What is the definition of short word form

What does short word form mean?

In mathematics, the short word form is created by writing a large number using a combination of numbers and words. For instance, the short word form of 785,000 is 785 thousand. Short word form is most commonly used for numbers greater than a thousand.

How do you write numbers in short form?

The numero sign or numero symbol, №, (also represented as Nº, No, No./no.), is a typographic abbreviation of the word number (s) indicating ordinal numeration, especially in names and titles.

What is the meaning of short form in maths?

When we write a number as a sum of place value of its digits, the number is said to be in expended form and when we write a number using digits, the number is said to be in short form .

Why no is short for number?

A high-schooler in Indianapolis, Indiana, wonders why the word number is abbreviated as no . when there’s no letter O in the word. The answer lies in the Latin word numero, which is the ablative form of the Latin word for number , numerus.

What does No 1 stand for?

1 : one’s own interests or welfare : oneself looking out for number one —often written No . 1 . 2 : one that is first in rank, importance, or influence —often written No . 1 . number one .

What does school stand for?

Possible matching categories:

SCHOOL	Six Cruel Hours of Our Life Miscellaneous » Unclassified	Rate it:
SCHOOL	Student, Culture, Honesty, Obedience, Order, Loyalty Miscellaneous » Funnies	Rate it:
SCHOOL	Sincerity, Capacity, Honesty, Orderliness, Obedience, and Learning Community » Educational	Rate it:

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Word-building
processes involve not only qualitative but also quantitative changes.
Thus, derivation and compounding represent addition, as affixes and
free stems, respectively, are added to the underlying form.
Shortening, on the other hand, may be represented as significant
subtraction, in which part of the original word or word group is
taken away. Moreover, every kind of shortening differs from
derivation, composition and conversion in being not a new arrangement
of existing morphemes, but often a source of new ones.

The
spoken and the written forms of the English language have each their
own patterns of shortening, but as there is a constant exchange
between both spheres, it is sometimes difficult to tell where a given
shortening really originated.

§ 7.1 Shortening of spoken words and its causes

As
a type of word-building shortening of spoken words, also called
clipping or curtailment, is recorded in the English language as far
back as the 15th century.¹
It has grown more and more productive ever since. This growth becomes
especially marked in many European languages in the 20th century, and
it is a matter of common knowledge that this development is
particularly intense in English.

Newly
shortened words appear continuously; this is testified by numerous
neologisms, such as demo
n
from demonstration;
frig or
fridge
n
from refrigerator;
mike n
from microphone;
telly or
TV
n
from television
set; trank n
from tranquillizer;
trannie n
from transistor;
vac n
from vacuum
cleaner, etc.

Many
authors are inclined to overemphasize the role of «the strain of
modern life» as the mainspring of this development. This is,
obviously, only one of the reasons, and the purely linguistic factors
should not be overlooked. Among the major forces are the demands of
rhythm, which are more readily satisfied when the words are
monosyllabic.

When dealing with words of
long duration, one will also note that a high percentage of English
shortenings is involved into the process of

¹
To prove this an example from Shakespeare might be quoted: Would
from a paddock, from a bat, a gib / Such dear concernings hide)
(«Hamlet»,
Act III, Sc. 4.) Gib
(contracted
from Gilbert)
‘a
male cat’. Hamlet uses these derogatory epithets about King
Claudius.

134

loan
word assimilation. Monosyllabism goes farther in English than in any
other European language, and that is why shortened words sound more
like native ones than their long prototypes. Curtailment may
therefore be regarded as caused, partly at least, by analogical
extension, i.e. modification of form on the basis of analogy with
existing and widely used patterns. Thus, the three homonyms resulting
from abbreviation of three different words, van
‘a
large covered vehicle’, ‘a railway carriage’, the short for
caravan;
van ‘the
front of an army’, the short for vanguard
which
in its turn is a clipping of the French word avant-garde;
and
van
— a
lawn tennis term, the short for advantage,
all
sound quite like English words. Cf. ban
n
and v, can,
fan, man, ran (Past
Indefinite Tense of run),
tan and
the obsolete van
‘wing’
— a variant of fan.

Shortening
of spoken words or curtailment consists in the reduction of a word to
one of its parts (whether or not this part has previously been a
morpheme), as a result of which the new form acquires some linguistic
value of its own.

The
part retained does not change phonetically, hence the necessity of
spelling changes in some of the examples above (dub
: : double, mike : : microphone, trank : : tranquillizer, etc.).

The
change is not only quantitative: a curtailed word¹
is not merely a word that has lost its initial, middle or final part.
Nor is it possible to treat shortening as just using a part for the
whole as Ch. Hockett²
suggests, because a shortened word is always in some way different
from its prototype in meaning and usage.

Shortening
may be regarded as a type of root creation because the resulting new
morphemes are capable of being used as free forms and combine with
bound forms. They ran take functional suffixes: «Ref’s
Warning Works Magic» (the
title of a newspaper article about a football match where the referee
called both teams together and lectured them on rough play). Cf.
sing. — bike,
bod,³
pl. — bikes,
bods, Inf.
— to
vac,⁴
Part.
I — vacking,
Past
Indefinite tense and Part. II — vacked.
Most
of these by conversion produce verbs: to
phone, to vac, to vet, etc.,
in which the semantic relationship with the prototype remains quite
clear. They also serve as basis for further word-formation by
derivation or composition: fancy
n
(from fantasy),
fancy v,
fancier
n,
fanciful
a,
fancifully
adv,
fancifulness
n,
fancy-ball
n,
fancy-dress
n,
fancy-work
n,
etc.; or fantasmo
‘supremely
fantastic’ from fantastic+-mo
on
the analogy with supremo
‘a
chief.

It
is interesting in this connection to compare the morphemes tele-in
television
and
telecast.
They
are homonymous but not identical. Tele-
in
television
is
derived from Gr
tele
‘far’,
it is a combining form used to coin many special terms denoting
instruments and processes

¹ O.
Jespersen also suggests the terms stump words, e l l i p t i c a
1
words or curtailments. R. Quirk calls them clippings.

² See:
Hockett
Ch. A
Course in Modern Linguistics. N.Y., 1958. P. 313.

³ Bod
—
probably from body
‘fellow’.

⁴ Conversion
from vac
n
clipped from vacuum
cleaner.

135

which
produce or record results at a distance, such as telecommunication,
telemechanics, telepathy, telephone, telescope and television itself.
Tele-
in
telecast
does
not mean ‘far’, it is a new development — the shortened variant
of television
rendering
a special new concept. This becomes obvious from the following simple
transformations: television
-»
vision
at a distance, tele(broad)cast = a broadcast at a distance,¹
tele(broad)cast
—»
a
television broadcast. In
this new capacity tele-
enters
combinations: telefilm,
telemedicine, teleprompter (an
electronic device that slowly unrolls the speaker’s text, in large
print out of sight of the audience), teletext,
televiewer ‘one
who uses a television set’, Tel-star
(Anglo-American
satellite system used as television relay station). E.g. It
was
broadcast via Telstar. Note
the capital letter and the absence of article. Similarly para-
from
parachute
(Fr
para-
‘
protecting’ + chute
‘a
fall’) gives paraflare,
paradrop, paradropper, paratroops, paratrooper.

The
correlation of a curtailed word with its prototype is of great
interest. Two possible developments should be noted:

1. The
   curtailed form may be regarded as a variant or a synonym differing
   from the full form quantitatively, stylistically and sometimes
   emotionally, the prototype being stylistically and emotionally
   neutral, e.g. doc
   : : doctor, exam : :
   examination.
   Also
   in proper names: Becky
   : : Rebecca, Frisco : : San Francisco, Japs : : the Japanese. The
   missing part cap at all times be supplied by the listener, so that
   the connection between the prototype and the short form is not lost.
   The relationship between the prototype and the curtailment belongs
   in this case to the present-day vocabulary system and forms a
   relevant feature for synchronic analysis. Much yet remains to be
   done in studying the complex relations between the prototype and the
   clipping, as it is not clear when one should consider them two
   separate synonymous words and when they are variants of the same
   word.

2. In
   the opposite extreme case the connection can be established only
   etymologically. The denotative or lexico-grammatical meaning or both
   may have changed so much that the clipping becomes a separate word.
   Consequently a pair of etymological doublets (see p. 259) comes
   into being. Cf. chap
   : : chapman ‘a
   pedlar’; fan
   ‘an
   enthusiastic devotee’ : : fanatic;
   fancy : : fantasy; miss : : mistress. A
   speaker who calls himself a football fan would probably be offended
   at being called a fanatic. A fanatic is understood to have
   unreasonable and exaggerated beliefs and opinions that make him
   socially dangerous, whereas a fan is only a devotee of a specified
   amusement. The relationship between curtailed forms and prototypes
   in this second group is irrelevant to the present-day vocabulary
   system, and is a matter of historic, i.e. diachronic study.

In
both types the clipped forms (doc, exam,
chap, fan, etc.) exist
in the language alongside their respective prototypes. The
difference, how-

¹
Broadcast
and
the elliptical form cast
convey
by themselves the idea of distance.

136

ever, is that whereas words
belonging to the first group can be replaced by their prototypes and
show in this way a certain degree of inter-changeability, the
doublets are never equivalent lexically as there are no contexts
where the prototype can replace the shortened word without a change
of meaning.

The
possibility of substitution in case of variants may be shown by the
following example of a brief newspaper note about the prescription of
eyeglasses for racing horses in Chicago. It runs as follows:
«Racehorses
Are Fitted with Specs». The
substitution of spectacles
for
specs
would
make the headline a little less lively but not unacceptable.

This
substitution, as a rule, can go only one way. It would be, for
instance, impossible to use mag
for
magazine
in
a passage of literary criticism. The specific stylistic character of
the clipped form greatly limits the possibilities of usage.

The
semantic status of the group of variants (or synonyms) and that of
the group of doublets is also different. Curtailed words of the first
group (variants) render one of the possible meanings of the prototype
creating by this very novelty a greater expressiveness, a colloquial
or slangy shade and often emotional colouring as well. The following
extract will illustrate this colouring: «Still,
I suppose you want to find your room. I wonder where they’ve put
you. Half a mo —
I’ll
come down and look on the board. You go and make the coff, Con,»
she called back as she came downstairs, «I
shan’t be a jiff.» Everything with her was an abbreviation.
Striking a match by the notice board, she searched for the number of
my room. «Presuming the Ass Mat’s remembered.» «The
who?» «Assistant Matron, old Fanny Harriman…» (M.
Dickens)

It
is typical of the curtailed words to render only one of the secondary
meanings of a polysemantic word. For instance the verb double
may
mean ‘to multiply by two’, ‘to increase two-fold’, ‘to
amount to twice as much’; when used by musicians it means ‘to add
the same note in a higher or a lower octave’. In a military context
the meaning is ‘to move in double time or run’. As a nautical
term it is synonymous to the expression ‘to get round headland’,
etc. Dub,
on
the contrary, renders only one of the specific meanings — ‘to
make another sound recording in a cinema film in a different
language’.

The
curtailed words belonging to this type are mostly monosemantic as,
for example, lab,
exam, fan. Also
they are often homonymous: compare van
and
vac
as
treated above, also gym
for
gymnastics
and
gym
for
gymnasium,
or
vet
for
veteran
and
veterinary.

Between the two groups of
well-defined extreme cases, namely variants or synonyms and doublets,
there exist numerous intermediate cases, where the classification is
difficult. The appearance of a more complex semantic structure in a
word is a step towards its acquiring greater independence and thus
becoming not a variant but a doublet of the prototype.

The
second extreme group, the etymological doublets, may develop semantic
structures of their own. Very complex semantic cases like fancy
with
its many meanings and high valency are nevertheless rare.

137

It
has been specified in the definition of the process that the clipped
part is not always a complete morpheme, so that the division is only
occasionally correlated with the division into immediate
constituents. For instance, in phone
for
telephone
and
photo
for
photograph
the
remaining parts are complete morphemes occurring in other words. On
the other hand in ec
or
eco
(from
economics)
or
trannie
(transistor) the
morphological structure of the prototype is disregarded. All
linguists agree that most often it is either the first or the
stressed part of the word that remains to represent the whole. An
interesting and convincing explanation for this is offered by M.M.
Segal, who quotes the results of several experimental investigations
dealing with informativeness of parts of words. These experiments
carried out by psychologists have proved very definitely that the
initial components of words are imprinted in the mind and memory more
readily than the final parts. The signalling value of the first
stressed syllable, especially when it is at the same time the root
syllable, is naturally much higher than that of the unstressed final
syllables with their reduced vowel sounds.

As
a rule, but not necessarily, clipping follows the syllabic principle
of word division, e. g. pep
(sl.)
‘vigour’, ‘spirit’ from pepper,
or
plane
from
aeroplane.
In
other instances it may be quite an arbitrary part of the prototype,
e. g. prep
(school
sl.) ‘homework’ from preparation.

Unlike
conversion, shortening produces new words in the same part of speech.
The bulk of curtailed words is constituted by nouns. Verbs are hardly
ever shortened in present-day English. Rev
from
revolve
and
tab
from
tabulate
may
be considered exceptions. Such clipped verbs as do occur are in fact
converted nouns. Consequently the verbs to
perm, to phone, to taxi, to vac, to vet and
many others are not curtailed words diachronically but may be
regarded as such by right of structure, from the synchronic point of
view. As to the verbs to
pend, to mend, to tend and
a few others, they were actually coined as curtailed words but not at
the present stage of language development.

Shortened
adjectives are very few and mostly reveal a combined effect of
shortening and suffixation, e.g. comfy
: : comfortable, dilly : :
delightful,
imposs : : impossible, mizzy :: miserable, which
occur in schoolgirl slang.

As
an example of a shortened interjection Shun!
: : attention, the
word of command may be mentioned.

Various
classifications of shortened words have been or may be offered. The
generally accepted one is that based on the position of the clipped
part. According to whether it is the final, initial or middle part of
the word that is cut off we distinguish: 1) f i n a 1 clipping (or
apocope), from Greek apokoptein
‘cut
off, 2) initial clipping (or a p h e s i s, i.e. a p h e r e s i s),
from Greek aphairesis
‘a
taking away’ and 3) medial clipping (or syncope), from Greek
syncope
‘a
cutting up’.

1.
Final clipping in which the beginning of the prototype is retained is
practically the rule, and forms the bulk of the class, e.g. ad,
advert : : advertisement; coke : : coca-cola; ed ;
: editor;
fab : : fabulous; gym

138

:
: gymnastics
or
gymnasium;
lab : : laboratory; mac : : mackintosh; ref : : referee; vegs : :
veggies or
vegies,
vegetables, and
many others.¹

2. Initial-clipped
words retaining the final part of the prototype are less numerous but
much more firmly established as separate lexical units with a meaning
very different from that of the prototype and stylistically neutral
doublets, e.g. cute
a,
n (Am) : : acute;
fend v
: : defend;
mend v
: : amend;
story n
: : history;
sport n
: : disport;
tend v
: : attend.
Cases
like cello
: :
violoncello
and phone : : telephone where
the curtailed words are stylistic synonyms or even variants of their
respective pro totypes are very rare. Neologisms are few, e.g. chute
: : parachute. It
is in this group that the process of assimilation of loan words is
especially frequent.

Final
and initial clipping may be combined and result in curtailed words
with the middle part of the prototype retained. These are few and
definitely colloquial, e.g. flu
: : influenza; frig or
fridge
:
: refrigerator;
tec : : detective. It
is worthy of note that what is retained is the stressed syllable of
the prototype.

3. Curtailed
words with the middle part of the word left out are equally few. They
may be further subdivided into two groups: (a) words with a
final-clipped stem retaining the functional morpheme: maths
: : mathematics, specs : : spectacles; (b)
contractions due to a gradual process of elision under the influence
of rhythm and context. Thus, fancy
: : fantasy, ma’am
: : madam
may
be regarded as accelerated forms.

It
is also possible to approach shortened words on the basis of the
structure characterizing the prototype. Then the two mutually
exclusive groups are cases correlated with words and those correlated
with phrases. The length of the word giving rise to a shortening
might result from its being a derivative, a compound or a borrowing.
The observation of language material, however, can furnish hardly any
examples of the second type (compounds), all the word prototypes
being derivatives, either native or borrowed, as is shown by all the
examples quoted in the above paragraphs.

The
few exceptions are exemplified by tarmac,
a
technical term for tar-macadam
(a
road surface of crushed stone and tar originally named after the
inventor J.L. McAdam); also cabbie
for
cabman.
But
then -man
in
such cases is most often a semi-affix, not a free form, and, besides,
the process of shortening is here combined with derivation as in
nightie
for
nightdress
or
teeny
for
teenager.

The group we have opposed to
the curtailed forms of words is based on clipped phrases, chiefly set
expressions. These differ considerably from word clippings as they
result from a combined effect of curtailment, ellipsis and
substantivation.

Ellipsis
is defined as the omission of a word or words considered essential
for grammatical completeness but not for the conveyance of the
intended lexical meaning, as in the following example: the

¹
There seem, however, to be different degrees of colloquialism. Flu,
for
instance, would be normal in newspaper and broadcasting, whereas
fridge
would
only occur in familiar colloquial, and tec
would
be substandard.

139

related
two types of blends can be distinguished. One may be termed additive,
the second restrictive. Both involve the sliding together not only of
sound but of meaning as well. Yet the semantic relations which are at
work are different. The first, i.e. additive type, is transformable
into a phrase consisting of the respective complete stems combined by
the conjunction and,
e.g.
smog<smoke
and
fog ‘a mixture of smoke and fog’. The elements may be synonymous,
belong to the same semantic field or at least be members of the same
lexico-grammatical class of words: French+English>Frenglish;
compare
also the coinage smaze
<smoke+haze. The
word Pakistan
was
made up of elements taken from the names of the five western
provinces: the initials of the words Punjab,
Afghania, Kashmir and
Singh,
and
the final part of Baluchistan.
Other
examples are: brunch<breakfast
and
lunch;
transceiver< transmitter and
receiver;
Niffles < Niagara Falls.

The
restrictive type is transformable into an attributive phrase where
the first element serves as modifier of the second: cine(matographic
pano) rama>cinerama. Other
examples are: medicare<medical
care; posi-tron<positive electron; telecast<television
broadcast. An
interesting variation of the same type is presented by cases of
superposition, formed by pairs of words having similar clusters of
sounds which seem to provoke blending, e.g. motel<motorists’
hotel: the
element -ot-
is
present in both parts of the prototype. Further examples are:
shamboo<sham
bamboo (imitation
bamboo); atomaniac<atom
maniac; slanguage<slang +
language;
spam<spiced ham. Blends,
although not very numerous altogether, seem to be on the rise,
especially in terminology and also in trade advertisements.

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Wiktionary

short form

n. 1 A word with the same meaning as another formed by removing one or more of the syllables of the longer word, and considered a word in its own right rather than an abbreviation. 2 (context grammar English) Particularly in Slavonic languages, a shortened form of the adjective, used predicatively.

Wikipedia

Short form

Short form may refer to:

• Short form cricket, a reduced version of cricket
• Shortform improvisation, a form of improvisational comedy
• in linguistics, a synonym for abbreviation
• Form 1040A, also known as «the short form», an American tax form
• a type of census questionnaire

Usage examples of «short form».

That wasn’t her full name, but she used the short form oftener than the long.

The story from Meharry’s viewpoint took longer than it had when Petris gave her the short form, and began with her pointing out to Oblo that even if Sirkin had been learning how to fight, when she was with Yrilan she wasn’t really alert.

English[edit]

Noun[edit]

short form (plural short forms)

1. (phonetics) A word with the same meaning as another formed by removing one or more of the syllables of the longer word, and considered a word in its own right rather than an abbreviation.

   «Tux» is a short form of «tuxedo».

   «Rob» is a short form of «Robert».

   Synonyms: clipping, shortening

2. (grammar) Particularly in Slavic languages, a shortened form of the adjective, used predicatively.

   нов, нова, ново, новы (nov, nova, novo, novy) are short forms of новый (novyj).

Translations[edit]