What is the pronunciation of a word called

Rules for reading English words for beginners to learn the language

SchoolRate.ru administration, 20.06.2018 23:54

Knowledge of the Russian alphabet is sufficient for reading, while in English there are much more discrepancies between pronunciation and spelling of words. There are many exceptions to existing rules that are not easy to remember. The designation of sounds with certain signs, transcription, allows you to read in English without much difficulty. Transcription symbols directly reflect the sound that needs to be pronounced.

Learning to read

You should train in correct pronunciation on the same type of lexemes, in relation to which the general rule applies. In English lessons for beginners, students of linguistic courses get acquainted with audio recordings and other didactic material. In the process of learning, over time, the meaning, spelling and pronunciation of new words begins to be perceived as a whole.

Modern English is influenced by its ancient dialects, in which the same letter combinations sounded differently. For example, through, though and thought differ by only one letter, and the combination of letters «ough» is read differently in each case. The combination «gh» that came from the Anglo-Saxon, which occurs in night, light and flight, is not sounded at all.

Transcription is needed to convey the words of the English language as they should be heard or pronounced. Good pronunciation makes it easier to understand living speech, trains speaking skills, and at the initial stage of learning a foreign language greatly facilitates memorizing new lexemes. Also, poor pronunciation often becomes a barrier to enter into confident dialogue.

The phonetic systems of Russian and English do not match. Each language has sound combinations that simply do not exist in the other, so it would be wrong to use the Cyrillic alphabet to convey them. Correct transcription can reflect long and short sounds or the almost elusive [ə] that occurs in coherent speech.

Russian letters do not convey the nuances and subtleties of the phonetics of the language belonging to the West Germanic group. That is why it is customary to use a standardized system for accurately conveying the sounds of English.

Online dictionaries make it possible to listen to the pronunciation of a specific word, but the need for them disappears after getting acquainted with the transcription.

Reading rules and learning English

For everyone who wants to master the correct pronunciation, teachers of linguistic courses recommend the development of N. Vakulenko with the reading rules set out in the author’s textbook “English. 1-4 classes in diagrams and tables «. Students of English courses and those who independently study a foreign language, this and other teaching aids, are introduced to how to read a transcription and begin to freely operate with its symbols.

There are various combinations of consonants and vowels within the same word. The pronunciation of specific letter combinations also depends on the type of syllable — open or closed. In Russian, this sequence of sounds does not affect the sound. In understanding the rules for reading English transcription, it helps the idea that an open syllable is always

• ends with a vowel (my, go, sky, be), which sounds the same as in the alphabet;
• a vowel can be followed by a consonant, followed by a vowel again (safe, rose,, nose);
• the vowel is followed by another vowel (they, see, money, boy).

In an open syllable, one of the 6 vowels available in the English alphabet sounds extended and smooth (blue — [bluː], age — [eɪdʒ]). In a closed, which ends in one or more consonants, it is pronounced briefly and abruptly (cut — [kʌt]).

Reading rules with a large number of exceptions are general guidelines. They should be studied, but you still need to be guided by pronunciation by transcription.

Source: https://www.schoolrate.ru/article/stati/pravila-chteniya-anglijskih-slov-dlya-nachinayushih/

How to read transcription in English — table of signs

The English language is famous all over the world for its divergence in spelling and pronunciation of words. Therefore, absolutely every foreigner who studies English must certainly get acquainted with the concept of word transcription.

It usually helps to study the question of how to read transcription in English, a table of the comparison of sounds and signs. In this material, it will also be presented, but along with a number of other important factors.

So, today our goal is to learn to understand English transcription and understand all the nuances of its application. Let’s get started!

What is English transcription and why is it needed

The first step is to define the very concept of transcription in English. So what is it? To understand, you need to make a small digression towards the structure of language systems.

Any language (Russian, English, German, etc.) has written and oral components in itself, and they are united by a phonetic system, i.e. sounds. Look, even in Russian we pronounce what is written not according to grammatical rules, but according to the established norms of phonetics: gatehouse — [old man]. Remember the tasks on phonetic analysis in Russian. Here is the transcription of English words exactly the same phenomenon. Thus, the following definition can be derived:

A transcription is a notation that expresses the correct pronunciation of a word.

Once again, we draw your attention to the fact that we are talking about the sound, and not about the grammatically correct spelling!

However, if in Russian we initially know how to pronounce a word, then in the case of a foreign language, the opposite situation arises: in order to correctly pronounce the term, you need to familiarize yourself with the transcription in English. As a rule, transcriptions are given in most dictionaries, and there are plenty of online services on the Internet with such information.

But here a small surprise awaits you: in English, pronunciation is written not in ordinary letters, but in special characters. That is why we need a character mapping table, which we will present a little later. For now, just remember the information that it is impossible to read words in English in letters.

To do this, you need to know the transcription signs.

As for the purpose of the transcription, we have already expressed it in essence. Nevertheless, we will derive a separate definition:

English transcription is needed in order to correctly pronounce an unfamiliar word.

And in conclusion, we note that for the English language, transcription is extremely relevant, since there are many inconsistencies in the spelling and pronunciation of words.

English transcription vs English alphabet — what’s the difference

Before talking about how to read the transcription of English words, we will highlight a few equally significant points. And let’s start with the topic that we have already touched on a little in the section above: we will distinguish between the concepts of the English alphabet and transcription.

So, we compared the transcriptional record with phonetic analysis familiar to us from school. Indeed, these two phenomena are related. But there is a huge difference between them, which is expressed in the way the sound is recorded. Let’s compare once again Russian phonetics and the style of writing transcriptions in English.

Parsing the Russian word	English transcription sample
notebook	machine
[t’itrat ‘]	[məˈʃiːn]

It is immediately striking that in English transcription, in addition to letters, additional characters are used. Why is this done? The reasons lie again in the discrepancy between spelling and pronunciation.

For example, if in Russian the letter «and» corresponds exclusively to the sound [and], then English words are suggested to read «i» in 4 different ways! Accordingly, each of them needs its own designation: just writing one letter «i» is not enough here.

That is why a separate system of transcription signs was invented.

So, we found out that the spelling of letters and their pronunciation are two different concepts. So it’s not enough to know the English alphabet to read transcriptions of words. Yes, some points in the sound of the letters here will coincide, but in general these are completely different grammatical systems, and the goals of mastering them also differ. The alphabet teaches us writing, and transcription teaches us pronunciation. Therefore, both concepts are studied separately.

Do I need to write and memorize the transcription of English words

The next vital question is memorizing the transcription. We have already noted that the pronunciation of a word is often indicated directly in the English-Russian dictionary. But since many people keep personal dictionaries, a dilemma arises: whether to write a transcription in English or just get along with the translation. Let’s face it — the situation here is ambiguous.

On the one hand, if you indicate the transcription of each word, then a lot of effort will be spent on writing and memorizing. On the other hand, without recording the pronunciation, there is a risk of memorizing the word incorrectly and subsequently making a speech error.

So the ideal solution, perhaps, will be the golden mean: write transcriptions in English for those words that are really difficult for you to read.

Moreover, during the recording, it is advisable to read the given word aloud several times, thereby including the auditory memory in the work.

What about English transcription with Russian letters?

Source: https://speakenglishwell.ru/kak-chitat-transkriptsiyu-na-anglijskom-yazyke-tablitsa/

The concept of transcription

Transcription— these are special characters denoting the actually pronounced sounds of speech. The need to master transcription is due to the discrepancy between spelling and pronunciation in English. There are a large number of words that have either unreadable letters or exceptions to the rules. No wonder they say: «London is written — read Liverpool.» In the English pronunciation system, there are 48 sounds, therefore, there are 48 transcription symbols.

Sign-phonetic transcription for the image of the sounds of the English language:

Consonants
[f] five	[d] do
[v] very	[k] key
[θ] thick	[g] gas
[ð] this	[tʃ] chin
[s] so	[dʒ] Jim
[z] zoo	[m] mother
[ʃ] ship	[n] no
[ʒ] pleasure	[ŋ] long
[h] horse	[l] less
[p] park	[r] river
[b] book	[j] yellow
[t] tea	[w] white
Vowels
[i:] eat	[ei] lake
[i] it	[ai]
[e] pen	[au] house
[æ] bad	[ɔi] boy
[a:] art	[ou] home
[ɔ] box	[iə] ear
[ʌ] cup	[ɛə] air
[u] cook	[uə] poor
[u:] school	[juə] Europe
[ju:] tune	[aiə] fire
[ə:] girl	[auə] hour
[ə] paper	[ɔ:] all

Next: English alphabet

English alphabet

The English alphabet consists of 26 letters, which in writing represent 48 sounds.

A [ei]	Nn [ru]
Bb [bi:]	Oo [ou]
Cc [si:]	Pp [pi:]
Dd [di:]	Qq [kju:]
Ee [i:]	Rr [a:]
Ff [ef]	Ss [es]
Gg [dʒi:]	Tt [ti:]
Hh [eitʃ]	Uu [ju:]
Ii [ai]	Vv [vi:]
Jj [dʒei]	Ww [`dʌbl` ju:]
Kk [kei]	Xx [eks]
Ll [el]	Yy [wai]
Mm [em]	Zz [zed]

Sounds [p, b, k, g, f, V, m]

English consonants [p, b, k, g, f, v, m] are called sympathetic, because when they are pronounced, the organs of speech close, and then quickly open. Pronunciation of English semantic sounds [p, b, k, g, f, v, m] coincides with the pronunciation of the corresponding Russian semantic consonants [n, b, k, g, f, c, m]. English voiceless consonants [p, k, f] at the end of words are pronounced vigorously. Voiced consonants [b, g, v] at the end of a word are not stunned before voiceless consonants.

Compare:

[n] — [p] stump — pen (pen) [b] — [b] box — box (box) [k] — [k] wedge — clean (clean) [g] — [g] goose- goose ( goose) [f] — [f] football — football (football) [in] — [v] news — vest (vest) [m] — [m] cape — miss (miss)

In writing, the sounds [p, b, k, g, f, v, m] are respectively denoted by letters: Pp[pi:], Bb[bi:], Kk[kei], Gg[dʒi:], Ff[ef], Vv[vi:], Mm[em].

Letter combinationph[`pi:` eitʃ] also reads [f]: photo [`foutou].

Source: https://studfile.net/preview/3269973/page:2/

Transcription and reading rules in English

Transcription Is a recording of the sound of a letter or word in the form of a sequence of special phonetic symbols.

The transcription may not be interesting to everyone, but it is undoubtedly useful. Knowing the transcription, you will correctly read the unfamiliar word without assistance. In the classroom, you yourself can read the transcription of a word (for example, from the blackboard) without asking others, thereby facilitating the process of assimilating lexical material, etc.

At first, there will be errors in the correct reading, tk. there are always some subtleties in pronunciation. But this is just a matter of practice. A little later, if necessary, you can transcribe the words yourself.

Transcription is directly related to reading rules… In English, not everything that is seen (letter combinations) is read (as in Russian and Spanish, for example).

When textbooks (mostly Russian) tell about the rules of reading, much attention is paid to the type of syllable. Usually about five of these types are described. But such a detailed theoretical presentation of the rules of reading does not greatly facilitate the fate of a beginner, and may even mislead him. It must be remembered that a good knowledge of the rules of reading is a great merit of practice, not theory.

Your attention will be presented the basic rules for reading individual letters and letter combinations. «Behind the scenes» will remain some phonetic moments that are difficult to convey in writing.

A little patience! Both transcription and reading rules are easy to learn in a short time… Then you will be surprised: «How easy it has become to read and write!»

However, do not forget that, despite its widespread distribution, the English language does not cease to be a LANGUAGE, full of exceptions, stylistic and other delights. And at any stage of language learning, and especially at the initial stage, often look into the dictionary.

Symbols.Consonant Sounds	Sound pronunciation(similar Russian)	Symbols.Vowel sounds	Sound pronunciation(similar Russian)
[b]	[b]	Single sounds
[d]	[d]	[Λ]	[a] — short
[f]	[f]	[a:]	[a] — deep
[3]	[f]	[i]	[and] — short
[d3]	[j]	[i:]	[and] — long
[g]	[ G ]	[o] 1	[o] — short
[h]	[ NS ]	[o:]	[o] — deep
[k]	[ To ]	[u]	[y] — short
[l]	[l]	[u:]	[y] — long
[m]	[m]	[e]	as in the word «plaid»
[n]	[n]	[ε:]	as in the word «honey»
[p]	[ NS ]	Diphthongs2
[s]	[ with ]	[əu] 3	[ OU ]
[t]	[ T ]	[au]	[ay]
[v]	[ v ]	[ei]	[ Hey ]
[z]	[h]	[oi]	[ Oh ]
[t∫]	[h]	[ai]	[ay]
[∫]	[ NS ]
[r]	Soft [r] as in the word Russian
[ O	The sign of softness as in the Russian letter Ё (Christmas tree)
Sounds without analogies in Russian
[θ]	[æ]
[ð]
[ŋ]	Nasal, in French style, sound [n]	[ə] 4	[neutral sound]
[w]

Notes:

1. In many school textbooks and in some Russian dictionaries, this sound is designated as [o]. But, in modern English dictionaries, this sound is usually denoted as shown in the table.

2. Diphthong Is a complex sound with two sounds. In most cases, a diphthong can be «split» into two sounds, but not in writing.

   Since in many cases one of the constituent sounds of the diphthong, if used separately, will have a different designation. For example diphthong [au]: there is no transcriptional mark like [a] separately.

   Therefore, most diphthongs are indicated not by a set of different transcription symbols, but by their own sign.

3. In many school textbooks and in some Russian dictionaries, this sound is designated as [ou], which is more descriptive. But, in modern English dictionaries, this sound is usually denoted as shown in the table.

4. This sign often denotes unstressed vowel sounds in transcription, regardless of the letters (combinations) that this sound give.

English words have several types of syllables. However, to understand the whole system, it is necessary to remember and distinguish between the following two types: open and closed.

Open syllable ends in a vowel: game,, stone — a vowel in a word is read in the same way as in the alphabet.

Closed syllable ends in a consonant: pen, cat, bus — a vowel in a syllable gives a different sound.

Stress in transcription and words is indicated by a vertical bar before the stressed syllable.

Single vowel sounds

Sound	Rules
[e]	usually gives the letter e in a closed syllable: get [get], vet [vet] as well as the combination of letters ea: dead [ded], pleasure [´ple3ə] Note: the same combination of letters often gives the sound [i:] (see below)
[i]	usually gives the letter i in a closed syllable: hit [hit], kill [kil] and also the letter y in a closed syllable: gym [d3im], cylinder [´silində] Note: the same letters in an open syllable give the sound [ai] (see . below)
[i:]	occurs in the following letter combinations: e + e (always): meet [mi: t], deep [di: p]; letter e in an open syllable: tree [tri:], Steve [sti: v]; in letter combination e + a : meat [mi: t], beam [bi: m] Note: the same letter combination (ea) often gives the sound [e] (see above)
[o]	usually gives the letter o in a closed syllable: pot [pot], lottery [´lotəri], as well as the letter a in a closed syllable after w: wasp [wosp], swan [swon]
[o:]	occurs in the following letter combinations: o + r: corn [ko: n], fortress [´fo: trəs]; more [mo:] almost always in a + u: fauna [´fo: nə], taunt [to: nt]; the exception is only a few words, for example, aunt Consonant (except w) + a + w: dawn [do: n], hawk [ho: k]. always in the combination of letters a + ll: tall [to: l], small [smo: l] The letter combination a + ld (lk) also gives this sound: bald [bo: ld], talk [to: k] Not often, but you can find the combination of letters ou + r, giving this sound: pour [po:], mourn [mo: n].
[æ]	usually gives the letter a in a closed syllable: flag [flæg], married [´mærid]
[Λ]	usually gives the letter u in a closed syllable: dust [dΛst], Sunday [´sΛndei]. Also: ouble: double [dΛbl], trouble [trΛbl] ove: glove [glΛv], dove [dΛv] Note: but there are also exceptions : move [mu: v] — (see below); flood [flΛd], blood [blΛd] — (see above)
[a:]	occurs in the following letter combinations: a + r: dark [da: k], farm [fa: m] (see note) regularly the letter a in a closed syllable: last [la: st], father [fa: ðə] — therefore it is necessary to check with the dictionary, because a closed syllable traditionally gives the sound [æ] as in cat [kæt]; consonant + alm also gives this sound stably: palm [pa: m], calm [ka: m] + note Note: 1. very rarely a + r gives the sound [o:] warm [wo: m]; 3. Rarely: salmon [sæmən]
[u] [u:]	the length of this sound in most cases varies for historical reasons rather than spelling. That is, for each word, it is determined individually. This difference in longitude does not carry a huge meaningful load, as in other sounds. And in oral speech it does not need to be specially emphasized. This sound occurs in the following cases: always o + o: foot [fut], boot [bu: t], took [tuk], moon [mu: n]

Source: https://www.study.ru/article/fonetika-angliyskogo/transkripciya-i-pravila-chteniya

Do I need to learn English transcription?

Do you want to know if you need to learn English transcription? Then check out our article, it will tell you what transcription is used for and whether you need to learn it.

Is it worth learning English transcription? If before everyone polls started learning a language by learning transcription, now some beginners consider it a waste of time. Yes, with the advent of online dictionaries that pronounce a word in the voice of a native speaker, it has become much easier for us to live: we do not need to read the squiggles in square brackets.

It is enough to enter a word into an online dictionary, listen to its sound, repeat several times after a native speaker, and you’re done. It is a convenient and modern way to learn a language. Its advantage is that you do not need to spend time learning transcription.

At the moment, more and more often, teachers save the time and nerves of students and do not force them to learn the signs of transcription.

At the same time, we would like to tell you why to learn transcription of English, how it can help you in the process of mastering the language.

1. By studying transcription, you learn the rules of reading English

Studying the first couple of hundred words, reading the transcription, you will establish logical connections, identify patterns in the English language. Thus, you will quickly remember that, for example, the combination “ck” reads like “k”. You will not need to constantly check the dictionary. Gradually, you will stop thinking about how to pronounce this or that word, and will begin to do it automatically.

Where can I get the transcription of a word? Any regular dictionary or online dictionary like Macmillan. Some opponents of learning transcription say that similarly, reading rules are remembered if you just listen to the sound of a word, and not watch its transcription.

However, when reading the transcription of a word, you use visual memory, and in most people it is much better developed than auditory, so reading rules will be remembered faster.

2. Online dictionaries are not always convenient

Even at the Beginner level, students begin to read the first simple texts in English. By reading aloud, you improve not only your reading skill, but also your pronunciation.

If you do not read from an electronic device, but in a book, then it is not very convenient to search and listen to every word in an online dictionary.

In books with adapted English texts, a dictionary is always provided, so you will not have to waste time looking for an unfamiliar word in online sources, you can learn how to pronounce a word without interrupting your reading.

3. Correct transcription teaches us good pronunciation

Don’t have perfect hearing? Learn the transcription of English. Of course, the letters in square brackets alone will not teach us how to speak. But provided that you learn new words by reading the English transcription, mastering the English accent will become much easier than reading the “transcription for the lazy” — Russian letters.

And all because Russian letters cannot accurately convey all the sounds of the English language. If you are taking your first steps in English, you do not have a very good ear for music, it may be difficult for you to recognize all sounds correctly by ear in the online dictionary.

In this case, it is worth spending a couple of days studying transcription and using it when you need to learn how to pronounce a word.

1. Phonetic — accurate recording of the sound of a word

Phonetic transcription is written in square brackets, you can see it in any dictionary. Example: night — [naɪt]. This type of transcription is the most correct one, it is with it that experienced English teachers advise to work. It will take you only 3-4 days to study it, but the positive effect will be felt throughout the entire period of learning English.

2. Phonemic — notation of phonemes

Phonemic transcription is used when you need to show the structure of a word, and not how it sounds. Example: night — / nayt /. The average student of English does not need to use this type of notation: phonemic transcription does not convey the sound of a word.

3. Russian-speaking — English in Russian letters

Recently, the authors of some textbooks on «easy» / «for fools» / «for dummies» learning English have been using Russian transcription, that is, they write English words in Russian letters. They see it as a simplified option that will help a person learn English quickly and easily.

BUT such a transcription cannot convey the exact sound of the word, because in the Russian language there are no letters that could convey some English sounds. For example, the word «winter» — / screw /. How to read it? Only by opening the English transcription, it becomes clear that the sound is w, not v.

As you can see, the Russian transcription is easy to use, but it often becomes the culprit for the accent.

Several rules for reading English transcriptions for beginners

1. The stress in the transcription is always put BEFORE the stressed syllable: development — [dɪˈveləpmənt].
2. A long vowel sound in transcription is indicated by a colon: tea — [tiː].
3. In the transcription of the English language there are vowels (i, e, u, ʌ, i :, u :, ε and consonants (p, t, d, n, k, l, etc.) sounds, as well as diphthongs — two vowels connected in one syllable (əu, ai, ei, oi, au).
4. For more details on the transcription of the English language and the rules of reading, see the article «Transcription of the English language».

LetterTranscriptionPronunciation

Aa	[ei]	Hey
Bb	[bi:]	би
Cc	[Yes:]	yours
Dd	[gave:]	ди
Ee	[i:]	и
Ff	[ff]	eff
Gg	[dʒi:]	Ji
Hh	[eitʃ]	heych
Ii	[ai]	ouch
Jj	[dʒei]	jay
Kk	[kei]	kay
Ll	[he]	el
Mm	[em]	Em
Nn	[en]	en
Oo	[Where]	OU
Pp	[pi]	пи
Qq	[kju:]	q
Rr	[a:]	ар
Ss	[it]	es
Tt	[you:]	you
Uu	[ju:]	ю
Vv	[vi:]	in and
Ww

Source: https://englex.ru/is-it-worth-learning-transcription/

Sounds [ɪ, i :, e, ǝ] in English and their pronunciation

It would seem that it is impossible to put the correct pronunciation without outside help. Let’s destroy this myth with our article workshop. With the help of a detailed analysis of each sound, comparison with our Russian «analogues», training videos and tongue twisters, we will bring your pronunciation of English sounds as close as possible to the ideal.

The sounds that we will analyze today can often seem to us, Russian-speaking, very similar to each other: / ɪ, i :, e, ǝ /. To “put in your head” the difference between them, go through each stage of the article sequentially and complete all the tasks

Source: https://corp.lingualeo.com/ru/2017/01/13/zvuki-i-e-v-angliyskom-yazyike-i-ih-proiznoshenie/

Pronunciation table for English sounds. English transcription: pronunciation of letters and sounds in English. When classifying alphabetic characters, the

There are 26 letters in English. In different combinations and positions, they denote 44 sounds. In English, 24 consonants are distinguished, and they are conveyed in writing by 20 letters: Bb; Cc; Dd; Ff; Gg; Hh; Jj; Kk; LI; Mm; Nn; Pp; Qq; Rr; Ss; Tt; Vv; Ww; Xx; Zz. In English, 12 vowel sounds and 8 diphthongs are distinguished, and they are transmitted in writing by 6 letters: Aa; Ee; li; Oo; Uu; Yy.

[English. Initial course. Maria Rarenko. First educational channel.]

Transcription and stress

Phonetic transcription is an international notation system needed to accurately show how words should be pronounced. Each sound is displayed with a separate icon. These icons are always written in square brackets.
In transcription, verbal stress is indicated (which syllable in the word is stressed). Accent mark [‘] put before the stressed syllable.

English consonants

Features of English consonants
1. English consonants conveyed by letters b, f, g, m, s, v, z, are similar in pronunciation to the corresponding Russian consonants, but should sound more energetic and tense.
2. English consonants are not softened.
3. Voiced consonants are never stunned — neither before voiceless consonants, nor at the end of a word.
4. Double consonants, that is, two identical consonants side by side, are always pronounced as one sound.
5. Some English consonants are aspirated: the tip of the tongue must be pressed firmly against the alveoli (the bumps where the teeth attach to the gums). Then the air between the tongue and teeth will pass with effort, and you will get a noise (explosion), that is, aspiration.

Rules for reading consonants in English:,

Pronunciation table of English consonants

Phonetic transcription	Examples
[B]	bname, box	sonorous sound corresponding to Russian [b] in the word бwar
[p]	ops, pet	a dull sound corresponding to Russian [n] in the word пerobut aspirated
[D]	did, day	sonorous sound similar to Russian [d] in the word дohmbut more energetic, «sharper»; when pronouncing it, the tip of the tongue rests against the alveoli
[t]	tit’s at, tfake	a dull sound corresponding to Russian [t] in the word тyermos, but pronounced aspirated, with the tip of the tongue resting on the alveoli
[v]	veye, visit	sonorous sound corresponding to Russian [v] in the word вoscbut more energetic
[f]	find, fINE	a dull sound corresponding to Russian [f] in the word фinikbut more energetic
[z]	zoo, has	sonorous sound corresponding to Russian [z] in the word зthere is
[s]	sFame, see	a dull sound corresponding to Russian [s] in the word сsuckerbut more energetic; when pronouncing, the tip of the tongue is raised to the alveoli
[g]	give, go	sonorous sound corresponding to Russian [g] in the word гiryabut pronounced softer
[k]	cat, can	a dull sound corresponding to Russian [k] in the word кmouthbut pronounced more energetically and aspirated
[ʒ]	vision, pleaone	sonorous sound corresponding to Russian [w] in the word жmacawbut pronounced harder and softer
[ʃ]	she, Russia	a dull sound corresponding to the Russian [w] in the word шina, but pronounced softer, for which you need to raise the middle part of the back of the tongue to the hard palate
[j]	yellow, you	a sound similar to the Russian sound [th] in the word йonebut pronounced more energetically and tensely
[l]	lherele, like	sound similar to Russian [l] in a word лisa, but you need the tip of the tongue to touch the alveoli
[m]	m, merry	sound similar to Russian [m] in a word мirbut more energetic; when pronouncing it, you need to close your lips tighter
[n]	no, nsoul	sound similar to Russian [n] in a word нaxis, but when pronouncing it, the tip of the tongue touches the alveoli, and the soft palate is lowered, and air passes through the nose
[ŋ]	sing, finger	a sound in which the soft palate is lowered and touches the back of the tongue while air passes through the nose. Pronounced as Russian [ng] is wrong; there should be a nasal sound
[r]	rand, rabbit	a sound, when pronounced with the raised tip of the tongue, you need to touch the middle part of the palate, above the alveoli; tongue does not vibrate
[H]	help, how	sound reminiscent of Russian [x] as in the word хaos, but almost silent (barely audible exhalation), for which it is important not to press the tongue to the palate
[w]	wet, winter	a sound similar to very quickly pronounced Russian [ue] in a word Uebald; in this case, the lips need to be rounded and pushed forward, and then vigorously moved apart
jmouth, jump	sound similar to [j] in Russian loanword jins, but more energetic and softer. Cannot be pronounced separately [d] and [ʒ]
check, much	sound similar to Russian [h] in a word чasbut harder and more intense. Cannot be pronounced separately [t] and [ʃ]
[ð]	thyeah, they

Source: https://orlova-center.ru/zhivotnye/tablica-proiznosheniya-angliiskih-zvukov-angliiskaya-transkripciya/

In English, like no other, there are many words whose spelling is difficult to explain. The fact is that the writing of the Angles and Saxons, who conquered Britain, did not change with the same intensity as the pronunciation during the transition from the runes to the Latin alphabet. The conquests of the Franks, Vikings and the Catholic Church had a huge impact on the development of speech.

For this reason, many lexical units in the English language are pronounced far from how they are written, and there are also words that are read differently in different contexts. For example, for a beginner to read a word fall it is almost impossible without the help of a native speaker, and the pronunciation of the verb read (in the past time read) sounds different in different contexts.

Transcription in English Is a system of special characters denoting actually pronounced sounds of speech and created in order to most accurately convey the pronunciation of words or whole phrases.

Transcription is used for the written transmission of the reference sound of English vocabulary, and its knowledge allows you to easily correctly pronounce previously unfamiliar words yourself. The need to master English transcription is also due to some discrepancies between the spelling and pronunciation of individual words that have either unreadable letters or exceptions to the rules.

Transcription Symbols

There are different classifications English sounds on the participation of the organs of speech, methods of forming obstacles to air currents, the place of pronunciation and other options for articulation. In total, modern linguists in the English language have 44 sounds, which correspond to certain transcription signs. Along with them, the following service characters are used in the English transcription:

• square brackets denoting the transcription record itself:

pen[ pen ] — a pen

• colon character used to express the longitude of a sound:

dark[ da: k ] — dark

• parentheses — if it is possible to «drop out» of a certain sound:

summer [ ˈSʌmə (r) ] — summer

• accent marks of two types — the upper one, similar to an apostrophe, and the lower one in the form of a stroke at the bottom before the syllable:

demonstration [ ˌDemənˈstreiʃn ] — demo

As well as individual characters, transcribed words are enclosed in square brackets. According to the type of stress, the transcription of words can be divided into three groups:

• monosyllabic, where there is no need to put an accent mark:

desk [ desk ] — desk

bad [ bæd ] — bad

• words with single stress:

public[ ˈPʌblik ] — public

entire [ inˈtaiə ] — whole, whole

• words with double stress, one of which is called weak and the other strong:

population[ ˌPɒpjəˈleiʃn ] — population

accidental [ ˌÆksiˈdentl ] — random

In transcription, you can record whole phrases, in this case, some changes may occur in the pronunciation of words.

In the text[ in ðə text ] — In the text

Is this a pencil? [ izðisəpensl ] — This is a pencil?

teach Tim to ski [ ti: tʃ tim tə ski: ] — teach Tim how to ski

Sounds of English transcription

Our guide to English phonetics provides detailed descriptions of individual sounds with examples of their pronunciation. Here we will look at a brief explanation of the pronunciation of sounds used in English transcription.

For ease of memorization, we will distribute sounds into consonants, vowels and diphthongs (indivisible vowels, consisting of two elements that form one syllable). It is not recommended to find complete correspondences of English sounds to the transcriptional signs of the native language. Some of them are unique, others are pronounced with significant differences, and some of them are very close in pronunciation to Russian sounds.

Consonant Sounds

Vowel monophthongs

Vowel diphthongs

Thus, taking into account the above, it is safe to say that the value English transcription hard to overestimate. Without it, independent language learning is almost impossible. This system of auxiliary characters allows you to practice correct English pronunciation and greatly reduces the time for recognizing new words and mastering speech skills.

Source: https://www.native-english.ru/pronounce/english-transcription

English phonetics. Reading transcription of English

So where do you start learning English? I once asked myself this question. To begin with, I wanted to learn how to read English words and translate them using a dictionary, but in the dictionary after the words there are some incomprehensible signs called transcription. How to decrypt them? Therefore, my first step was to learn how to read transcriptions and pronounce English sounds.

The material on this page is for you if you have never studied English, that is, you start from scratch, if you, like me at first, do not know how to read English words. At school, you most likely learned some other language, which means that the basics of this language firmly sit in your head. But nothing, it’s fixable.

And now, if you are on this page and are in no hurry to leave it, then you have come to the right place.

Well, start your journey into the fascinating world of the English language, rejoicing in your achievements.

The English alphabet consists of 26 letters — 6 vowels and 20 consonants, and y can mean both a consonant and a vowel sound. But since the same letter, the same combination of letters can convey different sounds and, conversely, the same sound can be depicted in writing with different letters or combinations of letters — in other words, the English word is not pronounced the way it is written, — therefore, for the sound image, words are used with special symbols — transcription.

The difference between Russian and English pronunciation consists of three main features:

1. In the Russian sound system, there is the concept of hardness-softness of consonants, for example, n — ny, d — db etc. There is no such phenomenon in the English sound system.
2. In Russian, a voiced consonant at the end of a word is stunned: the sound г in a word lg sounds almost like к, д в ice almost like т, etc. This phenomenon is also absent in the English language.
3. When pronouncing English vowels, the work of the lips is not as energetic as when pronouncing similar vowels in the Russian language. Avoid sharp lip movements.

Below is given basic information about the sounds of the English language in their literal equivalent — transcriptions, a description of their literal pronunciation and the opportunity to listen to this pronunciation is provided.

There is one important point: if you are having problems with sound playback, it may mean that you do not have a program for playing sound for this file on your computer in the browser in which you access this site.

I can advise you to try to open the site from another browser. For example, I don’t have any problems when using Google Chrome and Yandex Browser.

When you exit from other browsers, they either offer to install additional software, or nothing happens at all.

Vowel sounds

[I]	short sound и, abrupt
[i:]	long sound и
[e]	Russian sound е in the word light
[æ]	more choppy sound эthan in this word. It is necessary to open the mouth wider, lower the lower jaw, press the tongue to the lower jaw
[ɑ:]	long deep sound а
[ɔ]	short, open, staccato sound о
[ɔ:]	A long o sound, a bit like a double oa sound, with an emphasis on о
[ʌ]	Remembers the pronunciation of an unstressed vowel in the word «what», «bass». The tongue is slightly pushed back, the back of the tongue is raised to the front of the soft palate, the lips are slightly stretched, the distance between the jaws is quite large
[u]	Looks like Russian уbut the lips are noticeably rounded and almost pushed forward. The tongue is pulled back, the back of the tongue is raised to the front of the soft palate, but as high and far as when pronouncing Russian у
[u:]	Similar to Russian уbut longer and more intense. The lips are strongly rounded and much less protruding forward than with Russian у.
[ə:]	Long sound reminiscent of Russian sound ёbut longer.
[ə]	Unstressed sound, in between о, а, еlike unstressed а in the words room, hammer.

Two-vowel (double vowel) sounds

[ei]
[ai]
[ɔi]
[au]
[əu]
[iə]
[ɛə] / [eə]
[uə]

Note.

1. 1. Two points [:] next to the sound indicate that the sound should be pronounced for a long time.
2. 2. In two-vowel signs, the stress falls on the first sound, the second is not pronounced so strongly.

Consonant Sounds

[p]	Corresponds to the Russian sound п, but pronounced more energetically, which is achieved by some tension of the lips. The lips should be held in a closed position and then, with the pressure of a stream of air, open and release and release the air through the mouth.
[B]	Corresponds to the Russian sound б, but pronounced more energetically, which is achieved by some tension of the lips. The lips should be held in a closed position and then, with the pressure of a stream of air, open and release and release the air through the mouth.
[f]	Corresponds to the Russian sound ф, but pronounced more energetically, which is achieved by some tension of the lips. The lower lip is slightly pressed against the upper teeth, and a stream of air passes into the formed gap.
[v]	Corresponds to the Russian sound в , but pronounced more energetically, which is achieved by some tension of the lips. The lower lip is pressed against the upper teeth and a stream of air passes into the formed gap.
[s]	Similar to the Russian sound c.
[z]	Corresponds to the Russian sound z, but pronounced more energetically.
[k]	Pronounced almost the same as the Russian sound кbut with a burst, and sounds more distinct at the end of a word. This is achieved by some tension of the tongue. The explosion is carried out as a result of the closing of the back of the tongue with the soft palate.
[g]	Pronounced almost the same as the Russian sound гbut less tense.
[t]	Corresponds to Russian т, pronounced much more energetically and explosively. This is achieved by raising the tip of the tongue while pronouncing and pressing it against the alveoli, forming a complete obstruction. a jet of air with a noise (explosion) breaks this barrier, and a sound is obtained t.
[D]	Corresponds to Russian д, but when pronouncing, the tip of the tongue is raised and pressed against the alveoli, forming a complete obstruction. A jet of air with a noise (explosion) breaks this barrier, and a sound is obtained d.
[l]	Corresponds to Russian л, but when pronouncing, the tip of the tongue should be raised to the alveoli. English l pronounced softer than a word onionbut harder than a word Lukeand never softens until eh in a word strand.
[n]	Corresponds to Russian н, but when pronouncing, the tip of the tongue should be raised to the alveoli
[ʃ]	Similar to Russian ш, but pronounced somewhat softer (sh) due to the fact that the middle part of the tongue is raised to the hard palate, while when pronouncing Russian ш the front part of the tongue is raised. However, this sound should not be as soft as Russian щ.
[ʒ]	Similar to Russian ж, but pronounced somewhat softer well due to the fact that the middle part of the tongue is raised to the hard palate, while when pronouncing Russian ж the front of the tongue is raised.
[ʧ]	The combination of two sounds, reminiscent of Russian чbut with a clearer first element-t… Pronounced harder. Sound is not a simple combination of two consonants. It is pronounced by touching the tip of the tongue to the alveoli, in one motion.
[ʤ]	Double consonant sound reminiscent of consonance j in words jumper, horseman… Sound is not a simple combination of two consonants. It is pronounced by touching the tip of the tongue to the alveoli, in one motion.
[m]	Corresponds to the Russian sound м, but pronounced more energetically, which is achieved by some tension of the lips.
[j]	Similar to Russian й.
[r]	Make a sound рbut without vibration of the tip of the tongue. The tongue should reach the palate with the tip, as far as possible to the larynx.
[w]	The sound is approximately correct if you stretch your lips forward with a tube, as if you had to make a sound у, and then sharply part your lips to the sides, while uttering the sound в… Sometimes people who do not pronounce the sound л, pronounce this sound in a word horse.
[H]	The sound is produced by simply exhaling.
[ŋ]	The sound produced by making a double sound ng without the participation of the language.
[θ]	Clamp the tip of your tongue between your teeth and make a sound с.
[ð]	Clamp the tip of your tongue between your teeth and make a sound з.

Now, knowing how to read transcriptions, you can learn to pronounce the letters of the English alphabet, which would not hurt to memorize.

Source: http://enjoy-eng.ru/pervyi-shag-ili-s-chego-nuzhno-nachinat-tem-kto-nikogda-eshche-ne-uchil-angliiskii