What is the meaning of word collocation - Word и Excel - помощь в работе с программами

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

In corpus linguistics, a collocation is a series of words or terms that co-occur more often than would be expected by chance. In phraseology, a collocation is a type of compositional phraseme, meaning that it can be understood from the words that make it up. This contrasts with an idiom, where the meaning of the whole cannot be inferred from its parts, and may be completely unrelated.

An example of a phraseological collocation is the expression strong tea.^[1] While the same meaning could be conveyed by the roughly equivalent powerful tea, this adjective does not modify tea frequently enough for English speakers to become accustomed to its co-occurrence and regard it as idiomatic or unmarked. (By way of counterexample, powerful is idiomatically preferred to strong when modifying a computer or a car.)

There are about six main types of collocations: adjective + noun, noun + noun (such as collective nouns), verb + noun, adverb + adjective, verbs + prepositional phrase (phrasal verbs), and verb + adverb.

Collocation extraction is a computational technique that finds collocations in a document or corpus, using various computational linguistics elements resembling data mining.

Expanded definition[edit]

Collocations are partly or fully fixed expressions that become established through repeated context-dependent use. Such terms as crystal clear, middle management, nuclear family, and cosmetic surgery are examples of collocated pairs of words.

Collocations can be in a syntactic relation (such as verb–object: make and decision), lexical relation (such as antonymy), or they can be in no linguistically defined relation. Knowledge of collocations is vital for the competent use of a language: a grammatically correct sentence will stand out as awkward if collocational preferences are violated. This makes collocation an interesting area for language teaching.

Corpus linguists specify a key word in context (KWIC) and identify the words immediately surrounding them. This gives an idea of the way words are used.

The processing of collocations involves a number of parameters, the most important of which is the measure of association, which evaluates whether the co-occurrence is purely by chance or statistically significant. Due to the non-random nature of language, most collocations are classed as significant, and the association scores are simply used to rank the results. Commonly used measures of association include mutual information, t scores, and log-likelihood.^[2]^[3]

Rather than select a single definition, Gledhill^[4] proposes that collocation involves at least three different perspectives: co-occurrence, a statistical view, which sees collocation as the recurrent appearance in a text of a node and its collocates;^[5]^[6]^[7] construction, which sees collocation either as a correlation between a lexeme and a lexical-grammatical pattern,^[8] or as a relation between a base and its collocative partners;^[9] and expression, a pragmatic view of collocation as a conventional unit of expression, regardless of form.^[10]^[11] These different perspectives contrast with the usual way of presenting collocation in phraseological studies. Traditionally speaking, collocation is explained in terms of all three perspectives at once, in a continuum:

Free combination ↔ bound collocation ↔ frozen idiom

In dictionaries[edit]

In 1933, Harold Palmer’s Second Interim Report on English Collocations highlighted the importance of collocation as a key to producing natural-sounding language, for anyone learning a foreign language.^[12] Thus from the 1940s onwards, information about recurrent word combinations became a standard feature of monolingual learner’s dictionaries. As these dictionaries became «less word-centred and more phrase-centred»,^[13] more attention was paid to collocation. This trend was supported, from the beginning of the 21st century, by the availability of large text corpora and intelligent corpus-querying software, making it possible to provide a more systematic account of collocation in dictionaries. Using these tools, dictionaries such as the Macmillan English Dictionary and the Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English included boxes or panels with lists of frequent collocations.^[14]

There are also a number of specialized dictionaries devoted to describing the frequent collocations in a language.^[15] These include (for Spanish) Redes: Diccionario combinatorio del español contemporaneo (2004), (for French) Le Robert: Dictionnaire des combinaisons de mots (2007), and (for English) the LTP Dictionary of Selected Collocations (1997) and the Macmillan Collocations Dictionary (2010).^[16]

Statistically significant collocation[edit]

Student’s t-test can be used to determine whether the occurrence of a collocation in a corpus is statistically significant.^[17] For a bigram ${displaystyle w_{1}w_{2}}$ , let ${displaystyle P(w_{1})={frac {#w_{1}}{N}}}$ be the unconditional probability of occurrence of $w_{1}$ in a corpus with size , and let ${displaystyle P(w_{2})={frac {#w_{2}}{N}}}$ be the unconditional probability of occurrence of $w_{2}$ in the corpus. The t-score for the bigram ${displaystyle w_{1}w_{2}}$ is calculated as:

${displaystyle t={frac {{bar {x}}-mu }{sqrt {frac {s^{2}}{N}}}},}$

where ${displaystyle {bar {x}}={frac {#w_{i}w_{j}}{N}}}$ is the sample mean of the occurrence of ${displaystyle w_{1}w_{2}}$ , ${displaystyle #w_{1}w_{2}}$ is the number of occurrences of ${displaystyle w_{1}w_{2}}$ , ${displaystyle mu =P(w_{i})P(w_{j})}$ is the probability of ${displaystyle w_{1}w_{2}}$ under the null-hypothesis that $w_{1}$ and $w_{2}$ appear independently in the text, and ${displaystyle s^{2}={bar {x}}(1-{bar {x}})approx {bar {x}}}$ is the sample variance. With a large , the t-test is equivalent to a Z-test.

References[edit]

^ Halliday, M.A.K., ‘Lexis as a Linguistic Level’, Journal of Linguistics 2(1) 1966: 57–67
^ Dunning, Ted (1993): «Accurate methods for the statistics of surprise and coincidence». Computational Linguistics 19, 1 (Mar. 1993), 61–74.
^ Dunning, Ted (2008-03-21). «Surprise and Coincidence». blogspot.com. Retrieved 2012-04-09.
^ Gledhill C. (2000): Collocations in Science Writing, Narr, Tübingen
^ Firth J.R. (1957): Papers in Linguistics 1934–1951. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
^ Sinclair J. (1996): «The Search for Units of Meaning», in Textus, IX, 75–106.
^ Smadja F. A & McKeown, K. R. (1990): «Automatically extracting and representing collocations for language generation», Proceedings of ACL’90, 252–259, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
^ Hunston S. & Francis G. (2000): Pattern Grammar — A Corpus-Driven Approach to the Lexical Grammar of English, Amsterdam, John Benjamins
^ Hausmann F. J. (1989): Le dictionnaire de collocations. In Hausmann F.J., Reichmann O., Wiegand H.E., Zgusta L.(eds), Wörterbücher : ein internationales Handbuch zur Lexikographie. Dictionaries. Dictionnaires. Berlin/New-York : De Gruyter. 1010–1019.
^
Moon R. (1998): Fixed Expressions and Idioms, a Corpus-Based Approach. Oxford, Oxford University Press.
^ Frath P. & Gledhill C. (2005): «Free-Range Clusters or Frozen Chunks? Reference as a Defining Criterion for Linguistic Units^{[dead link]},» in Recherches anglaises et Nord-américaines, vol. 38 :25–43
^ Cowie, A.P., English Dictionaries for Foreign Learners, Oxford University Press 1999:54–56
^ Bejoint, H., The Lexicography of English, Oxford University Press 2010: 318
^ «MED Second Edition – Key features – Macmillan». macmillandictionaries.com. Archived from the original on 2020-09-28. Retrieved 2011-08-24.
^ Herbst, T. and Klotz, M. ‘Syntagmatic and Phraseological Dictionaries’ in Cowie, A.P. (Ed.) The Oxford History of English Lexicography, 2009: part 2, 234–243
^ «Macmillan Collocation Dictionary – How it was written — Macmillan». macmillandictionaries.com. Archived from the original on 2018-12-21. Retrieved 2011-08-24.
^ Manning, Chris; Schütze, Hinrich (1999). Foundations of Statistical Natural Language Processing. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. pp. 163–166. ISBN 0262133601.

External links[edit]

Look up collocation in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Ozdic Collocation Dictionary
A Small System Storing Spanish Collocations (Igor A. Bolshakov & Sabino Miranda-Jiménez)
Morphological characterization of collocations and semantic relationships in Spanish (Sabino Miranda-Jiménez & Igor A. Bolshakov)
Example of collocations for the word «Surgery»

Источник

Collocation refers to a group of two or more words that usually go together. A good way to think of collocation is to look at the word collocation. Co — meaning together — location — meaning place. Collocations are words that are located together. A good answer to «What is collocation?» is: Collocation is a group of two or more words that like to hang out together. Here are some examples of common collocations that you might know:

make tea — I made a cup of tea for lunch.
do homework — I did all of my homework yesterday.

Even though it possible to use other word combinations, understanding collocations help English learners improve their fluency because they are words that usually go together.

Make and Do

I begin with ‘make’ and ‘do’ because they provide perfect examples of why collocation is so important. Generally, ‘make’ refers to things that are made that weren’t there before. ‘Do’ refers to actions that we take or do such as chores.

Collocations with ‘Make’

make a cup of coffee / tea
make noise
make the bed
make a business deal
make a fuss
make sense
make time for someone

Collocations with Do

do the laundry
do the errands
do business with someone
do a chore
do the shopping

Make and Do are perfect examples of verbs that go together with specific nouns. A verb + noun combination that always go together are considered collocations.

Why Do Words Collocate?

There is often no reason for a collocation. People just put certain words together more often than they put other words together. In fact, the use of collocations has become popular in English and language teaching because of corpus linguistics. Corpus linguistics study huge volumes of data of spoken and written English to come up with statistics on how often people use certain words and word combinations. Through this study, corpus linguistics has been able to define what are strong and weak collocations.

Collocations are used especially often in business English and there are dictionaries such as the Oxford Dictionary of Collocations that can help you learn these common collocations.

Strong Collocations

Strong collocations refer to words that almost always go together. It’s possible that people might understand you if you don’t use a strong collocation. However, if you do not use a strong collocation it will sound funny to native speakers. Let’s return to our example of ‘make’ and ‘do’. If you say:

I did a cup of coffee.

native speakers will understand that you mean:

I made a cup of coffee.

Correct use of strong collocations shows an excellent command of the English language, and can certainly help impress native speakers’ of your ability to speak English well. Of course, if you are speaking to other non-native speakers the ability to use collocations correctly all the time becomes less important. That doesn’t mean that correct collocation use is not important, it’s just not AS important as something like correct tense. Imagine for a moment that you are speaking about a future meeting:

Our meeting was on Friday at four o’clock.
I’ve done an appointment at four o’clock for the meeting room on Friday.

In both of these sentences, there are mistakes. However, in the first sentence instead of using a future tense, the past tense is used. If you want your colleagues to come to the meeting, this mistake is very serious and will lead to no one coming to the meeting.

In the second sentence ‘do an appointment’ is a misuse of a strong collocation. However, the meaning is clear: You have scheduled a room at four o’clock. In this case, a mistake in collocations is not nearly as important as a mistake in tense usage.

Here are examples of strong collocations that you might not be familiar with:

high earnings (not big earnings)
long-range planning (not long-time planning)
urban guerrilla (not city guerrilla)

More Information

Why are Collocations Important?

There is an entire world of collocations to explore. Learning collocations is important because you begin to learn words in larger groups or ‘chunks’ of language. Putting together these chunks of language leads to more fluent English.

More information on other word groups in English

Источник

Collocations are important pieces of linguistic detail when it comes to learning a new language. This article vows to dive deep into the realm of collocation starting from the very definition. Take a look at the types, examples and advantages of knowing collocations. Why do certain words collocate and why should anybody care which words they pair with? These usual questions are carefully tackled with proper examples and explanations within this article.

What is Collocation?

Collocation indicates two or more words and word clusters that tend to pop up side by side more often than it could be considered coincidental. The word, “Collocation” is made out of the prefix, “Co-” which means together, and the word, “Location” that indicates spatial position. Collocation means that the words or phrases in contention are almost always seen beside one another. When they come, they come in pairs.

There is an inherent tendency to use familiar sets of words in clusters among speakers of any language. Idioms and quotations are bigger examples of that. The words or phrases collocated beside each other have often been used exactly like that for over a number of years. It is not that changing the sequence of the words would render them unfathomable but it is just that they have been always popping up beside each other for ages. It may be a measure of one’s authority over the English language since knowing a language is about knowing how the natives use the words in the language and they know the secret code of collocation.

Why do Words Collocate?

It must be a valid question invading your head why any set of words come up together more often than others. To be perfectly honest, there is hardly any particular reason why they collocate; rather native English speakers happen to pair them up more frequently than they do other words. Corpus Linguistics is the branch of linguistics that studies a grand number of data with regards to how English speakers use the language and what words they use and how often they combine sets of words while speaking or writing. Corpus Linguistics has enabled us to determine the strong and weak collocations.

Types of Collocations

The two major types of collocations would be based on the strength of the pairs’ bond. These collocations are —

Strong Collocations

Strong collocations refer to the fact that the collocated words almost always pop up together. The strength of the words signifies how closely bound they are when it comes to being used in speech and on paper. The perk of the strong collocations is if someone replaces a portion of the pair mistakenly, chances are that native speakers will still know what they mean and the correct collocation for that. At best, the missed out opportunity to use the strong collocation will spur a nice bit of smirk on the faces of the native English speakers you are dealing with. On the other hand, it will make very little difference whether you use the collocations on-point or not while collaborating with the non-native speakers.

For example, if somebody asks to “start a light” instead of “turn the light on,” it would sound very out of place as the listeners take a few moments to determine what message is actually meant to convey but the right collocation would most certainly pop up in their head soon. That is the strength of the collocation that had continuously been used by millions for a good number of years.

Weak Collocations

In case of the weak collocations, at least one word should be easily alterable since the bond is weaker than that of strong collocations. That means the same set of words tend to be able to collocate with a few different combinations of words. Choosing weak collocations over the strong can be a good trick for the English learners since that opens up the possibility of being right and understandable most of the time. But knowing the weak collocations and being able to use them on spot would always give you some points.

For example, “in broad agreement” and “in broad daylight” would be good examples of how weak collocations work. You cannot tell what must come after “in broad…” unlike what happens in case of strong collocations.

Grammatical Collocations

There are a few more types of collocations in the English language based on their grammatical structure. A few of them are explained and exemplified below —

Verb Collocations

The verb + noun collocations are by far the most common ones in the English language. And these are used non-stop in everyday situations. Below are some of the examples of verb collocations —

Burst into tears (crying)- She often bursts into tears.
Lose temper (getting angry)- Let’s not lose our temper.
Run the risk (risking)- Liars always run the risk of getting caught.
Take a break (relaxing)- You can take a break.
Break record (doing something better than the rest)- They broke all records.
Give a lift (sharing one’s ride)- I decided to give my teacher a lift to school.
Raise taxes (increasing tax rates)- The government has raised taxes on packaged food.
Meet expectations (doing as good as anticipated)- The performance didn’t meet the expectations of the fans.
Got divorced (breaking up a marriage) — They got divorced.
Keep promise (doing as promised)- Sadly, I couldn’t keep my promise of being punctual.
Caught a glimpse (seeing something very briefly)- Sharon caught a glimpse of her father.

Adjective Collocations

Adjective collocations are usually very simple since they are composed of one adjective that modifies the noun that comes after in the combination. Below are some of the examples to explain the category better —

Deep pocket (rich)- We need deep pockets to establish this business.
Deep sleep (hard to wake up)- He is in dire need of some deep sleep.
Heavy drinker (who drinks a lot)- Being a heavy drinker takes a toll on the kidneys.
High quality (great in quality)- This is high-quality
Strong feeling (positive feeling)- I have a strong feeling about this.
Strong opinion (hard to change opinions)- Strong opinions are not bulletproof.

Business Collocations

Collocations can be such an inadmissible part of formal collaboration. In specialized settings, collocation is the part and parcel of the daily register of the space concerned. When taken out of their conjoint placement side by side, only misunderstandings prevail. Listed below are some examples of business collocations —

Open an account (start a collaboration)- Are you here to open an account?
Join forces (teaming up)- Let’s join forces with the marketing team.
Chair a meeting (presiding over a meeting)- John would chair a meeting
Attract investors (prompting investors to invest)- We’ll have to strategize well to attract hefty investors.
Counterfeit money (printing fake money)- Counterfeiting money is a punishable offense.
Close a deal (sign an agreement)- Let’s close this deal right away.

Emphatic Expressions

Placing intensifiers before verbs express acute emotions. There are “intensifier + verb” expressions that have been used collocated for ages and changing the intensifiers knowingly or unknowingly would not have similar intensity or effect.

Honestly believe (having faith)- I honestly believe your son would grow up to be a gentleman.
Positively encourage (cheering up)- The company positively encourages punctuality and sincerity.
Readily endorse (ready to stand up for)- We will readily endorse peace at all times.
Sincerely hope (strong expectation)- She sincerely hopes to get selected.
Strongly recommend (big push)- I strongly recommend choosing this neighborhood.
Totally reject (dismiss)- The client totally rejected our innovative take on the project.
Utterly refuse (sincere denial)- I utterly refuse to fall for this trap.

Why Learn Collocations?

Learning collocations in any language would give you an opportunity to use the language in a similar manner as the native speakers do. It proves as a marker of how well you speak or practice a certain language. Using the collocations when necessary and with the utmost expertise would allow you into the fluent English speakers’ club. Since the learners of the English language wish to speak the language as fluent as the native speakers, they make an effort to internalize the word combinations and strong collocations. Though the native English speakers may naturally adopt them, the learners of the language must learn them one by one.

How to Learn and Practice Collocations?

Many educators may choose to put together long lists of collocations for their students so that they can teach them in bunches while keeping track of what they are learning and how. But the foolproof option to learn and practice collocation can be collocation dictionaries available in the market. Collocations dictionaries are not the same as ordinary dictionaries. When ordinary dictionaries focus on providing accurate explanations to the words or terms listed, collocation dictionaries take the responsibility to provide the set of commonly used collocations that go with the keywords to make a great range of collocations. These collocation dictionaries can be the language learners’ best friends.

The collocations are often internalized simultaneously but a little effort can make the words stick at least two times longer. People may downplay the importance of learning and practicing collocations but it is monumentally important to take English language learning to the next level. Knowing about collocations and their importance should do a world of good to your language learning endeavors.

Источник

Вам знаком термин collocation (коллокация) в английском? Collocations — устойчивые словосочетания в английском языке. В этой статье мы расскажем, какие бывают коллокации, зачем их нужно учить и какими ресурсами при этом пользоваться.

Что такое collocations в английском языке и зачем их учить

Collocations или коллокации — это грамматически и лексически правильные словосочетания. Причем такие выражения есть во всех языках. Например, русский язык: пирожок лежит на столе, но кувшин стоит на столе, зато мы можем принять душ и в то же время принять лекарство и т. д. В английском языке словосочетания «работают» так же: мы говорим high temperature (высокая температура), а не tall temperature; take a photo (сфотографировать), а не make/do a photo; tell the truth, а не say/speak the truth.

Мы должны учить collocations, чтобы:

Говорить естественно
Вы учитесь говорить правильно и естественно, изучая устойчивые словосочетания в английском. Так, например, словосочетания do a mistake (делать ошибку) и make exercises (делать упражнения) грамматически правильные, однако для носителей языка они будут звучать неестественно, ведь нужно говорить make a mistake и do exercises.
Легче запоминать слова
Учить слова в отрыве от контекста сложнее, чем в устойчивых словосочетаниях. Наш мозг гораздо быстрее запоминает связанные блоки информации, а не разрозненные отрывочные знания. К тому же, когда вы учите отдельные слова, вы не знаете, как их в итоге использовать. То есть вы получаете набор материала, из которого непросто бывает собрать устойчивую конструкцию. Заучивая collocations, вы получаете шаблоны, по сути, целые отрывки предложений, из которых легче построить фразу.
Точнее выражать свои мысли и быть понятым
Знание устойчивых выражений позволит вам лучше выражать свои мысли на английском языке и при этом быть понятым собеседником. Так, носителю языка будет понятно, что кто-то нарушает закон, если вы скажете break the law, а не destroy the law. В некоторых случаях употребление несочетающихся друг с другом слов может привести к непониманию между собеседниками.

Какими бывают коллокации в английском языке

В английском есть несколько видов collocations. Знать их нужно для того, чтобы при изучении новых слов понимать, на что нужно обращать внимание: с какими частями речи могут быть сочетания с этими словами. Выделяют следующие основные типы collocations:

Наречие + прилагательное (adverb + adjective)

Оба слова в коллокации характеризуют предмет.

Примеры словосочетаний: utterly stupid — крайне глупый, easily available — легкодоступный, bitterly cold — ужасно холодный, сильный мороз. А еще много сочетаний наречий и прилагательных мы собрали в статье «Intensifying adverbs, или Особенности употребления усилительных наречий в английском языке».

Прилагательное + существительное (adjective + noun)

Это сочетание используется, чтобы назвать предмет (существительное) и дать ему характеристику (прилагательное).

Примеры словосочетаний: a powerful engine — мощный двигатель, strong smell — сильный запах, a heavy smoker — заядлый курильщик.

Существительное + существительное (noun + noun)

Такие словосочетания часто употребляются с предлогом of, но бывают и без предлогов. В коллокациях типа «существительное + существительное» важно запомнить порядок слов и не менять их местами.

Примеры словосочетаний: a bar of soap — брусок мыла, round of applause — аплодисменты, взрыв аплодисментов, river bank — берег реки.

Глагол + существительное (verb + noun)

Пожалуй, самые важные collocations в английском языке — сочетание глагола и существительного. Они выражают действие и называют предмет, над которым это действие производится. Глагол — одна из самых важных частей речи, поэтому от правильного его выбора зависит, поймет ли вас собеседник.

Примеры словосочетаний: to receive education — получить образование, to commit a crime — совершить преступление, to drive a bargain — заключить сделку.

Глагол + выражение с предлогом (verb + expression with preposition)

На эти выражения тоже следует обратить особое внимание: они аналогичны предыдущим. Только между глаголом и существительным будет предлог (не всегда логичный для русскоговорящих).

Примеры словосочетаний: to burst into tears — разрыдаться, to drive anybody to crime — довести кого-то до преступления, to fill with joy — наполниться радостью.

Существительное + глагол (noun + verb)

Эта группа отличается от предыдущих двух порядком слов: сначала идет существительное, потом глагол. Словосочетания называют предмет (существительное) и указывают, какое действие он выполняет (глагол). Менять части речи местами нельзя, так как в этом случае полностью теряется смысл предложения.

Примеры словосочетаний: a plane takes off — самолет взлетает, a dog barks — собака лает, priсes fall— цены падают.

Глагол + наречие (verb + adverb) и наречие + глагол (adverb + verb)

Эта группа слов называет действие (глагол) и описывает его (наречие).

Примеры словосочетаний: to rain heavily — сильно льет (дождь), to place gently — аккуратно положить, distinctly remember — отчетливо помнить, flatly refuse — категорически отказаться.

Как учить collocations в английском языке

Если мы вспомним, что в английском языке более 500 тысяч слов, и посчитаем, сколько с ними может быть словосочетаний, получится огромная цифра. К счастью, для общения на английском языке вам не нужно знать абсолютно все слова и коллокации с ними. К тому же даже слона можно съесть по кусочкам, а английский и подавно поддастся вам, если разбить изучение collocations на небольшие удобоваримые порции. Мы предлагаем несколько приемов, которые облегчат вашу работу по изучению collocations.

1. Использовать словарь устойчивых английских словосочетаний

Чтобы узнать, с какими словами «сотрудничает» слово, посмотрите в специальный словарь, например, на сайте englishcollocation.com. Ресурс хорош тем, что указаны не просто словосочетания, а примеры предложений с ними. При этом все коллокации разбиты на группы по частям речи, употребляемым с указанным вами словом.

Оксфордский онлайн-словарь коллокаций английского языка — еще один надежный источник информации. Тут также приведены разные части речи, которые могут употребляться с введенным вами словом, а также указаны примеры употребления.

Можно также использовать сайт prowritingaid.com. Введите слово, с которым хотите получить collocations. В открывшемся окне вы увидите список слов, с которыми оно сочетается, разбитых на группы по принадлежности к частям речи.

Еще один проверенный ресурс englishclub.com. Здесь собраны словосочетания в алфавитном порядке. Это не так удобно, как на предыдущих сайтах, но все равно пригодится для обучения. Настоятельно рекомендуем заглянуть и на другую страницу этого сайта, где вы найдете наиболее часто употребляемые collocations. Этот список лучше выучить наизусть, словосочетания пригодятся вам для повседневного общения.

Если вы собираетесь использовать английский в научных целях, вам пригодится Academic Collocation List, который можно совершенно бесплатно скачать по указанной ссылке. А если вам нужны коллокации для повседневного общения, возьмите на вооружение этот список.

2. Учить коллокации при изучении новых слов

Запомнить любое слово будет легче, если вы будете учить его в сочетании с другими словами. При изучении новой лексики загляните на указанные выше сервисы и выпишите себе несколько словосочетаний.

3. Слушать материалы на английском языке

Чем больше аудиоматериалов вы слушаете, тем больше полезных collocations будете запоминать. Вспомните, ведь словосочетание fast food мы слышим настолько часто, что никому в голову не придет сказать quick food. Вы можете слушать аудиоматериалы на одном из 6 сайтов с подкастами на английском языке или смотреть видео на одном из ресурсов из нашей подборки сайтов с видеоматериалами.

4. Читать материалы на английском

Текст на английском — лучший источник коллокаций. При чтении текста срабатывает зрительная память, а именно она лучше всего развита у многих людей. Вы видите словосочетания в «естественной среде обитания», поэтому они будут легко запоминаться. Наш совет: даже если вы читаете для удовольствия, а не для обучения, старайтесь иногда делать паузы, обращать внимание на то, как используются слова.

5. Составлять интеллект-карты

Проще всего будет учить collocations, взаимосвязанные между собой. Вы можете сгруппировать слова по теме или по слову, которое используется в словосочетаниях. Так, например, можно составить список коллокаций со словом take и нарисовать mind-map от руки, пока вы будете это делать, словосочетания будут запоминаться.

6. Учить словосочетания, как слова

Вы можете воспользоваться одним из 15 предложенных нами приемов изучения английских слов для изучения collocations. Выберите наиболее удобный для вас, и дерзайте!

7. Выполнять тесты

Тесты покажут, насколько хорошо вы знаете коллокации. Например, можно воспользоваться следующим ресурсом better-english.com. На нем приведен небольшой сборник тестов на collocations. Кроме того, почти на каждом обучающем ресурсе найдется парочка тестов на эту тему, поэтому можно просто ввести в поисковик запрос «collocations quiz» и воспользоваться результатами поиска.

Как вы успели убедиться из нашей статьи, изучать collocations или устойчивые словосочетания в английском языке очень полезно и несложно. Пользуйтесь предложенными нами приемами и ресурсами регулярно, и у вас не возникнет никаких проблем с изучением коллокаций. Если же вы хотите изучать язык под руководством опытного наставника, приглашаем учить английский язык по Скайпу в нашей школе.

Источник

Asked by: Louvenia Gleichner

Score: 4.1/5
(73 votes)

In corpus linguistics, a collocation is a series of words or terms that co-occur more often than would be expected by chance. In phraseology, a collocation is a type of compositional phraseme, meaning that it can be understood from the words that make it up.

What is collocation and examples?

The definition of collocation refers to a group of words that often go together or that are likely to occur together. Two words that often go together, such as light sleeper or early riser are an example of collocation.

What are the 7 types of collocation?

Below you can see seven main types of collocation in sample sentences.

adverb + adjective. Invading that country was an utterly stupid thing to do.
adjective + noun. The doctor ordered him to take regular exercise.
noun + noun. …
noun + verb. …
verb + noun. …
verb + expression with preposition. …
verb + adverb.

What collocated meaning?

transitive verb. : to set or arrange in a place or position especially : to set side by side.

Why is collocation used?

Why are collocations important? Collocations are important because they make your language sound natural. If you master collocations, your English will be more idiomatic, that is, more similar to the way it is spoken by native speakers.

18 related questions found

What is a collocation in English grammar?

In the English language, collocation refers to a natural combination of words that are closely affiliated with each other. … Collocations make it easier to avoid overused or ambiguous words like «very», «nice», or «beautiful», by using a pair of words that fit the context better and that have a more precise meaning.

What is unfixed collocation?

A collocation may be relatively unfixed: that is, it is not the fixedness of the word-order which identifies it, but the association between concepts.

What are the six 6 types of collocations?

There are about six main types of collocations: adjective + noun, noun + noun (such as collective nouns), verb + noun, adverb + adjective, verbs + prepositional phrase (phrasal verbs), and verb + adverb.

Is heavy drinker a collocation?

Online OXFORD Collocation Dictionary

ADJ. habitual, hard, heavy This liver condition is common in heavy drinkers.

Is strong coffee a collocation?

A collocation is a sequence of words (word pairings or word groupings) that appear frequently together. In the example sentence, «I would like a cup of strong coffee,» strong coffee is a collocation. Although powerful is a synonym of strong, it would not make much sense to use powerful in the place of strong.

What is strong collocation?

Strong collocations are those with words that don’t match to many other words. The connection is quite strong because there are very few other acceptable options to say the same thing. For example, the expression “turn on a light” is a strong collocation. … They include words that have many other options.

Do collocations examples?

Common English Collocations with DO

do the housework. After I got home from the office, I was too tired to do the housework.
do the laundry. I really need to do the laundry – I don’t have any clean clothes left!
do the dishes. I’ll make dinner if you do the dishes afterwards. …
do the shopping.

What are collocations words?

A collocation is a group of two or more words that are almost always put together to create a specific meaning. Using a different combination of words sounds unnatural or awkward. Some common collocations are: to make a mistake, but not to do a mistake.

What are compound words examples?

Compound words are formed when two or more words are joined together to create a new word that has an entirely new meaning. Click here for Compound Words Games, Videos, Quizzes, Worksheets and Lessons. For example, “sun” and “flower” are two different words, but when fused together, they form another word, Sunflower.

What are the two types of collocation?

Collocations fall into two major groups: grammatical collocations and lexical collocations.

Who coined the term collocation?

The term collocation was first introduced by Firth, who considered that meaning by collocation is lexical meaning «at the syntagmatic level» (Firth 1957:196).

What are two words that go together?

portmanteau word, also called blend, a word that results from blending two or more words, or parts of words, such that the portmanteau word expresses some combination of the meaning of its parts.

What is social in semantics?

Social meaning is the meaning which an expression conveys about the contexts or social circumstances of its use. It chiefly includes stylistic meaning of an utterance. It is the formality of the expression.

What is lexical collocation?

Lexical collocations are items where two lexical words regularly and naturally occur together. Bahns (ELTJ 47/1 1993) stated that although some lexical collocations are quite direct and obvious in their meaning, others are not.

What is collocation in semantics?

If one word collocates with another, they often occur together. Most generally, the term collocation denotes a meaningful word combination that often (regularly or frequently or typically) occurs in natural language. Semantic collocations, in addition, form semantic units.

Is thank you a collocation?

thank you | collocation examples, Usage and Definition | collocation dictionary.

What is a weak collocation?

Weak collocations are where a word can collocate with many other words. The word “wish”, for instance, is a strong collocation as there are very few words that collocate with it. In contrast, the word “big” is a weak collocation as it can be linked to hundred of other words.

What is a collocation and why it is important to learn?

Collocations reveal restrictions on which words can go together and which words do not. Collocations are not like grammar rules; they depend on probability rather than being absolute and fixed. They are examples of how languages normally or typically put words together. … Every language has thousands of collocations.

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Expanded definition[edit]

In dictionaries[edit]

Statistically significant collocation[edit]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

External links[edit]

Make and Do

Strong Collocations

More Information

What is Collocation?

Why do Words Collocate?

Types of Collocations

Strong Collocations

Weak Collocations

Grammatical Collocations

Verb Collocations

Adjective Collocations

Business Collocations

Emphatic Expressions

Why Learn Collocations?

How to Learn and Practice Collocations?

Что такое collocations в английском языке и зачем их учить

Какими бывают коллокации в английском языке

Как учить collocations в английском языке

1. Использовать словарь устойчивых английских словосочетаний

2. Учить коллокации при изучении новых слов

3. Слушать материалы на английском языке

4. Читать материалы на английском

5. Составлять интеллект-карты

6. Учить словосочетания, как слова

7. Выполнять тесты

What is collocation and examples?

What are the 7 types of collocation?

What collocated meaning?

Why is collocation used?

What is a collocation in English grammar?

What is unfixed collocation?

What are the six 6 types of collocations?

Is heavy drinker a collocation?

Is strong coffee a collocation?

What is strong collocation?

Do collocations examples?

What are collocations words?

What are compound words examples?

What are the two types of collocation?

Who coined the term collocation?

What are two words that go together?

What is social in semantics?

What is lexical collocation?

What is collocation in semantics?

Is thank you a collocation?

What is a weak collocation?

What is a collocation and why it is important to learn?