What is the russian word for railway

1
Russian Railways

1) Общая лексика: российские железные дороги

2) Железнодорожный термин: РЖД

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > Russian Railways

2
Russian Railways (так на англоязычном сайте РЖД)

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > Russian Railways (так на англоязычном сайте РЖД)

3
Ministry of Railways of the Russian Federation

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > Ministry of Railways of the Russian Federation

4
territorial planning scheme of the Russian Federation for the development of federal transport, railways, information and communications

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > territorial planning scheme of the Russian Federation for the development of federal transport, railways, information and communications

5
RR

4) Военный термин: Ready Reserve, Rebel Rocket, Recruitment And Retention, Reference Receiver, Relevant Rank, Retired Reserve, River Rats, Rounds Remaining, radar range, radar ranging, radar reconnaissance, radiation resistance, radio range, radio ranging, radio recognition, radio regulations, radio relay, range resolution, readiness region, readiness review, ready replacement, receiving report, recoilless rifle, recommended for reenlistment, recruit roll, recruiting regulations, reduced range, reentry range, regimental register, register of recruits, relegated to reserve, removal and replacement, reporting responsibility, requirements review, research report, residual radiation, resource report, responsible receiver, retro-rocket, rifle range, round-robin, route reconnaissance, rural road, Rough Riders , радиоретранслятор

5) Техника: radiant reheater, radiation rate, radioactive radiation, reaction rate, record-retransmit, recurrence rate, register-register, relative response, reliability requirements, rendezvous radar, research reactor, review report, review request

18) Сокращение: Revolver Rifle, Route Relay, Rural Route, radiographer, readout and relay, Register-Register Operation, Registered Representative, Rig Released, Rust Resisting, respiratory rate, РЖД

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > RR

6
Rr

4) Военный термин: Ready Reserve, Rebel Rocket, Recruitment And Retention, Reference Receiver, Relevant Rank, Retired Reserve, River Rats, Rounds Remaining, radar range, radar ranging, radar reconnaissance, radiation resistance, radio range, radio ranging, radio recognition, radio regulations, radio relay, range resolution, readiness region, readiness review, ready replacement, receiving report, recoilless rifle, recommended for reenlistment, recruit roll, recruiting regulations, reduced range, reentry range, regimental register, register of recruits, relegated to reserve, removal and replacement, reporting responsibility, requirements review, research report, residual radiation, resource report, responsible receiver, retro-rocket, rifle range, round-robin, route reconnaissance, rural road, Rough Riders , радиоретранслятор

5) Техника: radiant reheater, radiation rate, radioactive radiation, reaction rate, record-retransmit, recurrence rate, register-register, relative response, reliability requirements, rendezvous radar, research reactor, review report, review request

18) Сокращение: Revolver Rifle, Route Relay, Rural Route, radiographer, readout and relay, Register-Register Operation, Registered Representative, Rig Released, Rust Resisting, respiratory rate, РЖД

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > Rr

7
rr

4) Военный термин: Ready Reserve, Rebel Rocket, Recruitment And Retention, Reference Receiver, Relevant Rank, Retired Reserve, River Rats, Rounds Remaining, radar range, radar ranging, radar reconnaissance, radiation resistance, radio range, radio ranging, radio recognition, radio regulations, radio relay, range resolution, readiness region, readiness review, ready replacement, receiving report, recoilless rifle, recommended for reenlistment, recruit roll, recruiting regulations, reduced range, reentry range, regimental register, register of recruits, relegated to reserve, removal and replacement, reporting responsibility, requirements review, research report, residual radiation, resource report, responsible receiver, retro-rocket, rifle range, round-robin, route reconnaissance, rural road, Rough Riders , радиоретранслятор

5) Техника: radiant reheater, radiation rate, radioactive radiation, reaction rate, record-retransmit, recurrence rate, register-register, relative response, reliability requirements, rendezvous radar, research reactor, review report, review request

18) Сокращение: Revolver Rifle, Route Relay, Rural Route, radiographer, readout and relay, Register-Register Operation, Registered Representative, Rig Released, Rust Resisting, respiratory rate, РЖД

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > rr

8
Article 71

The jurisdiction of the Russian Federation includes:

a) adoption and amending of the Constitution of the Russian Federation and federal laws, control over their observance;

b) federal structure and the territory of the Russian Federation;
c) regulation and protection of the rights and freedoms of man and citizen; citizenship in the Russian Federation, regulation and protection of the rights of national minorities;
d) establishment of the system of federal bodies of legislative, executive and judicial authority, the rules of their organization and activities, formation of federal bodies of state authority;
e) federal state property and its management;
f) establishment of the principles of federal policy and federal programmes in the sphere of state, economic, ecological, social, cultural and national development of the Russian Federation;
g) establishment of legal groups for a single market; financial, currency, credit, and customs regulation, money issue, the principles of pricing policy; federal economic services, including federal banks;
h) federal budget, federal taxes and dues, federal funds of regional development;
i) federal power systems, nuclear power-engineering, fission materials, federal transport, railways, information and communication, outer space activities;
j) foreign policy and international relations of the Russian Federation, international treaties and agreements of the Russian Federation, issues of war and peace;
k) foreign economic relations of the Russian Federation;
l) defence and security; military production; determination of rules of selling and purchasing weapons, ammunition, military equipment and other military property; production of poisonous substances, narcotic substances and rules of their use;
m) determination of the status and protection of the state border, territorial sea, air space, exclusive economic zone and continental shelf of the expenditures;
n) judicial system, procurator’s office, criminal, criminal procedure and criminal-executive legislation, amnesty and pardoning, civil, civil procedure and arbitration procedure legislation, legal regulation of intellectual property;
o) federal law of conflict of laws;
p) meteorological service, standards, metric system, horometry accounting, geodesy and cartography, names of geographical units, official statistics and accounting;
q) state awards and honourary titles of the Russian Federation;
r) federal state service.

__________

<На русском языке см. [ref dict=»The Constitution of Russia (Russian)»]Статья 71[/ref]>
<На немецком языке см. [ref dict=»The Constitution of Russia (German)»]Artikel 71[/ref]>
<На французском языке см. [ref dict=»The Constitution of Russia (French)»]Article 71[/ref]>

The Constitution of Russia. English-Russian dictionary > Article 71

См. также в других словарях:

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JSCo RZhD

Headquarters in Moscow
Native name	ОАО «РЖД»
Type	Open joint-stock company
Industry	Railways
Predecessor	Ministry of Railways of the Russian Federation [ru] (1992–2004)
Founded	18 September 2003; 19 years ago
Headquarters	Red Gates Square (55°46′N 37°39′E / 55.767°N 37.650°E), Moscow , Russia
Area served	Russia
Key people	Oleg Belozyorov (General director) Arkady Dvorkovich (chairman of the board)[1]
Services	Rail transport, Cargo
Revenue	$38.6 billion[2] (2017)
Operating income	$3.47 billion[2] (2017)
Net income	$2.39 billion[2] (2017)
Total assets	$76.6 billion[2] (2017)
Total equity	$41.3 billion[2] (2017)
Owner	Russian Government (100%)[3]
Number of employees	740,315[4] (2017)
Website	Russian Railways (English)

Russian Railways (Russian: ОАО «Российские железные дороги» (ОАО «РЖД»), romanized: OAO Rossiyskie zheleznye dorogi (OAO RZhD)) is a Russian fully state-owned vertically integrated railway company, both managing infrastructure and operating freight and passenger train services.

The company was established on 18 September 2003, when a decree was passed to separate the upkeep and operation of the railways from the Ministry of Railways of the Russian Federation [ru].^[5] RZhD is based in Moscow at Novaya Basmannaya str., 2. The operating units of the central part of the staff are at Kalanchevskaya str., 35.^[6]

Railways in the autonomous region of Crimea are controlled by Crimea Railway, a separate company.^[7]

History[edit]

Background and 2003 reform[edit]

After the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, the Russian Federation inherited 17 of the 32 regions of the former Soviet Railways (SZD).^[8]

In the mid-1990s, the profitability of railway transportation of the Russian Ministry of Railways fell to negative values, the bureaucratization of the ministry itself was publicly criticized, which became an occasion for reforms. Shortly after being elected president of Russia in 2000, Vladimir Putin approved the idea of reforming the railway transport, according to which all economic functions on the railway should be transferred to a joint-stock company with 100% state participation. The start of the state program for reforming the Russian railway sector was given by the establishment of Russian Railways in October 2003. The new company received over 95% of the assets belonging to the Ministry of Railways of the Russian Federation.^[9][10][11]

In 2003, the Federal Law on Railway Transport divided the Ministry of Railways into the Federal Railway Transport Agency (FRTA) and Russian Railways (RZD).^[12] The reform also required RZD to provide access to railway infrastructure to other carriers and operators.^[12] As the law requires carriers to provide service to customers anywhere in Russia, RZD retained its dominant position.^[12]

Later in 2003, the Decree No. 585 established RZD as a joint stock company, making it a holding in charge of 63 subsidiaries, including TransContainer, RailTranAuto, Rail Passenger Directorate, Russian Troika, TransGroup, and Refservis.^[12] RZD acquired 987 companies (95% in asset value) out of the 2046 that had formed the MR system.^[13] Gennady Fadeyev, the Railways Minister, became the company’s first president.^[14]

The reform saw the creation of a new market segment following the privatization of the network’s rolling stock. The company divided the bulk of its wagon fleet between two new operating companies, Freight One (which was later privatised) and Freight Two (renamed Federal Freight in 2012), and private players such as GlobalTrans also entering the market.^{[citation needed]}

2000s[edit]

In 2003, RZD launched a project to replace the narrow gauge on Sakhalin Railway to the broad gauge used in the rest of Russia, which it formally completed in August 2019.^[15] The share of privately owned wagons in the freight transport increased to one-third of the total by 2005.^[12] On 18 May 2006, the company signed an agreement with Siemens for the delivery of eight high-speed trains.^[16]

On 23 May 2007, Russian Railways adopted a new corporate style which changed fundamentally the way the Company presented itself visually to the outside world. The change of corporate identity underwent several stages during the 2007–2010 period.^[17] The final version of the logo was designed by BBDO Branding.^[18]

Also, commissioned by BBDO Branding The Agency HardCase Design created a family of corporate fonts RussianRail, consisting of 15 fonts. In the new company logo Sans-serif RussianRail Grotesque Medium was used. In 2008, the new logo of Russian Railways became a runner-up for the international design competition WOLDA ’08 award.^[19]

Strategy 2030, an investment plan to expand and modernize the railway network, was approved by the Russian government in 2008.^[20] Since 2008, as part of the structural reform of rail transport, with separation of the services infrastructure of transportation activity and the emergence of a competitive environment, Russian Railways has been transformed into a vertically oriented holding company.^[21]

In 2009, the investment budget was 262.8 billion rubles (excluding VAT), of which 47.4 billion for projects related to the preparation and staging of the Olympic Games in Sochi; 58.7 billion for the renovation of the rolling stock (including supply of Sapsan trains).^{[citation needed]}

2010s[edit]

In 2010, Federal Passenger Company was established as a fully owned subsidiary of Russian Railways, providing long-distance passenger services both in Russia and abroad.^[22] By the end of 2013, it operated all long-distance routes, except for high-speed Sapsan lines, which are operated by RZD.^[22]

RZD issued its first dollar-denominated bond in 2010, raising $1.5 billion.^[23] On 28 October 2011, the Joint Stock Company Freight One, a subsidiary of Russian Railways, sold 75% of its shares minus two shares for 125.5 billion rubles (about 4 billion $) to Independent Transport Company owned by Vladimir Lisin.^[21] Thus, Lisin as Russia’s largest operator of rolling stock acquired control of a quarter of the freight market.^[24]

As part of its reform efforts, RZD massively reduced its workforce, from 2.2 million in the 1990s to 934,000 people in 2012.^[22] In 2012, it became one of the three largest transport companies in the world.^[25]

According to a Reuters inquiry, RZD procurement activities in 2012 amounted to $22.5 billion; part of this was awarded to private contractors with no genuine operations in de facto noncompetitive tenders.^[26] Some of the company addresses listed on the tenders turned out to be private apartments, car repair shops or department stores.^[26] It was alleged that the contractors were actually shell companies, used to convey billions of dollars in tenders to close associates of Yakunin, president of RZD.^[27]

Zheldoripoteka, RZD’s real estate arm, was revealed to have sold land plots located close to railway stations in major cities to the son of Russian Railways president Vladimir Yakunin.^[28] Far East Land Bridge, a company partnered with a Russian Railways subsidiary, was also linked to Yakunin’s son.^[29]

On 16 October 2012, Russian Railways has completed competitive negotiations with potential buyers of the remaining 25-percent plus 1 share stake in JSC Freight One. The best binding offer was received from the Independent Transport Company LLC. The assets were sold for 50 billion rubles.^[30]

In early November 2012, Russian Railways announced the purchase of 75% of the French logistics company Gefco SA. The total value of the transaction was 800 million euros, the seller being PSA Peugeot Citroen, the parent company of Gefco.^[31] A program to modernize the Baikal–Amur Mainline was launched in 2013, costing the equivalent of £4 billion by 2018.^[32]

In 2015, RZD International won a €1.2 billion contract to electrify the Garmsar–Inche Bourun line in Iran.^[33]

In August 2015, company president Vladimir Yakunin was dismissed,^[34] allegedly because of poor performance and mismanagement.^[35] Yakunin was replaced by Oleg Belozyorov.^[34]

RZD International began works on the reconstruction of the Serbian Vinarci – Djordjevo line in 2016.^[36] The Moscow Central Circle railway, designed and managed by Roszheldorproject, an RZD subsidiary, opened in September 2016.^[37] In July 2018, the company announced plans to phase out third-class carriages on long-distance trains by 2025.^[38]

2020s[edit]

On 24 February 2022, in response to Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, US President Joe Biden announced economic sanctions against several Russian companies, including Russian Railways.^[39]

On 8 April 2022, the shipping company CMA CGM announced to be acquiring the French logistics company Gefco SA from Russian Railways and minority shareholder Stellantis.^[40]

On 11 April 2022, the Wall Street Journal and Reuters reported that the International Swaps and Derivatives Association had determined a «failure to pay» credit event occurred on 250 million CHF worth of Swiss franc loan participation notes linked to an entity related to Russian Railways, RZD Capital. The determination is considered the first step to triggering a credit default swap.^[41][42]

Future projects[edit]

Planned projects[edit]

In March 2016, RZD approved an updated version of high-speed rail development program until 2030. The 5 trillion ruble program includes the construction of Moscow–Kazan–Yekaterinburg, Moscow–Adler and Moscow–Saint Petersburg high-speed lines, as well as other high-speed lines connecting regional cities.^[43]

The construction program is divided into three stages. Until 2020 Russian Railways plans to put into operation the high-speed rail sections linking Moscow–Kazan (1.2 trillion rubles), Moscow–Tula (268.6 billion rubles), Chelyabinsk–Yekaterinburg (122.6 billion rubles), Tula–Belgorod (86.8 billion rubles), Yekaterinburg–Nizhny Tagil (12.9 billion rubles) and Novosibirsk–Barnaul (62.3 billion rubles). The project design of the largest container port in Ust-Luga for reception and distribution of containerized freight on China–Europe route is also part of the program.^[43]

Between 2021 and 2025 RZD plans to build Rostov–Krasnodar–Adler, Tula–Voronezh high-speed rail and the extension of Kazan-Yelabuga high-speed rail, as well as other regional high-speed rail links.^[43]

During the 2026–2030 third phase of the program, Russian Railways will build Moscow–Saint Petersburg high-speed rail section; the railway line will be extended from Yelabuga to Yekaterinburg, and from Voronezh to Rostov-on-Don.^[43]

Proposed projects[edit]

In March 2015, at a meeting of the Russian Academy of Science, Vladimir Yakunin presented an ambitious new transport route called the Trans-Eurasian Belt Development (TEPR) which would go «through Russia with a mega road and high-speed rail network to link Asia with Europe’ and with the opportunity to go to Chukotka and Bering Strait and then to the American continent»^[44] to Alaska, «making overland trips from Britain to the US (via the Channel Tunnel) a possibility.»^[45]

Owners and management[edit]

The Russian Federation is the founder and sole shareholder of JSC Russian Railways. On behalf of its shareholders the powers are exercised by the Government of the Russian Federation.^[46] It approves the president of the company, forms the board of directors annually and approves the annual reports.^[47]

An IPO for the company was considered in 2012,^[48] but it was pushed back to after 2020.^[49]

The Chairman of the Board of Directors of JSC Russian Railways is Oleg Belozerov.^[50] Before him, the position was occupied by Kirill Androsov from September 2011 till June 2015.,^[51] and previously by Alexander Zhukov – from 20 July 2004 to September 2011 and Viktor Khristenko – from 16 October 2003 – 20 July 2004.

Gennady Fadeev was President of JSC Russian Railways from 23 September 2003 – 14 June 2005. He was succeeded by Vladimir Yakunin – from 14 June 2005 to 20 August 2015. Oleg Belozyorov has been president of the company since 20 August 2015.^[1]

Subsidiaries[edit]

As of December 2013, Russian Railways has controlling interests in the following companies:^[22]

Activities[edit]

The main activities of Russian Railways involve freight and passenger traffic. In Russia, railways carry 42% of the total cargo traffic, and about 33% of passenger traffic.^[25] Some passenger categories, such as pensioners, members of parliament, and holders of Soviet and Russian state decorations, receive free or subsidized tickets.^{[citation needed]}

Freight traffic[edit]

In 2013 railways carried nearly 90% of Russia’s freight, excluding pipelines.^[52][53] In 2014, railway infrastructure and locomotive services accounted for 74% of the company’s total revenue.^[54]

The cost of freight tariff is determined by the Federal Tariff Service at net cost or higher.^{[citation needed]}

Long-distance travel[edit]

Russian Railways has a near-monopoly on long-distance train travel, with its subsidiary, Federal Passenger Company, accounting for 90% of total passenger turnover in 2017.^[55] Passenger transportation accounted for 10.6% of the company’s revenue in 2017.^[56] The long-distance passenger fleet includes 19,386 rail cars as of 2017, with an average age of 19.1 years.^[57] Over 60% of long-distance passengers travel in third-class sleeping carriages.^[57]

The long-distance rail passenger business is under increasing competition from airlines, due to their aggressive domestic pricing policies and generally shorter travel times for routes under 1,000 km.^[58] International rail passenger traffic dropped from 19.4 million passengers in 2013 to 6.8 million in 2017.^[58]

In 2005–2010, JSC Russian Railways has launched a program to introduce new high-speed trains.^[59] The first train, Sapsan, commenced service in December 2009 and connects Saint Petersburg, Moscow and Nizhny Novgorod and is operated with trains manufactured by the German company Siemens.^[60]

The second train, Allegro, has run from Saint Petersburg to Helsinki via Vyborg since December 2010 and is owned and operated together with the Finnish VR Group.

Sapsan was the most successful passenger train of JSC Russian Railways with occupancy rate of 84.5% (according to RZD in 2010) and profitability of 30% (although capital costs were not included in its calculation).^[61]

Fares on long distance trains[edit]

Passenger tariffs (except for travelling in the stateroom, sleeping and VIP-cars) are approved by the State, represented by the Federal Tariff Service with social orientation of its traffic operations below cost. Passenger fare is divided into two components: «ticket» (which includes the cost of transport infrastructure, locomotive traction and the Station component) and «reserved seat» (service of transport company, which is the owner of the car). Since 2003, the flexible schedule tariffs (FST) to travel on long-distance trains is used:

• in the period of keen demand the rate is above the annual average by 5–20% (earlier it was up to +45%)
• approximately the third part of the year the base rate is active
• during the periods of low passenger’s traffic the rate is lower by 5–20%. On certain days of the year (from 1 to 3 days, at different times on such days as 31.12, 01.01 and dates around 9 May) the index of 45–50% is valid when tickets are twice cheaper.

FST is calculated in such a way as to stimulate passengers to undertake a trip on the date with the lowest index. In 2010 and 2011, the average weighted index for calendar periods was 0.97 and the average volume of passenger traffic – 1.00.
According to the JSC Russian Railways statement, the passenger transportation – except for some highly profitable directions – is unprofitable. These losses are partly compensated from the budget, and for the most part – with the help of cross-subsidies by income from freight.

Suburban passenger companies[edit]

Since 2009, the company is not a direct carrier of suburban passengers. Suburban transport is now operated by passenger companies founded by the executive agencies of the Russian Federation, Russian Railways and private investors.^[62] As of 2016, there are 25 suburban passenger companies (SPC), and Russian Railways owns a majority stake in 19 of them.^[63]

Especially for the SPC a zero tariff for the use of railway infrastructure was introduced. Russian Railways receives 25 billion rubles subsidies as compensation annually from the State.^[64] Commuter traffic in the whole network increased in 2011 on 5.6% and is about 878.33 million people.^[62] Passenger turnover rail in the Russian regions ranges from 5% to 30% in total passenger traffic.^[64]

[edit]

Since its establishment in 2003, Russian Railways sponsoring FC Lokomotiv Moscow in the Russian Premier League.^{[citation needed]}

Since February 2016 Russian Railways is the sponsor of Rodina Kirov, a bandy team in the Russian Bandy Super League.^[65]

Assets[edit]

Infrastructure[edit]

Российские железные дороги (РЖД)
Russian Railways (RZD)

Passenger trains interactive map
Overview
Reporting mark	RZD, RZhD
Locale	Russia
Dates of operation	2004–present
Technical
Track gauge	1,520 mm (4 ft 11+27⁄32 in) 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) (from Kaliningrad to Russian-Polish border)
Electrification	3 kV DC, 25 kV AC Main
Length	85,500 km (53,100 mi)

As of 31 December 2009, the total operational length of railway is 85 281 km, including the track gauge of 1,520 mm (4 ft 11+27⁄32 in) – 84 446 km, the length of continuous welded rails 74.4 thousand km, the railway network operated by 166 975 switches, 138 tunnels and 30,727 bridges.^{[citation needed]}

The length of lines equipped with automatic block (AB) and centralized control, is 62,055 km, or 72.9%. Devices of railway automation and remote control on the Russian railway network served with 203 distance signaling, centralization and blocking and with one technical center of automation and remote control.

The following Railways belong to RZD:^[66]

 Russia:

• October Railway – 10,378 km (managed from Saint Petersburg)
• Kaliningrad Railways – 963 km (managed from Kaliningrad)
• Moscow Railway – 8,800 km (managed from Moscow)
• Gorky Railway – 5,297 km (managed from Nizhny Novgorod)
• Northern Railway – 5,961 km (managed from Yaroslavl)
• North Caucasus Railways – 6,311 km (managed from Rostov-on-Don)
• South-Eastern Railway – 4,189 km (managed from Voronezh)
• Privolzhsk Railway – 4,237 km (managed from Saratov)
• Kuybyshev Railway – 4,752 km (managed from Samara)
• Sverdlovsk Railway – 7,154 km (managed from Yekaterinburg)
• South Urals Railways – 4,807 km (managed from Chelyabinsk)
• West Siberian Railway – 5,558 km (managed from Novosibirsk)
• Krasnoyarsk Railways – 3,158 km (managed from Krasnoyarsk)
• East Siberian Railway – 3,876 km (managed from Irkutsk)
• Zabaikal Railway – 3,336 km (managed from Chita)
• Far Eastern Railway – 5,991 km (managed from Khabarovsk)

 Abkhazia:

• Abkhazian Railway: 10-year lease starting from 2009.^[67]

 Armenia

• South Caucasus Railway: 30-year concession starting 2008.^[68]

RZD also manages a 50% share in Ulaanbaatar Railways on behalf of the Russian government.^[69]

Rolling stock[edit]

Traction rolling stock includes diesel locomotives, electric locomotives, electric trains, diesel trains, railcars, railway handcar, other self-propelled equipment and non-tractive rolling stock – different cars (passenger, freight) and a special rolling stock.^{[citation needed]}

The main producer of passenger cars (95%) is Tver Carriage Works.^{[citation needed]}

At the end of 2012, the rolling stock inventory included 20,618 locomotives, including 2,543 electric passenger locomotives, 578 diesel passenger locomotives, 7,837 electric freight locomotives, 3,556 diesel freight locomotives, 6,104 shunting locomotives.^[70]

In 2017 RZD purchased 459 locomotives, including four EP1M, 13 EP2K, 19 TEP70BS and four EP20 passenger units, as well as 84 2ES6, 10 2ES10, 51 2ES5K, 45 3ES5K, four 3ES4K, 86 2TE25KM, and five 4ES5K freight units.^[71]

In 2013, the RZD holding owned 252,900 freight cars, including 54,200 owned directly by Russian Railways, with the rest owned by company subsidiaries and affiliates, such as Federal Freight and TransContainer.^[72]

Performance indicators[edit]

Annually JSC Russian Railways carries over 1 billion passengers and 1 billion tons of freight.

Kind of activity	Indicator	2005	2007	2008	2009
Freight traffic	Freight (trln tn. km).	1.85	2.31	2.4	2.27
To last year	+3.1%		+5%
Freight (bln tn.).	1.40	1.34	1.30	1.11
To last year	+4%
Passenger traffic	Passenger turnover (trl pass. km)	118.9	174.1	176	153.6
To last year	+3.8%		+1%
Passengers (mln pass.)		1352.8	1296	~1100
To last year		+2.5%
	Attendants (ths people)	1127	1099		1075

In 2011, freight traffic of Russian Railways totaled about 1.4 billion tons. Passenger traffic for the year 2011 reached 992.4 million people.^[25]

Financial performance indicators under IFRS Russian Railways in 2005–2010

Indicators	2005	2006[73]	2007[74]	2008[75]	2009[76]	2010[77]
Income	749 bln rb.		877.9 bln rb.		1.016 trl rb.		1.203 trl rb.		1.126 trl rb.		1.334 trl rb.
Operating cost			684.7 bln rb.		821.5 bln rb.		1.089 trl rb.		1.013 bln rb.		1.135 bln rb.
Operating income			194.7 bln rb.		194.6 bln rb.		113.9 bln rb.		113.3 bln rb.		198.9 bln rb.
EBITDA					267.5 bln rb.
Net income	114 bln rb.		139.8 bln rb.		144.9 bln rb.		76.4 bln rb.		121.3 bln rb.		208.3 bln rb.

The average salary on the network in October 2011 – 31 thousand rubles a month.^[78] Loading volume for the year 2012 amounted to 1 billion 274.7 million tons (+2.7% compared to 2011), the share in the total turnover of the country (except pipelines) — 85.5%. In 2012, the network carried 1 bln 56.7 million passengers (+6.4% compared to 2011). Net income from the basic activities using Russian GAAP was in 2012 almost 5.3 billion rubles, which is a decrease compared to 2011 (13.7 billion rubles) of almost 3 times.^[79]

In total, Russian Railways receives 112 billion roubles (around US$1.5 billion) annually from the government.^[80]

See also[edit]

• Russian Railway Museum, in Saint Petersburg
• Emperor railway station in Pushkin town

References[edit]

Further reading[edit]

• Collins, D. N. «The Franco-Russian Alliance and Russian Railways, 1891–1914.» Historical Journal 16, no. 4 (1973): 777-88. online.
• Haywood, Richard M. «The question of a standard gauge for Russian railways, 1836–1860.» Slavic Review 28.1 (1969): 72-80 online.
• Starns, Karl Edward McDaniel. «The Russian Railways and Imperial Intersections in the Russian Empire.» (Diss. 2013). online
• Westwood, John Norton. A history of Russian railways (G. Allen and Unwin, 1964).
• Westwood, J. Soviet railways to Russian railways (Springer, 2001).

In Russian[edit]

• Госкомстат СССР (Gov’t Statistical Committee ) «Народное хозяйство СССР: статистический ежегодник» (The national economy of the USSR, statistical yearbook),Финансы и статистика, Москва (various years till 1990).
• Госкомстат СССР (Уманский, Л.), «Народное хозяйство СССР за 70 лет: юбилейный статистический ежегодник». Москва, «Финансы и статистика», 1987.
• Госкомстат СССР «Транспорт и связь СССР: Статистический сборник» (USSR Transportation and Communications: statistics). Москва. 1990 (and other editions: 1967, 1972, etc.)
• ЖТ = Железнодорожный Транспорт (Railroad Transportation) a monthly magazine published since 1826. The month designation is numeric; e.g. 10-1998 is the November issue.
• Плакс, А.В. & Пупынин, В.Н., «Электрические железные дороги» (Electric Railroads), Москва, «Транспорт», 1993.
• Резер, С.М., «Взаимодействие транспортных систем», Москва, «Наука», 1985.
• Шадур, Л.А. ed., «Вагоны: конструкция, теория и расчёт» (Railroad cars: construction, theory and calculations), Москва, «Транспорт», 1980.
• Федеральная служба государственной статистики (Federal government statistical service) «Транспорт в России» (Transportation in Russia) (annual) Available online
• Филиппов, М.М. (editor), «Железные дороги. Общий курс» (Railroads, General Course) Москва, Транспорт, 3rd ed. 1981. 4th ed. 1991 with new editor: Уздин, М.М.
• Шафиркин, Б.И, «Единая транспортная система СССР и взаимодействие различных видов транспорта» (Unified Transportation System of the USSR and interaction of various modes of transportation), Москва, «Высшая школа», 1983.
• Шадур. Л. А. (ed.), «Вагоны» (Railway cars), Moscow, «Транспорт», 1980.

External links[edit]

• Russian Railways Official Site (in English)
• Russian Railways on Twitter
• Financial Information

Russian Railways ( _ru. Российские железные дороги, РЖД, «Rossiyskie Zheleznye Dorogi, RZhD»), is the state-owned railway company of Russia. The company is one of the biggest railway companies in the world with 1.2 million employees and a monopoly within Russia. The total length of track used by the Russian Railways is, at Convert|85500|km|mi|-1, one of the largest in the world.

Russian Railways accounts for over 3.6% of Russia’s GDP and handles 80% of all passenger transportation and 82% of all freight in Russia. A further 270,000 freight wagons in Russia are privately owned. Almost 1.3 billion passengers and 1.3 billion tons of freight travel via Russian Railways annually. The company owns around 20,000 locomotives, 25,000 passenger wagons and 650,000 freight wagons (although only about 40,000 are currently operable).

History

Imperial period

In the early 1830s Russian inventors father and son Cherepanov built the first Russian steam locomotives. The first railroad track was built in Russia in 1837 between Saint-Petersburg and Tsarskoye Selo. The Department of Railways, later part of the Russian Ministry of Communications, was created in the Russian Empire in 1842 in order to oversee the construction of Russia’s first major railway line. The railway linked the imperial capital Saint-Petersburg and Moscow and was built between 1842 and 1851.

On 15 June 1865, an edict of Alexander II established the Ministry of Communications, which absorbed the Department of Railways. In the 1860s and 70s, Pavel Melnikov, Russia’s first Minister of Communications, played a key role in the expansion of the railway network throughout European Russia.

The Trans-Siberian Railway connecting Moscow and European Russia with the Russian Far East provinces, Mongolia, China and the Sea of Japan was built between 1891 and 1916.

During the First World War and especially the Russian Civil War more than 60% of the Russian railway network and more than 80% of the carriages and locomotives were destroyed.

oviet period

In the Soviet period People’s Commissariat of Communications expanded railway network to a total length of 106,100 km by 1940.During the Great Patriotic War (World War II) the railway system played a vital role in the war effort transporting military personnel, equipment and freight to the frontlines and often evacuating entire factories and towns from European Russia to the Ural region and Siberia.After the war the Soviet railway network was re-built and further expanded to more than 145,000 km of track by major additions such as Baikal Amur Mainline.

Russian Federation

Following the collapse of the Soviet Union its railway system broke up into national railway systems of various former Soviet republics.

In 2003 a vast structural reform was implemented in order to preserve the unity of the railway network and separate the functions of state regulation from operational management: On 18 September, 2003, Decree No. 585 of the Russian Government established the Russian Railways Public Corporation with state holds 100% of the shares. The current CEO of the company is Vladimir Yakunin. There are plans for partial privatization of the company in the future in order to raise much needed capital from the sale of shares.

Foreign activities

The RZD will operate the Armenian Railway for 30 years from 2008. During this period, at least 570 million euro will be invested, 90% thereof go into infrastructure. [ [http://www.eurailpress.de/search/article/view//rzd_gewinnt_ausschreibung_in_armenien.html Eurailpress: RZD gewinnt Ausschreibung in Armenien] ]

In North Korea the RZD participates in the upgrading of the line from Tumangang to Rajin at the Sea of Japan and in the building of a container terminal in Rajin. [ [http://www.eurailpress.de/search/article/view//russland_und_nordkorea_kooperieren.html Eurailpress: Russland und Nordkorea kooperieren] ]

ee also

*Trans-Siberian Railway
*Sibirjak
*Elektrichka
*Communications in Russia
*Transport in Russia
*Russian Post
*List of railways in Russia
*Varshavsky Rail Terminal — national railway museum of Russia

External links

* [http://www.eng.rzd.ru/ Russian Railways Official Site] en icon ru icon
* Steam on Sakhalin Island [http://www.steam.dial.pipex.com/trains/russia02.htm]
* Russian finance [http://ladetterusse.canalblog.com/archives/2007/08/19/4360504.html]
* [http://mikes.railhistory.railfan.net/r097.html Russian Railway in 1935]

References

Princeton’s WordNetRate this definition:0.0 / 0 votes

1. railway, railroad, railroad line, railway line, railway systemnoun

   line that is the commercial organization responsible for operating a system of transportation for trains that pull passengers or freight

2. railroad track, railroad, railwaynoun

   a line of track providing a runway for wheels

   «he walked along the railroad track»

WiktionaryRate this definition:0.0 / 0 votes

1. railwaynoun

   A track, consisting of parallel rails, over which wheeled vehicles may travel.

2. railwaynoun

   A transport system using these rails used to move passengers or goods.

3. Etymology: rail + way

WikipediaRate this definition:0.0 / 0 votes

1. railway

   Rail transport (also known as train transport) is a means of transport that transfers passengers and goods on wheeled vehicles running on rails, which are incorporated in tracks. In contrast to road transport, where the vehicles run on a prepared flat surface, rail vehicles (rolling stock) are directionally guided by the tracks on which they run. Tracks usually consist of steel rails, installed on sleepers (ties) set in ballast, on which the rolling stock, usually fitted with metal wheels, moves. Other variations are also possible, such as «slab track», in which the rails are fastened to a concrete foundation resting on a prepared subsurface.

   Rolling stock in a rail transport system generally encounters lower frictional resistance than rubber-tyred road vehicles, so passenger and freight cars (carriages and wagons) can be coupled into longer trains. The operation is carried out by a railway company, providing transport between train stations or freight customer facilities. Power is provided by locomotives which either draw electric power from a railway electrification system or produce their own power, usually by diesel engines or, historically, steam engines. Most tracks are accompanied by a signalling system. Railways are a safe land transport system when compared to other forms of transport. Railway transport is capable of high levels of passenger and cargo utilisation and energy efficiency, but is often less flexible and more capital-intensive than road transport, when lower traffic levels are considered.
   The oldest known, man/animal-hauled railways date back to the 6th century BC in Corinth, Greece. Rail transport then commenced in mid 16th century in Germany in the form of horse-powered funiculars and wagonways. Modern rail transport commenced with the British development of the steam locomotive in Merthyr Tydfil when Richard Trevithick ran a steam locomotive and loaded wagons between Penydarren Ironworks and Abercynon in 1802. Thus the railway system in Great Britain is the oldest in the world. Built by George Stephenson and his son Robert’s company Robert Stephenson and Company, the Locomotion No. 1 is the first steam locomotive to carry passengers on a public rail line, the Stockton and Darlington Railway in 1825. George Stephenson also built the first public inter-city railway line in the world to use only the steam locomotives, the Liverpool and Manchester Railway which opened in 1830. With steam engines, one could construct mainline railways, which were a key component of the Industrial Revolution. Also, railways reduced the costs of shipping, and allowed for fewer lost goods, compared with water transport, which faced occasional sinking of ships. The change from canals to railways allowed for «national markets» in which prices varied very little from city to city. The spread of the railway network and the use of railway timetables, led to the standardisation of time (railway time) in Britain based on Greenwich Mean Time. Prior to this, major towns and cities varied their local time relative to GMT. The invention and development of the railway in the United Kingdom was one of the most important technological inventions of the 19th century. The world’s first underground railway, the Metropolitan Railway (part of the London Underground), opened in 1863.
   In the 1880s, electrified trains were introduced, leading to electrification of tramways and rapid transit systems. Starting during the 1940s, the non-electrified railways in most countries had their steam locomotives replaced by diesel-electric locomotives, with the process being almost complete by the 2000s. During the 1960s, electrified high-speed railway systems were introduced in Japan and later in some other countries. Many countries are in the process of replacing diesel locomotives with electric locomotives, mainly due to environmental concerns, a notable example being Switzerland, which has completely electrified its network. Other forms of guided ground transport outside the traditional railway definitions, such as monorail or maglev, have been tried but have seen limited use.
   Following a decline after World War II due to competition from cars and aeroplanes, rail transport has had a revival in recent decades due to road congestion and rising fuel prices, as well as governments investing in rail as a means of reducing CO2 emissions in the context of concerns about global warming.

Webster DictionaryRate this definition:0.0 / 0 votes

1. Railwaynoun

   a road or way consisting of one or more parallel series of iron or steel rails, patterned and adjusted to be tracks for the wheels of vehicles, and suitably supported on a bed or substructure

2. Railwaynoun

   the road, track, etc., with all the lands, buildings, rolling stock, franchises, etc., pertaining to them and constituting one property; as, a certain railroad has been put into the hands of a receiver

Editors ContributionRate this definition:0.0 / 0 votes

1. railway

   A type of rail transport system.

   Railway lines are maintained efficiently and we feel very grateful to have this form of travel.

   Submitted by MaryC on April 28, 2020  

British National Corpus

1. Spoken Corpus Frequency

   Rank popularity for the word ‘railway’ in Spoken Corpus Frequency: #1420

2. Written Corpus Frequency

   Rank popularity for the word ‘railway’ in Written Corpus Frequency: #1997

3. Nouns Frequency

   Rank popularity for the word ‘railway’ in Nouns Frequency: #503

How to pronounce railway?

How to say railway in sign language?

Numerology

1. Chaldean Numerology

   The numerical value of railway in Chaldean Numerology is: 6

2. Pythagorean Numerology

   The numerical value of railway in Pythagorean Numerology is: 8

Examples of railway in a Sentence

1. Simon George:

   It’s like it’s captured in time, it’s a really accurate map of where everything was, even down to the graffiti and the hedges. It’s as far from a Hornby model railway as you can get.

2. South Korea spy agency:

   The move was a step to prepare for cyber terror against the railway transport control system.

3. Chen Huichao:

   A suspect was running from the exit of the railway station and chasing a woman and child who fell on the ground, it was really dangerous and we were afraid we would hurt (them).

4. Canadian Labor Minister Kellie Leitch:

   I’m delighted to say that Unifor and Canadian National Railway have been able to come to a tentative agreement, cN will be running at full capacity tonight and tomorrow.

5. Russian President Vladimir Putin:

   This is not the first time Russia experiences barbaric terrorist crime, usually without any obvious internal or external causes, the way it was with the explosion at the railway station in Volgograd at the end of 2013. we remember everything and everyone.

Popularity rank by frequency of use

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Translations for railway

From our Multilingual Translation Dictionary

• иҳаамҩаAbkhaz
• سكة الحديد, سكة حديديةArabic
• dəmir yoluAzerbaijani
• чыгу́нка, жале́зная даро́га, каляя́, чыгу́начны пуцьBelarusian
• желе́зница, железопъ̀тна ли́нияBulgarian
• রেলপথBengali
• trať, kolej, železniceCzech
• rheilfforddWelsh
• jernbaneDanish
• Eisenbahnlinie, Bahn, Eisenbahn, GleisGerman
• σιδηρόδρομοςGreek
• fervojoEsperanto
• riel, vía férrea, vía, ferrocarrilSpanish
• raudteeEstonian
• راه آهن, راه‌آهنPersian
• rautatie, junarata, rata, rautatietFinnish
• chemin de fer, réseau ferroviaire, voie ferréeFrench
• spoarweiWestern Frisian
• bóthar iarainn, iarnródIrish
• rathad-iarainn, rèileScottish Gaelic
• מסילת רכבתHebrew
• रेलवेHindi
• sín, vasút, vasútvonalHungarian
• երկաթուղիArmenian
• ferroviaInterlingua
• jalan kereta api, kereta apiIndonesian
• járnbani, járnbraut, járngata, lestarsporIcelandic
• binario, ferrovia, rotaia, strada ferrataItalian
• 線路, 鉄道Japanese
• რკინიგზაGeorgian
• темір жолKazakh
• ផ្លូវរទេះភ្លើង, ក្រុមអយស្មយ័យានKhmer
• 철도, 선로Korean
• темир жолKyrgyz
• geležinkelisLithuanian
• dzelzceļšLatvian
• rerewēMāori
• желе́зница, пруга, железницаMacedonian
• төмөр замMongolian
• kereta api, keretapiMalay
• သံလမ်း, မီးရထားBurmese
• jernbaneNorwegian
• spoorwegen, spoorwegDutch
• jarnbane, jernbaneNorwegian Nynorsk
• kǫʼ naʼałbąąsii bitiin, béésh bitiinNavajo, Navaho
• æфсæнвæндагOssetian, Ossetic
• kolej, linia kolejowa, kolej żelaznaPolish
• ferrovia, estrada de ferroPortuguese
• cale ferată, rețea feroviară, căi ferateRomanian
• желе́зная доро́га, колея́Russian
• železnica, железница, željeznica, жељезницаSerbo-Croatian
• železnica, železničná traťSlovak
• železniškoSlovene
• hekurudhëAlbanian
• järnväg, järnvägsspårSwedish
• роҳи оҳан, роҳ оҳанTajik
• การรถไฟThai
• demir ýolyTurkmen
• daambakal, perokarilTagalog
• demir yolu hattı, demir yoluTurkish
• тимер юлTatar
• колія́, залізни́цяUkrainian
• ریلوےUrdu
• temir yoʻlUzbek
• đường sắtVietnamese

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The history of railroads in Russian began in 1834, when famous engineer Franz von Gerstner arrived in St. Petersburg. The foreign engineer, who thoroughly studied this emerging type of transportation in Europe, arrived in Russia to review mining plants in the Urals.

After touring the vast country, Franz von Gerstner proposed building a network of railroads in the Russian Empire. In January 1835, he submitted a note drafted for Russian Emperor Nicholas I where he outlined the potential value of railway transportation for a country like Russia.

“There is no country in the world where railroads would be more profitable and even necessary than in Russia, because they make it possible to shorten large distances by increasing the speed of travel,” the note said.

Back then, the idea of building a vast network of railroad was revolutionary and, therefore, was met with a dose of skepticism by many influential people within the government. The main concern was whether the railroads will be able to withstand the harsh conditions of Russian winter when snowstorms and frosts prevail. The other concern was the high cost of constructing railways and equipping those with expensive foreign-made steam trains.

Nonetheless, proponents of the railways managed to convince Nicholas I that the railroads, albeit expensive, would eventually yield profit and also help connect distant parts of the country where transportation was usually hindered by poor road conditions and bad weather in any season, but summer.

On March 21, 1836, Emperor Nicholas I signed a decree that launched the construction of the first railroad in Russia, the Tsarskoselskaya railroad that connected Tsarskoselsky Station in St. Petersburg, Tsarskoye Selo, where the Russian Imperial family resided, and Pavlovsk.

The government planned to observe how this limited railway would endure the conditions of Russian winter and make a further assessment based on the results.

The fast-paced construction of the first railroad then began. By the end of September 1836, first test rides were conducted. However, horses were used instead of steam locomotives to pull the cars during the test rides. With the initial tests proving successful, the engineers moved on.

The first locomotive was ordered in Britain and delivered to Russia by early November 1836. It was brought by sea from England to Kronstadt and then transported to the final destination on horses. In Tsarskoye Selo, it was assembled and tested. The first train in Russia consisted of a steam locomotive and eight cars that differed by comfort classes.

Engineer Franz von Gerstner required steam locomotives to have 40 horsepower and be able to carry several cars with up to three hundred passengers at a speed of 40 kilometers per hour.

In order to increase the capacity of the railroad, the Russian government ruled that the rail gauge in Russia would be 1,829 mm, wider than the 1,435 mm gauge that had been adopted as the norm in England.

The first railroad in Russia was solemnly launched on November 11, 1837. “The townspeople flocked to the old Regimental Church at the Semenovsky Platz. They knew that an unusual railroad was opening and that ‘a steel horse, carrying many, many carriages at once’ would set out for the first time,” reported a newspaper article at the time.

This hallmark event marked the beginning of a new era. Soon, the Russian Empire would be changed beyond recognition by the introduction of railroads on a mass scale.

On November 1, 1851, the 645 km-long Nikolaevskaya Railroad was launched, linking St. Petersburg and Moscow. Two identical railway stations were built in the two capitals.

The railroad boom in Russia happened in the second half of the 19th century. Russia started producing its own locomotives. Private business joined the construction of railways, investing in what was considered a risky venture only a few years earlier. Not only did the railroads prove profitable, they also boosted the economic and infrastructural development of the Russian Empire.

By 1875, more than 20 thousand km of railroads had been laid and, by the end of the 19th century, the length of Russia’s railroad network was 53,200 km. In the early 1900s, another 22,600 km were added.

Perhaps the most famous railroad in the world, the Trans–Siberian Railway connecting Western Russia and the Russian Far East, was constructed between 1891 and 1916. Even today, it remains the longest railroad in the world, boasting a length of nearly 6,000 miles (9,500 kilometers).

In the 20th century, railroad transportation became the main way goods and passengers moved in Russia. More than 70 percent of cargo traveled via railroads in the Soviet Union. At the end of the 1980s, the operational length of the railroad network in the USSR was about 145,000 km. The network included 32 railroads and over 11,000 railway stations. 

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