What is russian word for english

Shuba and glasnost: historical borrowings

One of the earliest borrowings from Russian was the word “sable” (from the Russian: sobol — a
carnivorous mammal of the Mustelidae family native to northern Europe and Asia). In the 12th-13th
centuries, this animal’s fur was a form of currency, and in 14th century English dictionaries the word
«sable’’ can be found. In addition to the meaning of the noun, it became an adjective for “black.”

A large number of Russian borrowings came to the English language in the 16th century, which was a
time of growing Russian-English trade and political relations. Many such words concerned traded goods:

Beluga — a type of whale or sturgeon

Starlet — a small sturgeon of the Danube basin and Caspian Sea; farmed and commercially fished for its flesh and caviar

Kvass — a fermented mildly alcoholic beverage made from rye flour or bread with malt; sometimes translated into English as “bread drink”

Shuba — a fur coat

Czar (or tsar) – Russia’s ruler until the 1917 Revolution

Ztarosta (starosta) — a title that designates an official or unofficial leader; the head of a community
(church starosta, or school starosta)

Moujik (muzhik) — a male peasant

In the 18th and 19th centuries, other Russian words originally specific to Russian history entered into
English. Nowadays, however, they mostly can be found only in historical works or books of fiction:

Ispravnik — the chief of the district police

Obrok – an annual tax formerly paid by a Russian peasant engaged in trade

Barshina — forced labor of peasants on a landlord’s land

In the 19th century, words related to the socialist and democratic movements in Russia entered into
English:

Decembrist — a participant of the uprising against Czar Nicholas I at the time of his accession in St.
Petersburg on Dec. 14, 1825

Nihilist, nihilism — a denial of the validity of traditional values and beliefs. The term spread after
publishing of the novel, Fathers and Sons (1862), by Russian writer Ivan Turgenev, where the main
character is the nihilist Bazarov.

Narodnik (from Russian “narod” — people) – a member of the 19th century rural socialist movement who
believed that political propaganda among the Russian peasantry would lead to the awakening of the
masses to challenge the czarist regime. 

Intelligentsia – society’s intellectual elite

Of course, the words “nihilist,” “decembrist,” and “intelligentsia” are not truly Russian in origin and are
borrowed from Latin. However, these words came into English from Russian.

After the 1917 Revolution many Russian words appeared in many languages. Most are used to denote
completely new things and notions specific to Russia and Russian politics.

Here is a list of some well-known Russian words from the Soviet era:

Bolshevik (from Russian for “majority”) — a member of the majority faction of the Russian Social
Democratic Party, which was renamed the Communist Party after seizing power in the October
Revolution in 1917.

Samizdat — a system in the USSR and countries within its orbit by which forbidden literature was
clandestinely printed and distributed; also such literature

Soviet — a revolutionary council of workers or peasants in Russia before the Revolution; also, an elected
local, district, or national council in the former Soviet Union.

Sputnik (originally – “a traveling companion”) — the name given to a series of Soviet-era satellites; the
first objects launched into space

Cosmonaut — a Russian astronaut

Kolkhoz (abbreviation for Russian “kollektivnoye khozyaystvo”) – a cooperative agricultural enterprise
operated on state-owned land by peasants; a collective farm

Tovarishch — a companion or fellow traveler; used as a direct form of address in the Soviet Union;
equivalent to comrade

Gulag — originally an acronym for a Soviet-era system of forced-labor camps; it now can refer to any
repressive or coercive environment or situation

Apparatchik – the name given the Communist Party machine in the former Soviet Union; also a member
of the Communist Party and an official in a large organization, typically in a political one.

American
academic and author James Billington describes one as «a man not of grand plans, but of a hundred
carefully executed details.” It’s often considered a derogatory term, with negative connotations in terms
of the quality, competence, and attitude of a person thus described.

The words “pioneer” and “brigade” had existed in English, but they got new meanings as “a member of
the children’s Communist organization” and «labour collective» after the revolution in Russia. A new political regime in the 1990s created the new words, “glasnost” and “perestroika.”

Glasnost — an official policy in the former Soviet Union (especially associated with Mikhail Gorbachev)
emphasizing openness with regard to discussion of social problems and shortcomings.

Perestroika — a reform of the political and economic system of the former Soviet Union, first proposed
by Leonid Brezhnev at the 26th Communist Party Congress in 1979, and later actively promoted
by Mikhail Gorbachev starting in 1985.

Borscht and kazachoc: cultural borrowings

Other borrowings relate to Russian cultural and gastronomic traits.

Pelmeni — an Eastern European dumpling filled with minced meat, especially beef and pork, wrapped in
thin dough, and then boiled

Borscht (Borshch) — a beet soup served hot or cold, usually with sour cream

Kissel — a viscous fruit dish, popular as a dessert and as a drink

Vodka (barely needs to be introduced) — a distilled beverage composed primarily of water and ethanol,
sometimes with traces of impurities and flavorings, 40 percent alcohol by volume ABV (80 US proof).

Medovukha — a Russian honey-based alcoholic beverage similar to mead

Molotov cocktail — a makeshift bomb made of a breakable container filled with flammable liquid and
with a rag wick that is lighted just before being hurled. “Cocktail” named after Vyacheslav Molotov:
while dropping bombs on Helsinki, Soviet Foreign Minister Vyacheslav Molotov claimed the Soviets were
only dropping food and drink to their comrades.

Russian roulette — a very dangerous game of chance where each player points at their own head with
a gun that has one bullet in it and five empty chambers

Kazachoc (literally translated it means «Little Cossack») — A Slavic dance, chiefly Russian and Ukrainian,
with a fast tempo featuring a step in which a squatting dancer kicks out each leg alternately to the front.

Sambo — a Soviet martial art originally developed in the former Soviet Union. The word «SAMBO» is
an acronym for SAMozashchita Bez Oruzhiya, which literally translates as «self-defense without
weapons.»

You definitely have heard the Russian word “babushka.” When it entered into the English language, in
addition to its original meaning “grandmother,” it got another one: a type of scarf commonly worn by
babushkas.

After 1991, there were some new words such as “gopnik” or “silovik” still coming to other languages.

Gopnik — a pejorative term to describe a particular subculture in Russia and other Slavic countries that
refers to aggressive young men or women of the lower-class from families of poor education and
income, somewhat similar to American “white trash.”

Silovik — a word for state officials from the security or military services, often officers of the former KGB,
GRU, FSB, SVR, the Federal Drug Control or other security services who wield enormous political and
state power.

Some linguists even claim that one of the most popular verbs in modern English, “to talk,” has
Scandinavian roots — “tolk,” which is originally from the Russian “tolk,” “tolkovat”. And the word «milk»
was borrowed from Slavic tribes as «meolk,» and then as «milk.» There’s a similar story for other words
such as «honey» (Old English — meodu, Russian — mjod).

Try to guess the meaning of these words of Russian origin:

Shapka

Pirozhki (also piroshki)

Spetsnaz (or Specnaz)

Zek

Which Russian words have you met in other languages? Share your comments!

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This page transcribes Russian (written in Cyrillic script) using the IPA. For a quick overview of Russian pronunciation, see Help:IPA/Russian.

Many languages, including English, contain words (Russianisms) most likely borrowed from the Russian language. Not all of the words are of purely Russian or origin. Some of them co-exist in other Slavic languages, and it can be difficult to determine whether they entered English from Russian or, say, Bulgarian. Some other words are borrowed or constructed from classical ancient languages, such as Latin or Greek. Still others are themselves borrowed from indigenous peoples that Russians have come into contact with in Russian or Soviet territory.

Compared to other source languages, English contains few words adopted from Russian.^[1] Direct borrowing first began with contact between England and Russia in the 16th century and picked up heavily in the 20th century, with the establishment of the Soviet Union as a major world power.^[2] Most of these words denote things and notions specific to Russia, Russian culture, politics, and history, but also well known outside Russia. Some others are in mainstream usage and independent of any Russian context.

While both English and Russian are distantly related members of Indo-European and therefore share a common ancestor, Proto-Indo-European, cognate pairs such as mother – мать (mat‘) will be excluded from the list.

Common[edit]

-nik, a borrowed suffix (also used in Yiddish)

Babushka^[3] (Russian: ба́бушка [ˈbabuʂkə] «grandmother», «granny», or just an old woman), a headscarf folded diagonally and tied under the chin (this meaning is absent in the Russian language). Also unlike in the Russian language, the stress is made on the letter u instead of the first a.

Balalaika^[3] (Russian: балала́йка, [bəlɐˈlajkə])
A triangle-shaped mandolin-like musical instrument with three strings.

Balaclava (Russian: Балаклава) (Tatar origin) A knitted hat that covers the face. First used in the British army during the Crimean war of 1853–56. From the name of the town of Balaklava, Russianized Tatar ‘Baliqlava’. This usage in Russian is fairly recent and comes from English.

Bridge (game) (from the Old East Slavic: бирич biritch).

Cosmonaut^[3] Russian: космона́вт (IPA [kəsmɐˈnaft]), a Russian or Soviet astronaut (from κόσμος kosmos, a Greek word, which in Russian stands for ‘outer space’ rather than ‘world’ or ‘universe’, and nautes – ‘sailor’, thus ‘space sailor’; the term cosmonaut was first used in 1959; the near-similar word «cosmonautic» was coined in 1947). Cosmodrome (by analogy with aerodrome) was coined to refer to a launching site for Russian spacecraft.^[3]

Gulag (Russian ГУЛА́Г, acronym for Главное Управление Исправительно-Трудовых Лагерей и колоний) (Russian acronym for Glavnoye Upravleniye Ispravitelno-trudovykh Lagerey i kolonii, «The Chief Administration (or Directorate) of Corrective Labour Camps and Colonies».)

1. (historical) In the former Soviet Union, an administered system of corrective labor camps and prisons.
2. (figurative) A coercive institution or an oppressive environment.

Intelligentsia (Russian: интеллиге́нция [ɪntʲɪlʲɪˈɡʲentsɨjə]; from Latin intelligence, intelligentia from inter «between», and legare «to choose»)

1. The part of a nation (originally in pre-revolutionary Russia) having aspirations to intellectual activity, a section of society regarded as possessing culture and political initiative; plural the members of this section of a nation or society.
2. In the former Soviet Union, the intellectual elite.

Kazakh (Russian: каза́х) (Russian, late-16th century, Kazak, from Turkic, meaning «vagabond» or «nomad», name of the ethnicity was transliterated into English from Russian spelling. The self-appellation is «Kazak», or «Qazaq»). Terms related to Kazakh people, their nation, and culture.

Knout (Russian: кнут [knut]) perhaps from Swedish knutpiska, a kind of whip, or of Germanic origin – Knute, Dutch Knoet, Anglo-Saxon cnotta, English knot) A whip formerly used as an instrument of punishment in Russia; the punishment inflicted by the knout.

Kopeck (Russian: копе́йка, [kɐˈpʲejkə]; derives from the Russian (копьё [kɐˈpʲjo] ‘spear’) a reference to the image of a rider with a spear on the coins minted in Moscow after the capture of Novgorod in 1478) A Russian currency, a subunit of the Ruble, 100 kopecks is equal to 1 ruble.

Kremlin (Russian: кремль [krʲemlʲ]; Russian for «fortress», «citadel», or «castle») A citadel or fortified enclosure within a Russian town or city, especially the Kremlin of Moscow; (the Kremlin) Metonym for the government of the former USSR, and to a lesser extent of the Russian post-Soviet government.

Mammoth (Russian: ма́монт mamont [ˈmamənt], from Yakut мамонт mamont, probably mama, «earth», perhaps from the notion that the animal burrowed in the ground) Any various large, hairy, extinct elephants of the genus Mammuthus, especially the woolly mammoth. 2. (adjective) Something of great size.

Matryoshka also Russian nested doll, stacking doll, Babushka doll, or Russian doll (Russian: матрёшка [mɐˈtrʲɵʂkə]). A set of brightly colored wooden dolls of decreasing sizes placed one inside another. «Matryoshka» is a derivative of the Russian female first name «Matryona», which is traditionally associated with a corpulent, robust, rustic Russian woman.

Pogrom (from Russian: погро́м; from «громи́ть» gromit «to destroy»; the word came to English through Yiddish פאָגראָם c.1880–1885) Definition of pogrom | Dictionary.com

1. (early-20th century) A riot against Jews.
2. (general) An organized, officially tolerated^{[clarification needed]} attack on any community or group.
3. (transitive verb) Massacre or destroy in a pogrom.

Ruble (Rouble) (from Russian: рубль rubl [ˈrublʲ], from Old Russian рубли rubli «cut» or «piece», probably originally a piece cut from a silver ingot bar (grivna) from Russian руби́ть, rubiti meaning «to chop». Historically, «ruble» was a piece of a certain weight chopped off a silver ingot (grivna), hence the name. An alternate etymology may suggest the name comes from the Russian noun рубе́ц, rubets, i.e., the seam that is left around the coin after casting. Therefore, the word ruble means «a cast with a seam».) The Russian unit of currency.

Sable (from Russian: sobol – со́боль [ˈsobəlʲ], ultimately from Persian سمور samor) A carnivorous mammal of the weasel family, native to northern Europe and Asia.

Samovar (Russian: самова́р, IPA: [səmɐˈvar] (Russian само samo «self» and варить varit «to boil» hence «self-boil») A traditional Russian tea urn with an internal heating device for heating water and keeping it at boiling point.

Sputnik (historical, aside from the name of the program) (Russian: «спу́тник» – «satellite» (in space and astronomy), in Russian, its initial meaning is «travelling companion» from s «co-» + put «way» or «journey» + noun suffix -nik person connected with something; it means «satellite» when referring to astronomy-related topics). This term is now dated in English.

1. In English, the best-known meaning is the name of a series of unmanned artificial earth satellites launched by the Soviet Union from 1957 to the early 1960s; especially Sputnik 1, which on 4 October 1957 became the first human-made object to orbit the earth.

Taiga (Russian: тайга́, originally from Mongolian or Turkic). The swampy, coniferous forests of high northern latitudes, especially referring to that between the tundra and the steppes of Siberia.

Troika (Russian: тро́йка [ˈtrojkə] «threesome» or «triumvirate»)

1. (mid-19th century) A Russian vehicle, either a wheeled carriage or a sleigh, drawn by three horses abreast.
2. A Russian folk dance with three people, often one man and two women.
3. (historical) a) In the former Soviet Union, a commission headed by three people; especially NKVD Troika. b) In the former Soviet Union, a group of three powerful Soviet leaders; especially referring to the 1953 troika of Georgy Malenkov, Lavrentiy Beria, and Vyacheslav Molotov that briefly ruled the Soviet Union after the death of Stalin.
4. A group of three people or things working together, especially in an administrative or managerial capacity.^{[citation needed]}

Tundra (Russian: тундра, originally from Lappish). An Arctic steppe.

Ushanka (Russian: уша́нка [uˈʂaŋkə]), or shapka-ushanka, the word derives from Russian «уши» «ushi» – ears (and also flaps of ushanka). Ear-flapped hat, a type of cap (Russian: ша́пка shapka) made of fur with ear flaps that can be tied up to the crown of the cap or tied at the chin to protect the ears from the cold.

Cuisine[edit]

Beef Stroganoff or Stroganov (Russian: бефстроганов, tr. befstróganov) A Russian dish of sautéed pieces of beef served in a sauce with smetana (sour cream).

Blini (Russian plural: блины, singular: блин). Thin pancakes or crepes traditionally made with yeasted batter, although non-yeasted batter has become widespread in recent times. Blini are often served in connection with a religious rite or festival, but also constitute a common breakfast dish.

Coulibiac (origin 1895–1900, from Russian: кулебя́ка kulebyáka, an oblong loaf of fish, meat, or vegetables, baked in a pastry shell; of uncertain origin). A Russian fish pie typically made with salmon or sturgeon, hard-boiled eggs, mushrooms, and dill, baked in a yeast or puff pastry shell.

Kefir (Russian: кефи́р [kəˈfir]). A fermented milk drink made with kefir «grains» (a yeast/bacterial fermentation starter) that has its origins in the north Caucasus Mountains.

Medovukha (Russian: медову́ха, from мёд) [Proto-Indo-European meddhe, «honey»]). A Russian honey-based alcoholic beverage similar to mead.

Okroshka (Russian: окро́шка) from Russian «kroshit» (крошить) meaning to chop (into small pieces). A type of Russian cold soup with mixed raw vegetables and kvass.

Pavlova A meringue dessert topped with whipped cream and fresh fruit, popular mainly in Australia and New Zealand; named after the Russian ballet dancer Anna Pavlova. Pavlova Cake history

Pelmeni (Russian plural: пельме́ни, singular пельме́нь, pelmen′ from Udmurt: пельнянь «ear[-formed] bread»). An Eastern European dumpling made with minced meat, especially beef and pork, wrapped in thin dough and cooked similarly to pasta.

Pirozhki (Russian plural: пирожки́, singular пирожо́к). An Eastern European baked or fried bun stuffed with a variety of fillings.

Rassolnik (Russian: рассольник). A hot soup in a salty-sour cucumber base.

Sbiten (Russian: сби́тень) A traditional Russian honey-based drink similar to Medovukha.

Sevruga (Russian: севрю́га) A caviar from the sevruga, a type of sturgeon found only in the Caspian and Black Seas.

Shchi (Russian: щи) A type of cabbage soup.

Solyanka (Russian: соля́нка; [sɐˈlʲankə]). A thick, spicy, and sour Russian soup that is common in Russia and other states of the former Soviet Union and certain parts of the former Eastern Bloc.

Ukha (Russian: уха). A clear Russian soup made from various types of fish such as bream, wels catfish, northern pike, or even ruffe.

Vareniki (Russian plural: вареники, singular: вареник; «var» from Old Russian «варить» – to boil). A type of pasta parcel traditionally filled with mashed potatoes, cabbage, cottage cheese, or cherries, and then boiled in a similar way to pasta.

Political and administrative[edit]

Active measures^[4] (Russian: активные мероприятия, romanized: aktivnye meropriyatiya) is political warfare conducted by the Soviet or Russian government since the 1920s. It includes offensive programs such as disinformation, propaganda, deception, sabotage, destabilization, and espionage.

Agitprop^[3] (Russian: агитпро́п; blend of Russian агита́ция agitatsiya «agitation» and пропага́нда propaganda «propaganda»; origin – 1930’s, from shortened form of отде́л агита́ции и пропага́нды, transliteration otdel agitatsii i propagandy, (‘Department for Agitation and Propaganda’), which was part of the Central and regional committees of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. The department was later renamed Ideological Department.)

• Political (originally communist) propaganda

Apparatchik^[3] plural apparatchiki (Russian: аппара́тчик) [ɐpɐˈrat͡ɕɪk] (from Russian аппара́т apparat in sense of «gosudarstvenniy apparat» [«state machine»])

• Common name given to state (governmental) organs and the Communist Party, which was the leading and most powerful part of the state machine in the former Soviet Union. The word «apparat» derives from «apparatus», which itself stems from the Latin apparare, «to make ready».

Bolshevik^[3] (Russian большеви́к) [bəlʲʂɨˈvʲik] (from Russian «большинство́», «bolshinstvo» – majority, which derives from «бо́льше» bol’she – ‘more’, ‘greater’.

• (historical) A member of the majority faction of the Russian Social Democratic Party, which was renamed to the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) after seizing power in the October Revolution in 1917.
• (chiefly derogatory) (in general use) A person with politically subversive or radical views; a revolutionary.
• (adjective) Relating to or characteristic of Bolsheviks or their views or policies.

Cheka^[3] (Russian: Всероссийская чрезвычайная комиссия по борьбе с контрреволюцией и саботажем, acronym for The All-Russian Extraordinary Commission for Combating Counter-Revolution, Speculation, and Sabotage, abbreviated to Cheka (Chrezvychaynaya Komissiya, ChK; Чрезвычайная Комиссия, ЧК – pronounced «Che-Ká») or VCheka; In 1918, its name was slightly altered to «All-Russian Extraordinary Commission for Combating Counter-Revolution, Profiteering and Corruption»). The first Soviet state security organization (1917–1922), it was later transformed and reorganized into the GPU.

Commissar^[3] (Russian комисса́р) (Russian комиссариа́т commissariat, reinforced by medieval Latin commissariatus, both from medieval Latin commissarius «person in charge», from Latin committere «entrust». The term «commissar» was first used in 1918)

1. An official of the communist party, especially in the former Soviet Union or present-day China, responsible for political education and organization; a head of a government department in the former Soviet Union before 1946, when the title was changed to «Minister».
2. (figurative) A strict or prescriptive figure of authority.

Disinformation is a loan translation of the Russian dezinformatsiya (дезинформа́ция),^[5][6][7] derived from the title of a KGB black propaganda department.^[8] Disinformation was defined in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia (1952) as «false information with the intention to deceive public opinion».^[5][6]

Druzhina also Druzhyna, Drużyna (Russian and Ukrainian: дружи́на) (Slavic drug (друг) meaning «companion» or «friend», related to Germanic drotiin, Proto-Germanic druhtinaz, meaning «war band») (historical) A detachment of select troops in East Slavic countries who performed service for a chieftain, later knyaz. Its original functions were bodyguarding, raising tribute from conquered territories, and serving as the core of an army during war campaigns. In Ukrainian, the word дружина means legal wife.

Duma (Russian: ду́ма) (from the Russian ду́мать dumat’, «to think» or «to consider»)

1. (historical) A pre-19th century advisory municipal council in Russia, later referring to any of the four elected legislative bodies established due to popular demand in Russia from 1906 to 1917.
2. The legislative body in the ruling assembly of Russia (and some other republics of the former Soviet Union) established after the fall of communism in 1993.

The State Duma (Russian: Государственная дума (Gosudarstvennaya duma), common abbreviation: Госду́ма (Gosduma)) in the Russian Federation is the lower house of the Federal Assembly of Russia (legislature), the upper house being the Federation Council of Russia.

Dvoryanstvo singular dvoryanin дворяни́н, plural dvoryane дворя́не (Russian дворя́нство dvoryanstvo, meaning «nobility», from Russian dvor (двор) referring to the court of a prince or duke kniaz and later of the tsar) (historical) Term for the Russian nobility that arose in the 14th century and essentially governed Russia until the Russian Revolution in 1917.

Dyak (clerk) (Russian дьяк), diminutive – Dyachok (Russian дьячо́к) (historical) One of the church workers in Russia who were not part of the official hierarchy of church offices and whose duties included reading and singing.

Glasnost (Russian: гла́сность [ˈɡlasnəsʲtʲ]; glasnost – publicity, from «гласный» «glasniy» – public, from glas voice, from Old Church Slavonic glasu). Late-20th century official policy in the former Soviet Union (especially associated with Mikhail Gorbachev) emphasizing transparency and openness with regard to discussion of social problems and shortcomings.

Glavlit (Russian acronym for Main Administration for Literary and Publishing Affairs, later renamed Main Administration for the Protection of State Secrets in the Press of the Council of Ministers of the USSR. Russian: Главное управление по охране государственных тайн в печати ГУОГТП (ГУОТ), trans. Glavnoe upravlenie po okhrane gosudarstvennykh tayn v pechati) (historical) The official censorship and state secret protection organ in the Soviet Union.

Kadet^[3] (Russian: Конституционно-демократическая партия, The Constitutional Democratic Party or Constitutional Democrats, formally Party of Popular Freedom, informally called Kadets, or Cadets, from the abbreviation K-D of the party name [the term was political and not related to military students, who are called cadets]) (historical) A liberal political party in Tsarist Russia founded in 1905; it largely dissolved after the Russian Civil War.

Khozraschyot or Khozraschet (Russian: хозрасчёт, хозя́йственный расчёт, literally «economic accounting») A method of the planned running of an economic unit (i.e., of a business, in Western terms) based on the confrontation of the expenses incurred in production with the production output, on the compensation of expenses using production-derived income; often referred to as the attempt to simulate the capitalist concepts of profit into the planned economy of the Soviet Union.

Kolkhoz plural kolkhozy (Russian: колхо́з, [kɐlˈxos]; 1920s origin. Russian contraction of коллекти́вное хозя́йство, kol(lektivnoe) khoz(yaisto) «collective farm») A form of collective farming in the former Soviet Union.

Kompromat (Russian: компрометирующий материал) contraction of ‘compromising’ and ‘material’. Refers to disparaging information that can be collected, stored, traded, or used strategically across all domains: political, electoral, legal, professional, judicial, media, and business. The origins of the term trace back to 1930s secret police jargon.

Konyushy (Russian коню́ший) (Russian, literally «equerry» or «master of the horse») (historical) A boyar in charge of the stables of the Russian rulers, duties that included parade equipage, ceremonies of court ride-offs, and military horse breeding.

Korenizatsiya also korenization (Russian: корениза́ция) (Russian, meaning «nativization» or «indigenization», literally «putting down roots», from the Russian term коренно́е населе́ние korennoye naseleniye «root population»)

Kulak (Russian: кула́к, literally «fist», meaning «tight-fisted» ) Originally a prosperous Russian landed peasant in czarist Russia, later the term was used with hostility by Communists during the October Revolution to refer to an exploiter and strong adherent of private property and liberal values, this being the opposite of communist values; they were severely repressed under the rule of Joseph Stalin in the 1930s.

Krai also Kray (Russian: край, 1. edge. 2.1. country, land (as poetic word). 2.2. krai, territory (as adm.-terr. unit).^[9])
Term for eight of Russia’s 85 federal subjects, often translated as territory, province, or region.

Leninism (Russian: ленини́зм) (after Vladimir Lenin, the term was coined in 1918) The political, economic, and social principles and practices of the Russian revolutionary Vladimir Lenin, especially his theory of government, which formed the basis for Soviet communism.

Lishenets (Russian: лише́нец) (from Russian лишение, «deprivation», properly translated as disenfranchised) (historical) A certain group of people in the Soviet Union who, from 1918 to 1936, were prohibited from voting and denied other rights.

Maskirovka (Russian: маскировка) (literally ‘disguise’) is a Russian military doctrine developed from the start of the twentieth century. The doctrine covers a broad range of measures for military deception, from camouflage to denial and deception.

Menshevik (Russian: меньшеви́к) (from Russian word меньшинство́ menshinstvo, «minority», from ме́ньше men’she «less»; the name Menshevik was coined by Vladimir Lenin when the party was (atypically) in the minority for a brief period) (historical) A member of the non-Leninist wing of the Russian Social Democratic Workers’ Party, opposed to the Bolsheviks, who defeated them during the Russian Civil War that followed the 1917 Russian Revolution.

Mir (Russian: мир) (from Russian mir, meaning both «world» and «peace»)

• (historical) A peasant farming commune in pre-Revolutionary Russia.
• Mir, a space station created by the former Soviet Union and continued by Russia until 2001.

Namestnik (Russian: наме́стник, [nɐˈmʲesnʲɪk]; Russian, literally «deputy» or «lieutenant») (historical)

1. (12th–16th century) An official who ruled an uyezd and was in charge of local administration.
2. (18th–20th century) A type of viceroy in Russia who ruled a namestnichestvo and had plenipotentiary powers.

Narkompros (Russian: Наркомпро́с) (Russian Народный комиссариат просвещения, an abbreviation for the People’s Commissariat for Enlightenment (historical) The Soviet Union agency charged with the administration of public education and most other issues related to culture, such as literature and art. Founded by the Bolsheviks during the Russian Revolution, it was renamed in 1946 to the Ministry of Enlightening.

Narodniks (Russian: plural наро́дники, singular наро́дник) (from Russian narod, «people», in turn from the expression «хождение в народ», meaning «going to the people») (historical) The name for Russian revolutionaries (active from the 1860s to the 1880s) that looked on the peasants and intelligentsia as revolutionary forces, rather than the urban working class.

NEP or The New Economic Policy (NEP) (Russian: нэп, acronym for но́вая экономи́ческая поли́тика novaya ekonomicheskaya politika) (historical) An economic policy instituted in 1921 by Lenin to attempt to rebuild industry, especially agriculture. The policy was later reversed by Stalin.

Nomenklatura (Russian: номенклату́ра) (Russian nomenklatura, from the Latin nomenclatura, meaning a list of names) (historical) In the former Soviet Union, a list of influential posts in government and industry to be filled by Communist Party appointees; collectively the holders of these posts, the Soviet élite.

Oblast (Russian: область) A type of administrative division

Obshchina (Russian: ́община, общи́на) (Russian о́бщий obshchiy common, commune) Russian peasant agrarian communities during Imperialist Russia.

Obtshak (Russian: обща́к) In criminal jargon, a mutual aid fund in the environment of a criminal community.

Okhrana in full: The Okhrannoye otdeleniye (Russian: Охра́нное отделе́ние) (Russian, literally «protection section») (historical) The secret police organization (established in the 1860s) for protection of the Russian czarist regimes. It ended with the Bolshevik takeover of Russia in 1917; the Bolsheviks set up their own secret police organization, called the Cheka.

Okrug (Russian: о́круг) (Russian okrug is similar to the German word Bezirk («district»), both referring to something that is «encircled»).

• In the former Soviet Union, an administrative division of an oblast and krai
• A federal district in the present-day Russian Federation

Oprichnina (Russian: опри́чнина) (from the obsolete Russian word опричь, oprich, meaning «apart from» or «separate») (historical) Term for the domestic policy of Russian czar Ivan the Terrible.

Oprichnik plural Oprichniki (Russian: опри́чник) (historical) Name given to the bodyguards of Ivan the Terrible, who ruthlessly suppressed any opposition to his reign.

Perestroika (Russian: перестро́йка) (Russian perestroika, literally «restructuring»; the term was first used in 1986) The reform of the political and economic system of the former Soviet Union, first proposed by Leonid Brezhnev at the 26th Communist Party Congress in 1979 and later actively promoted by Mikhail Gorbachev from 1985.

Podyachy (Russian: подья́чий) (Russian, from the Greek hypodiakonos, «assistant servant») (historical) An office occupation in prikazes (local and upper governmental offices) and lesser local offices of Russia from the 15th to the 18th century.

Politburo (Russian Политбюро́ politbyuro, from Полити́ческое бюро́ polit(icheskoe) byuro, «political bureau») (historical) The principal policymaking committee in the former Soviet Union that was founded in 1917; also known as the Presidium from 1952 to 1966.

Posadnik (Russian: поса́дник) (from Old Church Slavic posaditi, meaning to put, or place, since originally, they were placed in the city to rule on behalf of the prince of Kiev) (historical) A mayor (equivalent to a stadtholder, burgomaster, or podestà in the medieval West) in some East Slavic cities, notably in the Russian cities of Novgorod and Pskov; the title was abolished in the 15th and 16th centuries.

Praporshchik (Russian: пра́порщик) (from Slavonic prapor (прапор), meaning flag, since the praporshchik was a flag-bearer among Kievan Rus troops) The name of a junior officer position in the military of the Russian Empire equivalent to ensign. Nowadays, this rank is used by the modern Russian army, police, and FSB and is equivalent to warrant officer.

Prikaz (Russian: прика́з)

1. (historical) An administrative (palace, civil, military, or church) or judicial office in Muscovy and Russia of 15th–18th centuries; abolished by Peter the Great.
2. In modern Russian, an administrative or military order (to do something).

Propiska (Russian: пропи́ска) (Russian full term пропи́ска по ме́сту жи́тельства, «The record of place of residence», from the Russian verb propisat «to write into», in reference to writing a passport into a registration book of the given local office) (historical) A regulation promulgated by the Russian czar designed to control internal population movement by binding a person to his or her permanent place of residence. Abolished by Lenin but later reinstated under Stalin in the Soviet Union.

Silovik (Russian: силови́к), plural siloviks or siloviki (Russian: силовики́) (from Russian си́ла sila, «strength», «force») A collective name for ministers, generals, and other officials of «силовые ведомства» «siloviye vedomstva» – force departments – ministries and other departments that have arms (weapons) and ability to use armed force, such as the army, FSB(KGB), or MVD (police). The term siloviks is often used to highlight or suggest their inclination to use force to solve problems.

Soviet (Russian: сове́т) (Russian sovet, «council») (historical)

• A revolutionary council of workers or peasants in Russia before the 1917 Revolution
• An elected local, district, or national council in the former Soviet Union
• A citizen in the former Soviet Union
• Of or concerning the former Soviet Union

Sovkhoz plural sovkhozes (Russian: совхо́з) (Russian сове́тское хозя́йство, (Sov) eckoje (khoz)yaistvo, «Soviet farm»)

• (historical) A state-owned farm in the former Soviet Union
• A state-owned farm in countries of the former Soviet Union

Sovnarkhoz (Russian: Совнархо́з) (Russian сове́т наро́дного хозя́йства, sovet narodnogo hozyaistva, Council of National Economy, usually translated as «Regional Economic Council») (historical) An organization of the former Soviet Union to manage a separate economic region.

Sovnarkom (Russian: Сове́т Мини́стров СССР) (Russian Sovet Ministrov SSSR, Council of Ministers of the USSR, sometimes abbreviated as Совми́н Sovmin; between 1918 and 1946, it was named the Council of People’s Commissars of the USSR (Совет Народных Комиссаров СССР, Russian Sovet Narodnykh Komissarov SSSR, sometimes Sovnarkom or SNK).) (historical) In the former Soviet Union, the highest executive and administrative body.

Spetsnaz or Specnaz (Russian: Войска́ специа́льного назначе́ния – спецна́з) or Russian special purpose regiments (Voyska spetsialnogo naznacheniya) A general term for police or military units within the Soviet Union (later Russian Federation) who engage in special activities; similar to commando.

Stakhanovite (Russian: стаха́новец) (after Aleksei Grigorievich Stakhanov (Алексе́й Григо́рьевич Стаха́нов), a coal miner from Donbas noted for his superior productivity; the Soviet authorities publicized Stakhanov’s prodigious output in 1935 as part of a campaign to increase industrial output).

• (historical) In the former Soviet Union, a worker who was exceptionally hardworking and productive and thus earned special privileges and rewards
• Any exceptionally hardworking or zealous person, often with connotations of excessive compliance with management and lack of solidarity with fellow workers

Stalinism (Russian: сталини́зм; the term Stalinism was first used in 1927, though not by Stalin himself, as he considered himself a Marxist–Leninist).

• (historical) The political, economic, and social principles and policies associated with Joseph Stalin during his rule (1924–1953) of the Soviet Union; especially the theory and practice of communism developed by Stalin, which included rigid authoritarianism, widespread use of terror, and often emphasis on Russian nationalism.
• Any rigid centralized authoritarian form of government or rule.

Stavka (Russian: Ста́вка) (historical) The general headquarters of armed forces in late Imperial Russia and in the former Soviet Union.

Streltsy singular strelitz, plural strelitzes or strelitzi (Russian: стрельцы́; singular: стреле́ц strelets, «bowman») (historical) Units of armed guards created by Ivan the Terrible in the 16th century and later abolished by Peter the Great.

Tovarishch also Tovarich (Russian: това́рищ IPA [tɐˈvarʲɪɕɕ], tovarishch, «close friend», referring to the noun това́р tovar, «merchandise»); In the former Soviet Union, a comrade; often used as a form of address.

Tsar also czar, tzar, csar, and zar (Russian: царь [t͡sarʲ], English : from Latin Caesar).

• (historical) Title of a Southern Slav ruler, as in Bulgaria (913–1018, 1185–1422, and 1908–1946) and Serbia (1346–1371).
• (historical) Title for the emperor of Russia from about 1547 to 1917, although the term after 1721 officially only referred to the Russian emperor’s sovereignty over formerly independent states.
• (latter part of the 20th century) A person with great authority or power in a particular area, e.g., drug czar (spelled only as «czar» in this usage).

Tsarina also tsaritsa (formerly spelled czaritsa), czarina, German zarin, French tsarine (Russian: цари́ца) (Russian, etymology from tsar) (historical) The wife of a tsar; also the title for the empress of Russia.

Tsarevna also czarevna (Russian царе́вна, etymology from tsar).

• (historical) The daughter of a tsar
• The wife of a tsarevitch

Tsarevich also tsesarevich, czarevich, tzarevitch Russian: царе́вич, early 18th century, from tsar + patronymic -evich (historical) The eldest son of an emperor of Russia; the male heir to a tsar.

Tysyatsky also tysiatsky (Russian: ты́сяцкий) (sometimes translated as dux or Heerzog but more correctly meaning thousandman; sometimes translated into the Greek chilliarch, literally meaning «rule of a thousand») (historical) A military leader in Ancient Rus who commanded a people’s volunteer army called tysyacha (Russian: ты́сяча), or a thousand.

Ukase (Russian: ука́з [ʊˈkas] ordinance, edict, from указывать, ukazat, to show) (pronunciation:^[10] /juːˈkeɪs/; yoo-KASE), a decree:

1. (historical) In Imperial Russia, a proclamation or edict of the ruling tsar or tsarina, the Russian government, or a religious leader (patriarch) that had the force of law
2. (historical) In the former Soviet Union, a government edict issued by the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet and subject to later ratification by the Supreme Soviet
3. In the Russian Federation, a presidential decree

Uskoreniye (Russian: ускоре́ние, literally «acceleration») A slogan and policy initiated in 1985 by Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev, aimed at the acceleration of social and economic development of the Soviet Union.

Votchina also otchina (Russian: во́тчина (о́тчина) «father’s heritage») (historical)

1. An East Slavic land estate that could be inherited
2. The land owned by a knyaz

Yevsektsiya also Yevsektsia (Russian: ЕвСе́кция) (from the abbreviation of the phrase «Евре́йская се́кция» Yevreyskaya sektsiya) (historical) The Jewish section of the Soviet Communist party that was created in 1918 to challenge and eventually destroy the rival Bund and Zionist parties, suppress Judaism and «bourgeois nationalism», and replace traditional Jewish culture with «proletarian culture». It was disbanded in 1929.

Zampolit (Russian замполи́т, the abbreviation of (зам)еститель командира по (полит)ической части, «deputy commander (political)) A military or political commissar.

Zek (Russian abbreviation of ЗаКлючённый (З/К), zaklyuchennyi (Z/K), «incarcerated») (historical) In the former Soviet Union, a person held in a forced labour camp, known as Gulag, or in a prison.

Zemshchina (from Russian земля́ zemlya, «earth» or «land») (historical) The territory under the rule of the boyars who stayed in Moscow during the reign of Ivan the Terrible. It was separate from the rule of Ivan’s own territory, which was administered by the Oprichnina.

Zemsky Sobor (Russian: зе́мский собо́р) (Russian assembly of the land) (historical) The first Russian parliament of the feudal estates type during the 16th and 17th centuries.

Zemstvo (Russian: зе́мство) (historical) A district and provincial assembly in Russia from 1864 to 1917.

Religious[edit]

Beglopopovtsy also Beglopopovtsy (Russian: Беглопоповцы, «people with runaway priests») (historical) A denomination of the Old Believers that included priests who had deserted the Russian Orthodox Church during the Raskol.

Bespopovtsy also Bespopovtsy (Russian: Беспоповцы, «priestless») A denomination of the Old Believers that rejected the priests and a number of church rites, such as the Eucharist.

Chlysty also Khlysts, Khlysty (Russian: Хлысты) (invented Russian word Христоверы, transliteration Khristovery, «Christ-believers»; later critics corrupted the name, mixing it with the word хлыст khlyst, meaning «whip») (historical) A Christian sect in Russia that split from the Russian Orthodox Church in the 17th century and renounced the priesthood, holy books, and veneration of the saints. They were noted for their practice of asceticism, which included ecstatic rituals.

Doukhobor plural Doukhobors or Doukhabors (also Dukhobory or Dukhobortsy) (Russian: Духоборы/Духоборцы) (Russian doukhobor, literally «spirit wrestlers») A Christian sect, later defined as a religious philosophy, ethnic group, and social movement, which in the 18th century rejected secular government, the Russian Orthodox priests, icons, all church ritual, the Bible as the supreme source of divine revelation, and the divinity of Jesus. Widely persecuted by the Russian tsarist regimes, many of them immigrated to Canada in the late 19th century.

Edinoverie (Russian: Единоверие, «unity in faith») The practice of integrating Old Believer communities into the official Russian Orthodox Church while preserving their rites. Its adherents are Edinovertsy, «people of the same faith».

Imiaslavie also Imiabozhie, Imyaslavie, Imyabozhie; also referred to as Onomatodoxy (Russian: Имяславие, «glorification of the name (of God)»

Lipovans also known as Lippovans, or Russian Old Believers. A religious sect that separated from the Russian Orthodox Church in the 17th century, now mostly living in Romanian Dobruja.

Molokan (Russian: Молока́не, from Russian moloko, «milk») A Christian sect that broke away from the Russian Orthodox Church in the mid-16th century and rejected many traditional Christian beliefs, including the veneration of religious icons, the Trinity, the worship in cathedrals, and the adherence to saintly holidays.

Pomortsy (Russian: Древлеправославная Поморская Церковь) Branch of the priestless faction of the Old Believers.

Popovtsy also The Popovtsy or Popovschina (Russian: Поповцы, Поповщина, «priestist people») A branch of the Old Believers who strived to have priests of their own.

Raskol also Raskolnik Russian: раско́л [rɐˈskol] (Russian, meaning «split» or «schism») The schism of the Russian Orthodox Church that was triggered by the 1653 reforms of Patriarch Nikon.

Rodnovery (Russian: Родноверие, «way of the people» or «way of the tribe»). A new religious movement from Russia and other Slavic countries that attempts to revive the pre-Christian beliefs of the ancient Slavs. Adherents of the Rodnovery religion, or anything related to Rodnovery, are known in English as Rodnover.

Rogozhskoe Soglasie (name from a Moscow cemetery called Rogozhskoe cemetery (Russian: Рогожское кладбище)). A denomination among the Popovtsy Old Believers.

Shaman (Russian: шама́н [ʂɐ’man], from the Evenki language). A tribal priest who enters an altered state of consciousness to commune with spirits.

Skoptzy plural Skopets, also Skoptsy, Skoptzi, Skoptsi, Scoptsy (Russian: скопцы, from Russian, meaning «castrated one») (historical). A Russian religious sect that practiced self-castration.

Starets (Russian: ста́рец old man, elder). A Russian religious spiritual leader, teacher, or counsellor.

Yurodivy (Russian: юродивый, jurodivyj). A form of Eastern Orthodox asceticism in which one intentionally acts foolish in the eyes of men; a Holy Fool.

Znamennoe singing, also Znamenny Chant (Russian: Знаменное пение or знаменный распев). The traditional liturgical singing in the Russian Orthodox Church.

Technical, special[edit]

Chernozem^[3] (Russian: чернозём; from Russian черный, cherniy, «black» + Slavonic base зем, zem, «soil») A dark, humus-rich, fertile soil characteristic of temperate or cool grasslands, especially referring to the soil of the Russian steppes.

Baidarka (Russian: байда́рка, «small boat»; a diminutive form of baidar, «boat») A type of sea kayak originally made by the Aleut people of Alaska.

Elektrichka (Russian: электри́чка, informal word for elektropoezd Russian: электропо́езд, «electric train») An electric commuter.

Fortochka (Russian: фо́рточка) A small ventilation window spanning the frame of one window pane.

Kalashnikov Alternative name for the AK-47 assault rifle (AK-47, short for Russian: Автома́т Кала́шникова образца́ 1947 го́да, Avtomat Kalashnikova obraztsa 1947 goda Automatic Kalashnikov rifle, invented by Soviet soldier and small-arms designer Mikhail Kalashnikov and first adopted in 1947; the term «kalashnikov» was not used until 1970) A type of rifle or sub-machine gun from the Soviet Union, used in most Eastern Bloc countries during the Cold War.

Ledoyom, intermontane depressions filled with glaciers

Liman (Russian and Ukrainian: лима́н) (from Greek λιμένας, «bay» or «port») A type of lake or lagoon formed at the mouth of a river, blocked by a bar of sediments, especially referring to such features along the Danube River and the Black Sea.

Marshrutka (Russian: маршру́тка, [mɐrˈʂrutkə]; Russian, from marshrutnoye taxi, Russian Mаршрутное такси, literally «routed taxicab»). A share taxi used in the CIS and Bulgaria. In Ukraine and Russia, these are usually large vans (GAZelle, modified Ford Transit, or similar) or sometimes mini- or midibuses.

Mirovia (Russian: мирово́й) (from Russian mirovoy, «global», from mir, «world) A hypothesized paleo-ocean that may have been a global ocean surrounding the supercontinent of Rodinia in the Neoproterozoic era, about one billion to 750 million years ago.

Mormyshka also Mormishka, Marmooska (Russian: мормы́шка) (from Russian mormysh, «freshwater shrimp» (Gammaurus) A type of fishing lure or a jig.

Podsol also Podzol, Spodosol (Russian подзо́л, from под pod, «under» and зол zol, «ash») Any group of soils characterized by greyish-white leached and infertile topsoil and a brown subsoil, typically found in regions with a subpolar climate.

Polynia also polynya, polynia (Russian: полынья́; [pəlɨˈnʲja]) A non-linear area of open water surrounded by sea ice; especially referring to areas of sea in the Arctic and Antarctic regions that remain unfrozen for much of the year.

Redan (French word for «projection», «salient», after Russian Реда́н redan, a type of fort that was captured by the British during the Crimean War) A type of fortification work in a V-shaped salient angle toward an expected attack.

Rodinia (from the Russian ро́дина, «motherland») Name given to hypothesized supercontinent said to have existed from one billion to 800 million years ago.

Rasputitsa (Russian: распу́тица) The twice-annual season when roads become muddy and impassable in Belarus, Russia, and Ukraine due to the melting snows in the spring and heavy rains in the fall.

Solonchak (Russian солонча́к, «salt marsh», from Russian соль, sol, «salt») A pale or grey soil type found in arid to sub-humid, poorly drained conditions.

Solonetz (from Russian солоне́ц, solonetz, «salt not produced by boiling», from Russian соль, sol, «salt») An alkaline soil type having a hard, dark subsoil under a thin, friable topsoil, formed by the leaching of salts from a solonchak.

Tokamak (Russian: токама́к, an abbreviation of the Russian words тороидальная камера в магнитных катушках, toroidal’naya kamera v magnitnykh katushkakh, toroidal chamber in magnetic coils (Tochamac), invented in the 1950s) In nuclear fusion, a toroidal apparatus in which plasma is contained by means of two magnetic fields, a strong toroidal field, and a weaker poloidal field generated by an intense electric current through the plasma.

Zastruga (zastrugi; Russian sing. застру́га, zastruga, pl. застру́ги, zastrugi; from стругать, «to whittle») Sharp, irregular grooves or ridges formed on a snow surface by wind erosion, saltation of snow particles, and deposition, and found in polar and temperate snow regions.

Obsolete Russian weights and measures:

• Pood also pud (Russian: пуд) (largely obsolete) A unit of mass in Russia, Belarus, and Ukraine equal to 40 funt (фунт, Russian pound), or approximately 16.38 kilograms (36.11 pounds). It is still used in metal weights, produced for heavy lifting sports (items by 16, 24, 32 kg).
• Verst (Russian: верста́, versta) An obsolete Russian unit of length or distance defined as being 500 sazhen long, equivalent to 3,500 feet (.66 miles/1.0668 kilometres).

Vigorish (Russian: выигрыш, vyigrysh, «winnings») The amount charged by a bookmaker for taking a bet from a gambler.

Animals and plants[edit]

Beluga (sturgeon)^[3] (from Russian белу́га, beluga, a derivative from белый, white) A large kind of sturgeon.

Beluga (whale)^[3] (from Russian белу́ха belukha, a derivative of белый, white) A type of white whale.

Corsac (from Russian корса́к, korsák, the name for the species) A type of fox.

Khramulya (Russian: храму́ля) The name of several fish species of the family Cyprinidae: Anatolian Khramulya, Colchic Khramulya, and Sevan khramulya.

Lenok (Russian: лено́к; otherwise known as Asiatic trout or Manchurian trout) A genus, Brachymystax, of salmonid fishes.

Saiga (from Russian сайга́, the name for the species) A type of antelope.

Sheltopusik (also Scheltopusik; Russian: желтопу́зик, literally «yellow-bellied») European legless lizard (Pseudopus apodus).

Various[edit]

Banya^[3] (Russian: ба́ня) A traditional Russian steam bath.

Bayan (Russian: бая́н) (named after Boyan, a mythical Slavic bard) A type of chromatic button accordion developed in Russia in the early 20th century.

Belomorkanal (Russian: Беломоркана́л)

1. White Sea – Baltic Canal (Belomorsko-Baltiyskiy Kanal, abbreviated as BBK; its original name was Беломо́рско-Балти́йский кана́л и́мени Ста́лина Belomorsko-Baltiyskiy Kanal imeni Stalina, «Stalin White Sea-Baltic Sea Canal», «Stalin» was dropped in 1961 and the name was abbreviated to Belomorkanal). A shipping canal (opened in 1933) that joins the White Sea with Lake Onega, which is further connected to the Baltic Sea.
2. Belomorkanal, a brand of cheap Soviet cigarettes.

Burlak (Russian: бурла́к) (Tatar bujdak, «homeless»; or old Middle-German bûrlach, originating from an artel [арте́ль] or working team with fixed rules) A Russian epithet for a person who hauled barges and other vessels down dry or shallow waterways from the 17th to the 20th century.

Bylina^[3] (Russian: были́на, «[tale of] a past event»; plural: были́ны byliny) (Adaptation of Old Russian bylina, a word that occurred in The Song of Igor’s Campaign, taken to mean «tale of a past event»; the term «bylina» came into use in the 1830s as a scholarly name for what is popularly called «starina»; although byliny originated in the 10th century, or possibly earlier, they were first written down around the 17th century) A traditional form of orally transmitted Russian epic and heroic narrative poetry of the early East Slavs of Kievan Rus from the 10th to 12th century, a tradition that continued in Russian and Ukrainian history.

Cantonists singular Cantonist (Russian: кантони́сты; the term adapted from Prussian for «recruiting district») (historical) Boys, often sons of military conscripts, who attended a type of military school called a canton (Russian: кантони́стские шко́лы), a school that was originally established by Peter the Great; in the 1820s, the term was applied to Jewish boys drafted into the Russian army.

Chainik (Russian: ча́йник, «tea kettle»)

Chastushka^[3] (Russian: часту́шка, derives from «часто» – «frequently», or from части́ть – old word that means «to do something with high frequency», probably referring to the high tempo of chastushkas). A traditional type of short Russian humorous folkloric song with high beat frequency that consists of one four-lined couplet full of humour, satire, or irony. Chastushkas are typically sung one after another.

Dacha (Russian: да́ча) A country house or cottage in Russia.
In archaic Russian, the word dacha means «something given». Initially, they were small estates in the country, given to loyal vassals by the tsar. Typical Soviet dachas were small land plots given by the state to city dwellers, who built summer houses on them.

Dedovshchina (Russian: дедовщи́на) (from Russian ded, «grandfather», Russian army slang equivalent of «gramps», meaning soldiers in their third or fourth half-year of conscription, + suffix -shchina – order, rule, or regime; hence «rule of the grandfathers»)
A system of hazing in the Soviet and Russian armies.

GUM (Russian: ГУМ, pronounced as goom, in full Главный Универсальный Магазин, Glavnyi Universalnyi Magazin acronym for Main Universal Store) A common name for the main department store in many cities of the former Soviet Union and some post-Soviet states; especially referring to the GUM facing Red Square in Moscow.

Izba also Isba (origin 1775–85, Russian изба́, izbá; Old Russian istŭba, house, bath; Serbo-Croatian ìzba, small room, shack; Czech jizba, room; Old Czech jistba, jizdba, all from Slavic *jĭstŭba ≪ VL *extūfa, with short u, perhaps from Germanic *stuba) A traditional log house in rural Russia, with an unheated entrance room and a single living and sleeping room heated by a clay or brick stove.

Junker (Russia) (Russian: ю́нкер) (from Middle High German junc herre, «young nobleman», from Old High German jung, «young» + herro, «lord») (historical)

• A member of the privileged, militaristic landowning class in Germany; a Prussian aristocrat
• A German military officer, especially one who is autocratic
• (1864–1917) A student who attended a type of Russian military school called a Junker school
• Former rank of a volunteer in the Russian Navy in the 19th and 20th centuries

Katorga (Russian: ка́торга, from Greek: katergon, κάτεργον, «galley») (historical) A form of penal servitude during Tsarist Russia, later transformed into the Gulags after the Bolshevik takeover of Russia.

Khodebshchik (Russian: ходе́бщик) A person carrying an advertisement hoarding, or a peddler.

Mat (Russian: мат, or ма́терный язы́к) Russian profanity meaning «mother».

Muzhik (Russian: мужи́к) A Russian peasant; used as a topical calque in translations of Russian prose.

Padonki (Russian: падонки, corrupted подо́нки, meaning «riff-raff», «scoundrel», «scum») A subculture within the Russian-speaking internet characterized by choosing alternative spellings for words for comic effect.

Palochka (Russian: па́лочка, «little stick») A typographical symbol of the Cyrillic alphabet that looks like the Latin uppercase letter «I»; it is used as modifier letter in some Caucasus languages.

Preved (Russian: Преве́д) A Russian internet slang word, corrupted form of «privet» (приве́т) – «hi», «greetings».

Sambo (Russian: са́мбо) (Russian acronym for САМозащи́та Без Ору́жия, SAMozashchita Bez Oruzhiya, «self-defense without a weapon») A modern martial art, combat sport, and self-defense system originally developed in the former Soviet Union.

Samizdat (Russian: самизда́т) (Russian сам, sam, «self»; and издат, izdat, short for izdatelstvo – «publishing house», hence «self published») (historical) In the former Soviet Union, the system by which government-suppressed literature was clandestinely written, printed, and distributed; the term is also applied to the literature itself.

Sbiten (Russian: сби́тен) (historical) A traditional East Slavic hot winter beverage.

Sbitenshchik (Russian: сби́тенщик) (historical) A vendor who sold sbiten.

Sharashka also Sharaga, Sharazhka (Russian: шара́шка IPA: [ʂɐˈraʂkə]) (Russian slang for the expression sharashkina kontora, «Sharashka’s office», possibly from the radical meaning «to beat about», an ironic, derogatory term to denote a poorly organized, impromptu, or bluffing organization) (historical) Informal name for the secret research and development laboratories in the Soviet Union’s Gulag labor camp system.

Tamizdat (from Russian тамизда́т: там, tam, meaning «there» and издат, izdat, short for изда́тельство, izdatelstvo, «publishing house») In the former Soviet Union, literary works published outside the country without permission of Soviet authorities.

Zaum (Russian: за́умь or зау́мный язы́к, zaumnyy yazyk) (from the Russian prefix за, «beyond, behind» and the noun ум, «mind») A type of poetry used by Russian Futurist poets.

See also[edit]

• Lists of English words of international origin
• List of English words of Ukrainian origin, many of which also appear in Russian or are closely related
• Cyrillic script
• Runglish
• Volapuk encoding
• Nadsat, a constructed argot with many Russian loanwords

Notes[edit]

References[edit]

• The American Heritage Dictionary (2006) Fourth edition, published by Houghton Mifflin, ISBN 0-395-82517-2
• Ayto, John (1999). 20th Century Words. Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-860230-8
• Hendrickson, Robert (1997) Facts on File Encyclopedia of Word and Phrase Origins. Checkmark Books, ISBN 0-8160-4088-5
• Kabakchi, Victor V. (1997), «Russianisms in Modern English: loans and calques», Journal of English Linguistics, 25: 8–49, doi:10.1177/007542429702500103, S2CID 143564725
• Merriam Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary (1995) Tenth edition, published by Merriam-Webster, ISBN 0-87779-709-9
• The New Oxford American Dictionary (2005) Second edition, published by Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-517077-6
• Pyles, T. (1964). The Origin and Development of the English Language. Gainesville: University of Florida Press.
• Speake, Jennifer (ed.) (1997). The Oxford Dictionary of Foreign Words and Phrases. Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-861051-3
• Webster’s New World College Dictionary (1997) Third edition, published by Macmillan, ISBN 0-02-861673-1

External links[edit]

• 1,000 most common Russian words – with English translations
• English and Russian: Similarities and Differences, by Laurianne Sumerset

Most students of Russian are probably aware that quite a hefty number of English words have crept into the Russian dictionary: ranging from джинсы (jeans) to хедж-фонд (hedge fund)  But, did you know that a number of English words have Russian origins…?

Balaclava

A close-fitting garment covering the whole head and neck except for parts of the face, typically made of wool.

Balaclavas get their name from their use at the Battle of Balaclava (a town near Sevastopol in the Crimea), which took place during the Crimean War of 1854. A significant number of British troops, refused any leniency in their official (and rather impractical) uniforms, froze to death in the perishing temperatures. This scandal elicited such outrage in Britain, that Brits began hand-knitting ‘balaclavas,’ which they sent out in packages to the front, in order to keep troops warm.

Cosmonaut 

An astronaut from the former Soviet Union.

This term is a direct anglicism of the Russian word космонавт, deriving from the Greek kosmos (universe) and nautes (sailor). Up until 1961, several words were used to denote a ‘cosmonaut.’ It was only after Yuri Gagarin became the first human in space, in 1961, that the word cosmonaut was officially recognised. Today, ‘astronaut’ is far more commonly used in the English language, but ‘cosmonaut’ is an official word in the dictionary, which tends to imply a Soviet astronaut. Interestingly, whilst ‘cosmos’ means ‘universe,’ ‘astro’ means ‘star.’ 

Gulag 

A system of prison labour camps in the Soviet Union from 1930 to 1955, where many people died.

The word “Gulag” is an acronym for Glavnoe Upravlenie Lagerei, or Main Camp Administration. Whilst you might assume that the Gulag system was established by Stalin, it was in fact introduced in 1919 by Lenin as a progressive alternative to prison. It was under Stalin, however, that the Gulag system underwent massive expansion and that labour camps became the places of repression that they are remembered as today. 

Intelligentsia 

Intellectuals who form an artistic, social, or political vanguard or elite.

While it traces its origins to Latin, the word ‘intelligentsia’ only entered worldwide usage as a result of its Russian application. By the 1870s the term came to denote an entire social strata in Russian society: a group of people who were engaged in the cultural and educational spheres and believed that their higher purpose lay in shaping the culture and politics of their society.  Lenin was extremely critical of this social group, not considering them to conform to the true social classes laid out in Marxist ideology. In fact, he said that this group, who prided themselves on being the brains of the nation, were in fact ‘not brain, but dung’ (На деле это не мозг, а говно).

Knout 

A flogging whip with a lash of leather thongs twisted with wire used (as in czarist Russia) for punishing criminals.

The English word ‘knout’ stems from the French transliteration of the Russian word кнут (knut). In Russia, the knout was historically used as a tool for corporal punishment, to flog the accused. The sentenced was usually tied to a wooden post, or a wooden triangle, stripped, and then lashed with a knout. The number of lashes was pre-determined according to the severity of the accused’s crime and too many could prove fatal. The Great Knout, in particular, with a handle about 24 inches long and which was soaked in milk and left to dry in the sun to make it even firmer, could be lethal if the accused was ascribed 20 lashes or more.

Mammoth

1. Any of a genus (Mammuthus) of extinct Pleistocene mammals of the elephant family distinguished from recent elephants by highly ridged molars, usually large size, very long tusks that curve upward, and well-developed body hair. 2. Something immense of its kind.

The word mammoth entered the English language in the early 17th century, to refer to elephantine mammals. It derives from the Russian word мамонт (mamont), which was first recorded in 1578.  All of the earliest English quotations including the word ‘mammoth,’ confitm that English-speakers first encountered the term as a result of mammoth bone discoveries in Siberia. Interestingly, the word  underwent a shift in meaning at the beginning of the 19th century. From this point onwards it began to be used as a metaphorical adjective, meaning something of huge proportions.

Molotov Cocktail 

A bottle filled with petrol or other liquid fuel, with a piece of cloth on its top, that is set on fire and thrown.

The Molotov Cocktail was invented by the Finns in 1939, when Soviet forces were bombing their country in the lead-up to the Winter War. The Finns named the bomb after Soviet foreign minister Vyacheslav Molotov, poking fun at his declaration that the bombardment of Helsinki was an airborne humanitarian food delivery.  The bomb was even given the following tag-line by Finnish soldiers- ‘a drink to go with his food parcels.’ 

Parka 

A hooded fur pullover garment for arctic wear; a usually lined fabric outerwear pullover or jacket.

Parka (парка) derives from Nenets, a Samoyedic language of Russia, spoken in the arctic regions in the North and on the Aleutian Islands located between Russia and Alaska. The word literally means ‘animal skin’: traditionally parkas were made from caribou or seal skin in order to protect their wearers from the perishing cold. The parka became the customary US military coat during WWII and eventually gained popularity in England in the 60s, coming to symbolise the Mods.

Pavlova

A dessert of Australian and New Zealand origin consisting of a meringue shell topped with whipped cream and usually fruit.

Although not technically a Russian word, this meringue-based dessert is named after the Russian ballerina Anna Pavlova. According to popular belief, whilst Pavlova was touring Australia and New Zealand in 1926, the chef of the Wellington hotel invented the dessert in honour of the dancer. However, there is much contention surrounding the nationality of the dessert’s creator and the exact time and place it first came into existence. To this day, Australians and New Zealanders quibble over which nation the dessert truly belongs to.

Pogrom 

An organised massacre of helpless people, specifically a massacre of Jews.

Pogrom is a Russian word which means ‘to wreak havoc, to demolish violently.’ ‘Po’ means ‘by, through, behind, after,’ ‘gromu’ means ‘thunder, roar.’ It entered frequent use around 1881 after anti-Semitic riots swept the southern and western provinces of the Russian Empire, following the assassination of Alexander II. Similar attacks against Jews at other points throughout history are now also known as ‘pogroms.’ Following the collapse of the Russian Empire in 1917, for example, several pogroms occurred in Eastern Europe: including the Lwow pogrom (1918) and the Kiev pogroms (1919). 

Soviet 

1. An elected local, district, or national council in the former Soviet Union. 2. A citizen of the former Soviet Union. 3. Adjective of or concerning the former Soviet Union. 

The word Soviet is a transliteration of the Russian word совет, which originally came from the Old Church Slavonic word  съвѣтъ (sŭvětŭ, “advice”). This word is compounded from со- (so-) + вѣтъ (větŭ, “agreement”), from Proto-Slavic *větъ (“council, talk”). Its first recorded use was in 1917, as in sense one. It was in 1920 that the word ‘soviet’ entered the English language as an adjective, as it is most commonly used today. 

Tsar 

Emperor, specifically the ruler of Russia until the 1917 revolution, also meaning ‘one having great power,’ e.g. ‘a banking czar’.

The title of Tsar ultimately derives from the Latin Caesar. Several other titles derive from the term, including tsaritsa/tsarina, a tsar’s wife; tsarevich, his son; tsarevna, his daughter; and tsesarevich, his eldest son and heir. Although Peter I actually discarded the title of Tsar in 1721, in favour of ‘Emperor of all Russia,’ the term continued to be widely used until the imperial regime was overthrown in 1917.

Yurt 

A circular domed tent of skins or felt stretched over a collapsible lattice framework and used by pastoral peoples of inner Asia.

The word yurt derives from the Russian word юрта, which is thought to have come from the Old Turkic word ur with the suffix +ut. Yurts have been popular in Central Asia for thousands of years. The first written description of a yurt was recorded by Herodotus, the ancient Greek historian, around 440 BC. Yurts can now be found all over the word, and have even become popular at up-market camping sites in the UK, known as ‘glamping sites.’

Let us know in the comments if you can think of any other English words with Russian origins! For more on Russian words in other languages, take a look at this article on homonyms.

Первые заимствования: от царской Руси до Российской империи

Первым заимствованным из русского языка словом было название маленького пушного зверя – соболя. Он являлся одним из основных экспортных товаров. Поэтому уже в XIV веке в английском языке появилось слово sable. Употреблялось оно и в качестве существительного, и в качестве прилагательного в значении «черный». Чуть позже в английскую речь пришли слова tsar (царь), voivoda (воевода), muzhik (мужик), pood (пуд), samovar (самовар), telega (телега), verst (верста). Часть из них не поменяла своего смысла и значения. А вот некоторые слова обзавелись новым качеством. В конце XIX века английский язык обогатился такими словами как artel (артель), trojka (тройка), droshky (дрожки) и dacha (дача, это слово входит в словари с 1896 года).).

На самом деле революция, ее идеи, рожденные ее термины и названия, изменили не только русский язык. Частью общемирового языкового наследия являются слова: bolshevik (большевик), Samizdat (Самиздат), commissar (комиссар), nomenclature (номенклатура), Kremlin (кремль), soviet (совет). В английский язык также попали слова gulag (ГУЛАГ) и apparatchik (аппаратчик), а некоторые выражения изменились до неузнаваемости, например, five—yearplan (пятилетний план) или hero of labor (Герой труда).

Но не только политические события влияли на заимствования слов. Запуск первого спутника (sputnik) и первый полет человека в космос (cosmonaut) вызвали не только масштабный интерес, но и обогатили английский язык новыми терминами. Еще одно слово, вписавшееся в английский язык – это название оружия (Kalashnikov). Очень богатую пищу в прямом и переносном смысле дали английскому языку гастрономические названия, такие как Bliny (блины), borscht (борщ), kvass (квас), vodka (водка), kasha (каша), smetana (сметана).

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Заимствования из русского языка в английском словарном составе 

Образование национального английского языка, в основном, завершилось в так называемый ране—ново—английский период – приблизительно до середины XVII века. За это время национальный английский язык, в общем, то и приобрел свой современный характер. Лексика обогатилась огромным количеством слов, заимствованных из русского языка, в которых отразилось развитие научной мысли в эпоху Возрождения.

Поскольку регулярные торгово—экономические связи между двумя государствами установились довольно поздно, только к XVI веку, и поначалу были ограничены, заимствования из русского языка не столь многочисленны, как, например, из французского, итальянского или немецкого. Однако, в дошедших до настоящего времени английских описаниях Московского государства встречается ряд русских слов из сферы быта, государственного устройства, общественных отношений, системы мер, денежных единиц и т.д. После установления экономических связей между Россией и Англией появляются так же слова: sevruga (севрюга), beluga (белуга), suslik (суслик), rouble (рубль), altyn (алтын), copeck (копейка), pirozhki (пирожки), tsaritsa (царица) и множество других. В XIX веке с ростом народно—демократического освободительного движения в России в английском языке появляются слова, отражающие это общественно—политическое движение. Например, narodnik (народник), intelligentsia (интеллигенция). Кстати, последнее слово заимствовано из русского не напрямую, а через польский язык. Помимо вышеупомянутых слов в XVIII – XIX века в английский язык проникают и другие русские слова. Многие из них, такие, например, как ispravnik (исправник), miroed (мироед), obrok (оброк), barshina (барщина) и другие, являются в настоящее время в русском языке историческими терминами, а в английском встречаются лишь при исторических описаниях или в исторических романах.

Необходимо отметить также особую группу заимствований, называемых советизмами, — это заимствования из русского языка послеоктябрьского периода, отражающие влияние нового общественного строя и новой идеологии нашей страны, например, soviet (советский), udarnik (ударник), sovkhoz (совхоз), komsomol (комсомол), activist (активист).

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Распространение русских слов в английском языке по периодам

Первый период. 

В древнегерманских языках имеется ряд слов, заимствованных в различное время из славянских языков. Что касается древнеанглийского языка, то количество славянских заимствований в нем минимальное, даже меньше, чем в других западногерманских языках. В этом периоде к ранним заимствованиям относится уже знакомое слово sable (соболь). В английских словарях это слово зафиксировано только XIV веке.

Второй период. 

В Англии раньше познакомились с русским языком, чем в русском государстве – с английским. На протяжении XVI—XVII веков интерес к русскому языку был настолько велик, что в ряде стран, в разных условиях и по разным причинам появились достаточно серьезные записи лингвистического и страноведческого характера, сделанные иностранцами, побывавшими в России. Наш известный советский исследователь Б. А. Ларин отмечает три иностранных источника по истории русского языка и русских международных отношений XVI – XVII веков.

Третий период. 

В XIX веке происходит постепенный переход к заимствованию слов, обозначающих понятия, явления, идеи. Английские популярные журналы нередко помещали статьи о России, в которых употреблялись русские слова, особенно относящиеся к политической жизни. Рост народно—демократического освободительного движения в России и дальнейшее усиление революционного движения в XIX – начале ХХ века получили отражение в таких английских словах, заимствованных из русского языка, как nihilist (нигилист), nihilism (нигилизм), nihilistic (нигилистский), intelligentsia (интеллигенция), cadet (кадет). Ф. Я. Прийма писал, что со второй половины XIX века русская литература на Западе становится предметом серьезных и глубоких изучений. В XIX веке из России начинают проникать в возрастающем количестве политические термины, которые появляются в России в связи с ростом политического движения. Их немного, но они уже проникают и в другие языки, приобретая тем самым международный характер.

Четвертый период (Рожденные Октябрем). 

В XX веке, когда образовалось социалистическое государство, русские политические термины стали известны во всем мире, вошли в международное употребление и пополнили словарный состав большинства языков. В английском языке стали общеупотребительными такие русские слова как bolshevik (большевик), menshevik (меньшевик). Уже в 1929 году английские словари фиксируют употребление в английской печати слово five—year plan (пятилетка), которое возникло в русском языке в 1928 году. Значительная часть советизмов отражает те или иные особенности государственного строя СССР, социалистической хозяйственной системы, социалистической культуры. В них отражается новое отношение, немыслимое в условиях капиталистического общества, например: socialistemulation (социалистическое соревнование), shock—worker (ударник). Острая классовая борьба, сопровождавшая построение социализма в нашей стране, наложила свой отпечаток и на английские советизмы, например: wrecker (вредитель), purge (чистка), kulak (кулак).

Пятый период (Русские слова, отражающие перестройку в СССР, в английском языке). 

Первым русским заимствованием нового времени является слово гласность. Оно употребляется в английском языке с 1986 года, зарегистрировано в словаре неологизмов этого же года. С 1987 года в английский язык вошло слово перестройка, причем оно нередко толкуется как (экономическое переустройство, реконструкция экономики) и передается словом restructuring или словосочетанием economicreform.

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The first borrowings: from Tsarist Russia to the Russian Empire

The first word borrowed from the Russian language was the name of a small fur-bearing animal — sable. It was one of the main export commodities. Therefore, already in the XIV century, the word sable appeared in English. It was used both as a noun and as an adjective in the meaning of “black.” A little later, the words tsar (царь), voivoda (воевода), muzhik (мужик), pood (пуд), samovar (самовар), telega (телега), verst (верста) came into English. Some of them have not changed their meaning. But some words have acquired a new quality. At the end of the 19th century, the English language was enriched with words such as artel (артель), trojka (тройка), droshky (дрожки) and dacha (дача), this word has been included in dictionaries since 1896).

In fact, the revolution, its ideas, born of its terms and names, changed not only the Russian language. Part of the global linguistic heritage are the words: bolshevik (большевик), Samizdat (самиздат), commissar (комиссар), nomenclature (номенклатура), Kremlin (Кремль), soviet (совет). The words gulag (ГУЛАГ) and apparatchik (аппаратчик) also got into the English language, and some expressions have changed beyond recognition, for example, five-year plan (пятилетний план) or hero of labor (Герой труда).

But not only political events influenced the borrowing of words. The launch of the first satellite (sputnik/спутник) and the first manned flight into space (cosmonaut/космонавт) aroused not only widespread interest, but also enriched the English language with new terms. Another word that has entered into the English language is the name of the weapon (Kalashnikov/Калашников). Gastronomic names such as Bliny (блины), borscht (борщ), kvass (квас), vodka (водка), kasha (каша), smetana (сметана) were given very rich food in the literal and figurative sense of the English language.

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Borrowings from the Russian language in the English vocabulary 

The formation of the national English language, in general, was completed in the so-called early-new-English period — until about the middle of the 17th century. During this time, the national English language, in general, acquired its modern character. The vocabulary was enriched by a huge number of words borrowed from the Russian language, which reflected the development of scientific thought during the Renaissance.

Since regular trade and economic relations between the two states were established rather late, only by the 16th century, and at first were limited, borrowings from the Russian language are not as numerous as, for example, from French, Italian or German. However, in the English descriptions of the Muscovite that have come down to this day, there are a number of Russian words from the sphere of everyday life, government, social relations, system of measures, monetary units, etc. After the establishment of economic ties between Russia and England, the same words appear: sevruga (севрюга), beluga (белуга), suslik (суслик), rouble (рубль), altyn (алтын), copeck (копейка), pirozhki (пирожки), tsaritsa ( царица) and many others. In the 19th century, with the growth of the people’s democratic liberation movement in Russia, words appear in English that reflect this social and political movement. For example, narodnik (народник), intelligentsia (интеллигенция). By the way, the last word is borrowed from Russian not directly, but through the Polish language. In addition to the above-mentioned words, in the 18th-19th centuries, other Russian words also penetrated into the English language. Many of them, such as, for example, ispravnik (исправник), miroed (мироед), obrok (оброк), barshina (барщина) and others, are now historical terms in Russian, and in English they are found only in historical descriptions or in historical novels.

It is also necessary to note a special group of borrowings called Sovietisms — these are borrowings from the Russian language of the post-October period, reflecting the influence of the new social system and the new ideology of our country, for example, soviet (совет), udarnik (ударник), sovkhoz (совхоз), komsomol (комсомол), activist (активист).

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Distribution of Russian words in English by periods

First period.

In the ancient Germanic languages ​​there are a number of words borrowed at different times from the Slavic languages. As for Old English, the number of Slavic borrowings in it is minimal, even less than in other West Germanic languages. In this period, the familiar word sable (соболь) belongs to the early borrowings. In English dictionaries, this word is recorded only in the XIV century.

Second period. 

In England, they got acquainted with the Russian language earlier than in the Russian state — with English. During the 16th-17th centuries, interest in the Russian language was so great that in a number of countries, under different conditions and for various reasons, quite serious notes of a linguistic and regional character made by foreigners who had visited Russia appeared. Our famous Soviet researcher B.A.Larin notes three foreign sources on the history of the Russian language and Russian international relations in the 16th — 17th centuries.

The third period. 

In the 19th century, there is a gradual transition to the borrowing of words denoting concepts, phenomena, ideas. Popular English magazines often published articles on Russia that used Russian words, especially those related to political life. The growth of the people’s democratic liberation movement in Russia and the further strengthening of the revolutionary movement in the 19th — early 20th centuries were reflected in such English words borrowed from the Russian language as nihilist (нигилист), nihilism (нигилизм), nihilistic (нигилистический), intelligentsia (интеллигенция), cadet (кадет). F. Ya. Priyma wrote that from the second half of the 19th century Russian literature in the West became the subject of serious and deep studies. In the 19th century, political terms began to penetrate from Russia in an increasing number, which appeared in Russia in connection with the growth of the political movement. There are few of them, but they are already penetrating into other languages, thereby acquiring an international character.

Fourth Period (Born October)

In the 20th century, when the socialist state was formed, Russian political terms became known all over the world, entered international use and expanded the vocabulary of most languages. In English, such Russian words as bolshevik (большевик), menshevik (меньшевик) have become common. Already in 1929, English dictionaries record the use of the word five-year plan in the English press, which arose in Russian in 1928. A significant part of Sovietisms reflects certain features of the state system of the USSR, the socialist economic system, and socialist culture. They reflect a new attitude, unthinkable in a capitalist society, for example: socialistemulation (социалистическое совернование), shock-worker (ударник). The sharp class struggle that accompanied the construction of socialism in our country left its mark on English Sovietisms, for example: wrecker (вредитель), purge (чистка), kulak (кулак).

The fifth period. (Russian words reflecting perestroika in the USSR, in English)

The first Russian borrowing of modern times is the word glasnost. It has been used in English since 1986 and is registered in the dictionary of neologisms of the same year. Since 1987, the word perestroika has entered the English language, and it is often interpreted as (economic restructuring, economic reconstruction) and is conveyed by the word restructuring or the phrase economicreform.

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