward, everywhere, nearby, downstairs, southward, at the end of the sentence or in the middle of the sentence, but immediately after the verb.

I made iced tea and left it downstairs.
With this speaker, you can hear everything outside.
I can run backward!

1. We put adverbs of time that accurately define the time (for example, yesterday, now, tomorrow) at the end of the sentence.

The ship is going to be back tomorrow.

He wants it to happen now.

If we want to emphasize time, we can put an adverb that accurately specifies the time at the beginning of the sentence.

Tomorrow I’m moving to Palais Royal.

Adverbs that show the speaker’s degree of confidence.

Let’s talk about the place in the sentence occupied by Adverbs that show the speaker’s degree of confidence in what the speaker is saying.

1. We can put at the beginning of the sentence such adverbs as:

• definitely
• perhaps
• probably
• certainly
• clearly
• maybe
• obviously

Certainly, you have an opinion about that.

Definitely think twice before correcting one of your mistakes again.

Maybe someone else was in her apartment that night.

We can also put adverbs like this in the middle of a sentence:

They’ll probably name a street after me.
This assumption is clearly no longer valid.

Adverbs that emphasize the meaning of the word they describe

The next group of adverbs is adverbs that emphasize the meaning of the word they describe.

1. Look at the following adverbs:

• very
• really
• terribly
• extremely
• almost
• quite
• pretty

We usually put such adverbs in the middle of the sentence before the word that these adverbs characterize.

He is very tired.
She found it extremely difficult to get a job.
I’m quite happy to wait for you here.

Adverbs defining a verb

1. We put an adverb after the verb to be. If the adverb defines the verb to be in one of its forms.

He was never a good man.

1. If an adverb defines another adverb or adjective, then we put such an adverb most often before the word that it defines.

I can see it quite clearly.
They walked rather slowly.

Adverbs connecting sentences

Adverbs can connect sentences in a logical sequence.

Such adverbs can appear at the beginning of the sentence or in the middle of the sentence. These are such adverbs as:

• next
• anyway
• however
• besides
• next

Adverbs that explain the speaker’s point of view

Let’s take a look at Adverbs that explain the speaker’s point of view in what he says.

• fortunately
• surprisingly
• personally

We most often put them at the beginning of the sentence.

Honestly, I wish I had time to do more reading.
Often their homes are their only major material possession.

We can put some of these adverbs at the end of a sentence.

I know what you’ve done for me, honestly.

Always, Never, and Only

Now let’s talk about some adverbs separately. These are very popular adverbs that we often use in English.

1. Always and never.

We usually put always and never in the middle of the sentence before the verb they define.

The bread always falls buttered side down.
Love is never paid but with true love.

1. Only.

Only is an incredibly popular adverb. Most often, we put only before the word that the adverb only characterizes.

Wisdom is only found in truth.
A man can only die once.

Additional tips

If we have two or more adverbs to define one verb, then the order of these adverbs should be as follows:

1. Adverb of manner
2. Adverb of place
3. Adverb of time

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What is the order of adverbs?

Because adverbs are used to modify verbs, adjectives, other adverbs, phrases, clauses, or even entire sentences, they are able to function nearly anywhere in the sentence, depending on their type and what it is they are modifying.

If we use more than one adverb to describe a verb, though, there is a general order in which the different categories of adverbs should appear—this is known as the order of adverbs (sometimes called the royal order of adverbs):

• 1. Manner
• 2. Place
• 3. Frequency
• 4. Time
• 5. Purpose

Of course, it is uncommon to use five adverbs in a row to modify the same word, but if a sentence uses two or three, then it is best to follow this order to avoid sounding unnatural.

First, let’s briefly summarize the different categories of adverbs, and then we’ll look at how we can use them together in sentences.

(*Note: For the sake of conciseness, both single-word adverbs and adverbial phrases will be referred to together as “adverbs” throughout this section.)

Categories of Adverbs

Adverbs of Manner

Adverbs of manner tell us how something happens, how someone does something, or give character to a description. They are usually formed by adding “-ly” to an adjective, as in:

• “She sings beautifully.”
• “He walks slowly.”
• “The children are playing happily.”

If an adjective already ends in “-ly,” we can give it an adverbial function by simply using it in the prepositional phrase “in a ______ manner”:

• “They played in a lively manner.”
• “Please arrive in a timely manner.”

Adverbs of Place

Adverbs of place tell us about an aspect of location associated with the action of a verb, specifying the direction, distance, movement, or position involved in the action.

For example:

• “He kicked the ball into the field.”
• “Let’s drive down a bit farther.”
• “Everyone gazed upwards at the meteor shower.”
• “I’ve looked everywhere for my book.”

Adverbs of Frequency

Adverbs of frequency (sometimes called frequency adverbs) tell us how often something happens or is the case. They are sometimes used to describe definite frequency, as in:

• “I run eight miles daily.”
• “Every year, our office holds a big raffle for charity.”

More often, though, these adverbs are used to describe indefinite frequency. For example:

• “We usually go to the movies on Sundays.”
• “Bethany always runs late for work in the morning.”

Adverbs of Time

Adverbs of time tell us when or for how long something happens or is the case. They are similar to but distinct from adverbs of frequency.

For example:

• “I’m going to the movies tomorrow.”
• “Next year, I’m going to run for president.”
• “We’ve been dating for 10 years, and not once has he proposed!”
• “Are you still working on that project?”

Adverbs of Purpose

• “Jen hadn’t enjoyed the play; as a result, she didn’t recommend it.”
• “The clothing is handcrafted and hence expensive.”
• “Given the huge amount of public interest, they are extending the program for another three months.”
• “I went to the store to buy some milk.”
• “I am exhausted because I was working all night.”

Using multiple adverbs

Remember, the order of adverbs is manner, place, frequency, time, and purpose.

As we already noted, it is unusual to find several adverbs consecutively modifying the same word. However, if we were to make a sentence with all five categories of adverbs together, it might look like this:

• “I have to run quickly (manner) down the street (place) each morning (frequency) after breakfast (time) in order to catch my bus to school (purpose).”

Even though the string of adverbs is unusually long, the sentence still sounds smooth and logical because the order is correct. Now let’s try rearranging the order of the adverbs:

• “I have to run each morning (frequency) quickly (manner) after breakfast (time) in order to catch my bus to school (purpose) down the street (place).”

By changing the order of the adverbs, we’ve actually changed the meaning of the sentence, or at least made the original meaning nearly incomprehensible. This is especially apparent with the adverbial phrase of purpose in order to catch my bus to school—by placing it before the adverb of place, it now sounds as though it’s the school that’s down the street. There is not such a drastic shift in meaning for the adverbs of frequency, manner, and time, but they still sound awkward and unnatural in the new order.

When we can change the order

There is a great deal of flexibility regarding where in a sentence an adverb can appear, regardless of its content and the rules of order that we looked at above. While the order of adverbs is useful to keep in mind, it is a guide, rather than a law.

Introductory adverbs

As you may have noticed when we looked at the different categories of adverbs, adverbs can appear in different places in a sentence. When an adverb is used at the beginning a sentence, it results in a great deal of emphasis. Depending on the sentence, we can do this with nearly any category of adverb regardless of the order of adverbs—although we must always be careful that doing so does not make the sentence awkward or alter its meaning.

For example, let’s look at the example sentence again, this time slightly shifting where in the sentence the adverbs appear:

• “In order to catch my bus to school (purpose), I have to run quickly (manner) down the street (place) each morning (frequency) after breakfast (time).”

Placing the adverb of purpose at the beginning of the sentence doesn’t alter the meaning in any way—instead, it gives the adverb extra emphasis and highlights the purpose of the entire sentence.

In this particular sentence, we can move the adverb of frequency to the beginning of the sentence as well:

• “Each morning (frequency), I have to run quickly (manner) down the street (place) after breakfast (time) in order to catch my bus to school (purpose).”

We can also do this with the adverb of time, but in this instance it has to be moved with the adverb of frequency; otherwise, the sentence sounds awkward. For example, compare these two sentence constructions:

• “Each morning (frequency) after breakfast (time), I have to run quickly (manner) down the street (place) in order to catch my bus to school (purpose).” (correct)
• “After breakfast (time), I have to run quickly (manner) down the street (place) each morning (frequency) in order to catch my bus to school (purpose).” (incorrect)

We can see that the adverb of time sounds awkward when it is placed by itself at the beginning of this particular sentence.

Adverbs of manner and place can also sometimes go at the beginning of the sentence, but we have to be careful with how the sentence sounds as a whole. For example, neither would work well at the beginning of the example above because the emphasis placed on them would sound unnatural as a result. However, in a different sentence, this emphasis might be suitable. For instance:

• “On my father’s ranch (place), I often (frequency) helped gather the animals at the end of the day (time).”
• “Impatiently (manner), I waited by the bank (place) for my father to arrive (purpose).”

Short vs. long adverbs

Generally speaking, we also tend to put adverbs that are shorter and more concise before those that are longer, regardless of which category they belong to (though we must make sure that the information’s meaning doesn’t change as a result). For example:

• “I lived with my parents (place) to save money (purpose) while I was working on my doctorate (time).”
• “He dances every night (frequency) in the most extraordinary way (manner).”

Multiple adverbs of the same category

When we use multiple adverbs of the same category to modify the same verb, we order them based on how specific the information is that they provide. For example:

• “On my father’s ranch (place), I often (frequency) helped gather the animals at the end of the day (specific time) when I was younger (non-specific time).”
• “I lived at home (more specific place) with my parents (less specific place) to save money (purpose) while I was working on my doctorate (time).”

Today’s topic is the order of adverbs.

An adverb is a word that gives more information about a verb, an adjective, another adverb, or even an entire sentence. It can be one word or an adverbial phrase:

• Emma loved her son deeply.
• Emma loved her son with all her heart.

They describe:

how an action is done (adverbs of manner):

• She pushed him gently.
• Karen not only sang and danced beautifully but also looked absolutely gorgeous.

where (adverbs of place):

• Will and Mary saw a famous football player at the cinema last night.
• We’re meeting our friends at the Red Lion tomorrow.

when (adverbs of time):

• Sara s meeting her friend at the cafeteria at 7 o’clock.
• Tom and Sandra arranged to set off early tomorrow.

If there is more than one adverb, their order is usually like this:

MANNER – PLACE – TIME

• The New York Knicks played marvellously in Boston last night.
• The children were having a great time in the park yesterday morning.

Sometimes we place the adverb at the beginning of the sentence before the subject:

• Yesterday, it was raining all day.
• Sometimes, I like to have my tea in the evening.

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