From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
In morphology and lexicography, a lemma (plural lemmas or lemmata) is the canonical form,[1] dictionary form, or citation form of a set of word forms.[2] In English, for example, break, breaks, broke, broken and breaking are forms of the same lexeme, with break as the lemma by which they are indexed. Lexeme, in this context, refers to the set of all the inflected or alternating forms in the paradigm of a single word, and lemma refers to the particular form that is chosen by convention to represent the lexeme. Lemmas have special significance in highly inflected languages such as Arabic, Turkish and Russian. The process of determining the lemma for a given lexeme is called lemmatisation. The lemma can be viewed as the chief of the principal parts, although lemmatisation is at least partly arbitrary.
Morphology[edit]
The form of a word that is chosen to serve as the lemma is usually the least marked form, but there are several exceptions such as the use of the infinitive for verbs in some languages.
For English, the citation form of a noun is the singular (and non-possessive) form: mouse rather than mice. For multiword lexemes that contain possessive adjectives or reflexive pronouns, the citation form uses a form of the indefinite pronoun one: do one’s best, perjure oneself. In European languages with grammatical gender, the citation form of regular adjectives and nouns is usually the masculine singular.[citation needed] If the language also has cases, the citation form is often the masculine singular nominative.
For many languages, the citation form of a verb is the infinitive: French aller, German gehen, Hindustani जाना/جانا, Spanish ir. English verbs usually have an infinitive, which in its bare form (without the particle to) is its least marked (for example, break is chosen over to break, breaks, broke, breaking, and broken); for defective verbs with no infinitive the present tense is used (for example, must has only one form while shall has no infinitive, and both lemmas are their lexemes’ present tense forms). For Latin, Ancient Greek, Modern Greek, and Bulgarian, the first person singular present tense is traditionally used, but some modern dictionaries use the infinitive instead (except for Bulgarian, which lacks infinitives; for contracted verbs in Ancient Greek, an uncontracted first person singular present tense is used to reveal the contract vowel: φιλέω philéō for φιλῶ philō «I love» [implying affection], ἀγαπάω agapáō for ἀγαπῶ agapō «I love» [implying regard]). Finnish dictionaries list verbs not under their root, but under the first infinitive, marked with -(t)a, -(t)ä.
For Japanese, the non-past (present and future) tense is used. For Arabic the third-person singular masculine of the past/perfect tense is the least-marked form and is used for entries in modern dictionaries. In older dictionaries, which are still commonly used, the triliteral of the word, either a verb or a noun, is used. This is similar to Hebrew, which also uses the third-person singular masculine perfect form, e.g. ברא bara’ create, כפר kaphar deny. Georgian uses the verbal noun. For Korean, -da is attached to the stem.
In Tamil, an agglutinative language, the verb stem (which is also the imperative form — the least marked one) is often cited, e.g., இரு
In Irish, words are highly inflected by case (genitive, nominative, dative and vocative) and by their place within a sentence because of initial mutations. The noun cainteoir, the lemma for the noun meaning «speaker», has a variety of forms: chainteoir, gcainteoir, cainteora, chainteora, cainteoirí, chainteoirí and gcainteoirí.
Some phrases are cited in a sort of lemma: Carthago delenda est (literally, «Carthage must be destroyed») is a common way of citing Cato, but what he said was nearer to censeo Carthaginem esse delendam («I hold Carthage to be in need of destruction»).
Lexicography[edit]
In a dictionary, the lemma «go» represents the inflected forms «go», «goes», «going», «went», and «gone». The relationship between an inflected form and its lemma is usually denoted by an angle bracket, e.g., «went» < «go». Of course, the disadvantage of such simplifications is the inability to look up a declined or conjugated form of the word, but some dictionaries, like Webster’s Dictionary, list «went». Multilingual dictionaries vary in how they deal with this issue: the Langenscheidt dictionary of German does not list ging (< gehen), but the Cassell does.
Lemmas or word stems are used often in corpus linguistics for determining word frequency. In that usage, the specific definition of «lemma» is flexible depending on the task it is being used for.
Pronunciation[edit]
A word may have different pronunciations, depending on its phonetic environment (the neighbouring sounds) or on the degree of stress in a sentence. An example of the latter is the weak and strong forms of certain English function words like some and but (pronounced /sʌm/, /bʌt/ when stressed but /s(ə)m/, /bət/ when unstressed). Dictionaries usually give the pronunciation used when the word is pronounced alone (its isolation form) and with stress, but they may also note common weak forms of pronunciation.
Difference between stem and lemma[edit]
The stem is the part of the word that never changes even when morphologically inflected; a lemma is the least marked form of the word. For example, from «produced», the lemma is «produce», but the stem is «produc-«. This is because there are words such as production. and producing[3][failed verification] In linguistic analysis, the stem is defined more generally as the analyzed base form from which all inflected forms can be formed.[citation needed] When phonology is taken into account, the definition of the unchangeable part of the word is not useful, as can be seen in the phonological forms of the words in the preceding example: «produced» vs. «production» .
Some lexemes have several stems but one lemma. For instance the verb «to go» has the stems «go» and «went» due to suppletion: the past tense was co-opted from a different verb, «to wend».
Headword[edit]
A headword, lemma, or catchword[4] is the word under which a set of related dictionary or encyclopaedia entries appears. The headword is used to locate the entry, and dictates its alphabetical position. Depending on the size and nature of the dictionary or encyclopedia, the entry may include alternative meanings of the word, its etymology, pronunciation and inflections, compound words or phrases that contain the headword, and encyclopedic information about the concepts represented by the word.
For example, the headword bread may contain the following (simplified) definitions:
- Bread
- (noun)
- A common food made from the combination of flour, water and yeast
- Money (slang)
- (verb)
- To coat in breadcrumbs
- — to know which side your bread is buttered to know how to act in your own best interests.
The Academic Dictionary of Lithuanian contains around 500,000 headwords. The Oxford English Dictionary (OED) has around 273,000 headwords along with 220,000 lemmas,[5] while Webster’s Third New International Dictionary has about 470,000.[6] The Deutsches Wörterbuch (DWB), the largest lexicon of the German language, has around 330,000 headwords.[7] These values are cited by the dictionary makers and may not use exactly the same definition of a headword. In addition, headwords may not accurately reflect a dictionary’s physical size. The OED and the DWB, for instance, include exhaustive historical reviews and exact citations from source documents not usually found in standard dictionaries.
The term ‘lemma’ comes from the practice in Greco-Roman antiquity of using the word to refer to the headwords of marginal glosses in scholia; for this reason, the Ancient Greek plural form is sometimes used, namely lemmata (Greek λῆμμα, pl. λήμματα).
See also[edit]
- Lexeme
- Lexical Markup Framework
- Null morpheme
- Principal parts
- Root (linguistics)
- Uninflected word
References[edit]
- ^ Zgusta, Ladislav (2006). Dolezal, Fredric F.M. (ed.). Lexicography then and now. p. 202. ISBN 3484391294.
A minor… problem can arise when the canonical form of the headword, i.e. the form in which it is to be cited, is to be chosen.
- ^ Francis, W.N.; Kučera, H (1982). Frequency Analysis of English Usage: Lexicon and Usage. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
- ^ «Natural Language Toolkit — NLTK 3.0 documentation». Nltk.org. 2015-09-05. Retrieved 2015-09-27.
- ^ Oxford English Dictionary, 3rd. edition, 2018, s.v., definition 5
- ^ «Glossary — Oxford English Dictionary». public.oed.com. Retrieved 3 October 2016.
- ^ «Mwunabridged». www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 3 October 2016.
- ^ The Deutsches Wörterbuch Archived 2016-08-12 at the Wayback Machine at the BBAW, retrieved 22-June-2012.
External links[edit]
Lemmas Explained
Updated on November 04, 2019
In morphology and lexicology, the form of a word that appears at the beginning of a dictionary or glossary entry: a headword.
The lemma, says David Crystal, is «essentially an abstract representation, subsuming all the formal lexical variations which may apply» (Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics, 2008).
The Lemma Explained by Malliday and Yallop
«The lemma is the base form under which the word is entered [in a dictionary] and assigned its place: typically, the ‘stem,’ or simplest form (singular noun, present/infinitive verb, etc.). Other forms may not be entered if they are predictable (such as the plural bears, not given here); but the irregular past forms of the verbs are given (irregular in the sense that they do not follow the default pattern of adding -ed) and there is also an indication under cut that the t must be doubled in the spelling of inflected forms like cutting. An irregular form may appear as a separate lemma, with cross-reference. This dictionary [the two-volume New Shorter Oxford English Dictionary, 1993] has such an entry for borne v. pa. pple & ppl a. of BEAR v., indicating that borne is the past participle and participial adjective of the verb bear.»
(M. A. K. Halliday and Colin Yallop, Lexicology: A Short Introduction. Continuum, 2007)
Lemmas and Lexemes
«The conventional term lemma is currently used in corpus research and psycholinguistic studies as quasi-synonymous with lexeme. But lemma cannot be confused with lexemes. For example, the editors of the British National Corpus warn users that items such as phrasal verbs, that is, verbs containing two or three parts like turn out, or look forward to, which lexicologists treat as lexical units, can only be accessed through separate lemmas. In the case of turn out, it contains two lemmas, and in that of look forward to, three. Also, homonymic distinction is not always established by the editors of lists containing lemmas (Leech, Rayson and Wilson 2001).
«However, a lemma does resemble the lexeme concept in other ways. Linguistic corpora allow for two basic searches, one of which produces lemmatized word lists, that is word lists containing lemmas, and another one containing unlemmatized word lists, that is word lists containing word forms. . . .
«Finally, dictionary headwords cannot always be identified with lexemes. For instance, the headword bubble, in a dictionary like the OALD [Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary] includes information about the noun bubble and the verb bubble within the same entry. For a lexicologist, these represent two different lexemes.»
(Miguel Fuster Márquez, «English Lexicology.» Working with Words: An Introduction to English Linguistics, ed. by Miguel Fuster and Antonia Sánchez. Universitat de València, 2008)
The Morphological Status of Lemmas
«What is the morphological status of lemmas? Several hypotheses have been set forth, for example:
1) that every ‘word’ (free form), including inflectional forms and word-formations, has its own entry and corresponds to a lemma; a weaker one is
2) that not all words have their own entry, i.e. ‘regular’ inflectional forms and perhaps word-formations make up a part of the entry of the base and are accessed via that base;
3) that stems or roots, rather than free-standing forms, form the lemma, independently of whether other forms derived from these are ‘regular’ or not.»
(Amanda Pounder, Processes and Paradigms in Word Formation Morphology. Mouton de Gruyter, 2000)
Measuring Lemma Frequency
«[T]here is a problem with word frequency in that it is unclear what the correct measure of frequency is. There exists a number of different ways of counting word frequency and these are not theory neutral. . . .
«One example is lemma frequency; this is the cumulative frequency of all the word form frequencies of words within an inflectional paradigm. The lemma frequency of the verb help, for example, is the sum of the word form frequencies of help, helps, helped and helping. In accounts of language processing in which regular inflectional forms are decomposed and map onto root morphemes, we would expect the frequency of the root to be more critical for determining response latencies than word form frequency and hence the lemma frequency would play a prominent role.
«Accounts in which other complex forms are also decomposed (e.g., inflections, derivations and compounds) will instead emphasise the cumulative morpheme frequency, which is the sum of the frequencies of all the complex words in which a root morpheme appears. For example, the cumulative morpheme frequency of help would be the sum of the lemma frequency of help plus the lemma frequencies of helpful, helpless, helplessness etc. Another measure, family size, is the number of word types in which a morpheme occurs, rather than the number of tokens in it. The word help has a family size of ten.»
(Michael A. Ford, William D. Marslen-Wilson, and Matthew H. Davis, «Morphology and Frequency: Contrasting Methodologies.» Morphological Structure in Language Processing, ed. by R. Harald Baayen and Robert Schreuder. Mouton de Gruyter, 2003)
A lemma is one of two things with regard to languages. In linguistics, it is a word as it is presented in a dictionary or in a citation. In psycholinguistics, it is the conceptualization of a word before it has been given a sound.
The linguistic lemma is a word without any morphological changes made to it. An example is the word ‘go.’ The dictionary form of ‘went’ is still ‘go,’ as it is for ‘going,’ ‘goes’ and ‘gone.’ Some words are regular, like the verb ‘fish’ or the noun ‘cat,’ but others are irregular and this sometimes causes confusion with regard to that word’s lemma. The lemma of ‘we,’ ‘my,’ ‘mine’ and ‘ours’ is ‘I.’
Each lemma consists of morphemes made up of at least one phoneme. Each morpheme is a meaningful fragment of a word. Some of these can act as individual words, while others only work when combined with another morpheme. It is possible, therefore, for certain lemmas to be created out of more than one independent morpheme; for example, ‘bathhouse.’
The lemma should not be confused with the stem word. A word stem is the part of a word that does not change as the word runs through its various forms when inflected, put into cases, numbered or gendered. Often the stem and the lemma can be the same. In English, words like ‘wait’ and ‘run’ are both lemmas and stems, but other words like ‘I’ and ‘eat’ are not, because the basic structure of the word completely alters during morphology.
Depending on what language a person speaks, a lemma can come in different forms. Latin and Greek place the main entry word in the first person singular; Arabic, on the other hand, cites words in the third person masculine form. In English, French and German, the verb is put into the infinitive form.
In psycholinguistics, the lemma is defined as the concept of a word. For example, in 1780, British jurist Jeremy Bentham wanted to coin a word that could be used to describe things or organizations that existed between several nations. In thinking of this concept, he was creating a lemma. Later on, he decided to combine ‘inter’ with ‘national’ to create ‘international,’ although he then apologized for its inelegance.
The process of turning a thought into a new word is called lexicalization. This process has a number of stages including conceptualization, formulation and execution. The creation of the lemma falls into the conceptualization phase where the idea of the word is defined, but the letters and sounds attributed to voicing it are still unknown.
Table of Contents
- What is the dictionary form of a verb called?
- What is a verb dictionary?
- Is dictionary a noun or verb?
- Is Lemma a proof?
- What is a glossed word?
- What is a color gloss?
- What is gloss in English grammar?
- Does gloss mean shiny?
- How do you use gloss in a sentence?
- What words are not in ASL?
- What is glossing in writing?
- What is the medical term for gloss?
- Does Glosso mean tongue?
- What does or O mean in medical terminology?
- What combining form means tongue?
- Which combining form means death?
- Which terms pertain to the tongue?
- Which combining form means eating or swallowing?
- What is the medical term that means difficulty with swallowing?
- What combining form means gallbladder?
- Which combining form means stomach?
- Which combining form means color?
- What root word means abdominal wall?
- Is Nephro a word root?
- What is an Otomy?
- What is Nephro?
- Which word part means stone calculus?
In morphology and lexicography, a lemma (plural lemmas or lemmata) is the canonical form, dictionary form, or citation form of a set of words (headword). In English, for example, break, breaks, broke, broken and breaking are forms of the same lexeme, with break as the lemma by which they are indexed.
What is the dictionary form of a verb called?
In traditional descriptions of English, the infinitive is the basic dictionary form of a verb when used non-finitely, with or without the particle to. The form without to is called the bare infinitive, and the form with to is called the full infinitive or to-infinitive.
What is a verb dictionary?
A verb is the part of speech that indicates what something does, or what it is. It’s also the basic component of the predicate of a sentence. You may know that a verb is just another part of speech, like a noun or an adverb. So the verb walk in the past tense would be walked, and in the future would be will walk.
Is dictionary a noun or verb?
noun, plural dic·tion·ar·ies. All electronic dictionaries, whether online or installed on a device, can provide immediate, direct access to a search term, its meanings, and ancillary information: an unabridged dictionary of English; a Japanese-English dictionary.
Is Lemma a proof?
In mathematics, informal logic and argument mapping, a lemma (plural lemmas or lemmata) is a generally minor, proven proposition which is used as a stepping stone to a larger result. For that reason, it is also known as a “helping theorem” or an “auxiliary theorem”.
What is a glossed word?
1. To provide (an expression or a text) with a gloss or glosses. 2. To give a false interpretation to. [Middle English glose, from Old French, from Medieval Latin glōsa, from Latin glōssa, foreign word requiring explanation, from Greek, tongue, language.]
What is a color gloss?
The treatment (also referred to as a glaze) provides shine and revitalizes dull hair while helping to smooth flyaways. A gloss can be clear or tinted and can be used to maintain or enhance color. Demi-permanent contains a small amount of peroxide and absorbs into the cuticle to enhance natural color or make it darker.
What is gloss in English grammar?
A gloss is a brief notation, especially a marginal one or an interlinear one, of the meaning of a word or wording in a text. It may be in the language of the text or in the reader’s language if that is different. Also, satirical explanations of words and events are called glosses.
Does gloss mean shiny?
A gloss is a shiny finish on an object. It’s also an explanation about a word or phrase. Gloss has a number of meanings, so it’s a good idea to read our gloss on this word. Gloss can refer to the shine or polish on a smooth surface.
How do you use gloss in a sentence?
Use “gloss” in a sentence | “gloss” sentence examples
- Her hair has a lovely gloss.
- Marble can be polished to a high gloss.
- You can have the photos with either a gloss or a matt finish.
- Use over your favourite lipstick to add extra gloss.
- Some foreign governments appear happy to gloss over continued human rights abuses.
What words are not in ASL?
In addition, ASL does not use the English words “and,” “or,” “the,” “of,” and “is” to convey information. Instead, these concepts are expressed through facial expressions, role shifting, and pointing.
What is glossing in writing?
What Is Glossing? Glossing is a strategy that enables writers to consider a paper’s purpose, organization, and logic. By glossing a paper, writers get an overall picture of how its parts fit together and function as a whole.
What is the medical term for gloss?
gloss(o)- Also glott(o)‑. The tongue; speech or language. Greek glōssa or glōtta, tongue. Some examples are medical terms, such as glossitis, inflammation of the tongue, and glossodynia (Greek odunē, pain), pain in it.
Does Glosso mean tongue?
Save This Word! a combining form meaning “tongue, word, speech,” used in the formation of compound words: glossology.
What does or O mean in medical terminology?
Check out the new section
| obstetr/o | pregnancy; birth |
|---|---|
| -or | one who |
| or/o | mouth |
| orch/o | testis |
| orchi/o | testis |
What combining form means tongue?
lingu/o
Which combining form means death?
necr/o
Which terms pertain to the tongue?
Cards
| Term ano | Definition anus |
|---|---|
| Term laparo | Definition abdomen |
| Term laparoscopy | Definition process of visual examination of the abdomen |
| Term linguo | Definition tongue |
| Term sublingual | Definition pertaining to under the tongue |
Which combining form means eating or swallowing?
STUDY GUIDE WORDS
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| DYSPHAGIA | PREFIX: DYS- COMBINING FORM: PHAG/O- SUFFIX: -IA ABNORMAL / SWALLOWING / CONDITION;STATE; THING DIFFICULT OR PAINFUL SWALLOWING OR EATING |
| COLONOSCOPE | COMBINING FORM: COLON/O- SUFFIX; -SCOPE COLON/INSTRUMENT USED TO EXAM |
What is the medical term that means difficulty with swallowing?
Dysphagia
What combining form means gallbladder?
chol/e. combining form meaning bile or gall. cholecyst/o. combining form meaning gallbladder.
Which combining form means stomach?
gastr/o
Which combining form means color?
chrom/o, chromat/o. color.
What root word means abdominal wall?
laparotomy. Prefix: Prefix Definition: 1st Root Word: lapar/o. 1st Root Definition: abdominal wall; abdomen.
Is Nephro a word root?
Nephro- is a combining form used like a prefix meaning “kidney.” It is often used in medical terms, especially in anatomy and pathology. Nephro- comes from the Greek nephrós, meaning “kidney, kidneys.” The Latin word for kidney is rēnēs, yielding such English words as renal.
What is an Otomy?
“Otomy” means cutting into a part of the body; a gastrotomy would be cutting into, but not necessarily removing, the stomach. And also “pharyngo” means pharynx, “laryngo” means larynx, “esophag” means esophagus. Thus, “pharyngolaryngoesophagectomy” refers to the surgical removal of the three.
What is Nephro?
Nephro-: Having to do with the kidney, as in nephrology (the art and science of the care of the kidneys) and nephropathy (any kidney disease).
Which word part means stone calculus?
Check out the new section
| -labile | unstable, perishable |
|---|---|
| lith/o | stone, calculus |
| -(o)lithiasis | Compound suffix: condition or presence of stones |
| -lithotomy | incision (for removal) of a stone |
| lob/o | lobe |
In morphology and lexicography, a lemma (plural lemmas or lemmata) is the canonical form, dictionary form, or citation form of a set of words (headword). In English, for example, run, runs, ran and running are forms of the same lexeme, with run as the lemma. Lexeme, in this context, refers to the set of all the forms that have the same meaning, and lemma refers to the particular form that is chosen by convention to represent the lexeme. In lexicography, this unit is usually also the citation form or headword by which it is indexed. Lemmas have special significance in highly inflected languages such as Czech. The process of determining the lemma for a given word is called lemmatisation.
Contents
- 1 Morphology
- 2 Lexicography
- 3 Difference between stem and lemma
- 4 See also
- 5 References
- 6 External links
Morphology
In English, the citation form of a noun is the singular: e.g., mouse rather than mice. For multi-word lexemes which contain possessive adjectives or reflexive pronouns, the citation form uses a form of the indefinite pronoun one: e.g., do one’s best, perjure oneself. In languages with grammatical gender, the citation form of regular adjectives and nouns is usually the masculine singular. If the language additionally has cases, the citation form is often the masculine singular nominative.
In many languages, the citation form of a verb is the infinitive: French aller, German gehen. In English it usually is the full infinitive (to go); the present tense is used for some defective verbs (shall, can; and must has only the one form). In Latin, Ancient Greek, and Modern Greek (which has no infinitive), however, the first person singular present tense is normally used, though occasionally the infinitive may also be seen. (For contracted verbs in Greek, an uncontracted first person singular present tense is used to reveal the contract vowel, e.g. φιλέω philéō for φιλῶ philō «I love» [implying affection]; ἀγαπάω agapáō for ἀγαπῶ agapō «I love» [implying regard]). In Japanese, the non-past (present and future) tense is used.
In Arabic, which has no infinitives, the third person singular masculine of the past tense is the least-marked form, and is used for entries in modern dictionaries. In older dictionaries, which are still commonly used today, the triliteral of the word, either a verb or a noun, is used. Hebrew often uses the 3rd person masculine qal perfect, e.g., ברא bara’ create, כפר kaphar deny. Georgian uses the verbal noun. For Korean, -da is attached to the stem.
In the Irish language words are highly inflected depending on their case (genitive, nominative, dative, and vocative); they are also inflected on their place within a sentence due to the presence of initial mutations. The noun cainteoir, the lemma for the noun meaning «speaker», has a variety of forms: chainteoir, gcainteoir, cainteora, chainteora, cainteoirí, chainteoirí and gcainteoirí.
Some phrases are cited in a sort of lemma, e.g., Carthago delenda est (literally, «Carthage must be destroyed») is a common way of citing Cato, although what he said was more like, Ceterum censeo Carthaginem esse delendam («As to the rest, I hold that Carthage must be destroyed»).
Lexicography
In a dictionary, the lemma «go» represents the inflected forms «go», «goes», «going», «went», and «gone». The relationship between an inflected form and its lemma is usually denoted by an angle bracket, e.g., «went» < «go». The disadvantage of such simplifications is, of course, the inability to look up a declined or conjugated form of the word, although some dictionaries, like Webster’s, will list «went». Multilingual dictionaries vary in how they deal with this issue: the Langenscheidt dictionary of German does not list ging (< gehen); the Cassell does.
The form that is chosen to be the lemma is usually the least marked form, though there are occasional exceptions; e.g., Finnish dictionaries list verbs not under the verb root, but under the first infinitive marked with -(t)a, -(t)ä.
Lemmas or word stems are used often in corpus linguistics for determining word frequency. In such usage the specific definition of «lemma» is flexible depending on the task it is being used for.
Difference between stem and lemma
In computational linguistics, a stem is the part of the word that never changes even when morphologically inflected, whilst a lemma is the base form of the verb. For example, from «produced», the lemma is «produce», but the stem is «produc-.» This is because there are words such as production.[1] In linguistic analysis, the stem is defined more generally as the analyzed base form from which all inflected forms can be formed. When phonology is taken into account, the definition of the unchangeable part of the word is not useful, as can be seen in the phonological forms of the words in the preceding example: «produced» (IPA: /proʊˈdjuːst/) vs. «production» (IPA: /proʊˈdʌkʃən/).
Some lexemes have several stems but one lemma. For instance «to go» (the lemma) has the stems «go» and «went». (The past tense is based on a different verb, «to wend». The «-t» suffix may be considered as equivalent to «-ed».)
See also
- Principal parts
- Root (linguistics)
- Null morpheme
- Uninflected word
- Lexical Markup Framework
References
- ^ http://www.nltk.org/
External links
- Lemma vs lexeme
| v · d · eLexicography | |
|---|---|
| Types of reference works |
Dictionary · Glossary · Lexicon · Thesaurus |
| Types of dictionaries |
Bilingual · Biographical · Conceptual · Defining · Electronic · Encyclopedic · Language for specific purposes dictionary · Machine-readable · Maximizing · Medical · Minimizing · Monolingual learner’s · Multi-field · Phonetic · Picture · Reverse · Rhyming · Rime · Single-field · Specialized · Sub-field · Visual |
| Lexicographic projects |
Lexigraf · WordNet |
| Other |
List of lexicographers · List of online dictionaries |
| v · d · eLexicology | |
|---|---|
| Major terms |
Lexicon · Idiolect · Word · Lexis · Lexical unit |
| Elements |
Morpheme · Grapheme · Glyphs · Phoneme · Sememe · Seme · Lexeme · Lemma · Meronymy · Chereme |
| Semantic relations |
Holonymy · Hyponymy · Troponymy · Idiom · Synonym · Antonymy · Lexical semantics · Semantic net |
| Fonctions |
Function word · Headword |
| Fields |
Morphology · Controlled vocabulary · English lexicology and lexicography · Lexicographic error · Lexicographic information cost · Linguistic prescription · Specialised lexicography · International scientific vocabulary |