What is the meaning of word stereotype

An 18th-century Dutch engraving of the peoples of the world.

Police officers buying doughnuts and coffee, an example of perceived stereotypical behavior[1] in North America.

In social psychology, a stereotype is a generalized belief about a particular category of people.[2] It is an expectation that people might have about every person of a particular group. The type of expectation can vary; it can be, for example, an expectation about the group’s personality, preferences, appearance or ability. Stereotypes are sometimes overgeneralized, inaccurate, and resistant to new information, but can sometimes be accurate.[3]

While such generalizations about groups of people may be useful when making quick decisions, they may be erroneous when applied to particular individuals and are among the reasons for prejudicial attitudes.

Explicit stereotypes[edit]

An explicit stereotype refers to stereotypes that one is aware that one holds, and is aware that one is using to judge people. If person A is making judgments about a particular person B from a group G, and person A has an explicit stereotype for group G, their decision bias can be partially mitigated using conscious control; however, attempts to offset bias due to conscious awareness of a stereotype often fail at being truly impartial, due to either underestimating or overestimating the amount of bias being created by the stereotype.

Implicit stereotypes[edit]

Implicit stereotypes are those that lay on individuals’ subconsciousness, that they have no control or awareness of.[4]
“Implicit stereotypes are built based on two concepts, associative networks in semantic (knowledge) memory and automatic activation”. Implicit stereotypes are automatic and involuntary associations that people make between a social group and a domain or attribute. For example one can have beliefs that women and men are equally capable of becoming successful electricians but at the same time many can associate electricians more with men than women.[5]

In social psychology, a stereotype is any thought widely adopted about specific types of individuals or certain ways of behaving intended to represent the entire group of those individuals or behaviors as a whole.[6] These thoughts or beliefs may or may not accurately reflect reality.[7][8] Within psychology and across other disciplines, different conceptualizations and theories of stereotyping exist, at times sharing commonalities, as well as containing contradictory elements. Even in the social sciences and some sub-disciplines of psychology, stereotypes are occasionally reproduced and can be identified in certain theories, for example, in assumptions about other cultures.[9]

Etymology[edit]

The term stereotype comes from the French adjective stéréotype and derives from the Greek words στερεός (stereos), «firm, solid»[10] and τύπος (typos), impression,[11] hence «solid impression on one or more ideas/theories.»

The term was first used in the printing trade in 1798 by Firmin Didot, to describe a printing plate that duplicated any typography. The duplicate printing plate, or the stereotype, is used for printing instead of the original.

Outside of printing, the first reference to «stereotype» was in 1850, as a noun that meant image perpetuated without change.[12] However, it was not until 1922 that «stereotype» was first used in the modern psychological sense by American journalist Walter Lippmann in his work Public Opinion.[13]

Relationship with other types of intergroup attitudes[edit]

Stereotypes, prejudice, racism, and discrimination[14] are understood as related but different concepts.[15][16][17][18] Stereotypes are regarded as the most cognitive component and often occurs without conscious awareness, whereas prejudice is the affective component of stereotyping and discrimination is one of the behavioral components of prejudicial reactions.[15][16][19] In this tripartite view of intergroup attitudes, stereotypes reflect expectations and beliefs about the characteristics of members of groups perceived as different from one’s own, prejudice represents the emotional response, and discrimination refers to actions.[15][16]

Although related, the three concepts can exist independently of each other.[16][20] According to Daniel Katz and Kenneth Braly, stereotyping leads to racial prejudice when people emotionally react to the name of a group, ascribe characteristics to members of that group, and then evaluate those characteristics.[17]

Possible prejudicial effects of stereotypes[8] are:

  • Justification of ill-founded prejudices or ignorance
  • Unwillingness to rethink one’s attitudes and behavior
  • Preventing some people of stereotyped groups from entering or succeeding in activities or fields[21]

Content[edit]

Stereotype content model, adapted from Fiske et al. (2002): Four types of stereotypes resulting from combinations of perceived warmth and competence.

Stereotype content refers to the attributes that people think characterize a group. Studies of stereotype content examine what people think of others, rather than the reasons and mechanisms involved in stereotyping.[22]

Early theories of stereotype content proposed by social psychologists such as Gordon Allport assumed that stereotypes of outgroups reflected uniform antipathy.[23][24] For instance, Katz and Braly argued in their classic 1933 study that ethnic stereotypes were uniformly negative.[22]

By contrast, a newer model of stereotype content theorizes that stereotypes are frequently ambivalent and vary along two dimensions: warmth and competence. Warmth and competence are respectively predicted by lack of competition and status. Groups that do not compete with the in-group for the same resources (e.g., college space) are perceived as warm, whereas high-status (e.g., economically or educationally successful) groups are considered competent. The groups within each of the four combinations of high and low levels of warmth and competence elicit distinct emotions.[25] The model explains the phenomenon that some out-groups are admired but disliked, whereas others are liked but disrespected. This model was empirically tested on a variety of national and international samples and was found to reliably predict stereotype content.[23][26]

Functions[edit]

Early studies suggested that stereotypes were only used by rigid, repressed, and authoritarian people. This idea has been refuted by contemporary studies that suggest the ubiquity of stereotypes and it was suggested to regard stereotypes as collective group beliefs, meaning that people who belong to the same social group share the same set of stereotypes.[20] Modern research asserts that full understanding of stereotypes requires considering them from two complementary perspectives: as shared within a particular culture/subculture and as formed in the mind of an individual person.[27]

Relationship between cognitive and social functions[edit]

Stereotyping can serve cognitive functions on an interpersonal level, and social functions on an intergroup level.[8][20] For stereotyping to function on an intergroup level (see social identity approaches: social identity theory and self-categorization theory), an individual must see themselves as part of a group and being part of that group must also be salient for the individual.[20]

Craig McGarty, Russell Spears, and Vincent Y. Yzerbyt (2002) argued that the cognitive functions of stereotyping are best understood in relation to its social functions, and vice versa.[28]

Cognitive functions[edit]

Stereotypes can help make sense of the world. They are a form of categorization that helps to simplify and systematize information. Thus, information is more easily identified, recalled, predicted, and reacted to.[20] Stereotypes are categories of objects or people. Between stereotypes, objects or people are as different from each other as possible.[6] Within stereotypes, objects or people are as similar to each other as possible.[6]

Gordon Allport has suggested possible answers to why people find it easier to understand categorized information.[29] First, people can consult a category to identify response patterns. Second, categorized information is more specific than non-categorized information, as categorization accentuates properties that are shared by all members of a group. Third, people can readily describe objects in a category because objects in the same category have distinct characteristics. Finally, people can take for granted the characteristics of a particular category because the category itself may be an arbitrary grouping.

A complementary perspective theorizes how stereotypes function as time- and energy-savers that allow people to act more efficiently.[6] Yet another perspective suggests that stereotypes are people’s biased perceptions of their social contexts.[6] In this view, people use stereotypes as shortcuts to make sense of their social contexts, and this makes a person’s task of understanding his or her world less cognitively demanding.[6]

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In the following situations, the overarching purpose of stereotyping is for people to put their collective self (their in-group membership) in a positive light:[30]

  • when stereotypes are used for explaining social events
  • when stereotypes are used for justifying activities of one’s own group (ingroup) to another group (outgroup)
  • when stereotypes are used for differentiating the ingroup as positively distinct from outgroups
Explanation purposes[edit]

An anti-semitic 1873 caricature depicting the stereotypical physical features of a Jewish male.

As mentioned previously, stereotypes can be used to explain social events.[20][30] Henri Tajfel[20] described his observations of how some people found that the anti-Semitic fabricated contents of The Protocols of the Elders of Zion only made sense if Jews have certain characteristics. Therefore, according to Tajfel,[20] Jews were stereotyped as being evil and yearning for world domination to match the anti-Semitic «facts» as presented in The Protocols of the Elders of Zion.

Justification purposes[edit]

People create stereotypes of an outgroup to justify the actions that their in-group has committed (or plans to commit) towards that outgroup.[20][29][30] For example, according to Tajfel,[20] Europeans stereotyped African, Indian, and Chinese people as being incapable of achieving financial advances without European help. This stereotype was used to justify European colonialism in Africa, India, and China.

Intergroup differentiation[edit]

An assumption is that people want their ingroup to have a positive image relative to outgroups, and so people want to differentiate their ingroup from relevant outgroups in a desirable way.[20] If an outgroup does not affect the ingroup’s image, then from an image preservation point of view, there is no point for the ingroup to be positively distinct from that outgroup.[20]

People can actively create certain images for relevant outgroups by stereotyping. People do so when they see that their ingroup is no longer as clearly and/or as positively differentiated from relevant outgroups, and they want to restore the intergroup differentiation to a state that favours the ingroup.[20][30]

Self-categorization[edit]

Stereotypes can emphasize a person’s group membership in two steps: Stereotypes emphasize the person’s similarities with ingroup members on relevant dimensions, and also the person’s differences from outgroup members on relevant dimensions.[24] People change the stereotype of their ingroups and outgroups to suit context.[24] Once an outgroup treats an ingroup member badly, they are more drawn to the members of their own group.[31] This can be seen as members within a group are able to relate to each other though a stereotype because of identical situations. A person can embrace a stereotype to avoid humiliation such as failing a task and blaming it on a stereotype.[32]

Social influence and consensus[edit]

Stereotypes are an indicator of ingroup consensus.[30] When there are intragroup disagreements over stereotypes of the ingroup and/or outgroups, ingroup members take collective action to prevent other ingroup members from diverging from each other.[30]

John C. Turner proposed in 1987[30] that if ingroup members disagree on an outgroup stereotype, then one of three possible collective actions follow: First, ingroup members may negotiate with each other and conclude that they have different outgroup stereotypes because they are stereotyping different subgroups of an outgroup (e.g., Russian gymnasts versus Russian boxers). Second, ingroup members may negotiate with each other, but conclude that they are disagreeing because of categorical differences amongst themselves. Accordingly, in this context, it is better to categorise ingroup members under different categories (e.g., Democrats versus Republican) than under a shared category (e.g., American). Finally, ingroup members may influence each other to arrive at a common outgroup stereotype.

Formation[edit]

Different disciplines give different accounts of how stereotypes develop: Psychologists may focus on an individual’s experience with groups, patterns of communication about those groups, and intergroup conflict. As for sociologists, they may focus on the relations among different groups in a social structure. They suggest that stereotypes are the result of conflict, poor parenting, and inadequate mental and emotional development. Once stereotypes have formed, there are two main factors that explain their persistence. First, the cognitive effects of schematic processing (see schema) make it so that when a member of a group behaves as we expect, the behavior confirms and even strengthens existing stereotypes. Second, the affective or emotional aspects of prejudice render logical arguments against stereotypes ineffective in countering the power of emotional responses.[33]

Correspondence bias[edit]

Correspondence bias refers to the tendency to ascribe a person’s behavior to disposition or personality, and to underestimate the extent to which situational factors elicited the behavior. Correspondence bias can play an important role in stereotype formation.[34]

For example, in a study by Roguer and Yzerbyt (1999) participants watched a video showing students who were randomly instructed to find arguments either for or against euthanasia. The students that argued in favor of euthanasia came from the same law department or from different departments. Results showed that participants attributed the students’ responses to their attitudes although it had been made clear in the video that students had no choice about their position. Participants reported that group membership, i.e., the department that the students belonged to, affected the students’ opinions about euthanasia. Law students were perceived to be more in favor of euthanasia than students from different departments despite the fact that a pretest had revealed that subjects had no preexisting expectations about attitudes toward euthanasia and the department that students belong to. The attribution error created the new stereotype that law students are more likely to support euthanasia.[35]

Nier et al. (2012) found that people who tend to draw dispositional inferences from behavior and ignore situational constraints are more likely to stereotype low-status groups as incompetent and high-status groups as competent. Participants listened to descriptions of two fictitious groups of Pacific Islanders, one of which was described as being higher in status than the other. In a second study, subjects rated actual groups – the poor and wealthy, women and men – in the United States in terms of their competence. Subjects who scored high on the measure of correspondence bias stereotyped the poor, women, and the fictitious lower-status Pacific Islanders as incompetent whereas they stereotyped the wealthy, men, and the high-status Pacific Islanders as competent. The correspondence bias was a significant predictor of stereotyping even after controlling for other measures that have been linked to beliefs about low status groups, the just-world hypothesis and social dominance orientation.[36]

Based on the anti-public sector bias,[37] Döring and Willems (2021)[38] found that employees in the public sector are considered as less professional compared to employees in the private sector. They build on the assumption that the red-tape and bureaucratic nature of the public sector spills over in the perception that citizens have about the employees working in the sector. With an experimental vignette study, they analyze how citizens process information on employees’ sector affiliation, and integrate non-work role-referencing to test the stereotype confirmation assumption underlying the representativeness heuristic. The results show that sector as well as non-work role-referencing influences perceived employee professionalism but has little effect on the confirmation of particular public sector stereotypes.[39] Moreover, the results do not confirm a congruity effect of consistent stereotypical information: non-work role-referencing does not aggravate the negative effect of sector affiliation on perceived employee professionalism.

Illusory correlation[edit]

Research has shown that stereotypes can develop based on a cognitive mechanism known as illusory correlation – an erroneous inference about the relationship between two events.[6][40][41] If two statistically infrequent events co-occur, observers overestimate the frequency of co-occurrence of these events. The underlying reason is that rare, infrequent events are distinctive and salient and, when paired, become even more so. The heightened salience results in more attention and more effective encoding, which strengthens the belief that the events are correlated.[42][43][44]

In the intergroup context, illusory correlations lead people to misattribute rare behaviors or traits at higher rates to minority group members than to majority groups, even when both display the same proportion of the behaviors or traits. Black people, for instance, are a minority group in the United States and interaction with blacks is a relatively infrequent event for an average white American.[45] Similarly, undesirable behavior (e.g. crime) is statistically less frequent than desirable behavior. Since both events «blackness» and «undesirable behavior» are distinctive in the sense that they are infrequent, the combination of the two leads observers to overestimate the rate of co-occurrence.[42] Similarly, in workplaces where women are underrepresented and negative behaviors such as errors occur less frequently than positive behaviors, women become more strongly associated with mistakes than men.[46]

In a landmark study, David Hamilton and Richard Gifford (1976) examined the role of illusory correlation in stereotype formation. Subjects were instructed to read descriptions of behaviors performed by members of groups A and B. Negative behaviors outnumbered positive actions and group B was smaller than group A, making negative behaviors and membership in group B relatively infrequent and distinctive. Participants were then asked who had performed a set of actions: a person of group A or group B. Results showed that subjects overestimated the frequency with which both distinctive events, membership in group B and negative behavior, co-occurred, and evaluated group B more negatively. This despite the fact the proportion of positive to negative behaviors was equivalent for both groups and that there was no actual correlation between group membership and behaviors.[42] Although Hamilton and Gifford found a similar effect for positive behaviors as the infrequent events, a meta-analytic review of studies showed that illusory correlation effects are stronger when the infrequent, distinctive information is negative.[40]

Hamilton and Gifford’s distinctiveness-based explanation of stereotype formation was subsequently extended.[43] A 1994 study by McConnell, Sherman, and Hamilton found that people formed stereotypes based on information that was not distinctive at the time of presentation, but was considered distinctive at the time of judgement.[47] Once a person judges non-distinctive information in memory to be distinctive, that information is re-encoded and re-represented as if it had been distinctive when it was first processed.[47]

Common environment[edit]

One explanation for why stereotypes are shared is that they are the result of a common environment that stimulates people to react in the same way.[6]

The problem with the ‘common environment’ is that explanation in general is that it does not explain how shared stereotypes can occur without direct stimuli.[6] Research since the 1930s suggested that people are highly similar with each other in how they describe different racial and national groups, although those people have no personal experience with the groups they are describing.[48]

Socialization and upbringing[edit]

Another explanation says that people are socialised to adopt the same stereotypes.[6] Some psychologists believe that although stereotypes can be absorbed at any age, stereotypes are usually acquired in early childhood under the influence of parents, teachers, peers, and the media.

If stereotypes are defined by social values, then stereotypes only change as per changes in social values.[6] The suggestion that stereotype content depends on social values reflects Walter Lippman’s argument in his 1922 publication that stereotypes are rigid because they cannot be changed at will.[17]

Studies emerging since the 1940s refuted the suggestion that stereotype contents cannot be changed at will. Those studies suggested that one group’s stereotype of another group would become more or less positive depending on whether their intergroup relationship had improved or degraded.[17][49][50] Intergroup events (e.g., World War II, Persian Gulf conflicts) often changed intergroup relationships. For example, after WWII, Black American students held a more negative stereotype of people from countries that were the United States’s WWII enemies.[17] If there are no changes to an intergroup relationship, then relevant stereotypes do not change.[18]

Intergroup relations[edit]

According to a third explanation, shared stereotypes are neither caused by the coincidence of common stimuli, nor by socialisation. This explanation posits that stereotypes are shared because group members are motivated to behave in certain ways, and stereotypes reflect those behaviours.[6] It is important to note from this explanation that stereotypes are the consequence, not the cause, of intergroup relations. This explanation assumes that when it is important for people to acknowledge both their ingroup and outgroup, they will emphasise their difference from outgroup members, and their similarity to ingroup members.[6] International migration creates more opportunities for intergroup relations, but the interactions do not always disconfirm stereotypes. They are also known to form and maintain them.[51]

Activation[edit]

The dual-process model of cognitive processing of stereotypes asserts that automatic activation of stereotypes is followed by a controlled processing stage, during which an individual may choose to disregard or ignore the stereotyped information that has been brought to mind.[19]

A number of studies have found that stereotypes are activated automatically. Patricia Devine (1989), for example, suggested that stereotypes are automatically activated in the presence of a member (or some symbolic equivalent) of a stereotyped group and that the unintentional activation of the stereotype is equally strong for high- and low-prejudice persons. Words related to the cultural stereotype of blacks were presented subliminally. During an ostensibly unrelated impression-formation task, subjects read a paragraph describing a race-unspecified target person’s behaviors and rated the target person on several trait scales. Results showed that participants who received a high proportion of racial words rated the target person in the story as significantly more hostile than participants who were presented with a lower proportion of words related to the stereotype. This effect held true for both high- and low-prejudice subjects (as measured by the Modern Racism Scale). Thus, the racial stereotype was activated even for low-prejudice individuals who did not personally endorse it.[19][52][53] Studies using alternative priming methods have shown that the activation of gender and age stereotypes can also be automatic.[54][55]

Subsequent research suggested that the relation between category activation and stereotype activation was more complex.[53][56] Lepore and Brown (1997), for instance, noted that the words used in Devine’s study were both neutral category labels (e.g., «Blacks») and stereotypic attributes (e.g., «lazy»). They argued that if only the neutral category labels were presented, people high and low in prejudice would respond differently. In a design similar to Devine’s, Lepore and Brown primed the category of African-Americans using labels such as «blacks» and «West Indians» and then assessed the differential activation of the associated stereotype in the subsequent impression-formation task. They found that high-prejudice participants increased their ratings of the target person on the negative stereotypic dimensions and decreased them on the positive dimension whereas low-prejudice subjects tended in the opposite direction. The results suggest that the level of prejudice and stereotype endorsement affects people’s judgements when the category – and not the stereotype per se – is primed.[57]

Research has shown that people can be trained to activate counterstereotypic information and thereby reduce the automatic activation of negative stereotypes. In a study by Kawakami et al. (2000), for example, participants were presented with a category label and taught to respond «No» to stereotypic traits and «Yes» to nonstereotypic traits. After this training period, subjects showed reduced stereotype activation.[58][59] This effect is based on the learning of new and more positive stereotypes rather than the negation of already existing ones.[59]

Automatic behavioral outcomes[edit]

Empirical evidence suggests that stereotype activation can automatically influence social behavior.[60][61][62][63] For example, Bargh, Chen, and Burrows (1996) activated the stereotype of the elderly among half of their participants by administering a scrambled-sentence test where participants saw words related to age stereotypes. Subjects primed with the stereotype walked significantly more slowly than the control group (although the test did not include any words specifically referring to slowness), thus acting in a way that the stereotype suggests that elderly people will act. And the stereotype of the elder will affect the subjective perception of them through depression.[64] In another experiment, Bargh, Chen, and Burrows also found that because the stereotype about blacks includes the notion of aggression, subliminal exposure to black faces increased the likelihood that randomly selected white college students reacted with more aggression and hostility than participants who subconsciously viewed a white face.[65] Similarly, Correll et al. (2002) showed that activated stereotypes about blacks can influence people’s behavior. In a series of experiments, black and white participants played a video game, in which a black or white person was shown holding a gun or a harmless object (e.g., a mobile phone). Participants had to decide as quickly as possible whether to shoot the target. When the target person was armed, both black and white participants were faster in deciding to shoot the target when he was black than when he was white. When the target was unarmed, the participants avoided shooting him more quickly when he was white. Time pressure made the shooter bias even more pronounced.[66]

Accuracy[edit]

A magazine feature from Beauty Parade from March 1952 stereotyping women drivers. It features Bettie Page as the model.

Stereotypes can be efficient shortcuts and sense-making tools. They can, however, keep people from processing new or unexpected information about each individual, thus biasing the impression formation process.[6] Early researchers believed that stereotypes were inaccurate representations of reality.[48] A series of pioneering studies in the 1930s found no empirical support for widely held racial stereotypes.[17] By the mid-1950s, Gordon Allport wrote that, «It is possible for a stereotype to grow in defiance of all evidence.»[29]

Research on the role of illusory correlations in the formation of stereotypes suggests that stereotypes can develop because of incorrect inferences about the relationship between two events (e.g., membership in a social group and bad or good attributes). This means that at least some stereotypes are inaccurate.[40][42][44][47]

Empirical social science research shows that stereotypes are often accurate.[67][68] Jussim et al. reviewed four studies of racial stereotypes, and seven studies of gender stereotypes regarding demographic characteristics, academic achievement, personality and behavior. Based on that, the authors argued that some aspects of ethnic and gender stereotypes are accurate while stereotypes concerning political affiliation and nationality are much less accurate.[69] A study by Terracciano et al. also found that stereotypic beliefs about nationality do not reflect the actual personality traits of people from different cultures.[70]

Marlene MacKie argues that while stereotypes are inaccurate, this is a definition rather than empirical claim – stereotypes were simply defined as inaccurate, even though the supposed inaccuracy of stereotypes was treated as though it was an empirical discovery.[71]

Effects[edit]

Attributional ambiguity[edit]

Attributive ambiguity refers to the uncertainty that members of stereotyped groups experience in interpreting the causes of others’ behavior toward them. Stereotyped individuals who receive negative feedback can attribute it either to personal shortcomings, such as lack of ability or poor effort, or the evaluator’s stereotypes and prejudice toward their social group. Alternatively, positive feedback can either be attributed to personal merit or discounted as a form of sympathy or pity.[72][73][74]

Crocker et al. (1991) showed that when black participants were evaluated by a white person who was aware of their race, black subjects mistrusted the feedback, attributing negative feedback to the evaluator’s stereotypes and positive feedback to the evaluator’s desire to appear unbiased. When the black participants’ race was unknown to the evaluator, they were more accepting of the feedback.[75]

Attributional ambiguity has been shown to affect a person’s self-esteem. When they receive positive evaluations, stereotyped individuals are uncertain of whether they really deserved their success and, consequently, they find it difficult to take credit for their achievements. In the case of negative feedback, ambiguity has been shown to have a protective effect on self-esteem as it allows people to assign blame to external causes. Some studies, however, have found that this effect only holds when stereotyped individuals can be absolutely certain that their negative outcomes are due to the evaluators’s prejudice. If any room for uncertainty remains, stereotyped individuals tend to blame themselves.[73]

Attributional ambiguity can also make it difficult to assess one’s skills because performance-related evaluations are mistrusted or discounted. Moreover, it can lead to the belief that one’s efforts are not directly linked to the outcomes, thereby depressing one’s motivation to succeed.[72]

Stereotype threat[edit]

The effect of stereotype threat (ST) on math test scores for girls and boys. Data from Osborne (2007).[76]

Stereotype threat occurs when people are aware of a negative stereotype about their social group and experience anxiety or concern that they might confirm the stereotype.[77] Stereotype threat has been shown to undermine performance in a variety of domains.[78][79]

Claude M. Steele and Joshua Aronson conducted the first experiments showing that stereotype threat can depress intellectual performance on standardized tests. In one study, they found that black college students performed worse than white students on a verbal test when the task was framed as a measure of intelligence. When it was not presented in that manner, the performance gap narrowed. Subsequent experiments showed that framing the test as diagnostic of intellectual ability made black students more aware of negative stereotypes about their group, which in turn impaired their performance.[80] Stereotype threat effects have been demonstrated for an array of social groups in many different arenas, including not only academics but also sports,[81] chess[82] and business.[83]

Not only has stereotype threat been widely criticized by on a theoretical basis,[84][85] but has failed several attempts to replicate its experimental evidence.[85][86][87][88] The findings in support of the concept have been suggested by multiple methodological reviews to be the product of publication bias.[88][89]

Self-fulfilling prophecy[edit]

Stereotypes lead people to expect certain actions from members of social groups. These stereotype-based expectations may lead to self-fulfilling prophecies, in which one’s inaccurate expectations about a person’s behavior, through social interaction, prompt that person to act in stereotype-consistent ways, thus confirming one’s erroneous expectations and validating the stereotype.[90][91][92]

Word, Zanna, and Cooper (1974) demonstrated the effects of stereotypes in the context of a job interview. White participants interviewed black and white subjects who, prior to the experiments, had been trained to act in a standardized manner. Analysis of the videotaped interviews showed that black job applicants were treated differently: They received shorter amounts of interview time and less eye contact; interviewers made more speech errors (e.g., stutters, sentence incompletions, incoherent sounds) and physically distanced themselves from black applicants. In a second experiment, trained interviewers were instructed to treat applicants, all of whom were white, like the whites or blacks had been treated in the first experiment. As a result, applicants treated like the blacks of the first experiment behaved in a more nervous manner and received more negative performance ratings than interviewees receiving the treatment previously afforded to whites.[93]

A 1977 study by Snyder, Tanke, and Berscheid found a similar pattern in social interactions between men and women. Male undergraduate students were asked to talk to female undergraduates, whom they believed to be physically attractive or unattractive, on the phone. The conversations were taped and analysis showed that men who thought that they were talking to an attractive woman communicated in a more positive and friendlier manner than men who believed that they were talking to unattractive women. This altered the women’s behavior: Female subjects who, unknowingly to them, were perceived to be physically attractive behaved in a friendly, likeable, and sociable manner in comparison with subjects who were regarded as unattractive.[94]

A 2005 study by J. Thomas Kellow and Brett D. Jones looked at the effects of self-fulfilling prophecy on African American and Caucasian high school freshman students. Both white and black students were informed that their test performance would be predictive of their performance on a statewide, high stakes standardized test. They were also told that historically, white students had outperformed black students on the test. This knowledge created a self-fulfilling prophecy in both the white and black students, where the white students scored statistically significantly higher than the African American students on the test. The stereotype threat of underperforming on standardized tests affected the African American students in this study.[95]

In accountancy, there is a popular stereotype which represents members of the profession as being humorless, introspective beancounters.[96][97]

Discrimination and prejudice[edit]

Because stereotypes simplify and justify social reality, they have potentially powerful effects on how people perceive and treat one another.[98] As a result, stereotypes can lead to discrimination in labor markets and other domains.[99] For example, Tilcsik (2011) has found that employers who seek job applicants with stereotypically male heterosexual traits are particularly likely to engage in discrimination against gay men, suggesting that discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation is partly rooted in specific stereotypes and that these stereotypes loom large in many labor markets.[21] Agerström and Rooth (2011) showed that automatic obesity stereotypes captured by the Implicit Association Test can predict real hiring discrimination against the obese.[100] Similarly, experiments suggest that gender stereotypes play an important role in judgments that affect hiring decisions.[101][102]

Stereotypes can cause racist prejudice. For example, scientists and activists have warned that the use of the stereotype «Nigerian Prince» for referring to Advance-fee scammers is racist, i.e. «reducing Nigeria to a nation of scammers and fraudulent princes, as some people still do online, is a stereotype that needs to be called out».[103]

Self-stereotyping[edit]

Stereotypes can affect self-evaluations and lead to self-stereotyping.[8][104] For instance, Correll (2001, 2004) found that specific stereotypes (e.g., the stereotype that women have lower mathematical ability) affect women’s and men’s evaluations of their abilities (e.g., in math and science), such that men assess their own task ability higher than women performing at the same level.[105][106] Similarly, a study by Sinclair et al. (2006) has shown that Asian American women rated their math ability more favorably when their ethnicity and the relevant stereotype that Asian Americans excel in math was made salient. In contrast, they rated their math ability less favorably when their gender and the corresponding stereotype of women’s inferior math skills was made salient. Sinclair et al. found, however, that the effect of stereotypes on self-evaluations is mediated by the degree to which close people in someone’s life endorse these stereotypes. People’s self-stereotyping can increase or decrease depending on whether close others view them in stereotype-consistent or inconsistent manner.[107]

Stereotyping can also play a central role in depression, when people have negative self-stereotypes about themselves, according to Cox, Abramson, Devine, and Hollon (2012).[8] This depression that is caused by prejudice (i.e., «deprejudice») can be related to group membership (e.g., Me–Gay–Bad) or not (e.g., Me–Bad). If someone holds prejudicial beliefs about a stigmatized group and then becomes a member of that group, they may internalize their prejudice and develop depression. People may also show prejudice internalization through self-stereotyping because of negative childhood experiences such as verbal and physical abuse.[108]

Substitute for observations[edit]

Stereotypes are traditional and familiar symbol clusters, expressing a more or less complex idea in a convenient way. They are often simplistic pronouncements about gender, racial, ethnic, and cultural backgrounds and they can become a source of misinformation and delusion. For example, in a school when students are confronted with the task of writing a theme, they think in terms of literary associations, often using stereotypes picked up from books, films, and magazines that they have read or viewed.

The danger in stereotyping lies not in its existence, but in the fact that it can become a substitute for observation and a misinterpretation of a cultural identity.[109] Promoting information literacy is a pedagogical approach that can effectively combat the entrenchment of stereotypes. The necessity for using information literacy to separate multicultural «fact from fiction» is well illustrated with examples from literature and media.[110]

Role in art and culture[edit]

American political cartoon titled The Usual Irish Way of Doing Things, depicting a drunken Irishman lighting a powder keg and swinging a bottle. Published in Harper’s Weekly, 1871.

Stereotypes are common in various cultural media, where they take the form of dramatic stock characters. The instantly recognizable nature of stereotypes mean that they are effective in advertising and situation comedy.[111] Alexander Fedorov (2015) proposed a concept of media stereotypes analysis. This concept refers to identification and analysis of stereotypical images of people, ideas, events, stories, themes, etc. in media context.[112]

The characters that do appear in movies greatly affect how people worldwide perceive gender relations, race, and cultural communities. Because approximately 85% of worldwide ticket sales are directed toward Hollywood movies, the American movie industry has been greatly responsible for portraying characters of different cultures and diversity to fit into stereotypical categories.[113] This has led to the spread and persistence of gender, racial, ethnic, and cultural stereotypes seen in the movies.[89]

For example, Russians are usually portrayed as ruthless agents, brutal mobsters and villains in Hollywood movies.[114][115][116] According to Russian American professor Nina L. Khrushcheva, «You can’t even turn the TV on and go to the movies without reference to Russians as horrible.»[117] The portrayals of Latin Americans in film and print media are restricted to a narrow set of characters. Latin Americans are largely depicted as sexualized figures such as the Latino macho or the Latina vixen, gang members, (illegal) immigrants, or entertainers. By comparison, they are rarely portrayed as working professionals, business leaders or politicians.[101]

In Hollywood films, there are several Latin American stereotypes that have historically been used. Some examples are El Bandido, the Halfbreed Harlot, The Male Buffoon, The Female Clown, The Latin Lover, The Dark Lady, The Wise Old Man, and The Poor Peon. Many Hispanic characters in Hollywood films consists of one or more of these basic stereotypes, but it has been rare to view Latin American actors representing characters outside of this stereotypical criteria.[118]

Media stereotypes of women first emerged in the early 20th century. Various stereotypic depictions or «types» of women appeared in magazines, including Victorian ideals of femininity, the New Woman, the Gibson Girl, the Femme fatale, and the Flapper.[88][119]

Stereotypes are also common in video games, with women being portrayed as stereotypes such as the «damsel in distress» or as sexual objects (see Gender representation in video games).[120] Studies show that minorities are portrayed most often in stereotypical roles such as athletes and gangsters (see Racial representations in video games).[121]

In literature and art, stereotypes are clichéd or predictable characters or situations. Throughout history, storytellers have drawn from stereotypical characters and situations to immediately connect the audience with new tales.[122]

See also[edit]

  • Archetype
  • Attribute substitution
  • Attribution bias
  • Base rate fallacy
  • Cognitive bias
  • Conjunction fallacy (Linda problem)
  • Counterstereotype (antonym)
  • Echo chamber (media)
  • Ethnocentrism
  • Face-ism
  • Filter Bubble
  • Habitus (sociology)
  • Implicit stereotype
  • In-group favoritism
  • Labeling theory
  • Negativity effect
  • Out-group homogeneity
  • Role
  • Role reversal
  • Scapegoating
  • Similarity (philosophy)
  • Statistical syllogism
  • Stigma management
  • Stigmatization
  • Trait ascription bias
  • Women-are-wonderful effect
Gender
  • Gender stereotypes
  • Femininity
  • Masculinity

Examples of stereotypes[edit]

Cultural and ethnic
  • Ethnic stereotype
  • List of ethnic slurs
  • Stereotypes of African Americans
  • Stereotypes of Africans
  • Stereotypes of Americans
  • Stereotypes of Arabs and Muslims in the United States
  • Stereotypes of Argentines
  • Stereotypes of the British
  • Stereotypes of Canadians
  • Stereotypes of French people
  • Stereotypes of Germans
  • Stereotypes of groups within the United States
  • Stereotypes of Hispanic and Latino Americans in the United States
  • Stereotypes of Indigenous peoples of Canada and the United States
  • Stereotypes of Japanese people
  • Stereotypes of Jews
  • Stereotypes of Nigerians
  • Stereotypes of Russians
  • Stereotypes of South Asians
  • Stereotypes of East and Southeast Asians
Sexuality related
  • LGBT stereotypes
  • List of sexuality related phobias
Other
  • Blonde stereotypes
  • Nurse stereotypes
  • Physical attractiveness stereotype

References[edit]

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    samples, who had somewhat lower SAT scores, than the white subjects in the
    Stanford experiments constitutes an example of the Yerkes-Dodson law … by conducting the same type of experiment using exclusively white (or black)
    subjects, divided into lower- and higher-ability groups, it might be shown that
    the phenomenon attributed to stereotype threat has nothing to do with race as
    such, but results from the interaction of ability level with test anxiety as a
    function of test complexity.»
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  92. ^ Chen, Mark; Bargh, John A. (1997). «Nonconscious Behavioral Confirmation Processes: The Self-Fulfilling Consequences of Automatic Stereotype Activation» (PDF). Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. 33 (5): 541–560. doi:10.1006/jesp.1997.1329. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 May 2013. Retrieved 5 April 2013.
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  94. ^ Snyder, Mark; Tanke, Elizabeth D.; Berscheid, Ellen (1977). «Social perception and interpersonal behavior: On the self-fulfilling nature of social stereotypes» (PDF). Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 35 (9): 656–666. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.35.9.656. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 June 2012.
  95. ^ Kellow, Thomas (February 2008). «The Effects of Stereotypes on the Achievement Gap: Reexamining the Academic Performance of African American High School Students». Journal of Black Psychology. 34: 94–120. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.553.9188. doi:10.1177/0095798407310537. S2CID 145490359.
  96. ^ Friedman, A. L., & Lyne, S. R. (2001). The beancounter stereotype: towards a general model of stereotype generation. Critical perspectives on accounting, 12(4), 423-451.
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  113. ^ Lee, Kevin (January 2008). ««The Little State Department»: Hollywood and the MPAA’s Influence on U.S. Trade Relations». Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business. 28 (2).
  114. ^ «Will the cliche of the ‘Russian baddie’ ever leave our screens?». The Guardian. 10 July 2017.
  115. ^ «Russian film industry and Hollywood uneasy with one another.» Fox News. 14 October 2014
  116. ^ «5 Hollywood Villains That Prove Russian Stereotypes Are Hard to Kill». The Moscow Times. 9 August 2015.
  117. ^ «Hollywood stereotypes: Why are Russians the bad guys?». BBC News. 5 November 2014.
  118. ^ Berg, Charles (Summer 1990). «Stereotyping in films in general and of the Hispanic in Particular». The Howard Journal of Communications. 2 (3): 294–296. doi:10.1080/10646179009359721.
  119. ^ COLTRANE, SCOTT; ADAMS, MICHELE. «Work–Family Imagery and Gender Stereotypes:Television and the Reproduction of Difference». Journal of Vocational Behavior. 50.
  120. ^ Mou, Yi; Peng, Wei. «Gender and Racial Stereotypes in Popular Video Games» (PDF). Michigan State University.
  121. ^ Burgess, Melinda; Dill, Karen (15 September 2011). «Playing With Prejudice: The Prevalence and Consequences of Racial Stereotypes in Video Games». Media Psychology. 14 (3): 289–311. doi:10.1080/15213269.2011.596467. S2CID 1416833.
  122. ^ Auracher, Jan; Hirose, Akiko (2017). «The Influence of Reader’s Stereotypes on the Assessment of Fictional Characters». Comparative Literature Studies. 54 (4): 795–823. doi:10.5325/complitstudies.54.4.0795. JSTOR 10.5325/complitstudies.54.4.0795.

Further reading[edit]

  • Hilton, James L.; von Hippel, William (1996). «Stereotypes». Annual Review of Psychology. 47 (1): 237–271. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.47.1.237. PMID 15012482.
  • Stuart Ewen, Elizabeth Ewen, Typecasting: On the Arts and Sciences of Human Inequality. New York (Seven Stories Press) 2006
  • Stereotype & Society A Major Resource: Constantly updated and archived
  • Regenberg, Nina (2007). «Are Blonds Really Dumb?». The Inquisitive Mind (3). Archived from the original on 26 July 2011. Retrieved 4 May 2010.
  • Are Stereotypes True?
  • Turner, Chris (2004). Planet Simpson: How a Cartoon Masterpiece Documented an Era and Defined a Generation. Foreword by Douglas Coupland. (1st ed.). Toronto: Random House Canada. ISBN 978-0679313182. OCLC 55682258..
  • Crawford, M. & Unger, R. (2004). Women and Gender: A Feminist Psychology. McGraw Hill New York. New York. 45–49.
  • Spitzer, B.L.; Henderson, K; Zavian, M. T. (1999). «Gender differences in population versus media body sizes: A comparison over four decades». Sex Roles. 40 (7/8): 545–565. doi:10.1023/a:1018836029738. S2CID 55674520.

External links[edit]

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Last Update: Jan 03, 2023

This is a question our experts keep getting from time to time. Now, we have got the complete detailed explanation and answer for everyone, who is interested!


Asked by: Donnell Labadie

Score: 4.5/5
(8 votes)

The term stereotype comes from the French adjective stéréotype and derives from the Greek words στερεός (stereos), «firm, solid» and τύπος (typos), impression, hence «solid impression on one or more ideas/theories.»

Who came up with the term stereotype?

The term stereotype was first coined by Lippmann in 1922 (as cited in Dovidio, Hewstone, Glick & Esses, 2010) in order to describe a social group’s perceived characteristics. Furthermore, according to Allport (1954, p. 191), a stereotype is an ‘an exaggerated belief associated with a category.

What is the real meaning of stereotype?

A stereotype is a fixed general image or set of characteristics that a lot of people believe represent a particular type of person or thing. … If someone is stereotyped as something, people form a fixed general idea or image of them, so that it is assumed that they will behave in a particular way.

What is the meaning of stereotype in simple words?

A stereotype is a preconceived notion, especially about a group of people. … You have probably heard stereotypes: commonly held ideas or preconceptions about specific groups. You most often hear about negative stereotypes, but some are positive — the stereotype that tall people are good at basketball, for example.

What is the main idea of stereotype?

In social psychology, a stereotype is a fixed, over generalized belief about a particular group or class of people. By stereotyping we infer that a person has a whole range of characteristics and abilities that we assume all members of that group have.

35 related questions found

What is stereotype explain with example?

Stereotypes become overgeneralized and applied to all members of a group. For example, someone holding prejudiced attitudes toward older adults, may believe that older adults are slow and incompetent (Cuddy, Norton, & Fiske, 2005; Nelson, 2004).

What do you know about stereotype?

In social psychology, a stereotype is any thought widely adopted about specific types of individuals or certain ways of behaving intended to represent the entire group of those individuals or behaviors as a whole. These thoughts or beliefs may or may not accurately reflect reality.

What is meant by stereotype answer?

A stereotype is a mistaken idea or belief many people have about a thing or group that is based upon how they look on the outside, which may be untrue or only partly true.

Is stereotype a negative word?

Stereotype has a negative connotation. But a stereotype is simply a generalization about how a group of people behaves. It may be statistically accurate but not universally valid. Many believe we shouldn’t make decisions a ecting an individual based on a stereotype, even if it is statistically accurate.

When was stereotyping invented?

stereotype, type of printing plate developed in the late 18th century and widely used in letterpress, newspaper, and other high-speed press runs.

What is negative stereotype?

a stereotype that purports to describe the undesirable, objectionable, or unacceptable qualities and characteristics of the members of a particular group or social category.

What is the definition of a negative stereotype?

Definition. Negative stereotypes are traits and characteristics, negatively valenced and attributed to a social group and to its individual members.

What is the synonym of stereotype?

Some common synonyms of stereotyped are hackneyed, threadbare, and trite.

What is meant by stereotype Class 6?

The process of fixing people into an image is called stereotype. When we fix people into one image, we create a stereotype. Problems created by stereotypes. They stop us from looking at each person as a unique individual.

What do you mean by stereotype Class 7?

Question 1: What is stereotype? Answer: It refers to the belief that people belonging to a particular religion, community, gender, etc. have certain traits and can do only a certain type of work.

What is the meaning of stereotype in paragraph 8?

Craft and Structure: What is the meaning of stereotype in paragraph 8? In this context, stereotype means an overgeneralized belief about a group of people.

What is an example of a stereotype character?

Stereotypical Character

If the labels “jock,” “old lady,” “bully,” or “cowboy” automatically bring to mind visual images, then those particular character types have become stereotyped for you.

What are three examples of stereotyping?

Examples of Gender Stereotypes

  • Girls should play with dolls and boys should play with trucks.
  • Boys should be directed to like blue and green; girls toward red and pink.
  • Boys should not wear dresses or other clothes typically associated with «girl’s clothes»

What are the four types of stereotypes?

Altogether, these four kinds of stereotypes and their associated emotional prejudices (pride, disgust, envy, pity) occur all over the world for each of society’s own groups.

What are two synonyms for stereotype?

Synonyms of stereotype

  • concept,
  • conception,
  • generality,
  • generalization,
  • notion.

What is the synonym of stigma?

shame, disgrace, dishonour. stain, taint, blot, blot on one’s escutcheon, blemish, brand, mark, slur.

What is the difference between generalizing and stereotyping?

Generalizations become stereotypes when all members of a group are categorized as having the same characteristics. Stereotypes can be linked to any type of cultural membership, such as nationality, religion, gender, race, or age.

What is stereotyping in communication?

Stereotyping occurs when a person ascribes the collective characteristics associated with a particular group to every member of that group, discounting individual characteristics. From: Communication Disorders in Multicultural and International Populations (Fourth Edition), 2012.

How does stereotyping affect communication?

Stereotypes also can affect the way communicators respond to their audience, according to 2014 research from the University of Portland. In face-to-face communication, for example, employees may feel uncomfortable communicating honestly with those who they perceive as aggressive or uncooperative based on stereotypes.

What is stereotypes in intercultural communication?

as the set of characteristics which are associated with specific social groups （e.g., intelligent/unintelligent, serious/funny, rude/polite, shy/ outgoing）. Eagly and Chaiken （1993）, for example claim that a stereotype consists of “attributes that an individual ascribes to a social group” （p. 104）.

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ThoughtCo. / Melissa Ling


Updated on February 04, 2021

Stereotypes are characteristics imposed upon groups of people because of their race, nationality, and sexual orientation. These characteristics tend to be oversimplifications of the groups involved and, even if they seem «positive,» stereotypes are harmful.

Did You Know?

Even when framed as «positive,» stereotypes of certain groups have negative effects. An example of this is the myth of the «model minority» that has attached itself broadly to people of Asian descent.

Stereotypes Vs. Generalizations

While all stereotypes are generalizations, not all generalizations are stereotypes. Stereotypes are widely circulated oversimplifications of a group of people, while generalizations can be based more on personal experience, not a widely accepted factor.

In the United States, certain racial groups have been linked to stereotypes such as being good at math, athletics, and dancing. These stereotypes are so well-known that the average American wouldn’t hesitate if asked to identify which racial group in this country, for example, has a reputation for excelling in basketball. In short, when one stereotypes, one repeats the cultural mythology already present in a particular society.

On the other hand, a person can make a generalization about an ethnic group that hasn’t been perpetuated in society. For example, someone who meets a few individuals from a particular country and finds them to be quiet and reserved may say that all citizens of the country in question are quiet and reserved. A generalization such as this doesn’t allow for diversity within groups and may result in stigmatization and discrimination of groups if the stereotypes linked to them are largely negative.

Intersectionality

While stereotypes may refer to a specific gender, race, religion, or country, often they link various aspects of identity together. This is known as intersectionality. A stereotype about Black gay men, for example, would involve race, gender, and sexual orientation. Although such a stereotype targets a specific group rather than Black people as a whole, it’s still problematic to insinuate that Black gay men are all the same. Too many other factors make up any one person’s identity to ascribe a fixed list of characteristics to him.

Differing stereotypes can also be present within larger groups, resulting in things like gender-based stereotypes within the same race. Certain stereotypes apply to Asian Americans generally, but when the Asian American population is broken down by gender, one finds that stereotypes of Asian American men and Asian American women differ. For example, the women of a racial group may be deemed attractive due to fetishization and the men in that same racial group may be viewed as the exact opposite.

Even stereotypes applied to a racial group become inconsistent when members of that group are broken down by origin. Stereotypes about Black Americans differ from those about Black people from the Caribbean or Black people from African nations.

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I have to say I wasn’t a huge fan of ‘Star Wars’, and I’m still not, really, but you have to acknowledge that there’s a huge fan base for it, and these people are really sweet. You can’t stereotype a ‘Star Wars’ fan.

Ralph Brown

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PRONUNCIATION OF STEREOTYPE

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GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY OF STEREOTYPE

Stereotype is a verb and can also act as a noun.

A noun is a type of word the meaning of which determines reality. Nouns provide the names for all things: people, objects, sensations, feelings, etc.

The verb is the part of the sentence that is conjugated and expresses action and state of being.

See the conjugation of the verb stereotype in English.

WHAT DOES STEREOTYPE MEAN IN ENGLISH?

stereotype

Stereotype

In social psychology, a stereotype is a thought that can be adopted about specific types of individuals or certain ways of doing things. These thoughts or beliefs may or may not accurately reflect reality. However, this is only a fundamental psychological definition of a stereotype. Within psychology and spanning across other disciplines, there are different conceptualizations and theories of stereotyping that provide their own expanded definition. Some of these definitions share commonalities, though each one may also harbor unique aspects that may contradict the others.


Definition of stereotype in the English dictionary

The first definition of stereotype in the dictionary is a method of producing cast-metal printing plates from a mould made from a forme of type matter in papier-mâché or some other material. Other definition of stereotype is the plate so made. Stereotype is also an idea, trait, convention, etc, that has grown stale through fixed usage.

CONJUGATION OF THE VERB TO STEREOTYPE

PRESENT

Present

I stereotype

you stereotype

he/she/it stereotypes

we stereotype

you stereotype

they stereotype

Present continuous

I am stereotyping

you are stereotyping

he/she/it is stereotyping

we are stereotyping

you are stereotyping

they are stereotyping

Present perfect

I have stereotyped

you have stereotyped

he/she/it has stereotyped

we have stereotyped

you have stereotyped

they have stereotyped

Present perfect continuous

I have been stereotyping

you have been stereotyping

he/she/it has been stereotyping

we have been stereotyping

you have been stereotyping

they have been stereotyping

Present tense is used to refer to circumstances that exist at the present time or over a period that includes the present time. The present perfect refers to past events, although it can be considered to denote primarily the resulting present situation rather than the events themselves.

PAST

Past

I stereotyped

you stereotyped

he/she/it stereotyped

we stereotyped

you stereotyped

they stereotyped

Past continuous

I was stereotyping

you were stereotyping

he/she/it was stereotyping

we were stereotyping

you were stereotyping

they were stereotyping

Past perfect

I had stereotyped

you had stereotyped

he/she/it had stereotyped

we had stereotyped

you had stereotyped

they had stereotyped

Past perfect continuous

I had been stereotyping

you had been stereotyping

he/she/it had been stereotyping

we had been stereotyping

you had been stereotyping

they had been stereotyping

Past tense forms express circumstances existing at some time in the past,

FUTURE

Future

I will stereotype

you will stereotype

he/she/it will stereotype

we will stereotype

you will stereotype

they will stereotype

Future continuous

I will be stereotyping

you will be stereotyping

he/she/it will be stereotyping

we will be stereotyping

you will be stereotyping

they will be stereotyping

Future perfect

I will have stereotyped

you will have stereotyped

he/she/it will have stereotyped

we will have stereotyped

you will have stereotyped

they will have stereotyped

Future perfect continuous

I will have been stereotyping

you will have been stereotyping

he/she/it will have been stereotyping

we will have been stereotyping

you will have been stereotyping

they will have been stereotyping

The future is used to express circumstances that will occur at a later time.

CONDITIONAL

Conditional

I would stereotype

you would stereotype

he/she/it would stereotype

we would stereotype

you would stereotype

they would stereotype

Conditional continuous

I would be stereotyping

you would be stereotyping

he/she/it would be stereotyping

we would be stereotyping

you would be stereotyping

they would be stereotyping

Conditional perfect

I would have stereotype

you would have stereotype

he/she/it would have stereotype

we would have stereotype

you would have stereotype

they would have stereotype

Conditional perfect continuous

I would have been stereotyping

you would have been stereotyping

he/she/it would have been stereotyping

we would have been stereotyping

you would have been stereotyping

they would have been stereotyping

Conditional or «future-in-the-past» tense refers to hypothetical or possible actions.

IMPERATIVE

Imperative

you stereotype
we let´s stereotype
you stereotype

The imperative is used to form commands or requests.

NONFINITE VERB FORMS

Past participle

stereotyped

Present Participle

stereotyping

Infinitive shows the action beyond temporal perspective. The present participle or gerund shows the action during the session. The past participle shows the action after completion.

WORDS THAT RHYME WITH STEREOTYPE

Synonyms and antonyms of stereotype in the English dictionary of synonyms

SYNONYMS OF «STEREOTYPE»

The following words have a similar or identical meaning as «stereotype» and belong to the same grammatical category.

Translation of «stereotype» into 25 languages

online translator

TRANSLATION OF STEREOTYPE

Find out the translation of stereotype to 25 languages with our English multilingual translator.

The translations of stereotype from English to other languages presented in this section have been obtained through automatic statistical translation; where the essential translation unit is the word «stereotype» in English.

Translator English — Chinese


成见

1,325 millions of speakers

Translator English — Spanish


estereotipo

570 millions of speakers

Translator English — Hindi


स्टीरियोटाइप

380 millions of speakers

Translator English — Arabic


شَكْلٌ نَـمَطِّيّ

280 millions of speakers

Translator English — Russian


стереотип

278 millions of speakers

Translator English — Portuguese


estereótipo

270 millions of speakers

Translator English — Bengali


বাঁধাধরা

260 millions of speakers

Translator English — French


stéréotype

220 millions of speakers

Translator English — Malay


stereotaip

190 millions of speakers

Translator English — Japanese


ステレオタイプ

130 millions of speakers

Translator English — Korean


고정관념

85 millions of speakers

Translator English — Javanese


Stereotype

85 millions of speakers

Translator English — Vietnamese


khuôn mẫu

80 millions of speakers

Translator English — Tamil


ஒரே மாதிரியான

75 millions of speakers

Translator English — Marathi


देखावा

75 millions of speakers

Translator English — Turkish


klişe

70 millions of speakers

Translator English — Italian


stereotipo

65 millions of speakers

Translator English — Polish


stereotyp

50 millions of speakers

Translator English — Ukrainian


стереотип

40 millions of speakers

Translator English — Romanian


stereotip

30 millions of speakers

Translator English — Greek


στερεότυπο

15 millions of speakers

Translator English — Afrikaans


stereotipe

14 millions of speakers

Translator English — Swedish


stereotyp

10 millions of speakers

Translator English — Norwegian


stereotyp

5 millions of speakers

Trends of use of stereotype

TENDENCIES OF USE OF THE TERM «STEREOTYPE»

The term «stereotype» is quite widely used and occupies the 28.471 position in our list of most widely used terms in the English dictionary.

Trends

FREQUENCY

Quite widely used

The map shown above gives the frequency of use of the term «stereotype» in the different countries.

Principal search tendencies and common uses of stereotype

List of principal searches undertaken by users to access our English online dictionary and most widely used expressions with the word «stereotype».

FREQUENCY OF USE OF THE TERM «STEREOTYPE» OVER TIME

The graph expresses the annual evolution of the frequency of use of the word «stereotype» during the past 500 years. Its implementation is based on analysing how often the term «stereotype» appears in digitalised printed sources in English between the year 1500 and the present day.

Examples of use in the English literature, quotes and news about stereotype

10 QUOTES WITH «STEREOTYPE»

Famous quotes and sentences with the word stereotype.

The whole idea of a stereotype is to simplify. Instead of going through the problem of all this great diversity — that it’s this or maybe that — you have just one large statement; it is this.

It was an ongoing struggle to say no, I don’t want to be a part of the perpetuation of this stereotype.

I hate the stereotype of the pitfalls of the child actor. There are so many amazing examples — Natalie Portman, Joseph Gordon-Levitt, Jodie Foster, Drew Barrymore — of people who have made it through.

Americans are a lot more open, of course. There’s something more declamatory in the way you express emotions. It’s a stereotype but it’s true. British people can appear repressed in expressing emotions. Not very good at self-evaluating, or affirming situations, touching, anything like that.

It was good because it helped me get where I’m at today, but then people stereotype and say we don’t want to use her because she’s known as the ‘Wonderbra girl’.

I have to say I wasn’t a huge fan of ‘Star Wars’, and I’m still not, really, but you have to acknowledge that there’s a huge fan base for it, and these people are really sweet. You can’t stereotype a ‘Star Wars’ fan.

The stereotype of psychotherapy portrayed in popular books and movies is lying on the couch and saying whatever comes into your mind, while a kindly psychoanalyst listens and nods knowingly from time to time. After years and years, something wonderful is supposed to happen.

I believe the biggest challenge is just getting the courage to try something different or new. Try to forget the stereotype in your mind. Yoga is for everyone — children, athletes, moms, dads, accountants, truck drivers, even country stars.

Honestly, what can really be said about ‘the Jewish people’ as a whole? Is it not a lamentable stereotype to make large generalizations about all Jews, and to presume they all share the same political commitments?

There’s such a stereotype about men and women. Obviously, people think men are faster and stronger and all these other things, and I don’t want people to get sucked into that anymore. I want them to realize that the women are out here and doing just as awesome things. They can be just as great, too.

10 ENGLISH BOOKS RELATING TO «STEREOTYPE»

Discover the use of stereotype in the following bibliographical selection. Books relating to stereotype and brief extracts from same to provide context of its use in English literature.

1

Film and Stereotype: A Challenge for Cinema and Theory

However, Flaubert was aware, Amossy notes, that even great antipathy toward
the stereotype does not permit one to actually go the full lengths of abandoning it
altogether. This would ultimately only lead to an even greater reliance on it.

2

Unraveling the «model minority» stereotype: listening to …

The second edition of Unraveling the «Model Minority» Stereotype: Listening to Asian American Youth extends Stacey Lee’s groundbreaking research on the educational experiences and achievement of Asian American youth.

3

Stereotypes and Stereotyping

Following a broad overview that defines stereotypes, the book addresses how they are formed and developed in chapters that cover the social psychology of stereotypes, the impact of physical appearance on their formation, and methods of …

C. Neil Macrae, Charles Stangor, Miles Hewstone, 1996

4

Ouch! That Stereotype Hurts

5

Stereotype Dynamics: Language-Based Approaches to the …

This volume addresses the role of communication in stereotype dynamics, while placing the phenomenon of social stereotypes appropriately in the socio-cultural context.

Yoshihisa Kashima, Klaus Fiedler, Peter Freytag, 2012

6

From Stereotype to Metaphor: The Jew in Contemporary Drama

The Jew in Contemporary Drama Ellen Schiff. inevitable that the revised
perceptions work their way into dramatic literature, especially in societies like the
ones under consideration here where Jews are active in the entertainment arts.
Radio …

7

The Politics of Stereotype: Psychology and Affirmative Action

Highlights the history of Affirmative Action and spotlights its advantages, problems, and consequences.

8

A Question of Class: The Redneck Stereotype in Southern Fiction

Ultimately, this work is an evaluation of individual Southern fiction writers in their capacity to rise above stereotyping.

9

Sociology and the Stereotype of the Criminal

Such practices depend on selection by the police of vulnerable subjects, that is,
persons who conform to the stereotype of criminal and whose word is unlikely to
be accepted by the court in contradiction to the evidence of the police.

10

Stereotype Activation and Inhibition: Advances in Social …

This volume continues the series format of a target article on a hot topic in social cognition accompanied by commentary from other leading researchers.

Robert S. Wyer, Jr., 2013

10 NEWS ITEMS WHICH INCLUDE THE TERM «STEREOTYPE»

Find out what the national and international press are talking about and how the term stereotype is used in the context of the following news items.

Muslims in Moscow Work to Break a Stereotype

Russian tabloids and television have reinforced that stereotype. But in the last year and a half, as turmoil in Ukraine has dominated the news media’s attention, … «New York Times, Jul 15»

The Negative In Positive Stereotypes

Reid’s remarks reflect a positive stereotype — a belief that attributes a favorable characteristic to a group. In this case, it’s that women have patience. Women are … «NPR, Jul 15»

Gender-science stereotype strongest in Holland

Washington: In the largest such study, researchers have found that stereotypes associating science with men are the strongest in the Netherlands and widely … «Zee News, May 15»

Vergara takes Carmen Miranda stereotype to the bank

Vergara takes Carmen Miranda stereotype to the bank. By SORAYA NADIA MCDONALD The Washington Post. This article was published May 17, 2015 at 2:17 … «Arkansas Online, May 15»

Amy Schumer slays the ‘humourless feminist’ stereotype once and …

If anyone still believed the «humourless feminist» stereotype, Amy Schumer delivered the knock-out punch this week. For a full half hour, the comedian dedicated … «Sydney Morning Herald, May 15»

Fifty years on, the overachiever stereotype is still hurting Asian …

A-Town Boyz is a timely reminder that across the United States, the “model minority” stereotype commonly used to understand Asian Americans is badly in need … «Quartz, Apr 15»

Job interview? Beat the Millennial stereotype

Be aware of the stereotype and take special care not to reinforce it. For one, don’t start every sentence with the word: «I.» A marketing executive I know has … «CNNMoney, Mar 15»

Stereotypes lower math performance in women, but effects go …

BLOOMINGTON, Ind. — A new study from Indiana University suggests that gender stereotypes about women’s ability in mathematics negatively impact their … «IU Bloomington Newsroom, Mar 15»

Here’s Some History Behind That ‘Angry Black Woman’ Riff the NY …

These stereotypes served the needs of a slave regime that wanted to justify the sexual exploitation of enslaved women by painting them as Jezebels, like the … «The Root, Sep 14»

Matt Forte wants to break old running back stereotype

«I want to break the stereotype of old running backs going downhill,» Forte said Saturday, via the Chicago Tribune. «This offseason I feel better than I have the … «NFL.com, Jul 14»

REFERENCE

« EDUCALINGO. Stereotype [online]. Available <https://educalingo.com/en/dic-en/stereotype>. Apr 2023 ».

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Last Updated: April 20, 2022 | Author: howto-Trust

Contents

  • 1 What is the real meaning of stereotype?
  • 2 What is the correct meaning of stereotype Brainly?
  • 3 What is stereotype in simple words?
  • 4 What is a stereotype in your own words?
  • 5 What is stereotype give an example?
  • 6 What is a stereotype for kids?
  • 7 What does stereotype mean in reading?
  • 8 Is stereotype a negative word?
  • 9 How do you pronounce the word stereotype?
  • 10 What are school stereotypes?
  • 11 Why is it called stereotype?
  • 12 When did the word stereotype originate?
  • 13 How do you address stereotypes in the classroom?
  • 14 What are some stereotypes about teachers?
  • 15 What is stereotyping in communication?
  • 16 How do you address stereotypes in the workplace?
  • 17 What are five things you can do to overcome stereotypes?
  • 18 What is a stereotyped character?

A stereotype is a fixed general image or set of characteristics that a lot of people believe represent a particular type of person or thing. … If someone is stereotyped as something, people form a fixed general idea or image of them, so that it is assumed that they will behave in a particular way.

What is the correct meaning of stereotype Brainly?

A stereotype is a mistaken idea or belief on someone or something among the group, community, or group based upon how they look, what they present, what has put forward the opinions on the topics discussed, which may be true or untrue.

What is stereotype in simple words?

A stereotype is a preconceived notion, especially about a group of people. … You have probably heard stereotypes: commonly held ideas or preconceptions about specific groups. You most often hear about negative stereotypes, but some are positive — the stereotype that tall people are good at basketball, for example.

What is a stereotype in your own words?

A stereotype is a mistaken idea or belief many people have about a thing or group that is based upon how they look on the outside, which may be untrue or only partly true. Stereotyping people is a type of prejudice because what is on the outside is a small part of who a person is.

What is stereotype give an example?

In social psychology, a stereotype is a fixed, over generalized belief about a particular group or class of people. By stereotyping we infer that a person has a whole range of characteristics and abilities that we assume all members of that group have. For example, a “hells angel” biker dresses in leather.

What is a stereotype for kids?

A stereotype is a mistaken idea or belief many people have about a thing or group that is based upon how they look on the outside, which may be untrue or only partly true. Stereotyping people is a type of prejudice because what is on the outside is a small part of who a person is.

What does stereotype mean in reading?

A stereotype (STEH-ree-oh-tiep) is a generalized belief about a group of people. These generalizations are assumed to be true about every person within the group and typically revolve around traits, beliefs, behaviors, and skills. … These generalizations are stereotypes.

Is stereotype a negative word?

Stereotype has a negative connotation. But a stereotype is simply a generalization about how a group of people behaves. It may be statistically accurate but not universally valid. Many believe we shouldn’t make decisions a ecting an individual based on a stereotype, even if it is statistically accurate.

How do you pronounce the word stereotype?

What are school stereotypes?

Defining Stereotype

Stereotyping is the act of categorizing a specific person into a larger group of people. While some stereotypes may seem harmless, the detriments of seeing an individual as representing a group are far-reaching.

Why is it called stereotype?

The term stereotype comes from the French adjective stéréotype and derives from the Greek words στερεός (stereos), “firm, solid” and τύπος (typos), impression, hence “solid impression on one or more ideas/theories.”

When did the word stereotype originate?

The term stereotype was first coined by Lippmann in 1922 (as cited in Dovidio, Hewstone, Glick & Esses, 2010) in order to describe a social group’s perceived characteristics. Furthermore, according to Allport (1954, p. 191), a stereotype is an ‘an exaggerated belief associated with a category.

How do you address stereotypes in the classroom?

How to Recognize, Avoid, and Stop Stereotype Threat in Your Class this School Year

  1. Check YOUR bias at the door. …
  2. Create a welcoming environment free from bias in your discipline. …
  3. Be diverse in what you teach and read. …
  4. Honor multiple perspectives in your classroom. …
  5. Have courageous conversations.

What are some stereotypes about teachers?

Teachers are stereotyped as being incompetent and warm (Carlsson and Björklund, 2010). Specifically, they are presented as being poorly adjusted (Erskine and Andrew, 1951) and incapable of anything but teaching (Lieberman, 1956).

What is stereotyping in communication?

Stereotypes simply mean cognitive representations of another group that influence our feelings toward members of that. group.

How do you address stereotypes in the workplace?

Develop empathy for others. Try to walk in their shoes. Educate yourself about different cultures and groups. It is important to educate ourselves and continue to do self-assessments about our stereotypes and how they are potentially interfering with our interactions.

What are five things you can do to overcome stereotypes?

  • Examine why the stereotype exists.
  • Evaluate why the stereotype persists.
  • Encourage acceptance of differences.
  • Think outside the box.
  • Examine your own ideas.

What is a stereotyped character?

A STOCK or STEREOTYPED CHARACTER is one which relies heavily on cultural types or names for his or her personality, manner of speech, and other characteristics. In their most general form, stock characters are narrowly defined, often by one exaggerated trait.

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