What is the meaning of the word australia

The name “Australia” derives from the Latin “Terra Australis” – meaning “South Land”. But Australia hasn’t always gone by its current name.

Australia hasn’t always had the name Australia. For tens of thousands of years, it was called hundreds of different names by the Indigenous people who lived there. But Australia is derived from the Latin “Terra Australis”, which means South Land.

What does Australia mean? Early names of Australia

New names came with new explorers, however. And in the 17th century Dutch ships started travelling up and down the west coast. The Dutch navigators called the continent “New Holland”, but didn’t show any real interest in exploring it.

Much later on, the British did see some value, however. Lieutenant James Cook arrived on his scouting mission in 1770. He called the eastern half of the continent ‘New South Wales’. And then he claimed it as the property of the British crown.

It was still called New South Wales when the First Fleet of settlers arrived at Sydney Cove in 1788.

Sydney Cove in what is now known as Australia

Sydney Cove was where the First Fleet settled in 1788, before the name Australia was used. Photo by David Whitley/ Australia Travel Questions

What does Australia mean? Terra Australis Incognita

For centuries, though, European scientists and geographers believed in an unknown continent. It must be somewhere in the vast, uncharted southern hemisphere. The theoretical entity was referred to under the Latin term Terra Australis Incognita, meaning Unknown South Land.

Matthew Flinders and the name Australia

This was riffed on by Matthew Flinders, who, in 1803, became the first person to circumnavigate Australia. This included a fateful meeting with Frenchman Nicolas Baudin in Encounter Bay. A year later, Matthew Flinders referred to the continent as Australia on a hand-drawn map. He’s the first known person to do so, and a copy of that map can be found in the National Library of Australia in Canberra.

The book containing the map wasn’t published until 1814, and even then Terra Australis was still the preferred name. But over in Sydney, Governor of New South Wales Lachlan Macquarie received a copy of the book in 1817, and started using the name “Australia” in his official correspondence. Over time, the preferences shifted. By the 1830s, Australia was commonly called Australia. This was even though references were usually made to the individual colonies (later states) rather than the continent as a whole.

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Источник

Not to be confused with Austria.

Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous smaller islands.[13] Australia is the largest country by area in Oceania and the world’s sixth-largest country. Australia is the oldest,[14] flattest,[15] and driest inhabited continent,[16][17] with the least fertile soils.[18][19] It is a megadiverse country, and its size gives it a wide variety of landscapes and climates, with deserts in the centre, tropical rainforests in the north-east, tropical savannas in the north, and mountain ranges in the south-east.

Commonwealth of Australia

A blue field with the Union Flag in the upper hoist quarter, a large white seven-pointed star in the lower hoist quarter, and constellation of five white stars in the fly – one small five-pointed star and four, larger, seven-pointed stars.

Flag

Coat of arms of Australia

Coat of arms
Anthem: Advance Australia Fair[N 1]
A map of the eastern hemisphere centred on Australia, using an orthographic projection.

Commonwealth of Australia, including the Australian territorial claim in the Antarctic
Capital Canberra
35°18′29″S 149°07′28″E / 35.30806°S 149.12444°E
Largest city Sydney
Official languages None at the federal level
National language English[N 2]
Religion

(2021)[3]
  • 43.9% Christianity
  • 38.9% no religion
  • 3.2% Islam
  • 2.7% Hinduism
  • 2.4% Buddhism
  • 1.7% other
  • 7.2% unanswered
Demonym(s)
  • Australian
    Aussie (colloquial)[4][5]
Government Federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy

• Monarch

Charles III

• Governor-General

David Hurley

• Prime Minister

Anthony Albanese
Legislature Parliament

• Upper house

 Senate

• Lower house

 House of Representatives
Independence 

from the United Kingdom

• Federation and Constitution

1 January 1901

• Statute of Westminster Adoption Act

9 October 1942 (with effect
from 3 September 1939)

• Australia Act

3 March 1986
Area

• Total

 7,692,024 km2 (2,969,907 sq mi) (6th)

• Water (%)

 1.79 (2015)[6]
Population

• 2023 estimate

 Neutral increase 26,081,400[7] (53rd)

• 2021 census

 25,890,773[8]

• Density

 3.4/km2 (8.8/sq mi) (192nd)
GDP (PPP) 2023 estimate

• Total

 Increase $1.718 trillion[9] (20th)

• Per capita

 Increase $65,366[9] (22nd)
GDP (nominal) 2023 estimate

• Total

 Increase $1.708 trillion[9] (13th)

• Per capita

 Decrease $64,964[9] (10th)
Gini (2018) Positive decrease 32.5[10]
medium
HDI (2021) Increase 0.951[11]
very high · 5th
Currency Australian dollar ($) (AUD)
Time zone UTC+8; +9.5; +10 (Various[N 3])

• Summer (DST)

 UTC+8; +9.5; +10;
+10.5; +11 (Various[N 3])
Date format dd/mm/yyyy
yyyy—mm—dd[12]
Driving side left
Calling code +61
ISO 3166 code AU
Internet TLD .au

The ancestors of Aboriginal Australians began arriving from south-east Asia approximately 65,000 years ago, during the last ice age.[20][21] Arriving by sea, they settled the continent and had formed approximately 250 distinct language groups by the time of European settlement, maintaining some of the longest known continuing artistic and religious traditions in the world.[20] Australia’s written history commenced with the European maritime exploration of Australia. The Dutch navigator Willem Janszoon was the first known European to reach Australia, in 1606. In 1770, the British explorer James Cook mapped and claimed the east coast of Australia for Great Britain, and the First Fleet of British ships arrived at Sydney in 1788 to establish the penal colony of New South Wales. The European population grew in subsequent decades, and by the end of the 1850s gold rush, most of the continent had been explored by European settlers and an additional five self-governing British colonies established. Democratic parliaments were gradually established through the 19th century, culminating with a vote for the federation of the six colonies and foundation of the Commonwealth of Australia on 1 January 1901.[22] This began a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom, highlighted by the Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1942, and culminating in the Australia Act 1986.[22]

Australia is a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy, comprising six states and ten territories. Australia’s population of nearly 26 million[7] is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard.[23] Canberra is the nation’s capital, while its most populous city and financial centre is Sydney. The next four largest cities are Melbourne, Brisbane, Perth, and Adelaide. It is ethnically diverse and multicultural, the product of large-scale immigration, with almost half of the population having one parent born overseas.[24] Australia’s abundant natural resources and well-developed international trade relations are crucial to the country’s economy, which generates its income from various sources including services, mining exports, banking, manufacturing, agriculture and international education.[25][26][27] Australia ranks amongst the highest in the world for quality of life, health, education, economic freedom, civil liberties and political rights.[28]

Australia has a highly developed market economy and one of the highest per capita incomes globally.[29][30] Australia is a regional power, and has the world’s thirteenth-highest military expenditure.[31] It is a member of international groupings including the United Nations; the G20; the OECD; the World Trade Organization; Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation; the Pacific Islands Forum; the Pacific Community the Commonwealth of Nations; and the defence/security organisations ANZUS, AUKUS, the Five Eyes and the Quadrilateral Security Dialogue. It is a major non-NATO ally of the United States.[32]

Etymology

The name Australia (pronounced in Australian English[33]) is derived from the Latin Terra Australis («southern land»), a name used for a hypothetical continent in the Southern Hemisphere since ancient times.[34] Several sixteenth century cartographers used the word Australia on maps, but not to identify modern Australia.[35] When Europeans began visiting and mapping Australia in the 17th century, the name Terra Australis was naturally applied to the new territories.[N 4]

Until the early 19th century, Australia was best known as New Holland, a name first applied by the Dutch explorer Abel Tasman in 1644 (as Nieuw-Holland) and subsequently anglicised. Terra Australis still saw occasional usage, such as in scientific texts.[N 5] The name Australia was popularised by the explorer Matthew Flinders, who said it was «more agreeable to the ear, and an assimilation to the names of the other great portions of the Earth».[41] The first time that Australia appears to have been officially used was in April 1817, when Governor Lachlan Macquarie acknowledged the receipt of Flinders’ charts of Australia from Lord Bathurst.[42] In December 1817, Macquarie recommended to the Colonial Office that it be formally adopted.[43] In 1824, the Admiralty agreed that the continent should be known officially by that name.[44] The first official published use of the new name came with the publication in 1830 of The Australia Directory by the Hydrographic Office.[45]

Colloquial names for Australia include «Oz» and «the Land Down Under» (usually shortened to just «Down Under»). Other epithets include «the Great Southern Land», «the Lucky Country», «the Sunburnt Country», and «the Wide Brown Land». The latter two both derive from Dorothea Mackellar’s 1908 poem «My Country».[46]

History

Indigenous peoples

Indigenous Australians comprise two groups: the Aboriginal peoples of the Australian mainland (and surrounding islands including Tasmania), and the Torres Strait Islanders, who are a distinct Melanesian people. Human habitation of the Australian continent is estimated to have begun 50,000 to 65,000 years ago,[21][47][48][49] with the migration of people by land bridges and short sea crossings from what is now Southeast Asia.[50] It is uncertain how many waves of immigration may have contributed to these ancestors of modern Aboriginal Australians.[51][52] The Madjedbebe rock shelter in Arnhem Land is recognised as the oldest site showing the presence of humans in Australia.[53] The oldest human remains found are the Lake Mungo remains, which have been dated to around 41,000 years ago.[54][55]

Aboriginal Australian culture is one of the oldest continuous cultures on Earth.[56] At the time of first European contact, Aboriginal Australians were complex hunter-gatherers with diverse economies and societies and about 250 different language groups.[57][58] Recent archaeological finds suggest that a population of 750,000 could have been sustained.[59][60] Aboriginal Australians have an oral culture with spiritual values based on reverence for the land and a belief in the Dreamtime.[61]

The Torres Strait Islander people first settled their islands around 4000 years ago.[62] Culturally and linguistically distinct from mainland Aboriginal peoples, they were seafarers and obtained their livelihood from seasonal horticulture and the resources of their reefs and seas.[63]

European exploration and colonisation

The northern coasts and waters of Australia were visited sporadically for trade by Makassan fishermen from what is now Indonesia.[64] The first recorded European sighting of the Australian mainland, and the first recorded European landfall on the Australian continent, are attributed to the Dutch.[65] The first ship and crew to chart the Australian coast and meet with Aboriginal people was the Duyfken captained by Dutch navigator, Willem Janszoon.[66] He sighted the coast of Cape York Peninsula in early 1606, and made landfall on 26 February 1606 at the Pennefather River near the modern town of Weipa on Cape York.[67] Later that year, Spanish explorer Luís Vaz de Torres sailed through and navigated the Torres Strait Islands.[68] The Dutch charted the whole of the western and northern coastlines and named the island continent «New Holland» during the 17th century, and although no attempt at settlement was made,[67] a number of shipwrecks left men either stranded or, as in the case of the Batavia in 1629, marooned for mutiny and murder, thus becoming the first Europeans to permanently inhabit the continent.[69] In 1770, Captain James Cook sailed along and mapped the east coast, which he named «New South Wales» and claimed for Great Britain.[70]

Following the loss of its American colonies in 1783, the British Government sent a fleet of ships, the First Fleet, under the command of Captain Arthur Phillip, to establish a new penal colony in New South Wales. A camp was set up and the Union Flag raised at Sydney Cove, Port Jackson, on 26 January 1788,[71][72] a date which later became Australia’s national day. Most early convicts were transported for petty crimes and assigned as labourers or servants to «free settlers» (non-convict immigrants). While the majority of convicts settled into colonial society once emancipated, convict rebellions and uprisings were also staged, but invariably suppressed under martial law. The 1808 Rum Rebellion, the only successful armed takeover of government in Australia, instigated a two-year period of military rule.[73] The following decade, social and economic reforms initiated by Governor Lachlan Macquarie saw New South Wales transition from a penal colony to a civil society.[74][75]

The indigenous population declined for 150 years following settlement, mainly due to infectious disease.[76] Thousands more died as a result of frontier conflict with settlers.[77]

Colonial expansion

The British continued to push into other areas of the continent in the early 19th century, initially along the coast. In 1803, a settlement was established in Van Diemen’s Land (present-day Tasmania),[78] and in 1813, Gregory Blaxland, William Lawson and William Wentworth crossed the Blue Mountains west of Sydney, opening the interior to European settlement.[79] The British claim extended to the whole Australian continent in 1827 when Major Edmund Lockyer established a settlement on King George Sound (modern-day Albany).[80] The Swan River Colony (present-day Perth) was established in 1829, evolving into the largest Australian colony by area, Western Australia.[81] In accordance with population growth, separate colonies were carved from New South Wales: Tasmania in 1825, South Australia in 1836, New Zealand in 1841, Victoria in 1851, and Queensland in 1859.[82] South Australia was founded as a «free province» — it was never a penal colony.[83] Western Australia was also founded «free» but later accepted transported convicts, the last of which arrived in 1868, decades after transportation had ceased to the other colonies.[84]

In 1823, a Legislative Council nominated by the governor of New South Wales was established, together with a new Supreme Court, thus limiting the powers of colonial governors.[85] Between 1855 and 1890, the six colonies individually gained responsible government, thus becoming elective democracies managing most of their own affairs while remaining part of the British Empire.[86] The Colonial Office in London retained control of some matters, notably foreign affairs[87] and defence.[88]

In the mid-19th century, explorers such as Burke and Wills went further inland to determine its agricultural potential and answer scientific questions.[89] A series of gold rushes beginning in the early 1850s led to an influx of new migrants from China, North America and continental Europe,[90] as well as outbreaks of bushranging and civil unrest; the latter peaked in 1854 when Ballarat miners launched the Eureka Rebellion against gold license fees.[91]

From 1886, Australian colonial governments began introducing policies resulting in the removal of many Aboriginal children from their families and communities (referred to as the Stolen Generations).[92]

Federation to the World Wars

On 1 January 1901, federation of the colonies was achieved after a decade of planning, constitutional conventions and referendums, resulting in the establishment of the Commonwealth of Australia as a nation and the entering into force of the Australian Constitution.[93]

After the 1907 Imperial Conference, Australia and several other self-governing British settler colonies were given the status of self-governing «dominions» within the British Empire.[94][95] Australia was one of the founding members of the League of Nations in 1920,[96] and subsequently of the United Nations in 1945.[97] Britain’s Statute of Westminster 1931 formally ended most of the constitutional links between Australia and the United Kingdom. Australia adopted it in 1942,[98] but it was backdated to 1939 to confirm the validity of legislation passed by the Australian Parliament during World War II.[99][100]

The Federal Capital Territory (later renamed the Australian Capital Territory) was formed in 1911 as the location for the future federal capital of Canberra. Melbourne was the temporary seat of government from 1901 to 1927 while Canberra was being constructed.[101] The Northern Territory was transferred from the control of the South Australian government to the federal parliament in 1911.[102] Australia became the colonial ruler of the Territory of Papua (which had initially been annexed by Queensland in 1883)[103] in 1902 and of the Territory of New Guinea (formerly German New Guinea) in 1920. The two were unified as the Territory of Papua and New Guinea in 1949 and gained independence from Australia in 1975.[104][105][106]

In 1914, Australia joined the Allies in fighting the First World War, and took part in many of the major battles fought on the Western Front.[107] Of about 416,000 who served, about 60,000 were killed and another 152,000 were wounded.[108] Many Australians regard the defeat of the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps (ANZACs) at Gallipoli in 1915 as the nation’s «baptism of fire» — its first major military action,[109][110] with the anniversary of the landing at Anzac Cove commemorated each year on Anzac Day.[111]

From 1939 to 1945, Australia joined the Allies in fighting the Second World War. Australia’s armed forces fought in the Pacific, European and Mediterranean and Middle East theatres.[112][113] The shock of Britain’s defeat in Asia in 1942, followed soon after by the bombing of Darwin and other Japanese attacks on Australian soil, led to a widespread belief in Australia that a Japanese invasion was imminent, and a shift from the United Kingdom to the United States as Australia’s principal ally and security partner.[114] Since 1951, Australia has been a formal military ally of the United States, under the ANZUS treaty.[115]

Post-war and contemporary eras

In the decades following World War II, Australia enjoyed significant increases in living standards, leisure time and suburban development.[116][117] Using the slogan «populate or perish», the nation encouraged a large wave of immigration from across Europe, with such immigrants referred to as «New Australians».[118]

A member of the Western Bloc during the Cold War, Australia participated in the Korean War and the Malayan Emergency during the 1950s and the Vietnam War from 1962 to 1972.[119] During this time, tensions over communist influence in society led to unsuccessful attempts by the Menzies Government to ban the Communist Party of Australia,[120] and a bitter splitting of the Labor Party in 1955.[121]

As a result of a 1967 referendum, the Federal Government received a mandate to implement policies to benefit Aboriginal people, and all Indigenous Australians were included in the Census.[122] Traditional ownership of land («native title») was recognised in law for the first time when the High Court of Australia held in Mabo v Queensland (No 2) that the legal doctrine of terra nullius («land belonging to no one») did not apply to Australia at the time of European settlement.[123]

Following the final abolition of the White Australia policy in 1973,[124] Australia’s demography and culture transformed as a result of a large and ongoing wave of non-European immigration, mostly from Asia.[125][126] The late 20th century also saw an increasing focus on foreign policy ties with other Pacific Rim nations.[127] While the Australia Act 1986 severed the remaining vestigial constitutional ties between Australia and the United Kingdom,[128] a 1999 referendum resulted in 55% of voters rejecting a proposal to abolish the Monarchy of Australia and become a republic.[129]

Following the September 11 attacks on the United States, Australia joined the United States in fighting the Afghanistan War from 2001 to 2021 and the Iraq War from 2003 to 2009.[130] The nation’s trade relations also became increasingly oriented towards East Asia in the 21st century, with China becoming the nation’s largest trading partner by a large margin.[131]

During the COVID-19 pandemic which commenced in Australia in 2020, several of Australia’s largest cities were locked down for extended periods of time, and free movement across state borders was restricted in an attempt to slow the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus.[132]

Geography

General characteristics

Topographic map of Australia. Dark green represents the lowest elevation and dark brown the highest.

Surrounded by the Indian and Pacific oceans,[N 6] Australia is separated from Asia by the Arafura and Timor seas, with the Coral Sea lying off the Queensland coast, and the Tasman Sea lying between Australia and New Zealand. The world’s smallest continent[134] and sixth largest country by total area,[135] Australia—owing to its size and isolation—is often dubbed the «island continent»[136] and is sometimes considered the world’s largest island.[137] Australia has 34,218 km (21,262 mi) of coastline (excluding all offshore islands),[138] and claims an extensive Exclusive Economic Zone of 8,148,250 square kilometres (3,146,060 sq mi). This exclusive economic zone does not include the Australian Antarctic Territory.[139]

Mainland Australia lies between latitudes 9° and 44° South, and longitudes 112° and 154° East.[140] Australia’s size gives it a wide variety of landscapes, with tropical rainforests in the north-east, mountain ranges in the south-east, south-west and east, and desert in the centre.[141] The desert or semi-arid land commonly known as the outback makes up by far the largest portion of land.[142] Australia is the driest inhabited continent; its annual rainfall averaged over continental area is less than 500 mm.[143] The population density is 3.4 inhabitants per square kilometre, although the large majority of the population lives along the temperate south-eastern coastline. The population density exceeds 19,500 inhabitants per square kilometre in central Melbourne.[144]

Fitzroy Island, one of 600 islands within the main archipelago of the Great Barrier Reef

The Great Barrier Reef, the world’s largest coral reef,[145] lies a short distance off the north-east coast and extends for over 2,000 km (1,200 mi). Mount Augustus, claimed to be the world’s largest monolith,[146] is located in Western Australia. At 2,228 m (7,310 ft), Mount Kosciuszko is the highest mountain on the Australian mainland. Even taller are Mawson Peak (at 2,745 m (9,006 ft)), on the remote Australian external territory of Heard Island, and, in the Australian Antarctic Territory, Mount McClintock and Mount Menzies, at 3,492 m (11,457 ft) and 3,355 m (11,007 ft) respectively.[147]

Eastern Australia is marked by the Great Dividing Range, which runs parallel to the coast of Queensland, New South Wales and much of Victoria. The name is not strictly accurate, because parts of the range consist of low hills, and the highlands are typically no more than 1,600 m (5,200 ft) in height.[148] The coastal uplands and a belt of Brigalow grasslands lie between the coast and the mountains, while inland of the dividing range are large areas of grassland and shrubland.[148][149] These include the western plains of New South Wales, and the Mitchell Grass Downs and Mulga Lands of inland Queensland.[150][151][152][153] The northernmost point of the mainland is the tropical Cape York Peninsula.[140]

Uluru in the semi-arid region of Central Australia

The landscapes of the Top End and the Gulf Country—with their tropical climate—include forest, woodland, wetland, grassland, rainforest and desert.[154][155][156] At the north-west corner of the continent are the sandstone cliffs and gorges of The Kimberley, and below that the Pilbara. The Victoria Plains tropical savanna lies south of the Kimberley and Arnhem Land savannas, forming a transition between the coastal savannas and the interior deserts.[157][158][159] At the heart of the country are the uplands of central Australia. Prominent features of the centre and south include Uluru (also known as Ayers Rock), the famous sandstone monolith, and the inland Simpson, Tirari and Sturt Stony, Gibson, Great Sandy, Tanami, and Great Victoria deserts, with the famous Nullarbor Plain on the southern coast.[160][161][162][163] The Western Australian mulga shrublands lie between the interior deserts and Mediterranean-climate Southwest Australia.[162][164]

Geology

Basic geological regions of Australia, by age

Lying on the Indo-Australian Plate, the mainland of Australia is the lowest and most primordial landmass on Earth with a relatively stable geological history.[165][166] The landmass includes virtually all known rock types and from all geological time periods spanning over 3.8 billion years of the Earth’s history. The Pilbara Craton is one of only two pristine Archaean 3.6–2.7 Ga (billion years ago) crusts identified on the Earth.[167]

Having been part of all major supercontinents, the Australian continent began to form after the breakup of Gondwana in the Permian, with the separation of the continental landmass from the African continent and Indian subcontinent. It separated from Antarctica over a prolonged period beginning in the Permian and continuing through to the Cretaceous.[168] When the last glacial period ended in about 10,000 BC, rising sea levels formed Bass Strait, separating Tasmania from the mainland. Then between about 8,000 and 6,500 BC, the lowlands in the north were flooded by the sea, separating New Guinea, the Aru Islands, and the mainland of Australia.[169] The Australian continent is moving toward Eurasia at the rate of 6 to 7 centimetres a year.[170]

The Australian mainland’s continental crust, excluding the thinned margins, has an average thickness of 38 km, with a range in thickness from 24 km to 59 km.[171] Australia’s geology can be divided into several main sections, showcasing that the continent grew from west to east: the Archaean cratonic shields found mostly in the west, Proterozoic fold belts in the centre and Phanerozoic sedimentary basins, metamorphic and igneous rocks in the east.[172]

The Australian mainland and Tasmania are situated in the middle of the tectonic plate and have no active volcanoes,[173] but due to passing over the East Australia hotspot, recent volcanism has occurred during the Holocene, in the Newer Volcanics Province of western Victoria and southeastern South Australia. Volcanism also occurs in the island of New Guinea (considered geologically as part of the Australian continent), and in the Australian external territory of Heard Island and McDonald Islands.[174] Seismic activity in the Australian mainland and Tasmania is also low, with the greatest number of fatalities having occurred in the 1989 Newcastle earthquake.[175]

Climate

The climate of Australia is significantly influenced by ocean currents, including the Indian Ocean Dipole and the El Niño–Southern Oscillation, which is correlated with periodic drought, and the seasonal tropical low-pressure system that produces cyclones in northern Australia.[177][178] These factors cause rainfall to vary markedly from year to year. Much of the northern part of the country has a tropical, predominantly summer-rainfall (monsoon).[143] The south-west corner of the country has a Mediterranean climate.[179] The south-east ranges from oceanic (Tasmania and coastal Victoria) to humid subtropical (upper half of New South Wales), with the highlands featuring alpine and subpolar oceanic climates. The interior is arid to semi-arid.[143]

Driven by climate change, average temperatures have risen more than 1°C since 1960. Associated changes in rainfall patterns and climate extremes exacerbate existing issues such as drought and bushfires. 2019 was Australia’s warmest recorded year,[180] and the 2019–2020 bushfire season was the country’s worst on record.[181] Australia’s greenhouse gas emissions per capita are among the highest in the world.[182]

Water restrictions are frequently in place in many regions and cities of Australia in response to chronic shortages due to urban population increases and localised drought.[183][184] Throughout much of the continent, major flooding regularly follows extended periods of drought, flushing out inland river systems, overflowing dams and inundating large inland flood plains, as occurred throughout Eastern Australia in the early 2010s after the 2000s Australian drought.[185]

Biodiversity

Although most of Australia is semi-arid or desert, the continent includes a diverse range of habitats from alpine heaths to tropical rainforests. Fungi typify that diversity—an estimated 250,000 species—of which only 5% have been described—occur in Australia.[186] Because of the continent’s great age, extremely variable weather patterns, and long-term geographic isolation, much of Australia’s biota is unique. About 85% of flowering plants, 84% of mammals, more than 45% of birds, and 89% of in-shore, temperate-zone fish are endemic.[187] Australia has at least 755 species of reptile, more than any other country in the world.[188] Besides Antarctica, Australia is the only continent that developed without feline species. Feral cats may have been introduced in the 17th century by Dutch shipwrecks, and later in the 18th century by European settlers. They are now considered a major factor in the decline and extinction of many vulnerable and endangered native species.[189] Seafaring immigrants from Asia are believed to have brought the dingo to Australia sometime after the end of the last ice age–perhaps 4000 years ago–and Aboriginal people helped disperse them across the continent as pets, contributing to the demise of thylacines on the mainland.[190] Australia is also one of 17 megadiverse countries.[191]

Australian forests are mostly made up of evergreen species, particularly eucalyptus trees in the less arid regions; wattles replace them as the dominant species in drier regions and deserts.[192] Among well-known Australian animals are the monotremes (the platypus and echidna); a host of marsupials, including the kangaroo, koala, and wombat, and birds such as the emu and the kookaburra.[192] Australia is home to many dangerous animals including some of the most venomous snakes in the world.[193] The dingo was introduced by Austronesian people who traded with Indigenous Australians around 3000 BCE.[194] Many animal and plant species became extinct soon after first human settlement,[195] including the Australian megafauna; others have disappeared since European settlement, among them the thylacine.[196][197]

Many of Australia’s ecoregions, and the species within those regions, are threatened by human activities and introduced animal, chromistan, fungal and plant species.[198] All these factors have led to Australia’s having the highest mammal extinction rate of any country in the world.[199] The federal Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 is the legal framework for the protection of threatened species.[200] Numerous protected areas have been created under the National Strategy for the Conservation of Australia’s Biological Diversity to protect and preserve unique ecosystems;[201][202] 65 wetlands are listed under the Ramsar Convention,[203] and 16 natural World Heritage Sites have been established.[204] Australia was ranked 21st out of 178 countries in the world on the 2018 Environmental Performance Index.[205] There are more than 1,800 animals and plants on Australia’s threatened species list, including more than 500 animals.[206]

Paleontologists discovered a fossil site of a prehistoric rainforest in McGraths Flat, in South Australia, that presents evidence that this now arid desert and dry shrubland/grassland was once home to an abundance of life.[207][208]

Government and politics

Australia is a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy.[209] The country has maintained a stable liberal democratic political system under its constitution, which is one of the world’s oldest, since Federation in 1901. It is also one of the world’s oldest federations, in which power is divided between the federal and state and territorial governments. The Australian system of government combines elements derived from the political systems of the United Kingdom (a fused executive, constitutional monarchy and strong party discipline) and the United States (federalism, a written constitution and strong bicameralism with an elected upper house), along with distinctive indigenous features.[210][211]

The federal government is separated into three branches:[212]

  • Legislature: the bicameral Parliament, comprising the monarch (represented by the governor-general), the Senate, and the House of Representatives;
  • Executive: the Federal Executive Council, which in practice gives legal effect to the decisions of the cabinet, comprising the prime minister and other ministers of state appointed by the governor-general on the advice of Parliament;[213]
  • Judiciary: the High Court of Australia and other federal courts, whose judges are appointed by the governor-general on advice of Parliament

Charles III reigns as King of Australia and is represented in Australia by the governor-general at the federal level and by the governors at the state level, who by convention act on the advice of his ministers.[214][215] Thus, in practice the governor-general acts as a legal figurehead for the actions of the prime minister and the Federal Executive Council. The governor-general, however, does have reserve powers which, in some situations, may be exercised outside the prime minister’s request. These powers are held by convention and their scope is unclear. The most notable exercise of these powers was the dismissal of the Whitlam Government in the constitutional crisis of 1975.[216]

In the Senate (the upper house), there are 76 senators: twelve each from the states and two each from the mainland territories (the Australian Capital Territory and the Northern Territory).[217] The House of Representatives (the lower house) has 151 members elected from single-member electoral divisions, commonly known as «electorates» or «seats», allocated to states on the basis of population,[218] with each original state guaranteed a minimum of five seats.[219] Elections for both chambers are normally held every three years simultaneously; senators have overlapping six-year terms except for those from the territories, whose terms are not fixed but are tied to the electoral cycle for the lower house; thus only 40 of the 76 places in the Senate are put to each election unless the cycle is interrupted by a double dissolution.[217]

Australia’s electoral system uses preferential voting for all lower house elections with the exception of Tasmania and the ACT which, along with the Senate and most state upper houses, combine it with proportional representation in a system known as the single transferable vote. Voting is compulsory for all enrolled citizens 18 years and over in every jurisdiction,[220] as is enrolment.[221] The party with majority support in the House of Representatives forms the government and its leader becomes Prime Minister. In cases where no party has majority support, the Governor-General has the constitutional power to appoint the Prime Minister and, if necessary, dismiss one that has lost the confidence of Parliament.[222] Due to the relatively unique position of Australia operating as a Westminster parliamentary democracy with an elected upper house, the system has sometimes been referred to as having a «Washminster mutation»,[223] or as a semi-parliamentary system.[224]

There are two major political groups that usually form government, federally and in the states: the Australian Labor Party and the Coalition, which is a formal grouping of the Liberal Party and its minor partner, the National Party.[225][226] The Liberal National Party and the Country Liberal Party are merged state branches in Queensland and the Northern Territory that function as separate parties at a federal level.[227] Within Australian political culture, the Coalition is considered centre-right and the Labor Party is considered centre-left.[228] Independent members and several minor parties have achieved representation in Australian parliaments, mostly in upper houses. The Australian Greens are often considered the «third force» in politics, being the third largest party by both vote and membership.[229][230]

The most recent federal election was held on 21 May 2022 and resulted in the Australian Labor Party, led by Anthony Albanese, being elected to government.[231]

States and territories

A map of Australia’s states and territories

Australia has six states — New South Wales (NSW), Queensland (QLD), South Australia (SA), Tasmania (TAS), Victoria (VIC) and Western Australia (WA) — and three mainland territories—the Australian Capital Territory (ACT), the Northern Territory (NT), and the Jervis Bay Territory (JBT). In most respects, the ACT and NT function as states, except that the Commonwealth Parliament has the power to modify or repeal any legislation passed by the territory parliaments.[232]

Under the constitution, the states essentially have plenary legislative power to legislate on any subject, whereas the Commonwealth (federal) Parliament may legislate only within the subject areas enumerated under section 51. For example, state parliaments have the power to legislate with respect to education, criminal law and state police, health, transport, and local government, but the Commonwealth Parliament does not have any specific power to legislate in these areas.[233] However, Commonwealth laws prevail over state laws to the extent of the inconsistency.[234]

Each state and major mainland territory has its own parliament — unicameral in the Northern Territory, the ACT and Queensland, and bicameral in the other states. The states are sovereign entities, although subject to certain powers of the Commonwealth as defined by the Constitution. The lower houses are known as the Legislative Assembly (the House of Assembly in South Australia and Tasmania); the upper houses are known as the Legislative Council. The head of the government in each state is the Premier and in each territory the Chief Minister. The King is represented in each state by a governor; and in the Northern Territory, the administrator.[235] In the Commonwealth, the King’s representative is the governor-general.[236]

The Commonwealth Parliament also directly administers the external territories of Ashmore and Cartier Islands, Christmas Island, the Cocos (Keeling) Islands, the Coral Sea Islands, Heard Island and McDonald Islands, and the claimed region of Australian Antarctic Territory, as well as the internal Jervis Bay Territory, a naval base and sea port for the national capital in land that was formerly part of New South Wales.[213] The external territory of Norfolk Island previously exercised considerable autonomy under the Norfolk Island Act 1979 through its own legislative assembly and an Administrator to represent the monarch.[237] In 2015, the Commonwealth Parliament abolished self-government, integrating Norfolk Island into the Australian tax and welfare systems and replacing its legislative assembly with a council.[238] Macquarie Island is part of Tasmania,[239] and Lord Howe Island of New South Wales.[240]

Foreign relations

Over recent decades, Australia’s foreign relations have been driven by a focus on relationships within the Asia-Pacific region and a continued close association with the United States through the ANZUS pact and its status as a major non-NATO ally of that country.[241] A regional power, Australia is a member of regional and cultural groupings including the Pacific Islands Forum, the Pacific Community and the Commonwealth of Nations, and is a participant in the ASEAN+6 mechanism and the East Asia Summit.

Australia is a member of several defence, intelligence and security groupings including the Five Eyes intelligence alliance with the United States, United Kingdom, Canada and New Zealand; the ANZUS alliance with the United States and New Zealand; the AUKUS security treaty with the United States and United Kingdom; the Quadrilateral Security Dialogue with the United States, India and Japan; the Five Power Defence Arrangements with New Zealand, the United Kingdom, Malaysia and Singapore; and the Reciprocal Access defence and security agreement with Japan.

Australia has pursued the cause of international trade liberalisation.[242] It led the formation of the Cairns Group and Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation,[243][244] and is a member of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and the World Trade Organization (WTO).[245][246] In recent decades, Australia has entered into the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership and the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership multilateral free trade agreements as well as bilateral free trade agreements with the United States, China, Japan, South Korea, Indonesia, the United Kingdom and New Zealand.[247]

Australia maintains a deeply integrated relationship with neighbouring New Zealand, with free mobility of citizens between the two countries under the Trans-Tasman Travel Arrangement and free trade under the Closer Economic Relations agreement.[248] The most favourably viewed countries by the Australian people in 2021 include New Zealand, the United Kingdom, Japan, Germany, Taiwan, Thailand, the United States and South Korea.[249] A founding member country of the United Nations, Australia is strongly committed to multilateralism,[250] and maintains an international aid program under which some 60 countries receive assistance.[251] Australia ranked fourth in the Center for Global Development’s 2021 Commitment to Development Index.[252]

Military

Australia’s armed forces — the Australian Defence Force (ADF) — comprise the Royal Australian Navy (RAN), the Australian Army and the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF), in total numbering 81,214 personnel (including 57,982 regulars and 23,232 reservists) as of November 2015. The titular role of Commander-in-Chief is vested in the Governor-General, who appoints a Chief of the Defence Force from one of the armed services on the advice of the government.[253] In a diarchy, the Chief of the Defence Force serves as co-chairman of the Defence Committee, conjointly with the Secretary of Defence, in the command and control of the Australian Defence Organisation.[254]

In the 2016–2017 budget, defence spending comprised 2% of GDP, representing the world’s 12th largest defence budget.[255] Australia has been involved in United Nations and regional peacekeeping, disaster relief, as well as armed conflicts from the First World War onwards.

Economy

Australia’s high-income mixed-market economy is rich in natural resources.[256] It is the world’s thirteenth-largest by nominal terms, and the 18th-largest by PPP. As of 2021, it has the second-highest amount of wealth per adult, after Luxembourg,[257] And has the thirteenth-highest financial assets per capita.[258] Australia has a labour force of some 13.5 million, with an unemploynment rate of 3.5% as of June 2022.[259] According to the Australian Council of Social Service, the poverty rate of Australia exceeds 13.6% of the population, encompassing 3.2 million. It also estimated that there were 774,000 (17.7%) children under the age of 15 living in relative poverty.[260][261] The Australian dollar is the national currency, which is also shared with three Island states in the Pacific: Kiribati, Nauru, and Tuvalu.[262]

Australian government debt, about $963 billion, exceeds 45.1% of the country’s total GDP, and is the world’s eighth-highest.[263] Australia had the second-highest level of household debt in the world in 2020, after Switzerland.[264] Its house prices are among the highest in the world, especially in the large urban areas.[265] The large service sector accounts for about 71.2% of total GDP, followed by the industrial sector (25.3%), while the agriculture sector is by far the smallest, making up only 3.6% of total GDP.[266] Australia is the world’s 21st-largest exporter and 24th-largest importer.[267][268] China is Australia’s largest trading partner by a wide margin, accounting for roughly 40% of the country’s exports and 17.6% of its imports.[269] Other major export markets include Japan, the United States, and South Korea.[270]

Australia has high levels of competitiveness and economic freedom, and is ranked eighth in the Human Development Index. As of 2022, it is ranked twelfth in the Index of Economic Freedom and nineteenth in the Global Competitiveness Report.[271][272] It attracted 9.5 million international tourists in 2019,[273] and was ranked thirteenth among the countries of Asia-Pacific in 2019 for inbound tourism.[274] The 2021 Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report ranked Australia seventh-highest in the world out of 117 countries.[275] Its international tourism receipts in 2019 amounted to $45.7 billion.[274]

Energy

In 2003, Australia’s energy sources were coal (58.4%), hydropower (19.1%), natural gas (13.5%), liquid/gas fossil fuel-switching plants (5.4%), oil (2.9%), and other renewable resources like wind power, solar energy, and bioenergy (0.7%).[276] During the 21st century, Australia has been trending to generate more energy using renewable resources and less energy using fossil fuels. In 2020, Australia used coal for 62% of all energy (3.6% increase compared to 2013), wind power for 9.9% (9.5% increase), natural gas for 9.9% (3.6% decrease), solar power for 9.9% (9.8% increase), hydropower for 6.4% (12.7% decrease), bioenergy for 1.4% (1.2% increase), and other sources like oil and waste coal mine gas for 0.5%.[277][278]

In August 2009, Australia’s government set a goal to achieve 20% of all energy in the country from renewable sources by 2020.[279] They achieved this goal, as renewable resources accounted for 27.7% of Australia’s energy in 2020.[277]

Science and technology

In 2019, Australia spent A$35.6 billion on research and development, allocating about 1.79% of GDP.[280] A recent study by Accenture for the Tech Council shows that the Australian tech sector combined contributes $167 billion a year to the economy and employs 861,000 people.[281] The country’s most recognized and important sector of this type is mining,[282] where Australia continues to have the highest penetration of technologies, especially drones, autonomous and remote-controlled vehicles and mine management software.[283] In addition, the Australian recent startup ecosystem is growing annually at rates of 5.8%,[284] and the Sydney and Melbourne ecosystems are already valued at $25 billion.[285] Australia consistently has ranked high in the Global Innovation Index (GII). In 2022, Australia ranked 25th out of the 132 economies featured in the GII 2022, down from being 22nd in 2019.[286][287]

With only 0.3% of the world’s population, Australia contributed 4.1% of the world’s published research in 2020, making it one of the top 10 research contributors in the world.[288][289] CSIRO, Australia’s national science agency, contributes 10% of all research in the country, while the rest is carried out by universities.[289] Its most notable contributions include the invention of atomic absorption spectroscopy,[290] the essential components of Wi-Fi technology,[291] and the development of the first commercially successful polymer banknote.[292]

Australia is a key player in supporting space exploration. Facilities such as the Square Kilometre Array and Australia Telescope Compact Array radio telescopes, telescopes such as the Siding Spring Observatory, and ground stations such as the Canberra Deep Space Communication Complex are of great assistance in deep space exploration missions, primarily by NASA.[293]

Demographics

Australia has one of the world’s most highly urbanised populations with the majority living in metropolitan cities on the coast, such as Gold Coast, Queensland.

Australia has an average population density of 3.4 persons per square kilometre of total land area, which makes it one of the most sparsely populated countries in the world. The population is heavily concentrated on the east coast, and in particular in the south-eastern region between South East Queensland to the north-east and Adelaide to the south-west.[294]

Australia is highly urbanised, with 67% of the population living in the Greater Capital City Statistical Areas (metropolitan areas of the state and mainland territorial capital cities) in 2018.[295] Metropolitan areas with more than one million inhabitants are Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Perth and Adelaide.[296]

In common with many other developed countries, Australia is experiencing a demographic shift towards an older population, with more retirees and fewer people of working age. In 2018 the average age of the Australian population was 38.8 years.[297] In 2015, 2.15% of the Australian population lived overseas, one of the lowest proportions worldwide.[298]

  • v
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  • e

Largest populated areas in Australia

2021 data from Australian Bureau of Statistics[299]
Rank Name State Pop. Rank Name State Pop.
1 Sydney NSW 5,259,764 11 Geelong Vic 289,400
2 Melbourne Vic 4,976,157 12 Hobart Tas 251,047
3 Brisbane Qld 2,568,927 13 Townsville Qld 181,665
4 Perth WA 2,192,229 14 Cairns Qld 155,638
5 Adelaide SA 1,402,393 15 Darwin NT 148,801
6 Gold Coast–Tweed Heads Qld/NSW 706,673 16 Toowoomba Qld 143,994
7 Newcastle–Maitland NSW 509,894 17 Ballarat Vic 111,702
8 Canberra–Queanbeyan ACT/NSW 482,250 18 Bendigo Vic 102,899
9 Sunshine Coast Qld 355,631 19 Albury-Wodonga NSW/Vic 97,676
10 Wollongong NSW 305,880 20 Launceston Tas 93,332

Ancestry and immigration

Australian residents by country of birth, 2021 census

Between 1788 and the Second World War, the vast majority of settlers and immigrants came from the British Isles (principally England, Ireland and Scotland), although there is significant immigration from China and Germany during the 19th century. In the decades immediately following the Second World War, Australia received a large wave of immigration from across Europe, with many more immigrants arriving from Southern and Eastern Europe than in previous decades. Since the end of the White Australia policy in 1973, Australia has pursued an official policy of multiculturalism,[300] and there has been a large and continuing wave of immigration from across the world, with Asia being the largest source of immigrants in the 21st century.[301]

Today, Australia has the world’s eighth-largest immigrant population, with immigrants accounting for 30% of the population, the highest proportion among major Western nations.[302][303] 160,323 permanent immigrants were admitted to Australia in 2018–2019 (excluding refugees),[301] whilst there was a net population gain of 239,600 people from all permanent and temporary immigration in that year.[304] The majority of immigrants are skilled,[301] but the immigration program includes categories for family members and refugees.[304] In 2020, the largest foreign-born populations were those born in England (3.8%), India (2.8%), Mainland China (2.5%), New Zealand (2.2%), the Philippines (1.2%) and Vietnam (1.1%).[305]

The Australian Bureau of Statistics does not collect data on race, but asks each Australian resident to nominate up to two ancestries each census.[306] These ancestry responses are classified into broad standardised ancestry groups.[307] At the 2021 census, the number of ancestry responses within each standardised group as a proportion of the total population was as follows:[308] 57.2% European (including 46% North-West European and 11.2% Southern and Eastern European), 33.8% Oceanian[N 7], 17.4% Asian (including 6.5% Southern and Central Asian, 6.4% North-East Asian, and 4.5% South-East Asian), 3.2% North African and Middle Eastern, 1.4% Peoples of the Americas, and 1.3% Sub-Saharan African. At the 2021 census, the most commonly nominated individual ancestries as a proportion of the total population were:[3]

  • English (33%)
  • Australian (29.9%)[N 8]
  • Irish (9.5%)
  • Scottish (8.6%)
  • Chinese (5.5%)
  • Italian (4.4%)
  • German (4%)
  • Indian (3.1%)
  • Aboriginal (2.9%)[N 9]
  • Greek (1.7%)
  • Filipino (1.6%)
  • Dutch (1.5%)
  • Vietnamese (1.3%)
  • Lebanese (1%)

At the 2021 census, 3.2% of the Australian population identified as being Indigenous — Aboriginal Australians and Torres Strait Islanders.[N 10][310]

Language

Percentage of population speaking an Australian indigenous language according to the 2011 census

Although Australia has no official language, English is the de facto national language.[2] Australian English is a major variety of the language with a distinctive accent and lexicon,[311] and differs slightly from other varieties of English in grammar and spelling.[312] General Australian serves as the standard dialect.[313]

At the 2021 census, English was the only language spoken in the home for 72% of the population. The next most common languages spoken at home are Mandarin (2.7%), Arabic (1.4%), Vietnamese (1.3%), Cantonese (1.2%) and Punjabi (0.9%).[310] Over 250 Australian Aboriginal languages are thought to have existed at the time of first European contact,[314] of which fewer than twenty are still in daily use by all age groups.[315][316] About 110 others are spoken exclusively by older people.[316] At the time of the 2006 census, 52,000 Indigenous Australians, representing 12% of the Indigenous population, reported that they spoke an Indigenous language at home.[317] Australia has a sign language known as Auslan, which is the main language of about 10,112 deaf people who reported that they use Auslan language at home in the 2016 census.[318]

Religion

Australia has no state religion; Section 116 of the Australian Constitution prohibits the federal government from making any law to establish any religion, impose any religious observance, or prohibit the free exercise of any religion.[319]

At the 2021 Census, 38.9% of the population identified as having «no religion»,[3] up from 15.5% in 2001.[320] The largest religion is Christianity (43.9% of the population).[3] The largest Christian denominations are the Roman Catholic Church (20% of the population) and the Anglican Church of Australia (9.8%). Multicultural immigration since the Second World War has led to the growth of non-Christian religions, the largest of which are Islam (3.2%), Hinduism (2.7%), Buddhism (2.4%), Sikhism (0.8%), and Judaism (0.4%).[3]

In 2021, just under 8,000 people declared an affiliation with traditional Aboriginal religions.[3] In Australian Aboriginal mythology and the animist framework developed in Aboriginal Australia, the Dreaming is a sacred era in which ancestral totemic spirit beings formed The Creation. The Dreaming established the laws and structures of society and the ceremonies performed to ensure continuity of life and land.[321]

Health

Australia’s life expectancy of 83 years (81 years for males and 85 years for females),[322] is the fifth-highest in the world. It has the highest rates of skin cancer in the world,[323] while cigarette smoking is the largest preventable cause of death and disease, responsible for 7.8% of the total mortality and disease. Ranked second in preventable causes is hypertension at 7.6%, with obesity third at 7.5%.[324][325] Australia ranked 35th in the world in 2012 for its proportion of obese women[326] and near the top of developed nations for its proportion of obese adults;[327] 63% of its adult population is either overweight or obese.[328]

Australia spent around 9.91% of its total GDP to health care in 2021.[329] It introduced universal health care in 1975.[330] Known as Medicare, it is now nominally funded by an income tax surcharge known as the Medicare levy, currently at 2%.[331] The states manage hospitals and attached outpatient services, while the Commonwealth funds the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (subsidising the costs of medicines) and general practice.[330]

During the COVID-19 pandemic Australia had one of the most restrictive quarantine policies, resulting in one of the lowest death rates worldwide.[332]

Education

School attendance, or registration for home schooling,[334] is compulsory throughout Australia. Education is the responsibility of the individual states and territories[335] so the rules vary between states, but in general children are required to attend school from the age of about 5 until about 16.[336][337] In some states (Western Australia, Northern Territory and New South Wales), children aged 16–17 are required to either attend school or participate in vocational training, such as an apprenticeship.[338][339][340][341]

Australia has an adult literacy rate that was estimated to be 99% in 2003.[342] However, a 2011–2012 report for the Australian Bureau of Statistics reported that Tasmania has a literacy and numeracy rate of only 50%.[343]

Australia has 37 government-funded universities and three private universities, as well as a number of other specialist institutions that provide approved courses at the higher education level.[344] The OECD places Australia among the most expensive nations to attend university.[345] There is a state-based system of vocational training, known as TAFE, and many trades conduct apprenticeships for training new tradespeople.[346] About 58% of Australians aged from 25 to 64 have vocational or tertiary qualifications[347] and the tertiary graduation rate of 49% is the highest among OECD countries. 30.9% of Australia’s population has attained a higher education qualification, which is among the highest percentages in the world.[348][349][350]

Australia has the highest ratio of international students per head of population in the world by a large margin, with 812,000 international students enrolled in the nation’s universities and vocational institutions in 2019.[351][352] Accordingly, in 2019, international students represented on average 26.7% of the student bodies of Australian universities. International education therefore represents one of the country’s largest exports and has a pronounced influence on the country’s demographics, with a significant proportion of international students remaining in Australia after graduation on various skill and employment visas.[353] Education is Australia’s third-largest export, after iron ore and coal, and contributed over $28 billion to the economy in 2016–17.[289]

Culture

The country is home to a diversity of cultures, a result of its history of immigration.[355] Prior to 1850, Australia was dominated by Indigenous cultures.[356][357] Since then, Australian culture has primarily been a Western culture, strongly influenced by Anglo-Celtic settlers.[358][359] Other influences include Australian Aboriginal culture, the traditions brought to the country by waves of immigration from around the world,[360] and the culture of the United States.[361] The cultural divergence and evolution that has occurred over the centuries since European settlement has resulted in a distinctive Australian culture.[362][363]

Arts

Australia has over 100,000 Aboriginal rock art sites,[365] and traditional designs, patterns and stories infuse contemporary Indigenous Australian art, «the last great art movement of the 20th century» according to critic Robert Hughes;[366] its exponents include Emily Kame Kngwarreye.[367] Early colonial artists showed a fascination with the unfamiliar land.[368] The impressionistic works of Arthur Streeton, Tom Roberts and other members of the 19th-century Heidelberg School—the first «distinctively Australian» movement in Western art—gave expression to nationalist sentiments in the lead-up to Federation.[368] While the school remained influential into the 1900s, modernists such as Margaret Preston, and, later, Sidney Nolan, explored new artistic trends.[368] The landscape remained central to the work of Aboriginal watercolourist Albert Namatjira,[369] as well as Fred Williams, Brett Whiteley and other post-war artists whose works, eclectic in style yet uniquely Australian, moved between the figurative and the abstract.[368][370]

Australian literature grew slowly in the decades following European settlement though Indigenous oral traditions, many of which have since been recorded in writing, are much older.[371] In the 19th-century, Henry Lawson and Banjo Paterson captured the experience of the bush using a distinctive Australian vocabulary.[372] Their works are still popular; Paterson’s bush poem «Waltzing Matilda» (1895) is regarded as Australia’s unofficial national anthem.[373] Miles Franklin is the namesake of Australia’s most prestigious literary prize, awarded annually to the best novel about Australian life.[374] Its first recipient, Patrick White, went on to win the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1973.[375] Australian Booker Prize winners include Peter Carey, Thomas Keneally and Richard Flanagan.[376] Australian public intellectuals have also written seminal works in their respective fields, including feminist Germaine Greer and philosopher Peter Singer.[377]

Many of Australia’s performing arts companies receive funding through the federal government’s Australia Council.[378] There is a symphony orchestra in each state,[379] and a national opera company, Opera Australia,[380] well known for its famous soprano Joan Sutherland.[381] At the beginning of the 20th century, Nellie Melba was one of the world’s leading opera singers.[382] Ballet and dance are represented by The Australian Ballet and various state companies. Each state has a publicly funded theatre company.[383]

Media

The Story of the Kelly Gang (1906), the world’s first feature-length narrative film, spurred a boom in Australian cinema during the silent film era.[384] After World War I, Hollywood monopolised the industry,[385] and by the 1960s Australian film production had effectively ceased.[386] With the benefit of government support, the Australian New Wave of the 1970s brought provocative and successful films, many exploring themes of national identity, such as Wake in Fright and Gallipoli,[387] while Crocodile Dundee and the Ozploitation movement’s Mad Max series became international blockbusters.[388] In a film market flooded with foreign content, Australian films delivered a 7.7% share of the local box office in 2015.[389] The AACTAs are Australia’s premier film and television awards, and notable Academy Award winners from Australia include Geoffrey Rush, Nicole Kidman, Cate Blanchett and Heath Ledger.[390]

Australia has two public broadcasters (the Australian Broadcasting Corporation and the multicultural Special Broadcasting Service), three commercial television networks, several pay-TV services,[391] and numerous public, non-profit television and radio stations. Each major city has at least one daily newspaper,[391] and there are two national daily newspapers, The Australian and The Australian Financial Review.[391] In 2020, Reporters Without Borders placed Australia 25th on a list of 180 countries ranked by press freedom, behind New Zealand (8th) but ahead of the United Kingdom (33rd) and United States (44th).[392] This relatively low ranking is primarily because of the limited diversity of commercial media ownership in Australia;[393] most print media are under the control of News Corporation and Nine Entertainment Co.[394]

Cuisine

The meringue-based pavlova is generally eaten at Christmas time.

Most Indigenous Australian groups subsisted on a simple hunter-gatherer diet of native fauna and flora, otherwise called bush tucker.[395] The first settlers introduced British and Irish cuisine to the continent.[396][397] This influence is seen in the enduring popularity of several British dishes such as fish and chips, and in quintessential Australian dishes such as the Australian meat pie, which is related to the British steak pie. Post-war immigration transformed Australian cuisine. For instance, Southern European migrants helped to build a thriving Australian coffee culture which gave rise to Australian coffee drinks such as the flat white,[398] while East Asian migration led to dishes such as the Cantonese-influenced dim sim and Chiko Roll,[399] as well as a distinct Australian Chinese cuisine. Sausage sizzles, pavlovas, lamingtons, meat pies, Vegemite and Anzac biscuits are regarded as iconic Australian foods.[400]

Australia is a leading exporter and consumer of wine.[401] Australian wine is produced mainly in the southern, cooler parts of the country.[402] The nation also ranks highly in beer consumption,[403] with each state and territory hosting numerous breweries. Australia is also known for its cafe and coffee culture in urban centres.[404]

Sport and recreation

Cricket and football are the predominant sports in Australia during the summer and winter months, respectively. Australia is unique in that it has professional leagues for four football codes. Originating in Melbourne in the 1850s, Australian rules football is the most popular code in all states except New South Wales and Queensland, where rugby league holds sway, followed by rugby union.[406] Soccer, while ranked fourth in popularity and resources, has the highest overall participation rates.[407] Cricket is popular across all borders and has been regarded by many Australians as the national sport. The Australian national cricket team competed against England in the first Test match (1877) and the first One Day International (1971), and against New Zealand in the first Twenty20 International (2004), winning all three games. It has also participated in every edition of the Cricket World Cup, winning the tournament a record five times.[408]

Australia is one of five nations to have participated in every Summer Olympics of the modern era,[409] and has hosted the Games twice: 1956 in Melbourne and 2000 in Sydney.[410] It is also set to host the 2032 Games in Brisbane.[411] Australia has also participated in every Commonwealth Games,[412] hosting the event in 1938, 1962, 1982, 2006 and 2018.[413] As well as being a regular FIFA World Cup participant, Australia has won the OFC Nations Cup four times and the AFC Asian Cup once—the only country to have won championships in two different FIFA confederations.[414]

Other major international events held in Australia include the Australian Open tennis grand slam tournament and the Australian Formula One Grand Prix. The annual Melbourne Cup horse race and the Sydney to Hobart yacht race also attract intense interest.[415] Australia is also notable for water-based sports, such as swimming and surfing.[416] The surf lifesaving movement originated in Australia, and the volunteer lifesaver is one of the country’s icons.[417] Snow sports take place primarily in the Australian Alps and Tasmania.[418]

See also

  • Outline of Australia
  • Index of Australia-related articles

Notes

  1. ^ Australia’s royal anthem is «God Save the King», played in the presence of members of the royal family when they are in Australia. In other contexts, the national anthem of Australia, «Advance Australia Fair», is played.[1]
  2. ^ English does not have de jure status.[2]
  3. ^ a b There are minor variations from three basic time zones; see Time in Australia.
  4. ^ The earliest recorded use of the word Australia in English was in 1625 in «A note of Australia del Espíritu Santo, written by Sir Richard Hakluyt», published by Samuel Purchas in Hakluytus Posthumus, a corruption of the original Spanish name «Austrialia del Espíritu Santo» (Southern Land of the Holy Spirit)[36][37][38] for an island in Vanuatu.[39] The Dutch adjectival form australische was used in a Dutch book in Batavia (Jakarta) in 1638, to refer to the newly discovered lands to the south.[40]
  5. ^ For instance, the 1814 work A Voyage to Terra Australis
  6. ^ Australia describes the body of water south of its mainland as the Southern Ocean, rather than the Indian Ocean as defined by the International Hydrographic Organization (IHO). In 2000, a vote of IHO member nations defined the term «Southern Ocean» as applying only to the waters between Antarctica and 60° south latitude.[133]
  7. ^ Includes those who nominate «Australian» as their ancestry. The Australian Bureau of Statistics has stated that most who nominate «Australian» as their ancestry have at least partial Anglo-Celtic European ancestry.[309]
  8. ^ The Australian Bureau of Statistics has stated that most who nominate «Australian» as their ancestry have at least partial Anglo-Celtic European ancestry.[309]
  9. ^ Those who nominated their ancestry as «Australian Aboriginal». Does not include Torres Strait Islanders. This relates to nomination of ancestry and is distinct from persons who identify as Indigenous (Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander) which is a separate question.
  10. ^ Indigenous identification is separate to the ancestry question on the Australian Census and persons identifying as Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander may identify any ancestry.

References

  1. ^ «Australian National Anthem». Archived from the original on 1 July 2007.
    «16. Other matters – 16.3 Australian National Anthem». Archived from the original on 23 September 2015.
    «National Symbols» (PDF). Parliamentary Handbook of the Commonwealth of Australia (29th ed.). 2005 [2002]. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 June 2007. Retrieved 7 June 2007.
  2. ^ a b «Pluralist Nations: Pluralist Language Policies?». 1995 Global Cultural Diversity Conference Proceedings, Sydney. Department of Immigration and Citizenship. Archived from the original on 20 December 2008. Retrieved 11 January 2009. «English has no de jure status but it is so entrenched as the common language that it is de facto the official language as well as the national language.»
  3. ^ a b c d e f «2021 Census Community Profiles: Australia».
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  388. ^ Moran, Albert; Vieth, Errol (2009). The A to Z of Australian and New Zealand Cinema. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-6347-7, p. 35.
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Bibliography

  • Davison, Graeme; Hirst, John; Macintyre, Stuart (1998). The Oxford Companion to Australian History. Melbourne: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-553597-6.
  • Jupp, James (2001). The Australian people: an encyclopedia of the nation, its people, and their origins. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-80789-0.
  • Jupp, James; Director Centre for Immigration and Multicultural Studies James Jupp (2001). The Australian People: An Encyclopedia of the Nation, Its People and Their Origins. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-80789-0.
  • Smith, Bernard; Smith, Terry (1991). Australian painting 1788–1990. Melbourne: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-554901-0.
  • Teo, Hsu-Ming; White, Richard (2003). Cultural history in Australia. University of New South Wales Press. ISBN 978-0-86840-589-6.

Further reading

  • Denoon, Donald, et al. (2000). A History of Australia, New Zealand, and the Pacific. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-17962-3.
  • Goad, Philip and Julie Willis (eds.) (2011). The Encyclopedia of Australian Architecture. Port Melbourne, Victoria: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-88857-8.
  • Hughes, Robert (1986). The Fatal Shore: The Epic of Australia’s Founding. Knopf. ISBN 0-394-50668-5.
  • Powell, J.M. (1988). An Historical Geography of Modern Australia: The Restive Fringe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-25619-4
  • Robinson, G.M., Loughran, R.J., and Tranter, P.J. (2000). Australia and New Zealand: Economy, Society and Environment. London: Arnold; New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-340-72033-6 paperback, ISBN 0-340-72032-8 hardback.
  • Brett, Judith (2019). From Secret Ballot to Democracy Sausage: How Australia Got Compulsory Voting. Text Publishing Co. ISBN 978-1-925603-84-2.

External links

These audio files were created from a revision of this article dated 17 January 2006, and do not reflect subsequent edits.

  •   Wikimedia Atlas of Australia
  •   Geographic data related to Australia at OpenStreetMap
  • About Australia from the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade website
  • Governments of Australia website (federal, states and territories)
  • Australian Government website
  • Australian Bureau of Statistics
  • Tourism Australia
  • Australia at Curlie

Coordinates: 25°S 133°E / 25°S 133°E

Источник

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Look up Australia in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

1570 map by Abraham Ortelius depicting Terra Australis Nondum Cognita as a large continent on the bottom of the map and also an Arctic continent

The name «Austrialia» was used for the first time by Queirós – on 1 May 1606 Tridentine Calendar[1][2][3] or May 3 Roman Calendar

Austrialia was altered or ‘corrected’ to Australia over time (one example shown).[4]

Image with text reading: The vast Island or rather Continent of Australia, Astralasia, or New Holland, which has so lately attracted the particular attention of European navigators and naturalists, seems to abound in scenes of peculiar wildness and fertility; while the wretched natives of many of those dreary districts seem less elevated above the inferior animals than in any other part of the known world; Caffraria itself not excepted; as well as less endued

The name Australia was specifically applied to the continent for the first time in 1794.[5]

The name Australia (pronounced in Australian English[6]) is derived from the Latin australis, meaning «southern», and specifically from the hypothetical Terra Australis postulated in pre-modern geography. The name was popularised by the explorer Matthew Flinders from 1804, and it has been in official use since 1817, replacing «New Holland,» an English translation of the Dutch name, first given by Abel Tasman in 1643 as the name for the continent.

History[edit]

The name Australia has been applied to two continents. Originally, it was applied to the south polar continent, or sixth continent, now known as Antarctica. The name is a shortened form of Terra Australis which was one of the names given to the imagined (but undiscovered) land mass that was thought to surround the south pole. The earliest known use of the name Australia in Latin was in 1545, when the word appears in a woodcut illustration of the globe titled «Sphere of the Winds» contained in an astrological textbook published in Frankfurt.[7] In the nineteenth century, the name Australia was re-assigned to New Holland, the fifth continent. Thereafter, the south polar continent remained nameless for some eighty years until the new name of Antarctica was invented.[8]

A Terra Australis «land of the south» appeared on world maps from the 15th century, although it was not based on any actual surveying of such a landmass but rather on the hypothesis that continents in the Northern Hemisphere should be balanced by land in the south.[9] This theory of balancing land is on record as early as the 5th century on maps by Macrobius.[10]

The earliest recorded use of the word Australia in English was in 1625 in «A note of Australia del Espíritu Santo, written by Sir Richard Hakluyt», published by Samuel Purchas in Hakluytus Posthumus, a variation of the original Spanish name «Austrialia del Espiritu Santo» (Southern-Austrian Land of the Holy Spirit)[1][2][11] coined by navigator Pedro Fernandes de Queirós in 1606 for the largest island of Vanuatu, believing his expedition had reached Terra Australis.[12] This is a rare combination of terms «Austral» and «Austria», the latter in honour of the Habsburg dynasty that ruled Spain at the time.[13] The Dutch adjectival form Australische was used in a Dutch book in Batavia (Jakarta) in 1638, to refer to the newly discovered lands to the south.[14] Australia was later used in a 1693 translation of Les Aventures de Jacques Sadeur dans la Découverte et le Voyage de la Terre Australe, a 1676 French novel by Gabriel de Foigny, under the pen-name Jacques Sadeur.[15] Referring to the entire South Pacific region, Alexander Dalrymple used it in An Historical Collection of Voyages and Discoveries in the South Pacific Ocean in 1771.

The name Australia was specifically applied to the continent for the first time in 1794,[5] with the botanists George Shaw and Sir James Smith writing of «the vast island, or rather continent, of
Australia, Australasia or New Holland» in their 1793 Zoology and Botany of New Holland,[16] and James Wilson including it on a 1799 chart.[17]

The name Australia was popularised by the explorer Matthew Flinders, who pushed for it to be formally adopted as early as 1804.[18] When preparing his manuscript and charts for his 1814 A Voyage to Terra Australis, he was persuaded by his patron, Sir Joseph Banks, to use the term Terra Australis as this was the name most familiar to the public. Flinders did so, and published the following rationale:

There is no probability, that any other detached body of land, of nearly equal extent, will ever be found in a more southern latitude; the name Terra Australis will, therefore, remain descriptive of the geographical importance of this country, and of its situation on the globe: it has antiquity to recommend it; and, having no reference to either of the two claiming nations, appears to be less objectionable than any other which could have been selected.[19]

In the footnote to this Flinders wrote:

Had I permitted myself any innovation on the original term, it would have been to convert it to AUSTRALIA; as being more agreeable to the ear, and an assimilation to the names of the other great portions of the earth.[20]

This is the only occurrence of the word Australia in that text; but in Appendix III, Robert Brown’s General remarks, geographical and systematical, on the botany of Terra Australis, Brown makes use of the adjectival form Australian throughout,[21]—the first known use of that form.[22] Despite popular conception, the book was not instrumental in the adoption of the name: the name came gradually to be accepted over the following ten years.[23]

The first time that the name Australia appears to have been officially used was in a despatch to Lord Bathurst of 4 April 1817 in which Governor Lachlan Macquarie acknowledges the receipt of Capt. Flinders’ charts of Australia.[24] On 12 December 1817, Macquarie recommended to the Colonial Office that it be formally adopted.[25] In 1824, the Admiralty agreed that the continent should be known officially as Australia.[26]

Djurberg’s 1780 map, with Australia marked as Ulimaroa

Ulimaroa was a name given to Australia by the Swedish geographer and cartographer Daniel Djurberg in 1776.[27] Djurberg adapted the name from Olhemaroa, a Maori word found in Hawkesworth’s edition of Captain James Cook and Sir Joseph Banks’ journals which is thought to have been a misunderstood translation — the Maori were actually referring to Grand Terre, the largest island of New Caledonia.[27] Djurberg believed the name meant something like «big red land», whereas modern linguists believe it meant «long hand» — echoing the geography of Grand Terre.[27] The spurious name continued to be reproduced on certain European maps, particularly some Austrian, Czech, German and Swedish maps, until around 1820,[27] including in Carl Almqvist’s 1817 novel Parjumouf Saga ifrån Nya Holland (Stockholm, 1817).

Commonwealth of Australia[edit]

The sovereign country Australia, formed in 1901 by the Federation of the six British colonies, is officially known as the Commonwealth of Australia, abbreviated within the Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act and the Constitution of Australia to «the Commonwealth».[28]

Oz[edit]

The country has been referred to colloquially as Oz by people outside the country since the early 20th century; and by Australians in more recent times.

The Oxford English Dictionary records a first occurrence in 1908, in the form Oss. Oz is often taken as an oblique reference to the fictional Land of Oz in the film The Wizard of Oz (1939), based on L. Frank Baum’s novel The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (1900).[29] In 1988, an American opinion was that Australians’ «image of Australia as a ‘Land of Oz’ is not new, and dedication to it runs deep»[30] but evidence for this view within Australia itself is lacking. The spelling Oz is likely to have been influenced by the 1939 film, though the pronunciation was probably always with a /z/, as it is also for Aussie, sometimes spelt Ozzie.[31] The Baz Luhrmann film Australia (2008) makes repeated reference to The Wizard of Oz, which appeared just before the wartime action of Australia. Some critics have even speculated that Baum was inspired by Australia, in naming the Land of Oz: «In Ozma of Oz (1907), Dorothy gets back to Oz as the result of a storm at sea while she and Uncle Henry are travelling by ship to Australia. So, like Australia, Oz is somewhere to the west of California. Like Australia, Oz is an island continent. Like Australia, Oz has inhabited regions bordering on a great desert. One might almost imagine that Baum intended Oz to be Australia, or perhaps a magical land in the center of the great Australian desert.»[32]

Other epithets and nicknames[edit]

Australia is colloquially known as «the Land Down Under» (or just «Down Under»), which derives from the country’s position in the Southern Hemisphere, at the antipodes of the United Kingdom. The term was first recorded in print in 1886, and was popularised internationally by the 1980 song of the same name by Men at Work.[33] Other less common nicknames include «Straya» («Australia» pronounced in an exaggerated Strine manner), and «Aussie», which is usually used as a demonym, but occasionally extended to the country as a whole (especially in New Zealand).[34] More poetic epithets used within Australia include «the Great Southern Land» (re-popularised by a 1980s rock song, and not to be confused with the Great Southern region of Western Australia),[35] «the Lucky Country» (deriving from Donald Horne’s 1964 book of the same name), and two phrases deriving from Dorothea Mackellar’s 1908 poem «My Country» – «the sunburnt country» and «the wide brown land».[36][37]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b «He named it Austrialia del Espiritu Santo and claimed it for Spain» The Spanish quest for Terra Australis | State Library of New South Wales Page 1.
  2. ^ a b «before reaching the New Hebrides or what he called Austrialis del Espiritu Santo on 3 May 1606» Quiros, Pedro Fernandez de (1563–1615) Para 4 | Australian Dictionary of Biography.
  3. ^ Cartouche of La Gran Baya de S. Philippe y S. Santiago, Prado y Tovar ca.1606-1614 (España. Ministerio de Cultura. Archivo General de Simancas).
  4. ^ Gerritsen, Rupert (2013). «A note on ‘Australia’ or ‘Austrialia’» (PDF). The Globe. 72: 23. Posesion en nombre de Su Magestad (Archivo del Museo Naval, Madrid, MS 951.
  5. ^ a b «First Instance of the Word Australia being applied specifically to the Continent — in 1794» Zoology of New Holland — Shaw, George, 1751-1813; Sowerby, James, 1757-1822 Page 2.
  6. ^ Australian pronunciations: Macquarie Dictionary, Fourth Edition (2005). Melbourne, The Macquarie Library Pty Ltd. ISBN 1-876429-14-3
  7. ^ Barth, Cyriaco Jacob zum (1545). Astronomia: Teutsch Astronomei. Frankfurt.
  8. ^ Cameron-Ash, M (2018). Lying for the Admiralty: Captain Cook’s Endeavour Voyage. Sydney: Rosenberg Publishing. pp. 18–19. ISBN 9780648043966.
  9. ^ John Noble Wilford: The Mapmakers, the Story of the Great Pioneers in Cartography from Antiquity to Space Age, p. 139, Vintage Books, Random House 1982, ISBN 0-394-75303-8
  10. ^ Ambrosius Aurelius Theodosius Macrobius, Zonenkarte. Retrieved 7 July 2014.
  11. ^ «THE ILLUSTRATED SYDNEY NEWS». Illustrated Sydney News. National Library of Australia. 26 January 1888. p. 2. Retrieved 29 January 2012.
  12. ^ Purchas, vol. iv, pp. 1422–32, 1625. This appears to be variation of the original Spanish «Austrialia» [sic].[1] A copy at the Library of Congress can be read online [2].
  13. ^ Barber, Peter et al. Mapping Our World: Terra Incognita To Australia, National Library of Australia, 2013, p. 107.
  14. ^ Scott, Ernest (2004) [1914]. The Life of Captain Matthew Flinders. Kessinger Publishing. p. 299. ISBN 978-1-4191-6948-9.
  15. ^ Baker, Sidney J. (1966) The Australian Language, 2nd ed.
  16. ^ Ferguson, John Alexander (1975). Bibliography of Australia: 1784–1830. Vol. 1 (reprint ed.). National Library of Australia. p. 77. ISBN 0-642-99044-1.
  17. ^ Estensen, Miriam (2002). The Life of Matthew Flinders. Allen & Unwin. p. 354. ISBN 1-74114-152-4. Flinders was not the first to use the name Australia. He may have known it from a 1799 chart of navigator James Wilson, possibly from a 1622 account of the voyage of Willem Schouten and Jacob Lemaire, or some other source.
  18. ^ Flinders, Matthew. «Letter from Matthew Flinders originally enclosing a chart of ‘New Holland’ (Australia)». cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk. Cambridge Digital Library. Retrieved 18 July 2014.
  19. ^ Matthew Flinders, A voyage to Terra Australis (Introduction). Retrieved 25 January 2013.
  20. ^ Flinders, Matthew (1814). A Voyage to Terra Australis. G. and W. Nicol.
  21. ^ Bennett, J. J., ed. (1866–68). «General remarks, geographical and systematical, on the botany of Terra Australis». The Miscellaneous Botanical Works of Robert Brown, Esq., D.C.L., F.R.S. Vol. 2. pp. 1–89.
  22. ^ Mabberley, David (1985). Jupiter botanicus: Robert Brown of the British Museum. British Museum (Natural History). ISBN 3-7682-1408-7.
  23. ^ Estensen, p. 450
  24. ^ «WHO NAMED AUSTRALIA?». The Mail (Adelaide, SA : 1912 – 1954). Adelaide: National Library of Australia. 11 February 1928. p. 16. Retrieved 14 February 2012.
  25. ^ Weekend Australian, 30–31 December 2000, p. 16
  26. ^ Department of Immigration and Citizenship (2007). Life in Australia (PDF). Commonwealth of Australia. p. 11. ISBN 978-1-921446-30-6. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 October 2009. Retrieved 30 March 2010.
  27. ^ a b c d «Ulimaroa: a misnomer for Australia». Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 2012. Retrieved 13 October 2016.
  28. ^ «Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act». ComLaw. 9 July 1900. Retrieved 18 December 2019.
  29. ^ Jacobson, H. (1988) In the Land of Oz, Penguin, ISBN 0-14-010966-8.
  30. ^ The Americana Annual: 1988, Americana Corporation, vol. 13, 1989, p. 66, ISBN 0-7172-0220-8
  31. ^ Partridge, Eric, et al., The New Partridge Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English, Taylor & Francis, 2006, ISBN 0-415-25938-X, entries «Oz» and «Ozzie», p. 1431.
  32. ^ Algeo, J., «Australia as the Land of Oz», American Speech, Vol. 65, No. 1, 1990, pp. 86–89.
  33. ^ Oxford English Dictionary (Electronic), Version 4.0, entry for «down under». The dictionary recodes the first published use in 1886 by J. A. Froude in Oceana p. 92 «We were to bid adieu to the ‘Australasian’…She had carried us safely down under.»
  34. ^ Macquarie Dictionary (5th ed.). Macmillan Publishers Australia. 2010. ISBN 9781876429669.
  35. ^ For example, in: Helen Trinca (14 February 2015). Western values: Perth now and then – The Australian. Retrieved 10 September 2015.
  36. ^ For example, in: Bridie Smith (8 April 2015). «A sunburnt country spotted from space» – The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 10 September 2015.
  37. ^ For example, in: Margaret Smith (17 January 2015). «What if the French had settled Australia first?» – The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 10 September 2015.
Источник

English[edit]

Satellite image of Australia (English def. 1)

Alternative forms[edit]

  • Straya, ‘Straya (informal)

Etymology[edit]

First attested 16th century, from Latin terra austrālis incōgnita (“unknown southern land”), from auster (“the south wind”). Used also in 1693 (quotation below). Popularised by Matthew Flinders in 1814 (quotation below).

Distantly cognate to Austria – same Proto-Indo-European root, but via German where it retained the earlier sense of “east” rather than “south”.

See also Terra Australis.

Pronunciation[edit]

  • (General Australian, Macquarie Dictionary) IPA(key): /ɒˈstɹeɪljə/, /əˈstɹeɪljə/
  • (General Australian) IPA(key): /əˈstɹæɪljə/, /əˈstɹæɪliːə/, /əˈstɹæɪjə/, /-ɹɛl-/, /-ɹejə/
  • (Tasmanian) IPA(key): /əˈstɹɛliːə/
  • (Received Pronunciation) IPA(key): /ɒˈstɹeɪliːə/, /ɒˈstɹeɪlijə/
  • (Received Pronunciation, dated) IPA(key): /ɔːˈstɹeɪlɪə/, /ɔːˈstɹeɪlɪjə/
  • (General American) IPA(key): /ɔˈstɹɛliə/, /ɔˈstɹɛljə/, /-ɹeɪl-/
  • (cot–caught merger, Canada) IPA(key): /ɑˈstɹɛliə/, /ɑˈstɹɛljə/, /-ɹeɪl-/
  • Rhymes: -eɪliə
  • Hyphenation: Aus‧tra‧lia

Proper noun[edit]

Australia

  2. A country in Oceania. Official name: Commonwealth of Australia.
    • 1693: translation of a French novel by Jacques Sadeur (believed to be a pen name of Gabriel de Foigny) titled Les Aventures de Jacques Sadeur dans la Découverte et le Voiage de la Terre Australe published 1692, translation published in London in 1693. Quoted in The Australian Language by Sidney J. Baker, second edition, 1966, chapter XIX, section 1, pages 388-9.
      This is all that I can have a certain knowledge of as to that side of Australia …
    • 1814, Matthew Flinders, A Voyage to Terra Australis, volume 1 (at Project Gutenberg)
      Had I permitted myself any innovation upon the original term, it would have been to convert it into AUSTRALIA; as being more agreeable to the ear, and an assimilation to the names of the other great portions of the earth.
  4. (geology) The continent of Australia-New Guinea. New Guinea and the intervening islands are also on the Australian tectonic plate and are thus geologically considered part of the continent.

Synonyms[edit]

  • (country): Aussie (uncommon colloquial), Aussieland (colloquial), land down under, New Holland (historical), Oz (colloquial), Terra Australis (historical), Upsidedownland (colloquial), Stralia, Straya (colloquial)
  • (continent): Meganesia, Sahul, Oceania (inclusive of other islands)

Hypernyms[edit]

  • Antipodes

Derived terms[edit]

  • Aussie
  • Australasia
  • Australia Day
  • Australia Felix
  • Australian
  • Australianism
  • Eastralia
  • Order of Australia
  • South Australia
  • Western Australia
  • Westralia

[edit]

  • Austria
  • Austrasie

Descendants[edit]

  • → Maori: Ahitereiria
  • → Tokelauan: Auhitalia

Translations[edit]

Commonwealth of Australia

  • Abkhaz: Австралиа (Avstʼralja)
  • Acehnese: Australia
  • Afrikaans: Australië (af)
  • Albanian: Australi f
  • Amharic: አውስትራልያ (ʾäwsətralya)
  • Arabic: أُسْتُرَالِيَا‎ (ar) f (ʔusturāliyā)
    Hijazi Arabic: أستراليا‎ f (ʾusturālya)
  • Aragonese: Australia f
  • Armenian: Ավստրալիա (hy) (Avstralia)
  • Assamese: অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়া (ostrelia)
  • Assyrian Neo-Aramaic: ܐܘܼܣܛܪܵܠܝܼܵܐ‎ f (usṭraliya)
  • Asturian: Australia (ast) f
  • Azerbaijani: Avstraliya (az)
  • Balinese: Ostrali
  • Bashkir: Австралия (Avstraliya)
  • Basque: Australia (eu)
  • Belarusian: Аўстра́лія f (Aŭstrálija)
  • Bengali: অস্ট্রেলিয়া (bn) (ośṭreliẏa)
  • Bislama: Ostrelia
  • Breton: Aostralia
  • Bulgarian: Австра́лия f (Avstrálija)
  • Burmese: ဩစတြေးလျ (my) (au:ca.tre:lya.)
  • Catalan: Austràlia (ca) f
  • Chamorro: Ostereilia
  • Chechen: Австрали (Avstrali)
  • Cherokee: ᎡᎳᏗᏝ (eladitla), ᎡᎳᏗᏜ (eladidla)
  • Chinese:
    Cantonese: 澳大利亞／澳大利亚 (ou3 daai6 lei6 aa3), 澳洲 (ou3 zau1)
    Mandarin: 澳大利亞／澳大利亚 (zh) (Àodàlìyà), 澳洲 (zh) (Àozhōu)
    Min Nan: 澳大利亞／澳大利亚 (zh-min-nan) (Ò-tāi-lī-a), 澳洲 (Ò-chiu)
  • Chuvash: Австрали (Avstrali)
  • Cornish: Ostrali
  • Crimean Tatar: Avstraliya
  • Czech: Austrálie (cs) f
  • Danish: Australien (da) n
  • Dhivehi: އޮސްޓަރުލިޔާ‎ (osṭaruliyā)
  • Dinka: Authërelia, Australia
  • Dutch: Australië (nl) n
  • Dzongkha: ཨས་ཊེཡེ་ལི་ཡ (as ṭeye li ya)
  • Esperanto: Aŭstralio (eo)
  • Estonian: Austraalia (et)
  • Faroese: Avstralia n
  • Fijian: Ositerelia
  • Fiji Hindi: Australia
  • Finnish: Australia (fi)
  • French: Australie (fr) f
  • Galician: Australia (gl) f
  • Gamilaraay: Yarraanbaa
  • Georgian: ავსტრალია (avsṭralia)
  • German: Australien (de) n
    Alemannic German: Australien
  • Greek: Αυστραλία (el) f (Afstralía)
  • Gujarati: ઓસ્ટ્રેલિયા (osṭreliyā)
  • Hausa: Ostareliya
  • Hawaiian: ʻAukekulelia
  • Hebrew: אוֹסְטְרַלְיָה‎ (he) f (ostrálya)
  • Hindi: ऑस्ट्रेलिया (hi) m (ŏsṭreliyā), आस्ट्रेलिया m (āsṭreliyā), ओस्ट्रेलिया m (osṭreliyā)
  • Hungarian: Ausztrália (hu)
  • Hunsrik: Australje n
  • Icelandic: Ástralía (is) f
  • Indonesian: Australia (id)
  • Interlingua: Australia
  • Inuktitut: ᐊᔅᑦᕌᓕᐊ (astraalia)
  • Irish: An Astráil f, Comhlathas na hAstráile m
  • Italian: Australia (it) f
  • Japanese: オーストラリア (ja) (Ōsutoraria) (also written: 濠太剌利 (ja) (Ōsutoraria)), (rare) 濠洲 (ごうしゅう, Gōshū), 豪州 (ja) (ごうしゅう, Gōshū), (abbreviation) 濠 (ja) (ごう, Gō), 豪 (ja) (ごう, Gō)
  • Kala Lagaw Ya: Koey Daudai
  • Kalenjin: Australia
  • Kamba: Australia
  • Kannada: ಆಸ್ಟ್ರೆಲಿಯ (āsṭreliya), ಆಸ್ಟ್ರೇಲಿಯ (kn) (āsṭrēliya)
  • Karachay-Balkar: Австралия (Avstraliya)
  • Kazakh: Аустралия (kk) (Australiä)
  • Khmer: អូស្ត្រាលី (km) (Ostrali)
  • Kikuyu: Australia
  • Korean: 오스트레일리아 (ko) (Oseuteureillia), 호주(濠洲) (ko) (Hoju), 오스트랄리아 (ko) (Oseuteurallia) (North Korea)
  • Kurdish:
    Central Kurdish: ئوسترالیا‎ (ustralya)
    Northern Kurdish: Awistralya (ku), Australya (ku), Awustralya (ku), Ewistralya (ku), Ewustralya (ku), Ostralya (ku), Ustralya (ku)
  • Kyrgyz: Австралия (ky) (Avstraliya)
  • Lao: ອົດສະຕາລີ (ʼot sa tā lī), ອົສຕາລີ (ʼot tā lī), ອົດສະຕຣາລີ (ʼot sat rā lī)
  • Latin: Australia (la) f
  • Latvian: Austrālija f
  • Lithuanian: Australija (lt) f
  • Luhya: Australia
  • Luo: Australia
  • Macedonian: Австралија (mk) f (Avstralija)
  • Malagasy: Aostralia
  • Malay: Australia (ms)
  • Malayalam: ആസ്ട്രേലിയ (āsṭrēliya), ഓസ്ട്രേലിയ (ōsṭrēliya)
  • Maltese: Awstralja f
  • Manx: Yn Austrail f
  • Maori: Ahitereiria, Te Pāpaka-a-Māui, Te Whenua Moemoeā
  • Marathi: ऑस्ट्रेलिया (ŏsṭreliyā), ओस्ट्रेलिया (osṭreliyā)
  • Meriam Mir: Keo Daudai
  • Moksha: Австралие (Avstraľije)
  • Mongolian:
    Cyrillic: Австрали (Avstrali), Австрали улс (Avstrali uls),
  • Nahuatl: Australia
  • Nauruan: Otereiriya (na)
  • Navajo: Nahatʼeʼiitsoh bikéyah
  • Nepali: अस्ट्रेलिया (asṭreliyā)
  • Niuean: Ausetalia
  • Norfuk: Ostrielya
  • Norman: Australie f
  • Norwegian:
    Bokmål: Australia (no)
    Nynorsk: Australia (nn)
  • Occitan: Austràlia (oc) f
  • Okinawan: オーストラリア
  • Oriya: ଅଷ୍ଟ୍ରେଲିଆ (ôṣṭrelia)
  • Ossetian: Австрали (Avstrali)
  • Pashto: اسټراليا‎ f (asṭrālyā), آستراليا‎ f (āstrālyã), استراليا‎ f (astrālyā)
  • Persian: استرالیا‎ (fa) (ostorâliyâ)
  • Plautdietsch: Australien n
  • Polish: Australia (pl) f
  • Portuguese: Austrália (pt) f
  • Pukapukan: Oteleilia
  • Punjabi: ਆਸਟ੍ਰੇਲੀਆ (āsaṭrelīā)
  • Rarotongan: ‘Autirēria
  • Rhine Franconian: Auschdralie
  • Romanian: Australia (ro) f
  • Russian: Австра́лия (ru) f (Avstrálija)
  • Rusyn: Австра́лія f (Avstrálija)
  • Samoan: Ausetalia (sm)
  • Sanskrit: महालंका (mahālaṃkā)
  • Scots: Australie
  • Scottish Gaelic: Astràilia
  • Serbo-Croatian:
    Cyrillic: Ау̀стра̄лија f
    Roman: Aùstrālija (sh) f
  • Shan: ဢေႃႇၸတြေးလီးယိူဝ်း (ʼàu tsǎ trée líi yóe)
  • Sindhi: آسٽريليا‎
  • Sinhalese: ඕස්ට්‍රේලියාව (ōsṭrēliyāwa)
  • Slavomolisano: Lauštralija f
  • Slovak: Austrália (sk) f
  • Slovene: Avstrálija (sl) f
  • Somali: Ustraleeya
  • Sorbian:
    Lower Sorbian: Awstralska f
    Upper Sorbian: Awstralska f
  • Spanish: Australia (es) f
  • Swahili: Australia (sw)
  • Swedish: Australien (sv) n
  • Tagalog: Australia
  • Tahitian: Autereraria, Auterāria
  • Tajik: Австралия (tg) (Avstraliya)
  • Tamil: அவுஸ்திரேலியா (ta) (avustirēliyā), ஆஸ்திரேலியா (ta) (āstirēliyā)
  • Tatar: Австралия (Awstraliya)
  • Telugu: ఆస్ట్రేలియా (te) (āsṭrēliyā)
  • Thai: ออสเตรเลีย (th) (ɔ́s-dtree-liia)
  • Tibetan: ཨོ་སེ་ཐེ་ལི་ཡ (o se the li ya)
  • Tigrinya: ኣውስትራሊያ (ʾawsətraliya)
  • Tok Pisin: Ostrelia
  • Tongan: ʻAositelēlia
  • Torres Strait Creole: Ostrelia
  • Turkish: Avustralya (tr)
  • Turkmen: Awstraliýa
  • Ukrainian: Австра́лія (uk) f (Avstrálija)
  • Urdu: آسٹریلیا‎ m (āsṭreliyā)
  • Uyghur: ئاۋسترالىيە‎ (awstraliye)
  • Uzbek: Avstraliya (uz)
  • Veps: Avstralii
  • Vietnamese: Úc (vi) (澳), Úc Đại Lợi (澳大利), Châu Úc (洲澳), Úc Châu (澳洲), Ô-xtrây-li-a (vi), nước Úc, Australia (vi)
  • Volapük: Laustralän (vo)
  • Walloon: Ostraleye (wa)
  • Welsh: Awstralia (cy)
  • Western Panjabi: آسٹریلیا‎ (āsṫreliya)
  • Wolof: Óstraali (wo)
  • Yakut: Аустралия (Australiya)
  • Yiddish: אויסטראַליע‎ n (oystralye), אַווסטראַליע‎ n (avstralye)
  • Yoruba: Ástràlìá
  • Zazaki: (Southern Zazaki) Awıstralya
  • Zhuang: Audaliya, Aucouh
  • Zulu: i-Ostreliya

continent of Australia

  • Arabic: أُسْتُرَالِيَا‎ (ar) f (ʔusturāliyā)
  • Armenian: Ավստրալիա (hy) (Avstralia)
  • Assamese: অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়া (ostrelia)
  • Assyrian Neo-Aramaic: ܐܘܼܣܛܪܵܠܝܼܵܐ‎ f (usṭraliya)
  • Belarusian: Аўстра́лія f (Aŭstrálija)
  • Bengali: অস্ট্রেলিয়া (bn) (ośṭreliẏa)
  • Burmese: ဩစတြေးလျ (my) (au:ca.tre:lya.)
  • Catalan: Austràlia (ca) f
  • Chinese:
    Mandarin: 澳洲 (zh) (Àozhōu)
  • Czech: Austrálie (cs) f
  • Danish: Australien (da)
  • Dinka: please add this translation if you can
  • Dutch: Australië (nl)
  • Estonian: Austraalia (et)
  • Finnish: Australia (fi), Australian manner
  • French: Australie (fr) f
  • Galician: Australia (gl) f
  • Gamilaraay: Yarraanbaa
  • Georgian: ავსტრალია (avsṭralia)
  • German: Australien (de)
  • Hawaiian: ʻAukekulelia
  • Hebrew: אוֹסְטְרַלְיָה‎ (he) f (ostrálya)
  • Hindi: ऑस्ट्रेलिया (hi) (ŏsṭreliyā), आस्ट्रेलिया (āsṭreliyā), ओस्ट्रेलिया (osṭreliyā)
  • Hungarian: Ausztrália (hu)
  • Icelandic: Ástralía (is) f
  • Irish: An Astráil f
  • Japanese: オーストラリア (ja) (Ōsutoraria) (also written: 濠太剌利 (ja) (Ōsutoraria)), (rare) 濠洲 (ごうしゅう, Gōshū), 豪州 (ja) (ごうしゅう, Gōshū), (abbreviation) 濠 (ja) (ごう, Gō), 豪 (ja) (ごう, Gō), オーストラリア大陸 (Ōsutoraria tairiku)
  • Khmer: អូស្ត្រាលី (km) (Ostrali)
  • Korean: 오스트레일리아 (ko) (Oseuteureillia), 호주(濠洲) (ko) (Hoju), 오스트랄리아 (ko) (Oseuteurallia) (North Korea)
  • Latvian: Austrālija f
  • Lithuanian: Australija (lt) f
  • Macedonian: Австралија (mk) f (Avstralija)
  • Malay: Australia (ms)
  • Manx: Yn Austrail f
  • Moore: wostrali
  • Norman: Australie f
  • Norwegian:
    Bokmål: Australia (no)
    Nynorsk: Australia (nn)
  • Occitan: Austràlia (oc) f
  • Pashto: اسټراليا‎ f (asṭrālyā), آستراليا‎ f (āstrālyã), استراليا‎ f (astrālyā)
  • Persian: استرالیا‎ (fa) (ostorâliyâ)
  • Plautdietsch: Australien n
  • Polish: Australia (pl) f
  • Portuguese: Austrália (pt) f
  • Romanian: Australia (ro) f
  • Russian: Австра́лия (ru) f (Avstrálija)
  • Serbo-Croatian:
    Cyrillic: Ау̀стра̄лија f
    Roman: Aùstrālija (sh) f
  • Slovak: Austrália (sk) f
  • Slovene: Avstrálija (sl) f
  • Sorbian:
    Upper Sorbian: Awstralija f
  • Spanish: Australia (es) f
  • Swedish: Australien (sv) n
  • Telugu: ఆస్ట్రేలియా (te) (āsṭrēliyā)
  • Thai: ออสเตรเลีย (th) (ɔ́s-dtree-liia)
  • Turkish: Avustralya (tr)
  • Uyghur: ئاۋسترالىيە‎ (awstraliye)
  • Vietnamese: Châu Úc (洲澳), Úc Châu (澳洲), Úc (vi) (澳)
  • Volapük: Stralop (vo)
  • Yiddish: אַווסטראַליע‎ n (avstralye)

Translations to be checked

  • Ido: Australia (io)

See also[edit]

  • (continents) continent; Africa, America (North America, South America), Antarctica, Asia, Europe, Oceania (Category: en:Continents)
  • AU
  • Aust
  • Countries of the world

Further reading[edit]

  • Australia time zones with map and map current local time in Australia.

Albanian[edit]

Proper noun[edit]

Australia f

  1. definite nominative of Australi

Asturian[edit]

Proper noun[edit]

Australia f

  1. Australia (a continent and country in Oceania)

[edit]

  • australianu

Basque[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

  • IPA(key): /au̯s̺tralia/, [au̯s̺.t̪ra.li.a]

Proper noun[edit]

Australia inan

  1. Australia (a continent and country in Oceania)

Declension[edit]

Derived terms[edit]

  • australiar

Central Huasteca Nahuatl[edit]

Proper noun[edit]

Australia

  1. Australia (a continent and country in Oceania)

Central Nahuatl[edit]

Proper noun[edit]

Australia

  1. Australia (a country in Oceania)

Finnish[edit]

Alternative forms[edit]

  • Austraalia (rare)

Etymology[edit]

From Latin austrālia.

Pronunciation[edit]

  • IPA(key): /ˈɑu̯strɑ(ː)liɑ/, [ˈɑu̯s̠t̪rɑ(ː)ˌliɑ] (long vowel more common)
  • Rhymes: -iɑ
  • Syllabification(key): aust‧ra‧li‧a

Proper noun[edit]

Australia

  1. Australia (a continent and country in Oceania)

Declension[edit]

Inflection of Australia (Kotus type 12/kulkija, no gradation)
nominative Australia —
genitive Australian —
partitive Australiaa —
illative Australiaan —
singular plural
nominative Australia —
accusative nom. Australia —
gen. Australian
genitive Australian —
partitive Australiaa —
inessive Australiassa —
elative Australiasta —
illative Australiaan —
adessive Australialla —
ablative Australialta —
allative Australialle —
essive Australiana —
translative Australiaksi —
instructive — —
abessive Australiatta —
comitative See the possessive forms below.
Possessive forms of Australia (type kulkija)
first-person singular possessor
singular plural
nominative Australiani —
accusative nom. Australiani —
gen. Australiani
genitive Australiani —
partitive Australiaani —
inessive Australiassani —
elative Australiastani —
illative Australiaani —
adessive Australiallani —
ablative Australialtani —
allative Australialleni —
essive Australianani —
translative Australiakseni —
instructive — —
abessive Australiattani —
comitative — —
second-person singular possessor
singular plural
nominative Australiasi —
accusative nom. Australiasi —
gen. Australiasi
genitive Australiasi —
partitive Australiaasi —
inessive Australiassasi —
elative Australiastasi —
illative Australiaasi —
adessive Australiallasi —
ablative Australialtasi —
allative Australiallesi —
essive Australianasi —
translative Australiaksesi —
instructive — —
abessive Australiattasi —
comitative — —
first-person plural possessor
singular plural
nominative Australiamme —
accusative nom. Australiamme —
gen. Australiamme
genitive Australiamme —
partitive Australiaamme —
inessive Australiassamme —
elative Australiastamme —
illative Australiaamme —
adessive Australiallamme —
ablative Australialtamme —
allative Australiallemme —
essive Australianamme —
translative Australiaksemme —
instructive — —
abessive Australiattamme —
comitative — —
second-person plural possessor
singular plural
nominative Australianne —
accusative nom. Australianne —
gen. Australianne
genitive Australianne —
partitive Australiaanne —
inessive Australiassanne —
elative Australiastanne —
illative Australiaanne —
adessive Australiallanne —
ablative Australialtanne —
allative Australiallenne —
essive Australiananne —
translative Australiaksenne —
instructive — —
abessive Australiattanne —
comitative — —
third-person possessor
singular plural
nominative Australiansa —
accusative nom. Australiansa —
gen. Australiansa
genitive Australiansa —
partitive Australiaansa —
inessive Australiassaan
Australiassansa 		—
elative Australiastaan
Australiastansa 		—
illative Australiaansa —
adessive Australiallaan
Australiallansa 		—
ablative Australialtaan
Australialtansa 		—
allative Australialleen
Australiallensa 		—
essive Australianaan
Australianansa 		—
translative Australiakseen
Australiaksensa 		—
instructive — —
abessive Australiattaan
Australiattansa 		—
comitative — —

In Australia = Australiassa.

[edit]

  • australialainen
  • australialaisuus

Galician[edit]

Proper noun[edit]

Australia f

  1. Australia (a continent and country in Oceania)

[edit]

  • australiano

Greenlandic[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From English Australia (cognate with Danish Australien).

Noun[edit]

Australia

  1. Australia (a country in Oceania)

Ido[edit]

Proper noun[edit]

Australia

  1. Australia (a continent and country in Oceania)

See also[edit]

  • (continents) kontinento; Afrika, Amerika (Nord-Amerika, Sud-Amerika), Antarktika, Azia, Australia, Europa (Category: io:Continents)

Indonesian[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

  • IPA(key): [aʷus.t(ə)raliʲa]
  • Hyphenation: aus‧tra‧lia

Proper noun[edit]

Australia

  1. Australia (a continent and country in Oceania)

Interlingua[edit]

Proper noun[edit]

Australia

  1. Australia (a continent and country in Oceania)

Italian[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

  • IPA(key): /awˈstra.lja/
  • Rhymes: -alja
  • Hyphenation: Au‧strà‧lia

Proper noun[edit]

Australia f

  1. Australia (a continent and country in Oceania)

Derived terms[edit]

  • australiano

Descendants[edit]

  • →⇒ Slavomolisano: Lauštralija

Anagrams[edit]

  • saltuaria

Latin[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

  • (Classical) IPA(key): /au̯sˈtraː.li.a/, [äu̯s̠ˈt̪räːlʲiä]
  • (Ecclesiastical) IPA(key): /au̯sˈtra.li.a/, [äu̯sˈt̪räːliä]

Proper noun[edit]

Austrālia f sg (genitive Austrāliae); first declension

  1. (New Latin) Australia

Declension[edit]

First-declension noun, singular only.

Case Singular
Nominative Austrālia
Genitive Austrāliae
Dative Austrāliae
Accusative Austrāliam
Ablative Austrāliā
Vocative Austrālia

Derived terms[edit]

  • austrāliēnsis, austrāliānus

Malay[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From English Australia, from Latin terra austrālis incōgnita (“unknown southern land”), from auster (“the south wind”).

Pronunciation[edit]

  • (Johor-Selangor) IPA(key): /au̯straliə/
  • (Riau-Lingga) IPA(key): /au̯stralia/
  • Rhymes: -iə, -ə

Proper noun[edit]

Australia

  1. Australia (a continent and country in Oceania)

Norwegian Bokmål[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

  • IPA(key): /æʉstɾɑːljɑ/

Proper noun[edit]

Australia

  1. Australia (a continent and country in Oceania)

[edit]

  • australier
  • australsk

See also[edit]

  • (continents) kontinent; Afrika, Amerika, Antarktis, Asia, Europa, Nord-Amerika, Oseania, Sør-Amerika (Category: no:Continents)

Norwegian Nynorsk[edit]

Proper noun[edit]

Australia

  1. Australia (a continent and country in Oceania)

[edit]

  • australiar
  • australsk

Polish[edit]

Etymology[edit]

Borrowed from English Australia, from Latin terra austrālis incōgnita.

Pronunciation[edit]

  • IPA(key): /awˈstra.lja/
  • Rhymes: -alja
  • Syllabification: Aus‧tra‧lia

Proper noun[edit]

Australia f

  1. Australia (a continent and country in Oceania)

Declension[edit]

Derived terms[edit]

  • australijski
  • Australijczyk
  • Australijka

Further reading[edit]

  • Australia in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
  • Australia in Polish dictionaries at PWN

Romanian[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Proper noun[edit]

Australia f

  1. Australia (a country in Oceania)
  2. Australia (a continent)

Declension[edit]

declension of Australia (singular only)

See also[edit]

  • (continents) continent; Africa, America (America de Nord, America de Sud), Antarctica, Asia, Europa, Oceania (Category: ro:Continents)

Sicilian[edit]

Proper noun[edit]

Australia f

  1. Australia (a country in Oceania)
  2. Australia (a continent)

See also[edit]

  • (continents) cuntinenti; Àfrica, Amèrica (Amèrica dû Nord, Amèrica dû Sud), Antàrtidi, Asia, Europa, Oceania (Category: scn:Continents)

Spanish[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

  • IPA(key): /ausˈtɾalja/ [au̯sˈt̪ɾa.lja]
  • Rhymes: -alja
  • Syllabification: Aus‧tra‧lia

Proper noun[edit]

Australia f

  1. Australia (a continent and country in Oceania)

Derived terms[edit]

  • Australia Meridional
  • Australia Occidental
  • australiano, australiana

Swahili[edit]

Proper noun[edit]

Australia

  1. Australia (a continent and country in Oceania)

See also[edit]

  • (continents) mabara; Afrika (“Africa”), Amerika (“America”), Antaktika (“Antarctica”) or Antaktiki, Asia (“Asia”), Ulaya (“Europe”) or Uropa, Amerika ya Kaskazini (“North America”), Australia (“Oceania”), Amerika ya Kusini (“South America”) (Category: sw:Continents) [edit]
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The name Australia is derived from the Latin Terra Australis, and it means unknown southern land. It is a name used for putative lands in the southern hemisphere of the world; and thus, it is a name that was used accordingly from the time of the ancient Roman Empire.

The earliest recorded use of the word Australia in English was in 1625 in «A note of Australia del Espíritu Santo, written by Sir Richard Hakluyt» and published by Samuel Purchas in Hakluytus Posthumus, a corruption of the original Spanish name «Austrialia del Espíritu Santo» (Southern Land of the Holy Spirit, an island in Vanuatu).

The first time that the name Australia appears to have been officially used was in a despatch to Lord Bathurst. On April 4, 1817, Governor Lachlan Macquarie then acknowledges the receipt of Matthew Flinders’ charts of Australia. On December 12, 1817, Macquarie recommended to the Colonial Office that the name be formally adopted. In 1824, the Admiralty agreed that the continent should be known officially as Australia.

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By total land area, Australia is the sixth largest country in the world.

By total land area, Australia is the sixth largest country in the world.

The nation of Australia comprises of many small islands, the Australian continent’s mainland, and the island of Tasmania. By total area, Australia is the sixth largest country in the world and the largest in Oceania. The region derives its name from the term Australis, a Latin word which means «southern.» The name is believed to have originated specifically from ‘Terra Australis’ a hypothetical continent that was hypothesized in pre-modern geography. The term Australia owes its popularity to an English explorer, Matthew Flinders who first used it 1804. Since 1817, Australia was the region’s official name after replacing New Holland as the previous name.

Historical Background

From the fifteenth century, Terra Australis which is translated into English as the ‘land of the south’ was used in world maps even though the region was more on hypothetical than an actual survey. Terra Australis was theorized from a belief that Northern hemisphere continents ought to be balanced by land in the south. The record for this type of theory dates back to the 5th century; it is on maps drawn by Macrobius Ambrosius Theodosius a Roman provincial. However, the earliest record of the term Australia being used in English was in 1625 when Sir Richard Hakluyt wrote ‘A note of Australia del Espiritu Santo’ which was published by an English cleric by the name Samuel Purchas.

The Name Australia

In 1794, the term Australia was specifically applied to the region for the first time by botanists Sir James Smith and George Shaw wrote in their 1973 Zoology and Botany of New Holland of ‘the vast island or rather continent of New Holland, Australia or Australasia’. In 1799, James Wilson included it on a chart. As of 1804, the term was made famous by Flinders who was in turn persuaded by Sir Joseph Banks his patron to use it since it was what most people in the region was familiar with, and Flinders used the name Australia in his manuscripts and charts. In 1824, the admiralty decided that the region should be called Australia.

Nicknames Of Australia

Oz

Since the early 20th century, people living outside of Australia have informally referred the country to as Oz. However, Australians rarely refer to their country as Oz. The term Oz dates back to 1908, but in the form of Oss, as recorded in the Oxford English Dictionary. Oz is mostly assumed to mean the fictional Land of Oz from the movie ‘The Wizard of Oz which is based on ‘The Wonderful Wizard of Oz’ a novel by the American author L. Frank Baum. The spelling of ‘Oz’ is believed to have been hugely influencing by the movie even though the pronunciation always had the sound ‘z’ instead of ‘s.’ many critics are convinced that the continent of Australia inspired the author. Therefore, they believe that the Land of Oz was a reference to the region.

Other Nicknames

Unofficially, the country of Australia is also known as ‘Down Under’ or ‘the Land Down Under.’ The name is derived from the position of the country in the Southern hemisphere. The name ‘Down Under was first recorded in 1886 in print and later on made famous by artists known as men at Work in their 1980 song which is known by the same name. Australia is also known by other nicknames including Aussie which is used as a demonym and Straya. Some of the epithets used to refer to the country include ‘the Lucky Country,’ and ‘the Greta Southern land.’

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  • Defenition of the word australia

    • A country in Oceania, with capital Canberra.
    • Continent that is entirely located on the southern half of the globe, surrounded by the Indian, and Pacific Oceans, and Southern Ocean.
    • the smallest continent; between the South Pacific and the Indian Ocean
    • a nation occupying the whole of the Australian continent; aboriginal tribes are thought to have migrated from southeastern Asia 20,000 years ago; first Europeans were British convicts sent there as a penal colony

Synonyms for the word australia

    • Australia
    • Commonwealth of Australia

Meronymys for the word australia

    • Aussie
    • Australia
    • Australian
    • Australian capital
    • Australian Desert
    • Australian state
    • British Commonwealth
    • Canberra
    • capital of Australia
    • Commonwealth of Australia
    • Commonwealth of Nations
    • Darling
    • Darling River
    • eastern hemisphere
    • Murray
    • Murray River
    • New South Wales
    • Northern Territory
    • orient
    • Queensland
    • South Australia
    • southern hemisphere
    • Tasmania
    • Victoria
    • Western Australia

Hyponyms for the word australia

    • Carpenteria
    • Gulf of Carpenteria

Hypernyms for the word australia

    • continent
    • country
    • land
    • nation
    • state

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