What is scrabble word game

Scrabble

Scrabble logo, used by Hasbro since 2014
A game of English-language Scrabble in progress
Manufacturers	Hasbro (within U.S. and Canada) Mattel (outside U.S. and Canada)
Designers	Alfred Mosher Butts
Publishers	James Brunot
Publication	1938; 85 years ago
Genres	Word game Board game
Players	2–4
Setup time	2–4 minutes
Playing time	NASPA tournament game: ~50 minutes
Chance	Medium (letters drawn)
Skills	Vocabulary, spelling, anagramming, strategy, counting, bluffing, probability
Website	Official website at Hasbro.com

Scrabble is a word game in which two to four players score points by placing tiles, each bearing a single letter, onto a game board divided into a 15×15 grid of squares. The tiles must form words that, in crossword fashion, read left to right in rows or downward in columns and are included in a standard dictionary or lexicon.

The game was invented in 1938 by American architect Alfred Mosher Butts. Scrabble is produced in the United States and Canada by Hasbro, under the brands of both of its subsidiaries, Milton Bradley and Parker Brothers. Mattel owns the rights to manufacture Scrabble outside the U.S. and Canada. The game is sold in 121 countries and is available in more than 30 languages; approximately 150 million sets have been sold worldwide, and roughly one-third of American and half of British homes have a Scrabble set.^[1][2][3][4] There are approximately 4,000 Scrabble clubs around the world.^[4]

Game details[edit]

The game is played by two to four players on a square game board imprinted with a 15×15 grid of cells (individually known as «squares»), each of which accommodates a single letter tile. In official club and tournament games, play is between two players or, occasionally, between two teams, each of which collaborates on a single rack.^[5]

The board is marked with «premium» squares, which multiply the number of points awarded: eight dark red «triple-word» squares, 17 pale red «double-word» squares, of which one, the center square (H8), is marked with a star or other symbol, 12 dark blue «triple-letter» squares, and 24 pale blue «double-letter» squares. In 2008, Hasbro changed the colors of the premium squares to orange for TW, red for DW, blue for DL, and green for TL, but the original premium square color scheme is still preferred for Scrabble boards used in tournaments.^[6]

In an English-language set, the game contains 100 tiles, 98 of which are marked with a letter and a point value ranging from 1 to 10. The number of points for each lettered tile is based on the letter’s frequency in standard English. Commonly used letters such as vowels are worth one point, while less common letters score higher, with Q and Z each worth 10 points. The game also has two blank tiles that are unmarked and carry no point value. The blank tiles can be used as substitutes for any letter; once laid on the board, however, the choice is fixed. Other language sets use different letter set distributions with different point values.

Tiles are usually made of wood or plastic and are 19 by 19 millimetres (0.75 in × 0.75 in) square and 4 mm (0.16 in) thick, making them slightly smaller than the squares on the board. Only the rosewood tiles of the deluxe edition vary in width up to 2 mm (0.08 in) for different letters. Travelling versions of the game often have smaller tiles (e.g. 13 mm × 13 mm (0.51 in × 0.51 in)); sometimes they are magnetic to keep them in place. The capital letter is printed in black at the centre of the tile face and the letter’s point value is printed in a smaller font at the bottom right corner. Most modern replacement tile sets come at 18 mm × 20 mm (0.7 in × 0.8 in).

S is one of the most versatile tiles in English-language Scrabble because it can be appended to many words to pluralize them (or in the case of most verbs, convert them to the third person singular present tense, as in the word PLUMMETS); Alfred Butts included only four S tiles to avoid making the game «too easy». Q is considered the most troublesome letter, as almost all words with it also contain U; a similar problem occurs in other languages like French, Dutch, Italian, and German. J is also difficult to play due to its low frequency and a scarcity of words having it at the end.^[7] C and V may be troublesome in the endgame, since no two-letter words with them exist, except for CH in the Collins Scrabble Words lexicon.

History[edit]

In 1938, the American architect Alfred Mosher Butts created the game as a variation on an earlier word game he invented, called Lexiko. The two games had the same set of letter tiles, whose distributions and point values Butts worked out by performing a frequency analysis of letters from various sources, including The New York Times. The new game, which he called Criss-Crosswords, added the 15×15 gameboard and the crossword-style gameplay. He manufactured a few sets himself but was not successful in selling the game to any major game manufacturers of the day.^[9]: 98

In 1948, James Brunot,^[10] a resident of Newtown, Connecticut, and one of the few owners of the original Criss-Crosswords game, bought the rights to manufacture the game in exchange for granting Butts a royalty on every unit sold. Although he left most of the game (including the distribution of letters) unchanged, Brunot slightly rearranged the «premium» squares of the board and simplified the rules; he also renamed the game Scrabble, a real word which means «to scratch frantically».^[9]: 100 In 1949, Brunot and his family made sets in a converted former schoolhouse in Dodgingtown, Connecticut, a section of Newtown. They made 2,400 sets that year but lost money.^[11] According to legend, Scrabble‘s big break came in 1952 when Jack Straus, president of Macy’s, played the game on vacation. Upon returning from vacation, he was surprised to find that his store did not carry the game. He placed a large order, and within a year, «everyone had to have one».^[9]: 101

In 1952, unable to meet demand himself, Brunot licensed the manufacturing rights to Long Island-based Selchow and Righter, one of the manufacturers who, like Parker Brothers and Milton Bradley Company, had previously rejected the game. «It’s a nice little game. It will sell well in bookstores,» Selchow and Righter president Harriet T. Righter remembered saying about Scrabble when she first saw it.^[12] In its second year as a Selchow and Righter product, 1954, nearly four million sets were sold.^{[13][9]: 104} Selchow and Righter then bought the trademark to the game in 1972.^[14]

Meanwhile, JW Spear acquired the rights to sell the game in Australia and the UK on January 19, 1955.^[9] In 1986, Selchow and Righter was sold to Coleco, which soon afterward went bankrupt. Hasbro then purchased Coleco’s assets in 1989, including Scrabble and Parcheesi.^[14] Mattel then acquired JW Spear in 1994.^[9] Since then, Hasbro has owned the rights to manufacture Scrabble in the U.S. and Canada, and Mattel has held the rights to manufacture the game in other parts of the world.^[14]

In 1984, Scrabble was turned into a daytime game show on NBC. The Scrabble game show ran from July 1984 to March 1990,^[15] with a second run from January to June 1993. The show was hosted by Chuck Woolery. Its tagline in promotional broadcasts was, «Every man dies; not every man truly Scrabbles.»^[16] In 2011, a new TV variation of Scrabble, called Scrabble Showdown, aired on The Hub cable channel, which is a joint venture of Discovery Communications, Inc. and Hasbro.

Scrabble was inducted into the National Toy Hall of Fame in 2004.^[17]

Evolution of the rules[edit]

The «box rules» included in each copy of the North American edition have been edited four times: in 1953, 1976, 1989, and 1999.^[18]

The major changes in 1953 were as follows.

• It was made clear that:
  • words could be played through single letters already on the board,
  • a player could play a word parallel and immediately adjacent to an existing word provided all crossing words formed were valid,
  • the effect of two premium squares was to be compounded multiplicatively.
• The previously unspecified penalty for having one’s play successfully challenged was stated: withdrawal of tiles and loss of turn.

The major changes in 1976 were as follows.

• It was made clear that the blank tile beats an A when drawing to see who goes first.
• A player could pass their turn, doing nothing.
• A loss-of-turn penalty was added for challenging an acceptable play.
• If final scores are tied, the player whose score was highest before adjusting for unplayed tiles is the winner;^[19] in tournament play, a tie is counted as half a win for both players.^[6]

The editorial changes made in 1989 did not affect gameplay.^[18]

The major changes in 1999 were as follows.

• It was made clear that:
  • a tile can be shifted or replaced until the play has been scored,
  • a challenge applies to all the words made in the given play.
• Playing all seven tiles is officially called a «bingo» in North America and a «bonus» elsewhere.
• A change in the wording of the rules could have been interpreted as meaning that a player may form more than one word on one row on a single turn.

Rules[edit]

Notation system[edit]

In the notation system common in tournament play, columns are labeled with the letters «A–O» and rows with the numbers «1–15». (On Scrabble boards manufactured by Mattel as well as on the Internet Scrabble Club, rows are lettered while columns are numbered instead.) A play is usually identified in the format xy WORD score or WORD xy score, where x denotes the column or row on which the play’s main word extends, y denotes the second coordinate of the main word’s first letter, and WORD is the main word. Although it is unnecessary, additional words formed by the play are sometimes listed after the main word and a slash. When the play of a single tile forms words in each direction, one of the words is arbitrarily chosen to serve as the main word for purposes of notation.

When a blank tile is employed in the main word, the letter it has been chosen to represent is indicated with a lower case letter, or, in handwritten notation, with a square around the letter. When annotating a play, previously existing letters on the board are usually enclosed in parentheses; alternatively, the number of tiles placed on the board can be noted.

Exchanges are often annotated by a minus sign followed by the tiles that were exchanged alphabetically; for example, if a player holds EIIISTU, exchanging two I’s and a U would be denoted as «−IIU».

The image at right gives examples of valid plays and how they would typically be annotated using the notation system.

Additionally, a number of symbols have been employed to indicate the validity of words in different lexica:

• An asterisk (*) means an illegal, or phony, word.
• A hash symbol (#) means a word valid in games using the British-originated word list (CSW) only.
• A dollar symbol ($) means a word valid in games using the American-originated word list (TWL) only.
• An exclamation mark (!) means a word judged to be offensive, and thus valid in tournament games only.

Sequence of play[edit]

Before the game, a resource, either a word list or a dictionary, is selected to adjudicate any challenges during the game. The tiles are either put in an opaque bag or placed face down on a flat surface. Opaque cloth bags and customized tiles are staples of clubs and tournaments, where games are rarely played without both.

Next, players decide the order in which they play. The normal approach is for players to each draw one tile. The player who picks the letter closest to the beginning of the alphabet goes first, with blank tiles taking precedence over the letter A. In most North American tournaments, the rules of the NASPA Games organization stipulate instead that players who have gone first in the fewest previous games in the tournament go first, and when that rule yields a tie, those who have gone second the most go first. If there is still a tie, tiles are drawn as in the standard rules.

At the beginning of the game, each player draws seven tiles from the bag and places them on their rack, concealed from the other player(s).

Making a play[edit]

The first played word must be at least two letters long, and cover H8 (the center square). Thereafter, any move is made by using one or more tiles to place a word on the board. This word may use one or more tiles already on the board and must join with the cluster of tiles already on the board.

On each turn, the player has three options:

• Pass, forfeiting the turn and scoring nothing.
• Exchange one or more tiles for an equal number from the bag, scoring nothing, an option available only if at least seven tiles remain in the bag.
• Play at least one tile on the board, adding the value of all words formed to the player’s cumulative score.

A proper play uses one or more of the player’s tiles to form a continuous string of letters that make a word (the play’s «main word») on the board, reading either left-to-right or top-to-bottom. The main word must either use the letters of one or more previously played words or else have at least one of its tiles horizontally or vertically adjacent to an already played word. If any words other than the main word are formed by the play, they are scored as well and are subject to the same criteria of acceptability. See Scoring for more details.

A blank tile may represent any letter and scores zero points, regardless of its placement or what letter it represents. Its placement on a double-word or triple-word square causes the corresponding premium to be applied to the word(s) in which it is used. Once a blank tile is placed, it remains that particular letter for the remainder of the game.

After making a play, the player announces the score for that play, and then, if the game is being played with a clock, starts the opponent’s clock. The player can change their play as long as the player’s clock is running, but commits to the play when they start the opponent’s clock. The player then draws tiles from the bag to replenish their rack to seven tiles. If there are not enough tiles in the bag to do so, the player takes all the remaining tiles.

If a player has made a play and has not yet drawn a tile, the opponent may choose to challenge any or all words formed by the play. The player challenged must then look up the words in question using a specified word source (such as the NASPA Word List, the Official Scrabble Players Dictionary, or Collins Scrabble Words), and if one or more of them is found to be unacceptable, the play is removed from the board, the player returns the newly played tiles to their rack, and the turn is forfeited. In tournament play, a challenge may be to the entire play or any one or more words formed in the play, and judges (human or computer) are used, so players are not entitled to know which word(s) are invalid. Penalties for unsuccessfully challenging an acceptable play vary in club and tournament play and are described in greater detail below.

End of game[edit]

Under North American tournament rules, the game ends when either:

1. One player has played every tile on their rack, and no tiles remain in the bag (regardless of the tiles on the opponent’s rack).
2. At least six successive scoreless turns have occurred and either player decides to end the game.
3. Either player uses more than 10 minutes of overtime. (For several years, a game could not end with a cumulative score of 0–0, but that is no longer the case, and such games have since occurred a number of times in tournament play, the winner being the player with the lower total point value on their rack and thus a score less negative than the opponent’s.^[20])

When the game ends, each player’s score is reduced by the sum of their unused letters; in addition, if a player has used all of their letters (known as «going out» or «playing out»), the sum of all other players’ unused letters is added to that player’s score. In tournament play, a player who goes out adds twice that sum, and their opponent is not penalized.

Examples[edit]

Plays can be made in several ways (in what follows, it is assumed that the word JACK has been played on a previous turn; letters in parentheses represent tiles already on the board):

• Adding one or more letters to an existing word, e.g. (JACK)S, HI(JACK), HI(JACK)ING, (JACK)FRUIT.
• «Hooking» a word and playing perpendicular to that word, e.g. playing IONIZES with the S hooked on (JACK) to make (JACK)S.
• Playing perpendicular to a word, e.g. YEU(K)Y through the K in (JACK).
• Playing parallel to a word(s) forming several short words, e.g. CON played under (JACK) simultaneously forming (J)O and (A)N.

Any combination of these is allowed in a play, as long as all the letters placed on the board in one play lie in one row or column and are connected by a main word, and any run of tiles on two or more consecutive squares along a row or column constitutes a valid word.

Words must read either left-to-right or top-to-bottom. Diagonal plays are not allowed.

Scoring[edit]

Premium square colors

Square	Original and Mattel version	Hasbro Version (2008–2014)
Double letter	Light blue	Blue
Triple letter	Dark blue	Green
Double word	Pink	Red
Triple word	Red	Orange

The score for any play is determined this way:

• Each new word formed in a play is scored separately, and then those scores are added up. The value of each tile is indicated on the tile, and blank tiles are worth zero points.
• The main word (defined as the word containing every played letter) is scored. The letter values of the tiles are added up, and tiles placed on Double Letter Score (DLS) and Triple Letter Score (TLS) squares are doubled or tripled in value, respectively. Tiles placed on Double Word Score (DWS) or Triple Word Score (TWS) squares double or triple the value of the word(s) that include those tiles, respectively. In particular, the center square (H8) is considered a DWS, and the first play is doubled in value.
• If any «hook» words are played (e.g. playing ANEROID while «hooking» the A to BETTING to make ABETTING), the scores for each word are added separately. This is common for «parallel» plays that make up to eight words in one turn.
• Premium squares apply only when newly placed tiles cover them. Any subsequent plays do not count those premium squares.
• If a player covers both letter and word premium squares with a single word, the letter premium(s) is/are calculated first, followed by the word premium(s).
• If a player makes a play where the main word covers two DWS squares, the value of that word is doubled, then redoubled (i.e. 4× the word value). Similarly, if the main word covers two TWS squares, the value of that word is tripled, then re-tripled (9× the word value). Such plays are often referred to as «double-doubles» and «triple-triples» respectively. It is theoretically possible to achieve a play covering three TWS squares (a 27× word score), although this is extremely improbable without constructive setup and collaboration. Plays covering a DWS and a TWS simultaneously (6× the word value, or 18× if a DWS and two TWS squares are covered) are only possible if a player misses the center star on the first turn, and the play goes unchallenged (this is valid under North American tournament rules).
• Finally, if seven tiles have been laid on the board in one turn, known as a «bingo» in North America and as a «bonus» elsewhere, after all of the words formed have been scored, 50 bonus points are added.

When the letters to be drawn have run out, the final play can often determine the winner. This is particularly the case in close games with more than two players.

Scoreless turns can occur when a player passes, exchanges tiles, or loses a challenge. The latter rule varies slightly in international tournaments. A scoreless turn can also theoretically occur if a play consists of only blank tiles, but this is extremely unlikely in actual play.

Example[edit]

Suppose Player 1 plays QUANT 8D, with the Q on a DLS and T on the center star. The score for this play would be (2 × 10 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1) × 2 = 48 (following the order of operations).

Player 2 extends the play to ALI(QUANT) 8A with the A on the TWS at 8A. The score for this play would be (1 + 1 + 1 + 10 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1) × 3 = 51. Note that the Q is not doubled for this play.

Player 1 has DDIIIOO and plays OIDIOID 9G. The score for the word OIDIOID would be (2 × 1 + 1 + 2 × 2 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 2 × 2) = 14. Additionally, Player 1 formed NO and TI, which score 1 + 2 × 1 = 3 and 1 + 1 = 2 points respectively. Therefore, the sum of all the values of the words formed is 14+3+2 = 19. But since this is a seven-letter play, 50 points are added, resulting in a total score of 69. Player 1 now has a 117–51 lead.

The player with the highest final score wins the game. In case of a tie, the player with the highest score before adjusting for unplayed tiles wins the game. In tournament play, a tie counts as 1/2 a win for both players.

Acceptable words[edit]

Acceptable words are the primary entries in some agreed dictionary or lexicon, and all of their inflected forms. Words that are hyphenated, capitalized (such as proper nouns), or apostrophized are not allowed unless they also appear as acceptable entries; JACK is a proper noun, but the word JACK is acceptable because it has other usages as a common noun (automotive, vexillological, etc.) and verb that are acceptable. Acronyms or abbreviations, other than those that have acceptable entries (such as AWOL, RADAR, LASER, and SCUBA) are not allowed. Variant spellings, slang or offensive terms, archaic or obsolete terms, and specialized jargon words are allowed if they meet all other criteria for acceptability, but archaic spellings (e.g. NEEDE for NEED) are generally not allowed. Foreign words are not allowed in English-language Scrabble unless they have been incorporated into the English language, as with PATISSERIE, KILIM, and QI. Vulgar and offensive words are generally excluded from the OSPD but allowed in club and tournament play, but in 2020, the rise of anti-racism protests caused trademark owners and lexicon compilers to exclude words deemed to be personally applicable offensive slurs, resulting in their expurgation, while retaining other offensive words.

Proper nouns and other exceptions to the usual rules are allowed in some limited contexts in the spin-off game Scrabble Trickster. Names of recognized computer programs are permitted as an acceptable proper noun (for example, WinZip).

The memorization of two-letter words is considered an essential skill in this game.^[21]

There are two popular competition word lists for English-language Scrabble:

• NASPA Word List (NWL, also known as OTCWL, OWL, or TWL)
• Collins Scrabble Words (CSW, also called «Collins» or «SOWPODS»)

The first predominates in the U.S., Canada, Israel and Thailand, and the second in English Scrabble in the rest of the world. There is also a large community of competitive Collins players in North America, with its own NASPA rating system.

NWL and OSPD[edit]

Today’s NASPA Word List, published by NASPA Games, descends from the Official Tournament and Club Word List (a non-bowdlerized version of the Official Scrabble Players Dictionary) and its companion Long Words List for longer words. The current version of NWL is NWL2020, effective January 2021, and the Official Scrabble Players Dictionary, published by Merriam-Webster, is currently in its sixth edition of 2018. NWL includes all current OSPD words, plus several hundred offensive words and genericized trademarks such as KLEENEX; as of 2020, it no longer includes words judged to be personally applicable offensive slurs.

The NWL and OSPD are compiled using a number of major college-level dictionaries, principally those published by Merriam-Webster. If a word appears, at least historically, in any one of the dictionaries, it is included in the NWL and the OSPD. If the word has only an offensive meaning, it is included only in the NWL. The key difference between the OSPD and the NWL is that the OSPD is marketed for «home and school» use, without words which their source dictionaries judged offensive, rendering the Official Scrabble Players Dictionary less fit for official Scrabble play. The OSPD is available in bookstores, while the NWL is available only through NASPA.

Collins Scrabble Words[edit]

In all other English-speaking countries, the competition word list is Collins Scrabble Words 2019 edition, known as CSW19. (Versions of this lexicon before 2007 were known as SOWPODS.) The lexicon includes all allowed words 2 to 15 letters long. Historically, this list has contained all OTCWL words plus words sourced from Chambers and Collins English dictionaries, but recent editorial decisions have caused greater discrepancies between CSW and NWL. This book is used to adjudicate at the World Scrabble Championship and all other major international competitions outside North America.

Tournaments are also played using CSW in North America, particularly since Hasbro ceased to control tournament play in 2009. NASPA officially rates CSW tournaments alongside NWL tournaments, using a separate rating system.^[22]

Challenges[edit]

The penalty for a successfully challenged play is nearly universal: the offending player removes the tiles played and forfeits their turn. (In some online games, an option known as «void» may be used, wherein unacceptable words are automatically rejected by the program. The player is then required to make another play, with no penalty applied.)

The penalty for an unsuccessful challenge (where all words formed by the play are deemed valid) varies considerably, including:

• «Double Challenge», in which an unsuccessfully challenging player must forfeit the next turn. This penalty governs North American (NASPA-sanctioned) OWL tournament play,^[6] and is the standard for North American, Israeli, and Thai clubs. Because loss of a turn generally constitutes the greatest risk for an unsuccessful challenge, it provides the greatest incentive for a player to «bluff», or play a «phony» – a plausible word that they know or suspect to be unacceptable, hoping their opponent will not challenge it. Or a player can put down a legal word that appears to be a phony hoping the other player will incorrectly challenge it and lose their turn.
• «Single Challenge»/»Free Challenge», in which no penalty whatsoever is applied to a player who unsuccessfully challenges. This is the default rule in Ireland and the United Kingdom, as well as for many tournaments in Australia, although these countries do sanction occasional tournaments using other challenge rules.
• Modified «Single Challenge», in which an unsuccessful challenge does not result in the loss of the challenging player’s turn, but is penalized by the loss of a specified number of points. The most common penalty is five points. The rule has been adopted in Singapore (since 2000), Malaysia (since 2002), South Africa (since 2003), New Zealand (since 2004), and Kenya, as well as in contemporary World Scrabble Championships (since 2001) and North American (NASPA-sanctioned) Collins tournaments, and particularly prestigious Australian tournaments.^[23] Some countries and tournaments (including Sweden) use a 10-point penalty instead. In most game situations, this penalty is much lower than that of the «double challenge» rule. Consequently, such tournaments encourage greater willingness to challenge and discourage playing dubious words.

Under NASPA tournament rules, a player may request to «hold» the opponent’s play to consider whether to challenge it, provided that the opponent has not yet drawn replacement tiles. If player A holds, player A’s clock still runs, and player B may not draw provisional replacement tiles until 15 seconds after the hold was announced (which tiles must then be kept separate). There is no limit on how long player A may hold the play. If player A successfully challenges after player B drew provisional replacement tiles, player B must show the drawn tiles before returning them to the bag.

Competitive play[edit]

Club and tournament play[edit]

Tens of thousands play club and tournament Scrabble worldwide. All tournament (and most club) games are played with a game clock and a set time control. Although casual games are often played with unlimited time, this is problematic in competitive play among players for whom the number of evident legal plays is immense. Almost all tournament games involve only two players; typically, each has 25 minutes in which to make all of their plays. For each minute by which a player oversteps the time control, a penalty of 10 points is assessed. The number of minutes is rounded up, so, for example, if a player oversteps time control by two minutes and five seconds, the penalty is 30 points. Some games count the time by fractions of a minute.^[24][25] Also, most players use molded plastic tiles, not engraved like the original wooden tiles, eliminating the potential for a cheating player to «braille» (feel for particular tiles, especially blanks, in the bag).^[13]

Players are allowed «tracking sheets», pre-printed with the letters in the initial pool, from which tiles can be crossed off as they are played. Tracking tiles is an important aid to strategy, especially during the endgame, when no tiles remain to be drawn and each player can determine exactly what is on the opponent’s rack.

Notable and regularly held tournaments include:

1. The World Scrabble Championship: held in odd years up until 2013, when it was announced by Mattel that it would be called the Scrabble Champions Tournament and be held annually in subsequent years.^[26]
2. The Scrabble Players Championship (formerly North American Scrabble Championship): organized by NASPA Games, an open event attracting several hundred players, held around July–August every year in the United States.
3. The National Scrabble Championship: organized by the Association of British Scrabble Players (ABSP) and held every year in the United Kingdom.
4. The Brand’s Crossword Game King’s Cup: the largest tournament in the world. Held annually in Thailand around the end of June or the beginning of July.
5. The UK Open: the largest Scrabble tournament in Europe, held annually in Coventry in England, since 2008.

Other important tournaments include:

1. The World Youth Scrabble Championships: entry by country qualification, restricted to under 18 years old. Held annually since 2006.
2. The National School Scrabble Championship: entry open to North American school students. Held annually since 2003.
3. The Canadian Scrabble Championship: entry by invitation only to the top fifty Canadian players. Held every two to three years.
4. The Singapore Open Scrabble Championship: international Singapore championship held annually since 1997.

Clubs in North America typically meet one day a week for three or four hours and some charge a small admission fee to cover their expenses and prizes. Clubs also typically hold at least one open tournament per year. Tournaments are usually held on weekends, and between six and nine games are played each day.

There are also clubs in the UK and many other countries. There are a number of internationally rated SOWPODS tournaments.^[27]

During off-hours at tournaments, many players socialize by playing consultation (team) Scrabble, Clabbers, Anagrams, Boggle, Words with Friends, Scramble with Friends and other games.

Records[edit]

The following records were achieved during international competitive club or tournament play, according to authoritative sources, including the book Everything Scrabble by Joe Edley and John D. Williams Jr. (revised edition, Pocket Books, 2001) and the Scrabble FAQ.^[28] When available, separate records are listed based upon different official word lists:

1. OTCWL, the North American list, also used in Thailand and Israel, known today as the NASPA Word List (NWL);
2. OSW, formerly the official list in the UK;
3. SOWPODS, the combined OTCWL+OSW list now used in much of the world, known today as Collins Scrabble Words.

To date, new editions or revisions of these lists have not been considered substantial enough to warrant separate record-keeping.

• High game (OTCWL) – 830 by Michael Cresta (Mass.), at the Lexington (Mass.) club, October 12, 2006. Cresta defeated Wayne Yorra 830–490.^[29][30]
• High game (OTCWL) in a tournament game – 803 by Joel Sherman (N.Y.), at a tournament in Stamford, Conn., December 9, 2011. Sherman defeated Bradley Robbins 803–285, playing a record-tying seven bingos and sticking Robbins with the Q.^[31]
• High game (OSW) – 793 by Peter Preston (UK), 1999.^[32]
• High game (SOWPODS) – Toh Weibin set a record score of 850 at the Northern Ireland Championships on January 21, 2012. The winning margin of 591 points is also believed to be a record.^[33][34][35]
• High combined score (OTCWL) – 1320 (830–490) by Michael Cresta and Wayne Yorra, in a Lexington, Mass., club, 2006.^[29][30]
• High combined score (OTCWL) in a tournament game – 1134 (582–552) by Keith Smith (Tex.) and Stefan Rau (Conn.), Round 12 of the 2008 Dallas Open. (Rau’s losing score of 552 included three phony words that were not challenged.)^[36]
• High combined score (OTCWL) in a tournament game with no phony words played – 1127 (725–402) by Laurie Cohen (Ariz.) and Nigel Peltier (Wash.), in a tournament in Ahwatukee, Arizona, February 16, 2009.^[37]
• High combined score (SOWPODS) – 1210 (721–489) by Edward Okulicz (Australia and Michael McKenna (Australia), at the 2013 Janboree in NSW.^[38]
• Highest losing score (OTCWL) – 552 by Stefan Rau (Conn.) to Keith Smith’s (Tex.) 582, Round 12 of the 2008 Dallas Open.^[36]
• Highest tie game (OTCWL) – 502–502 by John Chew and Zev Kaufman, at a 1997 Toronto Club tournament.^[39]
• Highest tie game (SOWPODS) – 532–532 by Sinatarn Pattanasuwanna (Thailand) and Tawan Paepolsiri (Thailand) at the 2012 World Youth Scrabble Championship.^[40]
• Highest opening move score (OTCWL) – MuZJIKS (with a blank for the U) 126 by Jesse Inman (S.C.) at the National Scrabble Championship, 2008.^[41] The highest possible legal score on a first turn is MUZJIKS 128, using an actual U rather than a blank. (Note: The odds of drawing MUZJIKS without blanks is 9 in 432,325,411, or 1 in ^[42])
• Highest opening move score (SOWPODS) – BEZIQUE 124 by Sam Kantimathi (1993),^[43] Joan Rosenthal^[44] and Sally Martin.^[44]
• Highest single play (OTCWL) – QUIXOTRY 365 by Michael Cresta (Mass.), 2006.^[29][30]
• Highest single play (SOWPODS) – CAZIQUES 392 by Karl Khoshnaw.^[45]
• Highest average score, multi-day tournament (OSPD) – 503 by James Leong (Sask.) over 12 rounds at Brandon, Man., 2015.^[46] 484 by Doug Brockmeier (Calif.) over 12 rounds at Elmhurst, Ill., 2011.^[47] 471 by Chris Cree (Tex.) over 18 rounds at the Bayou Bash in Houston, Tex., 2007.^[48]
• Highest average score, multi-day tournament (SOWPODS) – 499.94 by Nigel Richards (MY) over 16 rounds at the 7th Lim Boon Heng Cup, Singapore, 2009.^[49]
• Highest average score, one day tournament (SOWPODS) – 548 by Jackson Smylie of Toronto, Ontario over 5 rounds at Caledon, Ontario
• Highest average score, one day tournament (OTCWL) – 532 by Jackson Smylie over 4 rounds at North American Scrabble Championship early bird in Las Vegas

Two other records are believed^{[citation needed]} to have been achieved under a British format known as the «high score rule», in which a player’s tournament result is determined only by the player’s own scores, and not by the differentials between that player’s scores and the opponents’. Play in this system «encourages elaborate setups often independently mined by the two players»,^[32] and is significantly different from the standard game in which defensive considerations play a major role. While the «high score» rule has led to impressively high records, it is currently out of favor.^{[citation needed]}

• High game score of 1,049 by Phil Appleby of Lymington, Hampshire, UK, on June 25, 1989, in Wormley, Hertfordshire, UK. His opponent scored just 253 points, giving Appleby a record victory margin of 796 points.
• High single-turn score of 392, by Dr Saladin Karl Khoshnaw^[45] in Manchester, UK, in April 1982. The word he used was CAZIQUES, meaning «native chiefs of West Indian aborigines».

Hypothetical scores in possible and legal but highly unlikely plays and games are far higher, primarily through the use of words that cover three triple-word-score squares. The highest reported score for a single play is 1780 (OSPD) and 1785 (SOWPODS) using oxyphenbutazone.^[50] When only adding the word sesquioxidizing to these official lists, one could theoretically score 2015 (OSPD) and 2044 (SOWPODS) points in a single move.^[50]
The highest reported combined score for a theoretical game based on SOWPODS is 4046 points, constructed by Nathan Hedt of Australia.^{[51][user-generated source][52]}4046 points^{[failed verification]}
Other records are available for viewing at Total Scrabble, an unofficial record book that includes the above as sources and expands on other topics.

In August 1984, Peter Finan and Neil Smith played Scrabble for 153 hours at St. Anselm’s College, Birkenhead, Merseyside, setting a new duration record. A longer record was never recorded by Guinness Book of Records, as the publishers decided that duration records of this nature were becoming too dangerous and stopped accepting them.^[53]

Software[edit]

Computer players[edit]

Maven is a computer opponent for the game created by Brian Sheppard. The official Scrabble computer game in North America uses a version of Maven as its artificial intelligence and is published by Atari. Outside North America, the official Scrabble computer game is published by Ubisoft. Quackle is an open-source alternative to Maven of comparable strength, created by a five-person team led by Jason Katz-Brown.^[54] A Qt cross-platform version of Quackle is available on GitHub.^[55]

Video game versions[edit]

Video game versions of Scrabble have been released for various platforms, including IBM PC compatibles, Mac, Amiga,^[56] Commodore 64,^[57] ZX Spectrum,^[58] Game Boy, Game Boy Color, Game Boy Advance,^[59] Nintendo DS,^[60] PlayStation,^[61] PlayStation 4, PlayStation Portable,^[62] iPod, iOS, Game.com, Palm OS, Amstrad CPC, Xbox 360, Kindle,^[63] Wii,^[64] and mobile phones.

The Nintendo DS version of Scrabble 2007 Edition made news when parents became angry over the game’s AI using potentially offensive language during gameplay.^[65]

Web versions[edit]

Several websites offer the possibility to play Scrabble online against other users, such as ScrabbleScores.com, the Internet Scrabble Club and Pogo.com from Electronic Arts (North America only).

Facebook initially offered a variation of Scrabble called Scrabulous as a third-party application add-on. On July 24, 2008, Hasbro filed a copyright infringement lawsuit against its developers.^[66] Four days later, Scrabulous was disabled for users in North America,^[67] eventually reappearing as «Lexulous» in September 2008, with changes made to distinguish it from Scrabble. By December 20, Hasbro had withdrawn its lawsuit.^[68]

Mattel launched its official version of online Scrabble, Scrabble by Mattel, on Facebook in late March 2008.^[69][70] The application was developed by Gamehouse, a division of RealNetworks that was licensed by Mattel.^[70] Since Hasbro controls the copyright for North America with the copyright for the rest of the world belonging to Mattel,^[69] the Gamehouse Facebook application was available only to players outside the United States and Canada.^[70] The version developed by Electronic Arts for Hasbro was available throughout the world.

When Gamehouse ceased support for its application, Mattel replaced it with the Electronic Arts version in May 2013. This decision was met with criticism from its userbase.^[71] The Hasbro version continues to be available worldwide but now uses IP lookup to display Hasbro branding to North American players and Mattel branding to the rest of the world. Electronic Arts have also released mobile apps for Android and iOS, allowing players to continue the same game on more than one platform.

As well as facilities to play occasional games online, there are many options to play in leagues.^[72]

In 2020, the license for Scrabble passed from Electronic Arts to Scopely, which launched the app Scrabble GO on March 5, 2020, with the Electronic Arts version discontinued on June 5, 2020.^[73] The new app was very different, leading to protests, and Scopely soon began to offer a ‘Classic’ version, without some of the extras initially offered: «this updated mode is reimagined to reflect the ask for a streamlined experience. Features such as boosts, rewards and all other game modes are disabled», the company announced.^[74]

Variations[edit]

Super Scrabble[edit]

A new licensed product, Super Scrabble, was launched in North America by Winning Moves Games in 2004 under license from Hasbro, with the deluxe version (with turntable and lock-in grid) released in February 2007. A Mattel-licensed product for the rest of the world was released by Tinderbox Games in 2006. This set comprises 200 tiles in slightly modified distribution to the standard set and a 21×21 playing board.

National versions[edit]

Versions of the game have been released in several other languages.

The game was called Alfapet when it was introduced in Sweden in 1954, but since the mid-1990s, the game has also been known as Scrabble in Sweden. Alfapet is now another crossword game, developed by the owners of the name Alfapet. A Russian version is called Erudit. Versions have been prepared for Dakotah, Haitian Creole, Dakelh (Carrier language), and Tuvan.^[75]

For languages with digraphs counted as single letters, such as Welsh and Hungarian, the game features separate tiles for those digraphs.

An Irish-language version of Scrabble was published by Glór na nGael in 2010. The previous year the same organisation published the Junior version of the game and two years later it republished Junior Scrabble using a two-sided (and two skill level) board.

Television game show versions[edit]

In 1987, a board game was released by Selchow & Righter, based on the game show hosted by Chuck Woolery that aired on NBC from 1984 to 1990 (and for five months in 1993). Billed as the «Official Home Version» of the game show (or officially as the «TV Scrabble Home Game»), gameplay bears more resemblance to the game show than it does to a traditional Scrabble game, although it does utilize a traditional Scrabble gameboard in play.

On September 17, 2011, a new game show based on Scrabble, called Scrabble Showdown, debuted on The Hub with Justin «Kredible» Willman as the host of the program.^[76] Each week, teams play various activities based on the board game in order to win big prizes including a trip to anywhere from around the world.

Games based on Scrabble[edit]

There are numerous variations of the game. While they are similar to the original Scrabble game, they include minor variations. For example, Literati draws random tiles instead of providing a finite number of tiles for the game, assigns different point levels to each letter and has a slightly different board layout, whereas Lexulous assigns eight letters to each player instead of seven. Words with Friends uses a different board layout and different letter values, as does Words of Gold.

Duplicate Scrabble is a popular variant in French speaking countries. Every player has the same letters on the same board and the players must submit a paper slip at the end of the allotted time (usually 3 minutes) with the highest scoring word they have found. This is the format used for the French World Scrabble Championships but it is also used in Romanian and Dutch. There is no limit to the number of players that can be involved in one game, and at Vichy in 1998 there were 1,485 players, a record for French Scrabble tournaments.

Scarabeo [it] is a variant that is much more popular in Italy than the original game. It features a 17×17 grid of cells and peculiar rules.^[77]

In one variation of Scrabble, blanks score points corresponding to the letters the blanks are used to represent. For example, if one played blank to represent a Z, it would get ten; a blank to represent a V or an H would get four; a blank to represent a D would get 2 and blank to represent a T, N, L, S or R or any of the vowels would get one.

Popular among tournament Scrabble players is Clabbers. In Clabbers, any move that consists of anagrams of allowable words is allowed. For example, because ETAERIO is allowable in ordinary Collins Scrabble, EEAIORT would be allowable in Clabbers.^[78]

A junior version, called Junior Scrabble, has been marketed. This has slightly different distributions of frequencies of letter tiles to the standard Scrabble game.

Word games similar to or influenced by Scrabble include Bananagrams, Boggle, Dabble, Nab-It!, Perquackey, Puzzlage, Quiddler, Scribbage, Tapple, Upwords, and WordSpot.

There are also number-based variations, such as Equate (game), GoSum, Mathable, Numble, Numbler, Triolet, Yushino and Numenko.

Gameboard formats[edit]

The game has been released in numerous gameboard formats appealing to various user groups. The original boards included wood tiles and many «deluxe» sets still do.

Tile Lock editions[edit]

Tile Lock editions of Scrabble^[79] and Super Scrabble^[80][81] are made by Winning Moves and feature smaller, plastic tiles that are held in place on the board with little plastic posts. The standard version features exactly the same 100 tiles as regular Scrabble. The Tile Lock Super Scrabble features the same 200 tiles that are in Super Scrabble.

Travel editions[edit]

Editions are available for travelers who may wish to play in a conveyance such as a train or plane or to pause a game in progress and resume later. Many versions thus include methods to keep letters from moving, such as pegboards, recessed tile holders and magnetic tiles. Players’ trays are also designed with stay-fast holders. Such boards are also typically designed to be reoriented by each player to put the board upright during the game, as well as folded and stowed with the game in progress.

• Production and Marketing Company, 1954 – metal hinged box, Bakelite tiles inlaid with round magnets, chrome tile racks, silver-colored plastic bag and cardboard box covered with decorative paper. The box, when opened flat, measures 8+1⁄2 in × 7+3⁄4 in (22 cm × 20 cm) and the tiles measure 1⁄2 in (13 mm) square.
• Spear’s Games, the 1980s – boxed edition with pegboard, plastic tiles with small feet to fit snugly in the pegboard. Racks are clear plastic, allowing some sorting while holding tiles fairly snugly. The set comes with a drawstring plastic bag to draw tiles and a cardboard box. It is possible to save a game in progress by returning the board to the box. There is a risk of players’ trays being mixed and upset, and the box lid, held on by friction, is subject to upset.
• Selchow & Righter, 1980s – pocket edition with plastic «magnetic» board and tiles. Tile racks are also plastic with an asymmetrical shape to provide a handhold. All elements fit in a plastic envelope for travel and to permit a pause in the game. Plastic letters are very small and tend to lose their grip if not placed with slight lateral movement and if they are not perfectly clean. The game format is extremely small, allowing Scrabble games for backpackers and others concerned about weight and size.
• Hasbro Games, 2001 – hinged plastic board with clear tile-shaped depressions to hold tiles in play. Board is in a black, zippered folio such that board and tiles may be folded for travel, even with the game in play. The reverse side of the board contains numbered mounts for racks, holding tiles face down, allowing secure and confidential storage of tiles while a game is paused. Some versions have tile racks with individual tile slots, thus not permitting easy sorting of tiles in a rack. The board, when opened up, measures 24.5 cm × 21.0 cm (9+3⁄4 in × 8+1⁄4 in), and the tiles are 12.3 mm × 12.3 mm × 6.7 mm (1⁄2 in × 1⁄2 in × 1⁄4 in) in size.

Deluxe editions[edit]

At the opposite end, some «deluxe» or «prestige»^[82] editions offer superior materials and features. These include editions on a rotating turntable, so players can always face the board, with the letters upright and a raised grid that holds the tiles in place.^[83][84] Also available are alternative Scrabble boards, often made of glass^[85] or hardwood, that have superior rotating mechanisms and personalized graphics.

Large print and braille editions[edit]

An edition has been released (in association with the Royal National Institute of Blind People (RNIB))^[86] with a larger board and letters for players with impaired vision.^[87] The colours on the board are more contrasting, and the font size has been increased from 16 to 24 point. The tiles are in bold 48 point, and have braille labels. A separate braille edition is also available.^[88]

[edit]

Books[edit]

Numerous books about Scrabble have been published, including nonfiction titles helping players improve their game, and fiction titles using the game as a plot device. These include:

• Merriam-Webster’s The Official Scrabble Player’s Dictionary, the Sixth Edition of which was published in 2018. The OSPD is the consistently best-selling official Scrabble book.
• Word Freak by Stefan Fatsis (2001), an introduction to tournament Scrabble and its players. While writing the book, Fatsis became a high-rated tournament player.
• The Scrabble Player’s Handbook, edited by Stewart Holden and Kenji Matsumoto, and written by an international group of tournament players, which gives the information a serious player needs to advance to successful tournament play. Not to be confused with Drue K. Conklin’s 1976 The Official Scrabble Player’s Handbook, The Scrabble Player’s Handbook is available for free download.^[89]

Documentaries[edit]

Numerous documentaries have been made about the game, including:

• Scrabylon (2003), by Scott Petersen, which «gives an up-close look at why people get so obsessed with that seemingly benign game»
• Word Slingers (2002), by Eric Siblin and Stefan Vanderland (produced for Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC)), which follows four expert Canadian players at the 2001 World Championship in Las Vegas
• Word Wars (2004) by Eric Chaikin and Julian Petrillo, about the «tiles and tribulations on the Scrabble game circuit»

See also[edit]

• Anagrams — Public domain game, predecessor to Scrabble
• Anamonic
• Blanagram
• Boggle
• Countdown (game show)
• RSVP (board game)
• Scrabble in Hong Kong
• Upwords
• Words with Friends
• Wordscraper

References[edit]

Further reading[edit]

• Arneson, Erik (June 26, 2019). «How To Win at Scrabble and Words With Friends: How to Practice, Play, and Win Strategically». The Spruce Crafts.
• McElwee, Kevin (December 13, 2018). «Does Scrabble Need To Be Fixed?». Nautilus. Archived from the original on December 9, 2019. Retrieved December 15, 2018.
• «Scrabble as a tool for language preservation in Tuvan». ScholarSpace. Manoa, Hawaii. An article relating how Scrabble has been adapted to other languages, describing how it was prepared for the Tuvan languages, and giving directions about how to adapt it.
• Wallace, Robert (December 14, 1953). «A Man Makes a Best-Selling Game — Scrabble — and Achieves His Ambition (Spelled Out Above): Little Business In the Country». LIFE Magazine. p. 101.

External links[edit]

• Scrabble at Hasbro.com
• Scrabble at MattelGames.com
• Scrabble at BoardGameGeek
• .GCG specification describes a computer file format for recording and annotating Scrabble games.
• Scrabble Word Database (Multi-language)
• U.S. Patent 2,752,158 – Game apparatus – Expired patent for the jagged edges of bonus squares, which were added so that one need not lift previously placed tiles in order to see the bonus.

Player associations

• Association of British Scrabble Players
• NASPA Games (formerly North American Scrabble Players Association; sanctions club and tournament play in North America)
• Scrabble Australia
• World English-Language Scrabble Players Association (WESPA)

If you buy through links on our site, we may earn a commission.

Ah, Scrabble, likely one of the few games that can rival Monopoly when it comes to name recognition. The famous word puzzle game is popular with people all around the world. But how do you play? Well, let’s take a closer look at the Scrabble rules you need to know about in more detail. 

While I’m sure most people know the basics of Scrabble or at least what the aim of the game is. It’s also likely that many people don’t know exactly how the game is played. Many people do have their own house rules in play when playing a game of Scrabble. 

Some people likely don’t even know they aren’t playing the game right, at least not according to the official Scrabble rules. So, let’s get right down to it and take a closer look at everything you need to know for a good game of Scrabble. 

What is Scrabble?

Many people think Scrabble is much older than it actually is! It was created by American architect Alfred Butts in 1938. Scrabble was a variation of an earlier game he created called Lexiko. Butts’ new game was called Criss-Crosswords and is very similar to the modern Scrabble game. 

While Butts did make a few sales the game wasn’t hugely successful however one person who did buy it was James Brunot. Brunot believed the game could be very successful with some minor tweaks and it was simplified and renamed Scrabble. 

Scrabble’s road to success did take a few more years but eventually, the game caught on and was sold to larger manufacturers to produce. According to one urban legend, the president of Macy’s played Scrabble on vacation and after seeing the game was widely unavailable he made some inquiries to help promote it and bring it into his store.

What You’ll Need 

So, that’s enough of the history lesson. Let’s get down to the Scrabble rules you need to know to actually play the game. The first thing you’ll need is a Scrabble set and given this game’s popularity finding one shouldn’t be difficult. 

There is a lot of variety to Scrabble sets much more than you might first think. Some deluxe sets might also include extra features like built-in storage for tiles or even some new game modes. However, if you are playing Scrabble we recommend a more basic set. Check out the products below for some ideas.

The Scrabble Board 

While Scrabble boards come in numerous different designs the vast majority of them will follow the same template. Boards are usually a large square shape made up of separate cells for the tiles to go. 

The board is 15 cells high and 15 wide. Around the board, there will also be a variety of different multipliers like double or triple letter scores. We’ll talk more about how these work further down in the gameplay section. 

The Scrabble Tiles 

Aside from the board, you will also get 100 Scrabble tiles. 98 of these tiles will contain letters and will be marked with a point value in the corner. 2 of the tiles will be blank, these act as wild tiles which means they can be played as any letter. The tiles are how players score points as they are used to create words. 

The rarity and difficulty of the letter affects the score. Some letters like X and Z which are naturally harder to use will score you more points. While wild/ blank tiles can be used as any letter they won’t score you any points when used. 

Alongside the tiles, you will also get tile racks for each player to rest their tiles on. It’s recommended to use these to make reading/ using your tiles quicker and easier. Below we have listed the point values of the letter tiles so you can see which score the highest. 

• 1 Point – Letters A, E, I, L, N, O, R, S, T and U.
• 2 Points – Letters D and G.
• 3 Points – Letters B, C, M and P.
• 4 Points – Letters F, H, V, W and Y.
• 5 Points – Letter K.
• 8 Points – Letters J and X.
• 10 Points – Letters Q and Z.
• No Points – Blank Tiles 

Scrabble Rules and Gameplay 

The Aim of The Game 

In Scrabble, you want to use your tiles to make the highest scoring words. There is actually a lot of strategy involved in Scrabble. Do you hold on to higher-value letters for longer to try and build the highest scoring word possible? 

Or do you try to get them used right away? These are just some of the strategies you also need to consider the multipliers around the board. Sometimes hitting these multipliers with just simple short words can be enough to net you a big score. 

While there are variations on how to play we’ll be using the traditional standard Scrabble rules. These are the Scrabble rules most players will use.

Setting Up 

Scrabble is quite an easy game to set up. The first thing you need to do is decide who plays first. Under the standard Scrabble rules, both players should remove a tile from the tile bag. The person with the letter closest to A goes first, a blank tile is an automatic win as well. The play continues clockwise from the first player. 

Scrabble can be played with 2 to 4 players and when setting up each player should choose seven tiles for the bag. The tiles should then be placed on your tile rack. Now you’re ready to start the game. 

Taking Your Turn 

Once the first player has been decided, players can begin their turn. There are 3 different things players can do under standard Scrabble rules. The most common move is to play a word if you have the letters. 

If you don’t want to play a word then you can instead exchange your tiles. This can be done in 2 different ways. You can exchange a single tile, which is a good way to get rid of an awkward letter. 

Or you can replace all 7 of your tiles for a new set. Finally, players can simply opt to pass instead. This can help players who wish to use other player’s tiles as part of their strategy to build longer/ better words.   

The first player will have to play their tiles from the star tile at the center of the board. This is a double word score square and other players will have to use the word played to build their words from.

Scoring 

Earlier on in this guide, we talked about score multipliers in Scrabble. You’ll likely see lots of different multipliers on your Scrabble board. Playing words across these squares will impact your score in a number of ways. Below, we have listed how these different multipliers work. 

Double Letter Scores: These multipliers are usually light blue and they double the value of the letter tile placed on them. 

Triple Letter Score: These multipliers are normally dark blue and they work similarly to the above. But they triple the value of any word tile placed on them. 

Double Word Score: These tiles are light red and are placed diagonally across the board. If a word is placed over these tiles instead of doubling the value of a single tile, it instead doubles the value of the whole word.  

Triple Word Score: These tiles are red and work like the double word score tiles above. They triple the value of any word placed across them which makes them incredibly valuable. 

7 Tile Bonus: This isn’t a multiplier on the board but it will boost your score. If you manage to play all 7 of your tiles then you will receive a bonus score of 50 points. The 50 points are added to the value of the word as well, which means a lot of points can be earned with just one turn. 

Finishing The Game 

Under the standard Scrabble rules finishing the game is quite simple. Once all the tiles are gone from the tile bag you just need to wait till one of the players has played all their remaining tiles. This ends the game for everyone and the player with the highest score wins. 

Nowadays many players keep track of their score as they play. At the end of the game, players should tally up the scores of each other. Once this is done you need to tally up the value of your remaining tiles. 

The value of these tiles is then deducted from your overall score. The player who has no tiles left will also receive a further bonus. All players who have remaining tiles will have the value of them added together and this will be given to the player who played all their tiles. 

So, being the player to play all your tiles first and finish the game will net you a big endgame advantage. After the additions/ deductions have been made the player with the highest score will win the game!

Scrabble – The Wondrous Word Game 

Scrabble is a game that is simple on the surface but actually involves a lot of challenge and strategy. It’s popular all over the world with seniors, adults and children alike. So, if you are looking for a game everyone can enjoy why not give Scrabble a try? 

What is Scrabble?

Scrabble is the most popular and recognizable word tile-based game in the world. This modern classic’s origin begins in 1938, where Alfred Mosher Butts, an American architect, created the first iteration of the game. At this point, the now-ubiquitous 15×15 board and addictive gameplay was already in place. It was in 1948 where the rights to the idea were bought, and the name Scrabble was introduced.

Scrabble is a boxed-board game for 2-4 players,
and all you need to play is included in the box. The 15×15 board and the 100
letter tiles are all you need to play, and the complementary tile racks ca be
used to hold the tiles.

The game is designed for 2-4 players, but competitive settings are often 2-player affairs. There are also variations of the rules that allow for 2 teams of two. Regardless, the rules and instructions remain identical.

Pre-game

The set-up of the game is simple. The 100
letter tiles are put into a provided opaque bag to ensure fair drawing. A
dictionary or word list is specified to settle potential disputes regarding the
validity of words that may occur throughout the game.

Turn order is determined with each player
drawing one tile. The player drawing a letter closer that occurs earlier in
alphabetical order will go first. Blank tiles will win when drawn against an
‘A’ tile.

Each player the draws 7 tiles from the draw
bag, and places the tiles such that no other players can see the tiles.

Gameplay

The main gameplay in Scrabble involves the
arranging of tiles to form words. The player going first is required to play a
word with a minimum of two letters, and must come into contact with the centre
square (H8).

On the following turns, all words must use
parts of the words already present on the board. Every subsequent word must use
at least one letter from the words on the board. Words can be formed so long as
they read from top to bottom or left to right.

Each player can choose from three options
during their turn. They can play to the board, forming words with a
corresponding granted score. A player can also opt to swap out tiles from their
hand with the same number of tiles from the draw bag. If desired, a player can
also choose to forfeit their turn by passing.

There are 2 blank tiles in the total of 100
tiles. These tiles can be used as a substitute for any letter, but they have no
point value.

If a player plays out a word during their
turn, they call out the calculated score value of the played word. Scoring is
discussed in the Value, Points and Scoring section of the guide. A player then
refills their hand from the draw bag, returning to a total of 7 tiles. Once
tiles are drawn from the bag, the play cannot be changed.

How does Scrabble
End?

Based on the official tournament rules, a game of Scrabble ends when a player plays all tiles from their rack, and there are no more tiles in the bag to replenish their hand. Also, a game can end when both players go through 6 turns of both sides passing.

At the end of a game, the scores are calculated, and the winner is the player with the higher score.

Scrabble Rules

With scoring being a major factor in Scrabble, there are rules in place to smoothen the gameplay process. The following discussion will be based on the official Scrabble rules used in tournaments.

Valid Words

In general, all words in the dictionary of choice are valid. However, players in tournaments do not have a dictionary on hand to check. Instead, players operate with their inherent knowledge. As the norm, proper nouns, hyphenated words and acronyms are not allowed, barring those that find usual use. For tournaments, there are two main word lists used, the Tournament Word List (TWL) and the Collins Scrabble Words (CSW).

Challenges

On an opponent’s play, a player can
challenge the validity of the played word, provided the opponent has not yet
drawn tiles to refill their hand. The challenger then looks up the word in the
agreed upon sources. If the word is found to be a fake word, the opponent will
be forced to remove the played tiles, and the turn then passes to the next
player.

If a challenge is unsuccessful, where the
challenged word is found to be valid, penalties may or may not be imposed,
depending on the rules being used for said game.

Summary

In conclusion, Scrabble rules are:

• Each player draws 7 tiles.
• The first player plays in contact with the centre tile, with a minimum length of 2 letters.
• Play continues until an end-condition is reached.
• Players can challenge words when they believe said words to be invalid.

Value, Points and Scoring

Scrabble scoring is simple. All letter tiles have Scrabble letter values that describes the point value for each tile, which is also based on the letter distribution. You simply sum up the Scrabble points for each letter in the word. This includes any previously played tiles as well. For example, if a player adds an S tile to a previously played DICE, making DICES, the player gets the score for all 5 letters, not just his/her S tile.

The letter distribution for the English version of Scrabble is shown below:

On the board, there are special squares
which grant bonuses to players who manage to cover them with letters. These
squares include the “Double Letter”, ‘Triple Letter”, “Double Word” and “Triple
Word”. The letter squares double or triple the score of the letter placed on
that tile, while the word squares do the same, but for the entire word. Each of
these squares can only be used once. For example, in the DICE example, if the
DICE word covered a Double Word square, the player will get double the score
for the DICE word, whereas the player adding the S tile will not benefit from
the doubling.

At the end of the game, if a player manages
to clear all tiles from their hand, they will have ‘gone out’, and they get the
sum of the opponent’s remaining tiles added to their score. To keep score, a Scrabble score sheet can
help.

Strategy and How to Win

The following are some tips to win and get better at Scrabble:

• Memorize two and three letter
  words, this is the key of Scrabble
  strategy.
• Manage your S tiles carefully,
  as there are only 4 S tiles in the game, and they can be used to make two words
  at once.
• Learn to hook, which is
  extending words (adding S to RING to make SPRING), while also making another
  word at the same time (FAST with the S extending RING to SPRING).
• Learn the “Q-without U” words,
  there are 17 valid words in the TWL.
• Play to the high scoring
  squares. If you can capitalize on the Triple Word square, you can get massive lead
  on your opponent.
• Save extensions. The S tile is
  not the only way to extend words, “ER”, “ED” and “ING” can be used as well.

Frequently Asked Questions

How many letters in Scrabble?

There are a total of 100 tiles, with 98 being letter tiles. All 26 letters in the English alphabet exist.

How many of each letter are there?

Amount of each letter in Scrabble

Letter	Amount
A	9
B	2
C	2
D	4
E	12
F	2
G	3
H	2
I	9
J	1
K	1
L	4
M	2
N	6
O	8
P	2
Q	1
R	6
S	4
T	6
U	4
V	2
W	2
X	1
Y	2
Z	1
Blank	2

How many
tiles in Scrabble?

In the English version of Scrabble, there are 100 tiles in total.

What is the
highest scoring Scrabble word?

The highest scoring Scrabble word is “SESQUIOXIDIZING”, coming in at a theoretical maximum of 2044 points.

What is the highest score ever?

The highest recorded Scrabble score in tournaments was 764 points, scored by Russel Honeybun in 2007.

How many
squares on a Scrabble board?

The Scrabble board has a 15×15 layout, having a total of 225 squares.

What is a bingo
in Scrabble?

A bingo is a play made using all 7 tiles from a player’s hand. These grant a bonus of 50 points to a player that has achieved this.

Also read

• Rummikub Rules
• Qwirkle Rules

For other uses, see Scrabble (disambiguation).

Template:Page numbers needed

Template:Infobox game
Scrabble is a word game in which two to four players score points by placing tiles, each bearing a single letter, onto a gameboard which is divided into a 15×15 grid of squares. The tiles must form words which, in crossword fashion, flow left to right in rows or downwards in columns. The words must be defined in a standard dictionary, or present in specified reference works (e.g., the Official Tournament and Club Word List, the Official Scrabble Players Dictionary), which provide a list of officially permissible words.

The name Scrabble is a trademark of Hasbro, Inc. in the United States and Canada and has been sold by Hasbro’s Parker Brothers division since 1999. Prior to 1999, it was sold as a Milton Bradley game. Outside the United States and Canada, Scrabble is a trademark of Mattel. The game is sold in 121 countries and is available in 29 languages; approximately 150 million sets have been sold worldwide and roughly one-third of American and half of British homes have a Scrabble set.^[1][2][3][4] There are around 4,000 Scrabble clubs around the world.^[4]

Game details

Further information: Scrabble letter distributions

File:Scrabble game in progress.jpg

The game is played by two to four players on a square board with a 15×15 grid of cells (individually known as «squares»), each of which accommodates a single letter tile.
In official club and tournament games, play is between two players or, occasionally, between two teams each of which collaborates on a single rack.^[5]

The board is marked with «premium» squares, which multiply the number of points awarded: eight dark red «triple-word» squares, 17 pale red «double-word» squares, of which one, the center square (H8), is marked with a star or other symbol; 12 dark blue «triple-letter» squares, and 24 pale blue «double-letter» squares. In 2008, Hasbro changed the colors of the premium squares to orange for TW, red for DW, blue for DL, and green for TL. Despite this, the original premium square color scheme is still the preferred scheme for Scrabble boards used in tournaments.^[6]

<templatestyles src=»Multiple image/styles.css» wrapper=».tmulti»></templatestyles>

In an English-language set, the game contains 100 tiles, 98 of which are marked with a letter and a point value ranging from 1 to 10. The number of points of each lettered tile is based on the letter’s frequency in standard English writing; commonly used letters such as vowels are worth one point, while less common letters score higher, with Q and Z each worth 10 points. The game also has two blank tiles that are unmarked and carry no point value. The blank tiles can be used as substitutes for any letter; once laid on the board, however, the choice is fixed. Other language sets use different letter set distributions with different point values.

Tiles are usually made of wood or plastic and are 19 by 19 millimetres (0.75 in × 0.75 in) square and 4 mm (0.16 in) thick, making them slightly smaller than the squares on the board. Only the rosewood tiles of the deluxe edition varies the width up to 2 mm (0.08 in) for different letters. Travelling versions of the game often have smaller tiles (e.g. 13 mm × 13 mm (0.51 in × 0.51 in)); sometimes they are magnetic to keep them in place. The capital letter is printed in black at the centre of the tile face and the letter’s point value printed in a smaller font at the bottom right corner.

File:Blank Scrabble board with coordinates.svg

S is one of the most valuable tiles in English-language Scrabble because it can be appended to many words to pluralize them (or in the case of most verbs, convert them to the third person singular present tense, such as the word LAUGHS); Alfred Butts included only four instances to avoid a game that was «too easy». Q is considered the most problematic letter, as most words with it also contain U; a similar problem occurs in other languages like French, Dutch, Italian and German. J is also difficult to play due to its low frequency and a scarcity of words having it at the end.^[7] C and V may be troublesome in the endgame, since no two-letter words with them exist, save for CH in SOWPODS.

History

File:Alfred Butts letter frequencies.JPG

In 1938, American architect Alfred Mosher Butts created the game as a variation on an earlier word game he invented called Lexiko. The two games had the same set of letter tiles, whose distributions and point values Butts worked out by performing a frequency analysis of letters from various sources, including The New York Times. The new game, which he called «Criss-Crosswords,» added the 15×15 gameboard and the crossword-style game play. He manufactured a few sets himself, but was not successful in selling the game to any major game manufacturers of the day.^[9]

In 1948, James Brunot,^[10] a resident of Newtown, Connecticut – and one of the few owners of the original Criss-Crosswords game – bought the rights to manufacture the game in exchange for granting Butts a royalty on every unit sold. Though he left most of the game (including the distribution of letters) unchanged, Brunot slightly rearranged the «premium» squares of the board and simplified the rules;^{[citation needed]} he also changed the name of the game to «Scrabble», a real word which means «to scratch frantically». In 1949, Brunot and his family made sets in a converted former schoolhouse in Dodgingtown, a section of Newtown. They made 2,400 sets that year, but lost money.^[11] According to legend, Scrabble‘s big break came in 1952 when Jack Straus, president of Macy’s, played the game on vacation. Upon returning from vacation, he was surprised to find that his store did not carry the game. He placed a large order and within a year, «everyone had to have one.»^{[citation needed]}

In 1952, unable to meet demand himself, Brunot sold manufacturing rights to Long Island-based Selchow and Righter, one of the manufacturers who, like Parker Brothers and Milton Bradley Company, had previously rejected the game. In its second year as a Selchow and Righter-built product, nearly four million sets were sold.^[12]

Selchow and Righter bought the trademark to the game in 1972.^[13] JW Spears began selling the game in Australia and the UK on January 19, 1955. The company is now a subsidiary of Mattel.^[9] In 1986, Selchow and Righter was sold to Coleco, which soon after went bankrupt. Hasbro purchased the company’s assets, including Scrabble and Parcheesi.^[13]

In 1984, Scrabble was turned into a daytime game show on NBC. Scrabble ran from July 1984 to March 1990,^[14] with a second run from January to June 1993. The show was hosted by Chuck Woolery. The show’s tagline promotional broadcasts was, «Every man dies; not every man truly Scrabbles.»^[15] In 2011, a new TV variation of Scrabble, called Scrabble Showdown, aired on The Hub cable channel, which is a joint venture of Discovery Communications, Inc. and Hasbro.

Scrabble was inducted into the National Toy Hall of Fame in 2004.^[16]

Evolution of the rules

The «box rules» included in each copy of the USA/Canada edition have been edited four times: in 1953, 1976, 1989, and 1999.^[17]

The major changes in 1953 were as follows:

• It was made clear that:
  • words could be played through single letters already on the board.
  • a player could play a word parallel and immediately adjacent to an existing word provided all crosswords formed were valid.
  • the effect of two word premium squares were to be compounded multiplicatively.
• The previously unspecified penalty for having one’s play successfully challenged was stated: withdrawal of tiles and loss of turn.

The major changes in 1976 were as follows:

• It was made clear that the blank tile beats an A when drawing to see who goes first.
• A player could now pass his/her turn, doing nothing.
• A loss-of-turn penalty was added for challenging an acceptable play.
• If final scores are tied, the player whose score was highest before adjusting for unplayed tiles is the winner;^[18] in tournament play, a tie is counted as half a win for both players.^[19]

The editorial changes made in 1989 did not affect game play.^{[citation needed]}

The major changes in 1999 were as follows:

• It was made clear that:
  • a tile can be shifted or replaced until the play has been scored.
  • a challenge applies to all the words made in the given play.
• Playing all seven tiles is officially called a «Bingo».
• A change in the wording of the rules, could be interpreted as meaning that a player may form more than one word on one row on a single turn.

Notation system

In the notation system common in tournament play, columns are labeled with the letters «A-O» and rows with the numbers «1-15». (On Scrabble boards manufactured by Mattel as well as on the Internet Scrabble Club, rows are lettered while columns are numbered instead.) A play is usually identified in the format xy WORD score or WORD xy score, where x denotes the column or row on which the play’s main word extends, y denotes the second coordinate of the main word’s first letter, and WORD is the main word. Although unnecessary, additional words formed by the play are occasionally listed after the main word and a slash. In the case where the play of a single tile forms words in each direction, one of the words is arbitrarily chosen to serve as the main word for purposes of notation.

When a blank tile is employed in the main word, the letter it has been chosen to represent is indicated with a lower case letter, or, in handwritten notation, with a square around the letter. Parentheses are sometimes also used to designate a blank, although this may create confusion with a second (optional) function of parentheses, namely indication of an existing letter or word that has been «played through» by the main word.

Example:

• A(D)DIT<templatestyles src=»Legend/styles.css» /> I ON(AL) D3 74

(played through the existing letter D and word AL, using a blank for the second I, extending down the D column and beginning on row 3, and scoring 74 points). When annotating, the play would be written A(D)DITiON(AL).

The parentheses can be omitted, though, if each play states how many tiles were laid on the board in that play.

As well, a number of symbols have been employed to indicate the validity of words:

• * means an illegal, or phony, word.
• # means a word valid in games using the British-originated word list (CSW12) only.
• $ means a word valid in games using the American-originated word list (TWL2) only.
• ! means a word judged to be offensive, and thus valid in tournament games only.

Sequence of play

Before the game, a resource, either a word list or a dictionary, is selected for the purpose of adjudicating any challenges during the game. The letter tiles are either put in an opaque bag or placed face down on a flat surface. Opaque cloth bags and customized tiles are staples of clubs and tournaments, where games are rarely played without both.

File:Scrabble board with Tagalog words.jpg

Next, players decide the order in which they play. The normal approach is for players to each draw one tile: The player who picks the letter closest to the beginning of the alphabet goes first, with blank tiles taking precedence over the letter ‘A’. In North American tournaments, the rules of the US-based North American Scrabble Players Association (NASPA) stipulate instead that players who have gone first in the fewest number of previous games in the tournament go first, and when that rule yields a tie, those who have gone second the most go first. If there is still a tie, tiles are drawn as in the standard rules.

At the beginning of the game, each player draws seven tiles from the bag and places them on his or her rack, concealed from the other player(s).

On each turn, the player has three options:

• Pass, forfeiting the turn and scoring nothing
• Exchange one or more tiles for an equal number from the bag, scoring nothing, an option available only if at least seven tiles remain in the bag
• Play at least one tile on the board, adding the value of all words formed to the player’s cumulative score

A proper play uses one or more of the player’s tiles to form a continuous string of letters that make a word (the play’s «main word») on the board, reading either left-to-right or top-to-bottom. The main word must either use the letters of one or more previously played words or else have at least one of its tiles horizontally or vertically adjacent to an already played word. If any words other than the main word are formed by the play, they are scored as well, and are subject to the same criteria of acceptability. See Making a Play and Scoring for more details.

A blank tile may represent any letter, and scores zero points, regardless of its placement or what letter it represents. Its placement on a double-word or triple-word square causes the corresponding premium to be applied to the word(s) in which it is used. Once a blank tile is placed, it remains that particular letter for the remainder of the game.

After making a play, the player announces the score for that play, then if the game is being played with a clock, starts his or her opponent’s clock. The player can change his play anytime his or her clock is running, but commits to the play when he or she starts the opponent’s clock. The player then draws tiles from the bag to replenish his or her rack to seven tiles. If there are not enough tiles in the bag to do so, the player takes all the remaining tiles.

If a player has made a play and has not yet drawn a tile, the opponent may choose to challenge any or all words formed by the play. The player challenged must then look up the words in question using a specified word source (such as OTCWL, the Official Scrabble Players Dictionary, or CSW) and if any one of them is found to be unacceptable, the play is removed from the board, the player returns the newly played tiles to his or her rack and the turn is forfeited. In tournament play, a challenge may be to the entire play or any one or more words, and judges (human or computer) are used, so players are not entitled to know which word(s) are invalid. Penalties for unsuccessfully challenging an acceptable play vary in club and tournament play, and are described in greater detail below.

Under North American tournament rules, the game ends when either

1. one player plays every tile on his or her rack, and there are no tiles remaining in the bag (regardless of the tiles on his or her opponent’s rack)
2. at least six successive scoreless turns have occurred and either player decides to end the game
3. either player uses more than 10 minutes of overtime. (For several years, a game could not end with a cumulative score of 0-0, but that is no longer the case, and such games have since occurred a number of times in tournament play, the winner being the player with the lower total point value on his or her rack.^[20])

When the game ends, each player’s score is reduced by the sum of his or her unplayed letters. In addition, if a player has used all of his or her letters (known as «going out» or «playing out»), the sum of the other player’s unplayed letters is added to that player’s score; in tournament play, a player who goes out adds twice that sum, and his or her opponent is not penalized.

Scoreless turns can occur when a player passes, when a player exchanges tiles, or when a player loses a challenge. The latter rule varies slightly in international tournaments. A scoreless turn can also theoretically occur if a play consists of only blank tiles, but this is extremely unlikely in actual play.

Making a play

The first played word must be at least two letters long, and cover H8 (the center square). Thereafter, any move is made by using one or more tiles to place a word on the board. This word may or may not use one or more tiles already on the board, but must join with the cluster of tiles already on the board.

This can be achieved in a number of ways (in what follows, it is assumed that the word JACK has been played on a previous turn; letters in parentheses represent tiles already on the board):

• Adding one or more letters to an existing word, e.g. (JACK)S, HI(JACK), HI(JACK)ING.
• «Hooking» a word and playing perpendicular to that word, e.g. playing IONIZES with the S hooked on (JACK) to make (JACK)S.
• Playing perpendicular to a word, e.g. (JACK), then YEU(K)Y through the K.
• Playing parallel to a word(s) forming several short words, e.g. CON played under (JACK) that to make (J)O and (A)N.

Any combination of these is allowed in a play, as long as all the letters placed on the board in one play lie in one row or column and are connected by a main word, and any run of tiles on two or more consecutive squares along a row or column constitutes a valid word.

Either on the first turn or on subsequent turns, words may read either left-to-right or top-to-bottom. Diagonal plays are not allowed.

Scoring

The score for any play is determined this way:

• Each new word formed in a play is scored separately, and then those scores are added up. The value of each tile is indicated on the tile, and blank tiles are worth zero points.
• The main word (defined as the word containing every played letter) is scored. The letter values of the tiles are added up, and tiles placed on DLS and TLS are doubled and tripled in value, respectively. Tiles placed on DWS or TWS squares double or triple the value of the word(s) that include those tiles.
• If any «hook» words are played (e.g. playing ANEROID while «hooking» the A to BETTING to make ABETTING), the scores for each word are added separately. This is common for «parallel» plays that make up to eight words in one turn.
• Premium squares apply only when newly placed tiles cover them. Any subsequent plays do not count those premium squares.
• If a player makes a play where the main word covers two DWS squares, the value of that word is doubled, then redoubled (i.e. 4× the word value). Similarly, if the main word covers two TWS squares, the value of that word is tripled, then retripled (9× the word value). Such plays are often referred to as «double-doubles» and «triple-triples» respectively. It is theoretically possible to achieve a play covering three TWS squares (a 27× word score), although this is extremely improbable without constructive setup and collaboration. Plays covering a DWS and a TWS simultaneously (6× the word value, or 18× if a DWS and two TWS squares are covered) are only possible if a player misses the center star on the first turn, and the play goes unchallenged (this is valid under North American tournament rules).
• Finally, if seven tiles have been laid on the board in one turn, known as a «bingo«, after all of the words formed have been scored, 50 bonus points are added.

When the letters to be drawn have run out, the final play can often determine the winner. This is particularly the case in close games with more than two players.

Example

Suppose Player 1 plays QUANT 8D, with the Q on a DLS and T on the center star. The score for this play would be (2 × 10 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1) × 2 = 48 (following the order of operations).

Player 2 extends the play to ALI(QUANT) 8A with the A on the TWS at 8A. The score for this play would be (1 + 1 + 1 + 10 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1) × 3 = 51. Note that the Q is not doubled for this play.

Player 1 has DDIIIOO and plays OIDIOID 9G. The score for the word OIDIOID would be (2 × 1 + 1 + 2 × 2 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 2 × 2) = 14. Additionally, Player 1 formed NO and TI, which score 1 + 2 × 1 = 3 and 1 + 1 = 2 points respectively. Therefore, the sum of all the values of the words formed is 14+3+2 = 19. However, this is a seven-letter play, so 50 points are added, resulting in a total score of 69. Player 1 now has a 117-51 lead.

The player with the highest final score wins the game. In case of a tie, the player with the highest score before adjusting for unplayed tiles wins the game. In tournament play, a tie counts as 1/2 a win for both players.

Acceptable words

Acceptable words are the primary entries in some chosen dictionary, and all of their inflected forms. Words that are hyphenated, capitalized (such as proper nouns), or apostrophized are not allowed, unless they also appear as acceptable entries; JACK is a proper noun, but the word JACK is acceptable because it has other usages as a common noun (automotive, vexillological, etc.) and verb that are acceptable. Acronyms or abbreviations, other than those that have acceptable entries (such as AWOL, RADAR, LASER, and SCUBA) are not allowed. Variant spellings, slang or offensive terms, archaic or obsolete terms, and specialized jargon words are allowed if they meet all other criteria for acceptability; though archaic spellings (e.g. NEEDE for NEED) are generally not allowed. Foreign words are not allowed in the English language Scrabble unless they have been incorporated into the English language – for example, the words PATISSERIE, KILIM, and QI. Vulgar and offensive words are generally excluded from the OSPD4, but are allowed in club and tournament play.

Proper nouns and other exceptions to the usual rules are allowed in some limited contexts in the spin-off game Scrabble Trickster. Names of recognized computer programs are permitted as an acceptable proper noun (For example, WinZIP).

File:PocketScrabble.JPG

There are two popular competition word lists used in various parts of the world: TWL and SOWPODS (also referred to as «Collins»). The memorization of two-letter words is considered an essential skill in this game.^[21]

OWL2 and OSPD5

The North American 2006 Official Tournament and Club Word List, Second Edition (OWL2) went into official use in American, Canadian, Israeli and Thai club and tournament play on March 1, 2006 (or, for school use, the bowdlerized Official Scrabble Players Dictionary, Fifth Edition (OSPD5)). North American competitions use the Long Words List for longer words.

The OWL2 and the OSPD5 are compiled using four (originally five) major college-level dictionaries, including Merriam-Webster (10th and 11th editions, respectively). If a word appears, at least historically, in any one of the dictionaries, it will be included in the OWL2 and the OSPD5. If the word has only an offensive meaning, it is only included in the OWL2. The key difference between the OSPD5 and the OWL2 is that the OSPD5 is marketed for «home and school» use, with expurgated words which their source dictionaries judged offensive, rendering the Official Scrabble Players Dictionary less fit for official Scrabble play. The OSPD5, released in 2014, is available in bookstores, whereas the OWL2 is only available through NASPA).

Collins Scrabble Words

In all other countries, the competition word list is Collins Scrabble Words 2015 edition, known as CSW15. Versions of this lexicon prior to 2007 were known as SOWPODS. The lexicon includes all allowed words of length 2 to 15 letters. This list contains all OWL2 words plus words sourced from Chambers and Collins English dictionaries. This book is used to adjudicate at the World Scrabble Championship and all other major international competitions outside of North America.

Challenges

Main article: Challenge (Scrabble)

The penalty for a successfully challenged play is nearly universal: the offending player removes the tiles played and forfeits his or her turn. (However, in some online games, an option known as «void» may be used, wherein unacceptable words are automatically rejected by the program. The player is then required to make another play, with no penalty applied.)

The penalty for an unsuccessful challenge (where all words formed by the play are deemed valid) varies considerably, including:

• «Double Challenge», in which an unsuccessfully challenging player must forfeit the next turn. This penalty governs North American (NASPA-sanctioned) OWL tournament play, and is the standard for North American, Israeli, and Thai clubs.^{[citation needed]} Because loss of a turn generally constitutes the greatest risk for an unsuccessful challenge, it provides the greatest incentive for a player to «bluff», or play a «phony» – a plausible word that they know or suspect to be unacceptable, hoping his or her opponent will not call him on it. Or a player can put down a legal word that appears to be a phony hoping the other player will incorrectly challenge it and lose their turn.
• «Single Challenge»/»Free Challenge», in which no penalty whatsoever is applied to a player who unsuccessfully challenges. This is the default rule in Ireland and the United Kingdom, as well as for many tournaments in Australia, although these countries do sanction occasional tournaments using other challenge rules.
• Modified «Single Challenge», in which an unsuccessful challenge does not result in the loss of the challenging player’s turn, but is penalized by the loss of a specified number of points. The most common penalty is five points. The rule has been adopted in Singapore (since 2000), Malaysia (since 2002), South Africa (since 2003), New Zealand (since 2004), and Kenya, as well as in contemporary World Scrabble Championships (since 2001) and North American (NASPA-sanctioned) Collins tournaments. Some countries and tournaments (including Sweden) use a 10-point penalty instead. In most game situations, this penalty is much lower than that of the «double challenge» rule. Consequently, such tournaments encourage a greater willingness to challenge and a lower willingness to play dubious words.

Under NASPA tournament rules, a player may request to «hold» the opponent’s play in order to consider whether to challenge it, provided that the opponent has not yet drawn replacement tiles. If player A holds, player A’s clock still runs, and player B may not draw provisional replacement tiles until 15 seconds after the hold was announced (which tiles must then be kept separate). There is no time limit on how long player A may hold the play. If player A successfully challenges after player B drew provisional replacement tiles, player B must show the drawn tiles before returning them to the bag.

Club and tournament play

Main article: English-language Scrabble

Tens of thousands play club and tournament Scrabble worldwide. All tournament (and most club) games are played with a game clock and a set time control. Although casual games are often played with unlimited time, this is problematic in competitive play among players for whom the number of evident legal plays is immense. Almost all tournament games involve only two players; typically, each has 25 minutes in which to make all of his or her plays. For each minute by which a player oversteps the time control, a penalty of 10 points is assessed. The number of minutes is rounded up, so, for example, if a player oversteps time control by two minutes and five seconds, the penalty is 30 points. Also, most players use molded plastic tiles, not engraved like the original wooden tiles, eliminating the potential for a cheating player to «braille» (feel for particular tiles, especially blanks, in the bag).^[12]

Players are allowed «tracking sheets», pre-printed with the letters in the initial pool, from which tiles can be crossed off as they are played. Tracking tiles is an important aid to strategy, especially during the endgame, when no tiles remain to be drawn and each player can determine exactly what is on the opponent’s rack.

Notable and regularly held tournaments include:

1. The World Scrabble Championship: held in odd years up until 2013, when it was announced by Mattel that it would be called the Scrabble Champions Tournament and be held annually in subsequent years.^[22]
2. The North American Scrabble Championship: an open event attracting several hundred players, held around July/August every year or two in the United States.
3. The National Scrabble Championship of the United Kingdom, held every year.
4. The Brand’s Crossword Game King’s Cup: the largest tournament in the world. Held annually in Thailand around the end of June or beginning of July.
5. The UK Open: the largest Scrabble tournament in Europe, held annually in Coventry, United Kingdom since 2008.

Other important tournaments include:

1. The World Youth Scrabble Championships: entry by country qualification, restricted to under 18 years old. Held annually since 2006.
2. The National School Scrabble Championship: entry open to North American school students. Held annually since 2003.
3. The Canadian Scrabble Championship: entry by invitation only to the top fifty Canadian players. Held every two to three years.
4. The Singapore Open Scrabble Championship: international Singapore championship held annually since 1997.

Clubs in North America typically meet one day a week for three or four hours and some charge a small admission fee to cover their expenses and prizes. Clubs also typically hold at least one open tournament per year. Tournaments are usually held on weekends, and between six and nine games are played each day.

There are also clubs in the UK and many other countries. There are a number of internationally rated SOWPODS-tournaments.^[23]

During off hours at tournaments, many players socialize by playing consultation (team) Scrabble, Clabbers, Anagrams, Boggle, Words with Friends, Scramble with Friends and other games.

Computer players

Maven is a computer opponent for the game, created by Brian Sheppard. The official Scrabble computer game in North America uses a version of Maven as its artificial intelligence and is published by Atari. Outside of North America, the official Scrabble computer game is published by Ubisoft. Quackle is an open-source alternative to Maven of comparable strength, created by a five-person team led by Jason Katz-Brown.^[24]

Console and computer video game versions

Several computer and video game versions of Scrabble have been released for various platforms, including PC, Mac, Amiga, Commodore 64, Sinclair ZX Spectrum, Game Boy, Game Boy Color, Game Boy Advance, Nintendo DS, PlayStation, PlayStation 2, PlayStation Portable, iPod, iPad, Game.com, Palm OS, Amstrad CPC, Xbox 360, Kindle, and mobile phones.

The Nintendo DS version of Scrabble 2007 Edition made news when parents became angry over the game’s AI using potentially offensive language during gameplay.^[25]

Web versions

A number of web sites offer the possibility to play Scrabble online against other users, such as the Internet Scrabble Club and www.pogo.com from Electronic Arts.

Facebook initially offered a variation of Scrabble called Scrabulous as a third-party application add-on. On July 24, 2008, Hasbro filed a copyright infringement lawsuit against the creators of Scrabulous.^[26] Four days later, Scrabulous was disabled for users in North America,^[27] eventually re-appearing as «Lexulous» in September 2008, with changes made to distinguish it from Scrabble. By December 20, Hasbro had withdrawn its lawsuit.^[28]

Mattel launched its official version of online Scrabble, Scrabble by Mattel, on Facebook in late March 2008.^[29][30] The application was developed by Gamehouse, a division of RealNetworks who had been licensed by Mattel.^[30] However, since Hasbro controls the copyright for North America with the copyright for the rest of the world belonging Mattel,^[29] the Gamehouse Facebook application was available only to players outside the United States and Canada.^[30] Meanwhile, the version developed by developed by Electronic Arts for Hasbro was available throughout the world.

When Gamehouse ceased support for their application, Mattel replaced it with the Electronic Arts version in May 2013. This decision was met with criticism from its user base.^[31] The Hasbro version continues to be available worldwide but now uses IP lookup to display Hasbro branding to North American players and Mattel branding to the rest of the world. Electronic Arts has also released mobile apps for Android and iOS, allowing players to continue the same game on more than one platform.

As well as facilities to play occasional games online, there are many options to play in leagues. The biggest of these ^[32] is the Facebook Scrabble League.

Television game show versions

Main articles: Scrabble (game show) and Scrabble Showdown

In 1987, a board game was released by Selchow & Righter, based on the game show hosted by Chuck Woolery, which aired on NBC from 1984 to 1990 (and for five months in 1993). Billed as the «Official Home Version» of the game show (or officially as the «TV Scrabble Home Game»), game play bears more resemblance to the game show than it does to a traditional Scrabble game, although it does utilize a traditional Scrabble gameboard in play.

On September 17, 2011, a new game show based on Scrabble, called Scrabble Showdown, debuted on The Hub with Justin «Kredible» Willman as the host of the program.^[33] Each week, teams play various activities based on the board game in order to win big prizes including a trip to anywhere from around the world.

Super Scrabble

Main article: Super Scrabble

A new licensed product, Super Scrabble, was launched in North America by Winning Moves Games in 2004 under license from Hasbro, with the deluxe version (with turntable and lock-in grid) released in February 2007. A Mattel-licensed product for the rest of the world was released by Tinderbox Games in 2006. This set comprises 200 tiles in slightly modified distribution to the standard set and a 21×21 playing board.

Records

The following records were achieved during competitive club or tournament play, according to authoritative sources, including the book Everything Scrabble by Joe Edley and John D. Williams, Jr. (revised edition, Pocket Books, 2001) and the Scrabble FAQ.^[34] When available, separate records are listed based upon different official word lists:

1. OSPD or OTCWL, the North American list also used in Thailand and Israel;
2. OSW, formerly the official list in the UK;
3. SOWPODS, the combined OSPD+OSW now used in much of the world, known today as Collins Scrabble Words. To date, new editions or revisions of these lists have not been considered substantial enough to warrant separate record-keeping.

• High game (OSPD) – 830 by Michael Cresta (Mass.), at the Lexington (Mass.) club, October 12, 2006. Cresta defeated Wayne Yorra 830-490.^[35][36]
• High game (OSPD) in a tournament game — 803 by Joel Sherman (N.Y.), at a tournament in Stamford, Conn., December 9, 2011. Sherman defeated Bradley Robbins 803-285. Sherman played a record-tying seven bingoes in that game and stuck Robbins with the Q.^[37]
• High game (OSW) – 793 by Peter Preston (UK), 1999.^[38]
• High game (SOWPODS) – Toh Weibin set a record score of 850 at the Northern Ireland Championships on 21 January 2012. The winning margin of 591 points is also believed to be a record.^[39]
• High combined score (OSPD) – 1320 (830-490) by Michael Cresta and Wayne Yorra, in a Lexington, Mass., club, 2006.^[35][36]
• High combined score (OSPD) in a tournament game – 1134 (582-552) by Keith Smith (Tex.) and Stefan Rau (Conn.), Round 12 of the 2008 Dallas Open. (Rau’s losing score of 552 included three phony words which were not challenged.)^[40]
• High combined score (OSPD) in a tournament game with no phony words played – 1127 (725-402) by Laurie Cohen (Ariz.) and Nigel Peltier (Wash.), in a tournament in Ahwatukee, Arizona, February 16, 2009.^[41]
• High combined score (SOWPODS) – 1210 (721-489) by Edward Okulicz (Australia and Michael McKenna (Australia), at the 2013 Janboree in NSW.^[42]
• Highest losing score (OSPD) – 552 by Stefan Rau (Conn.) to Keith Smith’s (Tex.) 582, Round 12 of the 2008 Dallas Open.^[40]
• Highest tie game (OSPD) – 502-502 by John Chew and Zev Kaufman, at a 1997 Toronto Club tournament.^[43]
• Highest tie game (SOWPODS) – 532-532 by Sinatarn Pattanasuwanna (Thailand) and Tawan Paepolsiri (Thailand) at the 2012 World Youth Scrabble Championship.^[44]
• Highest opening move score (OSPD) – MuZJIKS (with a blank for the U) 126 by Jesse Inman (S.C.) at the National Scrabble Championship, 2008.^[45] The highest possible legal score on a first turn is MUZJIKS 128, using an actual U rather than a blank. (Note: The odds of potentially opening with MUZJIKS without blanks is about 1 in 55,581,808^[46])
• Highest opening move score (SOWPODS) – BEZIQUE 124 by Sam Kantimathi (1993),^[47] Joan Rosenthal^[48] and Sally Martin.^[48]
• Highest single play (OSPD) – QUIXOTRY 365 by Michael Cresta (Mass.), 2006.^[35][36]
• Highest single play (SOWPODS) – CAZIQUES 392 by Karl Khoshnaw.^[49]
• Highest average score, multi-day tournament (OSPD) – 503 by James Leong (Sask.) over 12 rounds at Brandon, Man., 2015.^[50] 484 by Doug Brockmeier (Calif.) over 12 rounds at Elmhurst, Ill., 2011.^[51] 471 by Chris Cree (Tex.) over 18 rounds at the Bayou Bash in Houston, Tex., 2007.^[52]
• Highest average score, multi-day tournament (SOWPODS) – 499.94 by Nigel Richards (MY) over 16 rounds at the 7th Lim Boon Heng Cup, Singapore, 2009.^[53]

Two other records are believed^{[citation needed]} to have been achieved under a British format known as the «high score rule», in which a player’s tournament result is determined only by the player’s own scores, and not by the differentials between that player’s scores and the opponents’. Play in this system «encourages elaborate setups often independently mined by the two players»,^[38] and is significantly different from the standard game in which defensive considerations play a major role. While the «high score» rule has led to impressively high records, it is currently out of favor.^{[citation needed]}

• High game score of 1,049 by Phil Appleby of Lymington, Hampshire, UK, on June 25, 1989 in Wormley, Hertfordshire, UK. his opponent scored just 253 points, giving Appleby a record victory margin of 796 points.
• High single-turn score of 392, by Dr. Saladin Karl Khoshnaw^[49] in Manchester, UK, in April 1982. The word he used was CAZIQUES, meaning «native chiefs of West Indian aborigines».

Hypothetical scores in possible and legal but highly unlikely plays and games are far higher, primarily through the use of words that cover three triple-word-score squares. The highest reported score for a single play is 1780 (OSPD) and 1785 (SOWPODS) using oxyphenbutazone.^[54] When only adding the word sesquioxidizing to these official lists, one could theoretically score 2015 (OSPD) and 2044 (SOWPODS) points in a single move.^[54]
The highest reported combined score for a theoretical game based on SOWPODS is 4046 points.^[55]
Other records are available for viewing at «Total Scrabble» (PDF)., an unofficial record book which includes the above as sources and expands on other topics.

In August 1984, Peter Finan and Neil Smith played Scrabble for 153 hours at St. Anselm’s College, Birkenhead, Merseyside, setting a new duration record. A longer record was never recorded by Guinness Book of Records, as the publishers decided that duration records of this nature were becoming too dangerous, and stopped accepting them.^[56]

National versions

Further information: Scrabble letter distributions

Versions of the game have been released in several other languages.

The game was called Alfapet when it was introduced in Sweden in 1954. However, since the mid-1990s, the game has also been known as Scrabble in Sweden. Alfapet is now another crossword game, created by the owners of the name Alfapet. A Russian version is called Erudit. Versions have been prepared for Dakotah, Haitian Creole, Dakelh (Carrier language), and Tuvan.^[57]

For languages with digraphs counted as single letters, such as Welsh and Hungarian, the game features separate tiles for those digraphs.

An Irish language version of Scrabble was published by Glór na nGael in 2010. The previous year the same organisation had published the Junior version of the game and two years later republished Junior Scrabble using a two sided (and two skill level) board.

Variations

Main article: Scrabble variants

There are numerous variations of the game. While these games are similar to the original Scrabble game, they include minor variations. For example, Literati draws random tiles instead of providing a finite number of tiles for the game, assigns different point levels to each letter and has a slightly different board layout whereas Lexulous assigns eight letters to each player instead of the customary seven. Words with Friends uses a different board layout and different letter values and so do Words of Gold.

File:ScrabbleDuplicate.jpg

Duplicate Scrabble is a popular variant in French speaking countries. Every player has the same letters on the same board and the players must submit a paper slip at the end of the allotted time (usually 3 minutes) with the highest scoring word they have found. This is the format used for the French World Scrabble Championships but it is also used in Romanian and Dutch. There is no limit to the number of players that can be involved in one game, and at Vichy in 1998 there were 1485 players, a record for French Scrabble tournaments.

Scarabeo is a variant that is much more popular in Italy than the original game. It features a 17×17 grid of cells and peculiar rules.^[58]

In one variation of Scrabble, blanks actually do score points corresponding to the letter which the blank is used to represent. For example, if one played blank to represent a «Z», it would get ten; a blank to represent a V or an H would get four; a blank to represent a D would get 2 and blank to represent a T, N, L, S or R or any of the vowels would get one.

A junior version, called Junior Scrabble, has been marketed. This has slightly different distributions of frequencies of letter tiles to the standard Scrabble game.

Word games similar to or influenced by Scrabble include Bananagrams, Boggle, Dabble, Nab-It!, Perquackey, Puzzlage, Quiddler, Scribbage, Tapple, Upwords, and WordSpot and also Words of Gold.

There are also number based variations, such as Equate (game), GoSum, Mathable, Numble, Numbler, Triolet, and Yushino.

Gameboard formats

The game has been released in numerous gameboard formats appealing to various user groups. The original boards included wood tiles and many «deluxe» sets still do.

Tile Lock Scrabble and Tile Lock Super Scrabble Editions

Both games are made by Winning Moves and feature smaller, plastic tiles that are held in place on the board with little plastic posts. The standard version features exactly the same 100 tiles as regular Scrabble. The Tile Lock Super Scrabble features the same 200 tiles that are in Super Scrabble.

Travel editions

Editions are available for travelers who may wish to play in a conveyance such as a train or plane, or who may wish to pause a game in progress and resume later. Many versions thus include methods to keep letters from moving, such as pegboards, recessed tile holders and magnetic tiles. Players’ trays are also designed with stay-fast holders. Such boards are also typically designed to be re-oriented by each player to put the board upright during the game, as well as folded and stowed with the game in progress.

• Production and Marketing Company, 1954 – metal hinged box, Bakelite tiles inlaid with round magnets, chrome tile racks, silver colored plastic bag and cardboard box covered with decorative paper. The box, when opened flat, measures 8½″ × 7¾″ (21.6 × 19.7 cm) and the tiles measure ½″ × ½″ (12.7 × 12.7 mm) each.
• Spear’s Games, 1980s – boxed edition with pegboard, plastic tiles with small feet to fit snugly in the pegboard. Racks are clear plastic, allowing some sorting while holding tiles fairly snugly. Set comes with a drawstring plastic bag to draw tiles and a cardboard box. It is possible to save a game in progress by returning the board to the box. There is risk of players’ trays being mixed and upset, and the box lid, held on by friction, is subject to upset.
• Selchow & Righter, 1980s – pocket edition with plastic «magnetic» board and tiles. Tile racks are also plastic with asymmetrical shape to provide handhold. All elements fit in a plastic envelope for travel and to permit a pause in the game. Plastic letters are very small and tend to lose their grip if not placed with slight lateral movement and if they are not perfectly clean. Game format is extremely small, allowing Scrabble games for backpackers and others concerned about weight and size.
• Hasbro Games, 2001 – hinged plastic board with clear tile-shaped depressions to hold tiles in play. Board is in a black, zippered folio such that board and tiles may be folded for travel, even with game in play. Reverse side of board contains numbered mounts for racks, holding tiles face down, allowing secure and confidential storage of tiles while game is paused. Some versions have tile racks with individual tile slots, thus not permitting easy sorting of tiles in rack. The board, when opened up, measures 24.5 × 21.0 cm, and the tiles are 12.3 × 12.3 × 6.7 mm in size.

Deluxe editions

At the opposite end, some «deluxe» editions offer superior materials and features. These include editions on a rotating turntable so players can always face the board with the letters upright and a raised grid that holds the tiles in place. More serious players often favor custom Scrabble boards, often made of acrylic glass or hardwood, that have superior rotating mechanisms and personalized graphics.

Large print edition

An edition has been released (in association with the RNIB) with larger board and letters for players with impaired vision. The colours on the board are more contrasting and the font size is increased from 16 to 24 point. The tiles are in bold 48 point.

Works detailing tournament Scrabble

An introduction to tournament Scrabble and its players can be found in the book Word Freak by Stefan Fatsis. In the process of writing, Fatsis himself progressed into a high-rated tournament player.

The Scrabble Player’s Handbook, edited by Stewart Holden and written by an international group of tournament players, gives the information a serious player needs to advance to successful tournament play.^[59]

There have been numerous documentaries made about the game, including:

• Word Wars (2004) by Eric Chaikin and Julian Petrillo, about the «tiles and tribulations on the Scrabble game circuit».
• Scrabylon (2003), by Scott Petersen, which «gives an up-close look at why people get so obsessed with that seemingly benign game». WorldCat ID 148038206.
• Word Slingers by Eric Siblin and Stefan Vanderland (produced for CBC, 2002), which follows four expert Canadian players at the 2001 World Championship in Las Vegas.

In popular culture

• In the Honeymooners episode «Boys & Girls Together,» Ed Norton (played by Art Carney) talks about playing Scrabble with the professors at NYU.
• Scrabble is featured in several episodes of Two and a Half Men, including «Dead from the Waist Down» and «Phase One, Complete.»^[60]
• The game is featured in The Simpsons episode «Bart the Genius» where Bart plays the made-up word «Kwyjibo» during a match with the family. When confronted by Homer, Bart provides the definition as «a big, dumb, balding North American ape with no chin».^[61]

See also

• Anamonic
• Blanagram
• RSVP (board game)
• Upwords
• Wordscraper
• Words with Friends
• Scrabble in Hong Kong
• Countdown (game show)

References

External links

• Mattel’s Scrabble website
• Hasbro’s Scrabble website
• North American Scrabble Players Association (NASPA) (sanctions Club and Tournament play in North America)
• National Scrabble Association (NSA) (oversees School and Casual play in North America)
• Association of British Scrabble Players
• Scrabble Australia
• World English-Language Scrabble Players Association (WESPA)
• Template:US patent – «Game apparatus» – This patent used to protect the jagged edges of bonus squares, which were added so that one need not lift previously placed tiles in order to see the bonus. It expired decades ago.
• Scrabble as a tool for language preservation in Tuvan. An article telling about how Scrabble has been adapted to other languages. It tells how it was prepared for the Tuvan languages, giving directions about how to adapt it.
• .GCG specification describes a computer file format for recording and annotating Scrabble games.
• Scrabble Finder Scrabble word finder in official dictionaries TWL06 and SOWPOD.
• Scrabble Games Online

Template:Hasbro
Template:Mattel