What is the derivative of the word practice

Derivation vs zero derivation

Published August 15, 2022

If you’ve ever wondered why it’s spelled practice in some contexts and practise in others, it mainly comes down to British versus American spelling. But which is which?

When to use practise or practice

In American English, the spelling practice is the only one commonly used—and it’s used for both the noun (commonly meaning “habit or custom” or “repeated exercise to acquire a skill”) and the verb (commonly meaning “to do something repeatedly in order to master it” or “to pursue as an occupation or art”).

In British English and other varieties (including those used in Canada, Australia, and other places), a distinction is made between the verb the noun form by varying the spelling: the noun is spelled practice (just like in American English) and the verb is spelled practise. 

For example, in these varieties, the following sentence may be used:

• It is good practice to practise daily.

In American English, the spelling practise is usually never used.

The distinction may sound strange, but there’s another case in which this happens, and it’s not unique to British English.

What other words can end in –ice and –ise?

While Britain and American can’t quite agree on how to use practice vs. practise, they can at least agree on advice and advise.

In this case, advise is used as the verb (as in She advised him against it), while advice is the noun (as in He ignored her advice and did it anyway).

However, the above convention is not true of all –ice words. Service is a word in which both the verb use (I asked them to service my car) and the noun use (They provide great service) use the same -ice ending.

Similarly, there are also several words that end in -ise for both the verb and noun forms, regardless of which variety of English is being used, such as promise, surprise, merchandise, and franchise.

Why do these endings vary?

The British often use -ise for verbs (organise, civilise, realise), but that doesn’t mean the -ize ending (organize, civilize, realize) is unique to American English. Preference is divided in the UK (with the Oxford English Dictionary favoring -ize, for example). Examples of organize date all the way back to 1425.

The use of -ise or -ize often depends in part on a word’s origin. The ending -ize corresponds to words of Greek origin, while -ise is often rooted in French. The variation seen in practice and practise is derived from the Old French words pratiser and practicer.

Curious about more differences between American and International English? Flip through this: A Glimpse Into The Differences Between US, UK, And Aussie English.

Derivatives are extremely useful. They’re one of the most powerful tools we can use to build our vocabulary quickly and easily. Derivatives are the product, extension, or object taken from a separate root origin. The word derivative comes from the verb “derive”, which means the action of having or taking something from an underlying source.

Here are a few examples of derivatives in daily life:

• Orange juice is a derivative of oranges.
• Wood is a derivative of a tree.
• The word herb is a derivative the Latin word, herba, meaning grass.

In language, derivatives are words formed from other “root” words. They’re often used to transform their root word into a different grammatical category. For example, making a verb into a noun.

Or an adjective into an adverb.  But there are many more things Derivatives do too. There three main types of linguistic derivatives, which we’ll discuss in this post, namely: Morphological Derivation, Inflection, and Etymological Derivation

Morphological Derivation

Morphological Derivation is when we change a root (base) word using letter structures called affixes. There are always at least two parts to a derivative word. For example: childish = child (root) + -ish (affix).

What is an Affix?

Affixes are groups of letters stuck to a word which changes its meaning. When we place them in front of the word, they’re called a prefix. When placed at the back, they’re known as a suffix.

Here are a few examples:

Dishonest

Honest = a root word meaning to speak the truth.

Dis- = a prefix used to create a negative.

Dis+ Honest = dishonest = a derivative of honest that means not to speak the truth.

Honorable

Honor = a root word meaning high respect.

-able = a suffix meaning that something is possible or can be done.

Honor + able = honorable = a derivative of honor meaning something or someone that is respected.

There are hundreds of affixes in the English language. But, here are a few of the most common Affixes and their meanings. If you’d like to learn more useful affixes, check out our BIG List of Prefixes and Suffices and their meanings.

Common Prefixes:

Pre –                 before

Inter –             between

Ir-,Im-,In-         negative/not

Uni –                one

Trans –            Across or beyond

Tri –                 three

Common Suffixes:

-dom               a place or state of being

-ity, -ty            quality of

-ment              condition of

-fy, -ify             to make or become

-ful                  notable for

-less                 without

Inflection

Inflection is when we change a root word to adhere to grammatical rules to illustrate tenses, gender, number, person, and mood. Similarly to derivatives, inflection makes uses of affixes to alter each word.

The difference between derivation and inflection is that inflection doesn’t change the word’s category, whereas derivation does.  Here are a few examples of inflection:

Jump – jumped.          Inflection for past tense.

Swim – swimming.      Inflection for progressive tense.

Pencil – pencils           Inflection for number of objects

Etymological derivation

Etymology is the study of word origins. English is a melting pot of various languages, predominately Old German, Latin, Greek, and French. (visited a café, lately?) Etymological Derivation is when a modern English word originates from a different root word. In truth, all modern English language could be considered Etymological derivation.

For example

Physics: derived from the Greek word Phusis, meaning nature.

Happy: derived from the Viking word Hap, meaning luck.

Tree: derived from the old English word Treo.

How well do you know Derivatives?

Now that you’ve learned all about Derivatives, can you tell us how many derivatives are in the first two sentences? List them in the comment section below.

 P.s. Did you know?

The word “derivative” is used in a negative way in the art world where is means to copy someone else’s work.

Derivative
structure of English words:The
nature, type and arrangement of the ICs (immediate constituent —
непосредственная составляющая) of the
word is known as its derivative structure. The derivative base – is
the part of the word from which the word was built. The derivative
pattern – is formed by derivative base and derivative affixes.

Though the
derivative structure of the word is closely connected with its
morphemic or morphological structure and often coincides with it, it
differs from it in principle.

According
to the derivative structure all words fall into two big classes:
simplexes
or simple, non-derived words and complexes or derivatives.

Simplexes
are words which derivationally can’t be segmented into ICs. The
morphological stem of simple words, i.e. the part of the word which
takes on the system of grammatical inflections is semantically
non-motivated and independent of other words, e.g. hand, come, blue,
etc.

Derivatives
are words which depend on some other simpler lexical items that
motivate them structurally and semantically, i.e. the meaning and the
structure of the derivative is understood through the comparison with
the meaning and the structure of the source word. Hence derivatives
are secondary, motivated units, made up as a rule of two ICs, i.e.
binary units, e.g. words like teacher is made up of the ICs “to
teach” and “-er”. The ICs are brought together according to
specific rules of order and arrangement preconditioned by the system
of the language. It follows that all derivatives are marked by the
fixed order of their ICs.

Types of
derivational bases:

— bases
that coincide with morphemes (morphological stamps) – dutiful

— bases
that coincide with grammatical word-forms – unknown

— bases the
coincide with word-groups – second-rateness

Types of
derivations:

—
Derivative words (Affixational Conversions)

— Compound
words (Compound words proper Derivational compounds.)

The
distinction between morphological stem and derivational base:
Derivational
morphemes makes
new words from old ones.Thus creation is
formed from create ,
but they are two separate words. Inflectional
morphemes:
vary (or «inflect») the form of words in order to express
grammatical features, such as singular/plural or past/present
tense. Thus Boy and boys, for
example, are two different forms of the «same» word; the
choice between them, singular vs. plural, is a matter of grammar and
thus the business of inflectional morphology.

Derivational
morphemes generally:
1) Change the part of speech or the basic meaning of a word.
Thus -ment added
to a verb forms a noun (judg-ment). re-activate means
«activate again.»2) Are not required by syntactic relations
outside the word. Thus un-kind combines un- and kind into
a single new word, but has no particular syntactic connections
outside the word — we can say he
is unkind or he
is kind or they
are unkind or they
are kind,
depending on what we mean.3) Are often not productive — derivational
morphemes can be selective about what they’ll combine with, and may
also have erratic effects on meaning. Thus the suffix -hood occurs
with just a few nouns such as brother,
neighbor, and knight,
but not with most others. 4) Typically occur between the stem and any
inflectional affixes. Thus in governments,-ment,
a derivational suffix, precedes -s, an inflectional suffix. 5) In
English, may appear either as prefixes or suffixes: pre-arrange,
arrange-ment.

Inflectional
Morphemes generally:1)
Do not change basic meaning or part of speech, e.g., big,
bigg-er, bigg-est are
all adjectives.2) Express grammatically-required features or indicate
relations between different words in the sentence. Thus in Lee
love-s Kim: -s marks
the 3rd person singular present form of the verb, and also relates it
to the 3rd singular subject Lee.3)
Are productive. Inflectional morphemes typically combine freely with
all members of some large class of morphemes, with predictable
effects on usage/meaning. Thus the plural morpheme can be combined
with nearly any noun, usually in the same form, and usually with the
same effect on meaning.4) Occur outside any derivational morphemes.
Thus in ration-al-iz-ation-s the
final -s is
inflectional, and appears at the very end of the word, outside
the derivational morphemes -al, -iz, -ation.5)
In English, are suffixes only.

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Обратная связь

Derivationally all the words in a language are subdivided into simple (non derived) words (or simplexes), and derived (or complexes, orderivatives).The majority of the word-stock in any language is made up of derived words.

The most common source lexeme for a derived word in English is nouns (child (n)– childhood (n) – childless (adj). Adjectives and verbs are quite active in deriving new words, too (green (adj)—greenish (adj) – greenness (n); write (v) – write off (v)—writer (n). The least likely sources for a derived word are adverbs and the lexemes of minor word classes like articles and pronouns.

In English there are three major types of word-formation: zero derivation, or conversion, affixation and composition, or compounding. There are also some minor types of word-formation: back-formation, shortening, blending, extension of proper names, and some others.

Derivatives may be qualified according to the latest type of word-formation process and the total number of derivational acts that were necessary for their formation. The number of derivational processes acts that took place in a word forms its degree of derivation.

The monomorphic words read, dead, table, and even polymorphic words of conditional and defective types of segmentability like deceive or hamlet are simplexes.They arenon-derivedfrom the point of view of modern English because their derivational processes have either been deleted, forgotten and are no longer perceived, or their derivation has never taken place in English. The number and character of borrowed words with similar segments is not grounds for perceiving them as derived.

The nouns reader (v+-er→N) and reading (v+-ing→N) as well as the adjective readable (v+-able→Adj) are complexes: they may be qualified as suffixational derivatives of the first degree of derivation (v+suf). The verb reread is a prefixational derivative of the first degree of derivation (prf+v).

The noun reading-lamp ‘a lamp to give light for reading by’ is a compound of the second degree of derivation. There are two derivational processes — suffixation and composition, the last being composition — and it can be seen in the derivational pattern of the word: (v+-ing)+n→N. Care should be taken of the word reading which is marked in dictionaries as a noun and that means that a word-formation process took place here. In contrast, a dancing-girl is a derivative of the first degree because dancing is only a form of the word to dance, not a separate word, and it is not registered in the dictionary as a special entry.

The adjective unpredictable, according to its derivational pattern un-+(v+-able)→Adj, is a prefixational derivative of the second degree. Though the number of affixes in un-+pre-+-dict-+able is greater than in the word (read-+ing)+lamp discussed above, on the derivational level of analysis these words may be regarded to be equal in degrees of derivation because the derivational base predict is a simplex in modern English.

The noun aircraft-carrier isa compound derivative of the third degree,the last derivational process being composition, and the previous two derivational processes being composition and suffixation: (n+n)+(v+-er)→N.

The noun denationalization {de- +[(n+—al)+-ize]}+-tion→N appeared as the result of four acts of derivational processes and may be qualified as asuffixational derivative of the fourth degree of derivation. Since the prefix de- may also be attached to the noun with the suffix –tion, this word may also be qualified as a prefixational derivative of the fourth degree of derivation de+{[(n+—al)+-ize]}+-tion→N (cf.: its even more complicated morphemic structure including six bound morphemes: de-, nat-, -ion, -al, -ize and —tion).

Theoretically any derived word may become a basis for a new derivative. But in practice there are many restrictions on further derivation. For example, some affixes, like —ness, ‑ship, -ity close the derivational process: they do not allow other affixes to be added to the derivational bases. Furthermore, with each act of derivation the word loses its derivational potential. As the result of these restrictions and some other restrictions, the most common derivatives in English are derivatives of the first and second degree.

12. Affixation

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