What is not a synonym to the following word to have

English Synonyms and AntonymsRate these synonyms:5.0 / 1 vote

1. have

   Have is the most general word, and is applied to whatever belongs to or is connected with one; a man has a head or a head-ache, a fortune or an opinion, a friend or an enemy; he has time, or has need; he may be said to have what is his own, what he has borrowed, what has been entrusted to him, or what he has stolen. To possess a thing is to have the ownership with control and enjoyment of it. To hold is to have in one’s hand, or securely in one’s control; a man holds his friend’s coat for a moment, or he holds a struggling horse; he holds a promissory note, or holds an office. To own is to have the right of property in; to possess is to have that right in actual exercise; to occupy is to have possession and use, with some degree of permanency, with or without ownership. A man occupies his own house or a room in a hotel; a man may own a farm of which he is not in possession because a tenant occupies it and is determined to hold it; the proprietor owns the property, but the tenant is in possession. To be in possession differs from possess in that to possess denotes both right and fact, while to be in possession denotes simply the fact with no affirmation as to the right. To have reason is to be endowed with the faculty; to be in possession of one’s reason denotes that the faculty is in actual present exercise.

   Synonyms:
   be in possession of, be possessed of, hold, occupy, own, possess

Complete Dictionary of Synonyms and AntonymsRate these synonyms:0.0 / 0 votes

1. have

   Synonyms:
   own, possess, feel, entertain, accept, bear, enjoy, keep

   Antonyms:
   want, need, lose, forego, discard, reject, miss, desiderate, covet, desire

Princeton’s WordNetRate these synonyms:0.0 / 0 votes

1. rich person, wealthy person, haveverb

   a person who possesses great material wealth

   Synonyms:
   have, wealthy person, rich person

   Antonyms:
   miss, lack

2. have, have got, holdverb

   have or possess, either in a concrete or an abstract sense

   «She has $1,000 in the bank»; «He has got two beautiful daughters»; «She holds a Master’s degree from Harvard»

   Synonyms:
   accommodate, let, take in, retain, get, have, moderate, view as, support, apply, hold back, harbour, defend, take hold, make, bind, deem, hold up, deliver, take, own, concord, check, stimulate, take for, go for, receive, throw, defy, control, admit, harbor, halt, keep, ingest, cause, obligate, carry, give, adjudge, entertain, nurse, induce, birth, curb, hold, restrain, feature, confine, have got, arrest, possess, declare, withstand, agree, book, experience, suffer, contain, concur, maintain, guard, oblige, keep back, accept, sustain, prevail, reserve, consume, obtain, hold in, give birth, bear

   Antonyms:
   miss, lack

3. have, featureverb

   have as a feature

   «This restaurant features the most famous chefs in France»

   Synonyms:
   get, throw, feature, experience, suffer, accept, ingest, cause, give, hold, let, sustain, have, give birth, take in, sport, birth, receive, consume, own, deliver, possess, take, bear, have got, induce, boast, make, stimulate

   Antonyms:
   miss, lack

4. experience, receive, have, getverb

   go through (mental or physical states or experiences)

   «get an idea»; «experience vertigo»; «get nauseous»; «receive injuries»; «have a feeling»

   Synonyms:
   take, pick up, make, mystify, experience, develop, draw, have, hold, become, sustain, receive, scram, invite, consume, go, stimulate, sire, drive, engender, pay off, fix, pay back, stick, suffer, feel, beat, set about, get down, arrive, incur, deliver, contract, bring forth, grow, dumbfound, stupefy, start, set out, birth, live, welcome, arrest, meet, give, bring, bewilder, see, mother, induce, buzz off, catch, let, feature, obtain, beget, flummox, get, generate, capture, have got, find, amaze, go through, baffle, start out, pose, vex, give birth, aim, throw, perplex, gravel, begin, fetch, father, bear, get under one’s skin, encounter, puzzle, know, produce, convey, own, acquire, come, accept, possess, bugger off, cause, ingest, take in, nonplus, commence

   Antonyms:
   miss, lack

5. own, have, possessverb

   have ownership or possession of

   «He owns three houses in Florida»; «How many cars does she have?»

   Synonyms:
   get, have, feature, deliver, suffer, accept, ingest, cause, experience, hold, let, sustain, give birth, take in, give, birth, receive, consume, own, possess, take, throw, bear, have got, induce, make, stimulate

   Antonyms:
   miss, lack

6. get, let, haveverb

   cause to move; cause to be in a certain position or condition

   «He got his squad on the ball»; «This let me in for a big surprise»; «He got a girl into trouble»

   Synonyms:
   take, make, mystify, experience, develop, draw, have, hold, become, sustain, receive, scram, consume, amaze, stimulate, sire, drive, engender, go, fix, pay back, rent, stick, suffer, beat, set about, get down, arrive, incur, deliver, contract, bring forth, grow, dumbfound, stupefy, start, birth, lease, arrest, accept, give, bring, bewilder, mother, induce, countenance, buzz off, catch, let, feature, obtain, beget, flummox, get, generate, capture, have got, find, baffle, produce, start out, pose, vex, give birth, aim, allow, throw, perplex, get under one’s skin, gravel, begin, fetch, father, bear, commence, puzzle, set out, convey, own, acquire, come, pay off, possess, bugger off, cause, ingest, take in, permit, nonplus

   Antonyms:
   miss, lack

7. consume, ingest, take in, take, haveverb

   serve oneself to, or consume regularly

   «Have another bowl of chicken soup!»; «I don’t take sugar in my coffee»

   Synonyms:
   require, read, receive, bring in, subscribe to, rent, withdraw, make, lead, ingest, take on, carry, draw, assume, cause, have, hold, overhear, choose, sustain, cod, learn, fill, absorb, have got, squander, necessitate, invite, consume, earn, stimulate, drive, demand, wipe out, assimilate, consider, need, study, gather in, suffer, run through, pick out, gull, collect, fool, suck, gain, contract, deal, adopt, film, remove, exhaust, admit, birth, call for, lease, realize, down, train, deplete, strike, give birth, take up, give, bring, see, pull in, use up, select, take, engage, catch, sop up, let, feature, eat up, claim, befool, get, devour, get hold of, suck in, take away, pack, soak up, throw, go through, take in, exact, submit, convey, view, own, take aim, shoot, aim, induce, dupe, direct, charter, put on, eat, contain, waste, bear, subscribe, deliver, clear, experience, slang, watch, involve, acquire, suck up, look at, postulate, ware, hire, accept, put one across, possess, guide, occupy, put one over, ask, realise, imbibe, conduct

   Antonyms:
   lack, miss

8. haveverb

   have a personal or business relationship with someone

   «have a postdoc»; «have an assistant»; «have a lover»

   Synonyms:
   get, throw, feature, experience, suffer, accept, ingest, cause, give, hold, let, sustain, give birth, take in, birth, receive, consume, own, deliver, possess, take, bear, have got, induce, make, stimulate

   Antonyms:
   miss, lack

9. hold, throw, have, make, giveverb

   organize or be responsible for

   «hold a reception»; «have, throw, or make a party»; «give a course»

   Synonyms:
   render, realize, move over, cast, hold in, restrain, afford, experience, dedicate, get to, devote, cave in, name, confuse, accommodate, defy, shake off, produce, sacrifice, maintain, earn, progress to, entertain, make up, work, take, confine, take a crap, feature, drop, make, create, contain, deliver, shit, possess, pass water, hit, book, cook, arrive at, cause, wee-wee, do, consume, spend a penny, shed, thrust, stool, moderate, give birth, build, construct, induce, birth, founder, present, concur, open, pee, keep, guard, bind, wee, hold back, constitute, yield, bedevil, lay down, reach, establish, check, piddle, generate, draw, return, pull in, pee-pee, hurl, project, pay, throw off, keep back, go for, fuddle, form, ingest, gift, ease up, receive, prepare, attain, own, kick in, crap, support, accept, pretend, harbor, break, impart, realise, apply, bring in, contrive, fall in, obtain, hold, take for, fox, have got, confound, hold up, agree, concord, pass on, cast off, make believe, declare, ca-ca, adjudge, feed, piss, nurse, grant, let, withstand, get, score, hand, bemuse, urinate, oblige, bear, puddle, admit, defend, arrest, harbour, give way, contribute, deem, befuddle, take a shit, chip in, switch, ready, defecate, micturate, make water, fix, throw, take in, view as, flip, clear, retain, reserve, have, halt, turn over, carry, collapse, obligate, discombobulate, suffer, stimulate, sustain, commit, take a leak, give, seduce, pass, gain, consecrate, relieve oneself, bewilder, prevail, control, nominate, throw away, leave, take hold, curb

   Antonyms:
   lack, miss

10. haveverb

    have left

    «I have two years left»; «I don’t have any money left»; «They have two more years before they retire»

    Synonyms:
    get, throw, feature, experience, suffer, accept, ingest, cause, give, hold, let, sustain, give birth, take in, birth, receive, consume, own, deliver, possess, take, bear, have got, induce, make, stimulate

    Antonyms:
    lack, miss

11. haveverb

    be confronted with

    «What do we have here?»; «Now we have a fine mess»

    Synonyms:
    get, throw, feature, experience, suffer, accept, ingest, cause, give, hold, let, sustain, give birth, take in, birth, receive, consume, own, deliver, possess, take, bear, have got, induce, make, stimulate

    Antonyms:
    miss, lack

12. have, experienceverb

    undergo

    «The stocks had a fast run-up»

    Synonyms:
    get, throw, see, feature, experience, suffer, accept, ingest, cause, give, feel, go through, hold, let, sustain, have, give birth, take in, birth, receive, consume, own, deliver, possess, take, live, bear, know, have got, induce, make, stimulate

    Antonyms:
    miss, lack

13. haveverb

    suffer from; be ill with

    «She has arthritis»

    Synonyms:
    get, throw, feature, experience, suffer, accept, ingest, cause, give, hold, let, sustain, give birth, take in, birth, receive, consume, own, deliver, possess, take, bear, have got, induce, make, stimulate

    Antonyms:
    lack, miss

14. induce, stimulate, cause, have, get, makeverb

    cause to do; cause to act in a specified manner

    «The ads induced me to buy a VCR»; «My children finally got me to buy a computer»; «My wife made me buy a new sofa»

    Synonyms:
    pee-pee, take, hit, bring in, make, construct, mystify, experience, provoke, draw, stool, stupefy, have, lay down, piddle, hold, become, sustain, ready, pose, piss, receive, constitute, crap, scram, pass water, do, consume, go, stimulate, sire, drive, engender, get to, hasten, shit, fix, pay back, suffer, spend a penny, stick, seduce, make water, set about, bring forth, get down, arrive, name, pretend, cook, incur, deliver, wee-wee, gain, make up, contract, excite, grow, induct, attain, dumbfound, beat, start, set out, birth, micturate, realize, create, arrest, accept, develop, shake, give, bring, bewilder, pull in, perk up, induce, form, reach, buzz off, catch, defecate, pee, let, feature, obtain, beget, rush, flummox, wee, ca-ca, arouse, get, generate, prepare, capture, have got, find, amaze, mother, baffle, take a shit, score, start out, convey, build, vex, give birth, aim, throw, perplex, arrive at, bring on, make believe, gravel, begin, relieve oneself, fetch, stir, father, bear, get under one’s skin, energise, energize, puddle, take a crap, puzzle, clear, produce, earn, establish, own, nominate, acquire, come, progress to, take a leak, pay off, brace, possess, bugger off, cause, urinate, ingest, take in, work, shake up, realise, nonplus, commence

    Antonyms:
    lack, miss

15. accept, take, haveverb

    receive willingly something given or offered

    «The only girl who would have him was the miller’s daughter»; «I won’t have this dog in my house!»; «Please accept my present»

    Synonyms:
    require, take, read, occupy, subscribe to, withdraw, lead, ingest, take on, carry, live with, assume, have, hold, choose, sustain, study, learn, fill, receive, necessitate, take over, consume, stimulate, drive, hire, consider, need, rent, suffer, pick out, swallow, deliver, contract, deal, adopt, film, remove, demand, birth, lease, take aim, take up, give, train, go for, strike, use up, select, own, engage, let, feature, make, claim, pack, get hold of, exact, take away, have got, throw, call for, take in, bring, submit, convey, give birth, shoot, aim, induce, direct, charter, get, contain, bear, subscribe, experience, involve, acquire, look at, postulate, consent, accept, possess, guide, admit, cause, ask, conduct

    Antonyms:
    lack, miss

16. receive, haveverb

    get something; come into possession of

    «receive payment»; «receive a gift»; «receive letters from the front»

    Synonyms:
    let, take in, invite, get, find, deliver, take, own, meet, make, receive, throw, have, ingest, cause, encounter, give, induce, birth, hold, feature, stimulate, incur, have got, possess, pick up, experience, suffer, accept, sustain, consume, obtain, welcome, give birth, bear

    Antonyms:
    miss, lack

17. suffer, sustain, have, getverb

    undergo (as of injuries and illnesses)

    «She suffered a fracture in the accident»; «He had an insulin shock after eating three candy bars»; «She got a bruise on her leg»; «He got his arm broken in the scuffle»

    Synonyms:
    bring forth, take, dumbfound, ache, make, endure, mystify, experience, develop, draw, have, maintain, hold, become, sustain, confirm, receive, keep, scram, consume, go, stimulate, sire, drive, engender, put up, fix, pay back, digest, get under one’s skin, suffer, stick, puzzle, set about, affirm, get down, incur, deliver, hurt, contract, abide, grow, prolong, beat, stomach, start, tolerate, birth, arrest, accept, meet, brook, give, bring, bewilder, mother, own, buzz off, catch, set out, let, feature, obtain, beget, substantiate, flummox, get, generate, stand, have got, find, amaze, take in, vex, start out, convey, capture, give birth, aim, induce, throw, perplex, lose, stupefy, gravel, begin, stick out, fetch, nourish, father, bear, nurture, hold up, arrive, corroborate, produce, acquire, come, keep up, pay off, pose, possess, support, bugger off, cause, ingest, nonplus, commence, baffle

    Antonyms:
    miss, lack

18. have, get, makeverb

    achieve a point or goal

    «Nicklaus had a 70»; «The Brazilian team got 4 goals»; «She made 29 points that day»

    Synonyms:
    wee-wee, take, hit, bring in, make, construct, mystify, experience, develop, draw, stool, have, lay down, piddle, hold, become, sustain, ready, piss, receive, constitute, crap, scram, do, consume, go, stimulate, sire, drive, engender, get to, make believe, shit, fix, pay back, stick, suffer, pass water, beat, seduce, make water, set about, progress to, get down, arrive, name, pretend, cook, incur, deliver, gain, make up, contract, bring forth, grow, attain, dumbfound, stupefy, start, birth, micturate, realize, create, arrest, accept, give, bring, bewilder, pull in, mother, induce, form, buzz off, catch, defecate, pee, let, feature, obtain, beget, flummox, wee, ca-ca, reach, get, generate, prepare, capture, have got, find, amaze, take a shit, baffle, produce, score, start out, pose, build, vex, give birth, aim, throw, perplex, arrive at, pee-pee, gravel, begin, relieve oneself, fetch, spend a penny, father, bear, get under one’s skin, puddle, take a crap, puzzle, clear, set out, earn, establish, convey, own, nominate, acquire, come, take a leak, pay off, possess, bugger off, cause, urinate, ingest, take in, work, realise, nonplus, commence

    Antonyms:
    lack, miss

19. give birth, deliver, bear, birth, haveverb

    cause to be born

    «My wife had twins yesterday!»

    Synonyms:
    let, digest, take in, extradite, rescue, tolerate, get, hand over, comport, surrender, behave, make, return, give, save, fork over, fork up, present, stick out, expect, deport, possess, assume, pay, induce, take over, throw, redeem, have, put up, cause, carry, give up, turn in, support, stomach, birth, hold, have got, feature, stimulate, render, abide, pitch, cede, deliver, take, acquit, brook, yield, turn out, experience, conduct, fork out, suffer, endure, stand, gestate, drive home, contain, accept, sustain, own, ingest, consume, have a bun in the oven, give birth, receive, wear, bear

    Antonyms:
    miss, lack

20. take, haveverb

    have sex with; archaic use

    «He had taken this woman when she was most vulnerable»

    Synonyms:
    require, take, read, occupy, subscribe to, withdraw, lead, ingest, take on, carry, deal, assume, have, hold, choose, sustain, study, learn, fill, receive, necessitate, consume, stimulate, drive, hire, consider, need, rent, suffer, pick out, deliver, contract, adopt, film, remove, demand, birth, lease, take aim, take up, give, train, strike, use up, select, induce, engage, let, feature, make, claim, pack, get hold of, exact, take away, have got, throw, call for, take in, bring, submit, convey, own, give birth, shoot, aim, direct, charter, get, contain, bear, subscribe, experience, involve, acquire, look at, postulate, accept, possess, guide, admit, cause, ask, conduct

    Antonyms:
    lack, miss

Matched Categories

1. • Change
   • Direct
   • Experience
   • Get
   • Interact
   • Love
   • Make
   • Produce
   • Score
   • Suffer
   • Undergo

Editors ContributionRate these synonyms:0.0 / 0 votes

1. posses

   Submitted by anonymous on June 29, 2019  

2. haven’t

   have is the opposite of haven’t.

   i have an white cat.

   Submitted by anonymous on July 27, 2020  

Dictionary of English SynonymesRate these synonyms:0.0 / 0 votes

1. haveverb

   Synonyms:
   hold (whether one’s own or not)

2. haveverb

   Synonyms:
   possess, own, be in possession of, be seized of

3. haveverb

   Synonyms:
   be favored with

4. haveverb

   Synonyms:
   be the subject of

5. haveverb

   Synonyms:
   regard, consider, esteem

6. haveverb

   Synonyms:
   require, wish, desire

7. haveverb

   Synonyms:
   obtain, acquire, receive, get, gain

8. haveverb

   Synonyms:
   be obliged, be under the necessity

9. haveverb

   Synonyms:
   accept (as husband or as wife), take

10. haveverb

    Synonyms:
    10. beget, be the parent of

PPDB, the paraphrase databaseRate these paraphrases:0.0 / 0 votes

1. List of paraphrases for «have»:

   ‘ve, got, possess, ‘m, ont, ‘re, get, enjoy, han, bear, ai, ter, play, hold, fi, obtain, har, receive

Suggested Resources

1. HAVE

   What does HAVE stand for? — Explore the various meanings for the HAVE acronym on the Abbreviations.com website.

How to pronounce HAVE?

How to say HAVE in sign language?

How to use HAVE in a sentence?

1. Ira Mehlman:

   We have what can be described as modern-day slavery, human traffickers (as opposed to smugglers) lure unsuspecting migrants with promises of all sorts of opportunity in the U.S., and then hold them hostage once they arrive here with threats of violence against them, or family members back home. Often people who are trafficked are forced to work in the sex trades.

2. Tiger Woods:

   I didn’t putt well again, i hit a few good drives down the middle. I felt I drove it pretty decent but I made nothing and the chances I did have I missed them all.

3. Mokhtar Fakron:

   The areas where Islamic State fighters remain inside Sirte are small and restricted and we don’t have the technical capacity to deal with Islamic State fighters.

4. Calleb Angira:

   The numbers (of users) are increasing both along the coast and in Nairobi and there is evidence that it is also spreading out to places like Kisumu, that is because the interventions we have are not enough.

5. Craig Moffett:

   To achieve their targeted 50-50 portfolio mix between U.S. and non-U.S. holdings, Altice would need to virtually run the table and buy half of everything out there that isn’t named Comcast or Charter, if one assumes that Cox isn’t a seller (they’re the largest remaining company after TWC and Charter itself, and they have sounded relatively resolute in their desire to remain independent) then Altice would need to successfully buy essentially everyone else.

---

Translations for HAVE

From our Multilingual Translation Dictionary

• hindi
• tenerAragonese
• تملك, ملك, عندك, ل, عندي, عند, امتلك, ديكArabic
• мець, уBelarusian
• имамBulgarian
• endevout, kaoutBreton
• tenirCatalan, Valencian
• mítCzech
• имѣтиOld Church Slavonic, Church Slavonic, Old Bulgarian
• rhaid, wedi, cymryd, bod, gyda, iWelsh
• få, have, skulleDanish
• haben, lassen, bekommen, sein, müssenGerman
• έχωGreek
• havi, estiEsperanto
• haber, tener, tener que, tomarSpanish
• behar izan, izanBasque
• داشتنPersian
• olla, täytyä, määrätä, omata, pyytää, synnyttääFinnish
• havaFaroese
• avoir, devoir, prendreFrench
• hawweWestern Frisian
• ag, bíIrish
• bi, aig, gabh, airScottish Gaelic
• terGalician
• के, रखना, पासHindi
• birtokol, bírHungarian
• ունենալArmenian
• haberInterlingua
• punyaIndonesian
• hafaIcelandic
• farsi, avere, dovereItalian
• ある, いる, 持つ, 持ってるJapanese
• ჰყავს, ფლობს, აქვსGeorgian
• មានKhmer
• 있다Korean
• hebûn, heyînKurdish
• sum, debeo, possideo, habeō, futurus sum, habeo quod, gressus sum, ivi, pario, usus sum, patio, teneo, servandus sumLatin
• ມີLao
• turėtiLithuanian
• има, мораMacedonian
• байхMongolian
• adaMalay
• ရှိ, မှာBurmese
• krijgen, zijn, hebben, moetenDutch
• ha, har hatNorwegian
• averOccitan
• musieć, miećPolish
• ter que, possuir, ter, fazer, haver de, haverPortuguese
• avair, haver, aveir, averRomansh
• aveaRomanian
• иметьRussian
• àiri, àere, aiSardinian
• имати, imatiSerbo-Croatian
• maťSlovak
• imetiSlovene
• kaAlbanian
• vara tvungen, ha, få, äga, måsteSwedish
• доштанTajik
• มีThai
• magkaroónTagalog
• sahip olmakTurkish
• повинен, мати, у, вUkrainian
• پاسUrdu
• cóVietnamese
• labönVolapük
• האָבןYiddish
• 有Chinese

Get even more translations for HAVE »

Translation

Find a translation for the HAVE synonym in other languages:

Select another language:

• — Select —
• 简体中文 (Chinese — Simplified)
• 繁體中文 (Chinese — Traditional)
• Español (Spanish)
• Esperanto (Esperanto)
• 日本語 (Japanese)
• Português (Portuguese)
• Deutsch (German)
• العربية (Arabic)
• Français (French)
• Русский (Russian)
• ಕನ್ನಡ (Kannada)
• 한국어 (Korean)
• עברית (Hebrew)
• Gaeilge (Irish)
• Українська (Ukrainian)
• اردو (Urdu)
• Magyar (Hungarian)
• मानक हिन्दी (Hindi)
• Indonesia (Indonesian)
• Italiano (Italian)
• தமிழ் (Tamil)
• Türkçe (Turkish)
• తెలుగు (Telugu)
• ภาษาไทย (Thai)
• Tiếng Việt (Vietnamese)
• Čeština (Czech)
• Polski (Polish)
• Bahasa Indonesia (Indonesian)
• Românește (Romanian)
• Nederlands (Dutch)
• Ελληνικά (Greek)
• Latinum (Latin)
• Svenska (Swedish)
• Dansk (Danish)
• Suomi (Finnish)
• فارسی (Persian)
• ייִדיש (Yiddish)
• հայերեն (Armenian)
• Norsk (Norwegian)
• English (English)

---

Citation

Use the citation below to add these synonyms to your bibliography:

The verb HAVE can function as a main verb and as an auxiliary verb. The forms of the verb HAVE in the simple present are I/we/you/they have, he/she/it has; the simple past for all persons – had. The verb HAVE is also used in a large number of set expressions and in several commonly used phrases, such as «have got, have to, have got to, had better, have something done».

HAVE as a main verb

Main meanings of the verb HAVE as a main verb are «own, possess». In these meanings, the verb HAVE is a stative verb and is not used in the Continuous tenses.

He has a large house.

He has blue eyes and dark hair.

They have two cats and a dog.

She has a lot of friends.

I have a lot of work today.

He has a sense of humor.

We have the right to do it.

The phrase HAVE GOT is used as a synonym for the verb HAVE in the meaning «to own, to possess» in the present tense, especially in everyday speech. Examples: She’s got gray eyes. I’ve got a new computer. (Differences in the use of HAVE and HAVE GOT are described in Russian in the commentary to the song Gary Moore — Still Got the Blues in the section Hobby.)

HAVE as a main verb is used in a large number of set expressions in which it may keep or lose the meaning «own, possess». For example: to have breakfast, have dinner, have a cup of coffee, have a sandwich, have a good time, have fun, have an opportunity, have a problem, have difficulty, have a question, have a look, have a walk, have a talk, have a fight, have an accident, have a bath, have a baby, have a cold, have a headache, have patience, have influence, have something against someone, have a taste for something.

In a number of set expressions denoting some activity or process, for example, «to have dinner, have fun, have a walk, have a bath», the verb HAVE can be used in the Continuous tenses.

They are having breakfast now.

She writes that she is having a good time.

We are having a party next Saturday.

When I came in, he was having a talk with the manager.

HAVE as a main verb forms questions and negative sentences in the simple present and simple past with the help of the auxiliary verb DO.

Does he have a telephone? – Yes, he does.

Do you have a sister? – No, I don’t.

Did you have a look at my report?

What do you have in mind?

He has a car, doesn’t he?

He had a cold yesterday, didn’t he?

I don’t have a dictionary of British slang.

He doesn’t have any friends.

I didn’t have time yesterday.

Note: Some negative sentences with HAVE can be formed with the help of NO before the noun. Examples: He has no friends. They have no children. I have no questions. I had no time yesterday.

HAVE as an auxiliary verb

The verb HAVE is used as an auxiliary verb in the formation of the perfect tenses and of the perfect continuous tenses.

He has already written the report.

She has been waiting for two hours.

We had finished work by the time he came back.

He will have left before you wake up.

The verb HAVE as an auxiliary verb forms questions and negative sentences on its own.

Have you ever been to Australia?

How long has she been sleeping?

You have read it, haven’t you?

She hasn’t called him yet.

Students sometimes have a problem understanding sentences in which the auxiliary verb HAVE and the main verb HAVE are used together. You just need to remember that the tense form for the perfect tenses is have + past participle of the main verb, for example, «have written, has written, had written, will have written». And if the main verb in the sentence happens to be HAVE, then the tense forms will be «have had, has had, had had, will have had». Look at these sentences in which the first HAVE is an auxiliary verb that helps to form the present perfect tense, and the second HAVE is a main verb.

He has had a hard life.

She has had a headache for three days.

We haven’t had any free time lately.

I’ve had enough of your criticism!

I’ve had it!

The phrase HAVE TO

The verb HAVE expresses modality in the phrase HAVE TO in the meaning «necessity». The phrase HAVE TO, i.e., have + infinitive with the particle «to», is used as the most common substitute for the modal verb MUST in the meaning «necessity».

I must talk to him about it. – I have to talk to him about it.

I must write a report today. – I have to write a report today.

I had to go there yesterday, and I will have to go there again tomorrow.

Does he have to stay here till eight?

You don’t have to sell your car.

The phrase HAVE GOT TO is used as a synonym for HAVE TO and MUST in the present in informal speech. Examples: I’ve got to talk to him about it. I’ve got to write a report today. Differences in their use are described in Necessity in the section Grammar.

Note: The phrase HAD BETTER is used as a synonym for SHOULD and OUGHT TO for giving advice. Example: Your cough is getting worse; you’d better see a doctor. HAD BETTER is described in Advice in the section Grammar.

Construction «have something done»

The construction «have something done», i.e., have + object + past participle, is one of the types of the construction verb + complex object. It is widely used in describing the actions performed for you by someone else, usually in the form of services rendered to you by service companies.

I had my hair cut yesterday.

He had his car washed.

She had the door painted and a new lock installed.

Did you have the car repaired yesterday?

I had it done last week.

Where can I have my car washed?

Where can I have my bicycle repaired?

Can I have this suit cleaned and pressed for tomorrow?

In some cases, the verb GET can replace the verb HAVE in this construction in everyday speech.

I got my car washed.

Where can I get it done?

Note that the same construction with the verb HAVE may have another meaning:

She had all her money stolen. (Someone stole all her money. All her money was stolen.)

«Someone» may also be used (instead of «something») in such constructions with the verb HAVE. For example:

She had him arrested. (She caused the police to arrest him.)

You had me worried. (I was worried about you. You made me worry.)

He had us laughing. (We were laughing because of him. He made us laugh.)

The construction «have someone do something» has the following meaning: to ensure (to cause, request, ask) that someone performs some action. In everyday speech, «get someone to do something» may be used (meaning: to ask, to persuade someone to do something). You can replace these constructions with simpler constructions in your speech.

Have him call me, please. – Ask him to call me, please.

Have Anita type the letters. – Tell Anita to type the letters.

I got him to repair my bicycle. – I asked / persuaded him to repair my bicycle.

Глагол HAVE

Глагол HAVE может работать как основной глагол и как вспомогательный глагол. Формы глагола HAVE в простом настоящем времени – I/we/you/they have, he/she/it has; простое прошедшее для всех лиц – had. Глагол HAVE также употребляется в большом количестве устойчивых выражений и в нескольких широко употребительных фразах, таких как «have got, have to, have got to, had better, have something done».

HAVE как основной глагол

Главные значения глагола HAVE как основного глагола – иметь, обладать. В этих значениях HAVE является глаголом состояния и не употребляется во временах группы Continuous.

У него есть (Он имеет) большой дом.

У него голубые глаза и темные волосы.

У них две кошки и собака.

У неё очень много друзей.

У меня очень много работы сегодня.

У него есть чувство юмора.

Мы имеем право сделать это.

Фраза HAVE GOT употребляется как синоним для глагола HAVE в значении «иметь, обладать» в настоящем времени, особенно в разговорной речи. Примеры: She’s got gray eyes. (У неё серые глаза.) I’ve got a new computer. (У меня новый компьютер.) (Различия в употреблении HAVE и HAVE GOT описаны на русском языке в комментарии к песне Gary Moore — Still Got the Blues в разделе Hobby.)

Глагол HAVE как основной глагол употребляется в большом количестве устойчивых выражений, в которых он может сохранять или терять значение «иметь, обладать». Например: завтракать, обедать, выпить чашку кофе, съесть бутерброд, хорошо провести время, веселиться, иметь возможность, иметь проблему, иметь трудность, иметь вопрос, посмотреть, погулять, поговорить, поссориться, попасть в аварию, принимать ванну, родить ребенка, простудиться, страдать от головной боли, иметь терпение, иметь влияние, иметь что-то против кого-то, иметь склонность к чему-то.

В ряде устойчивых выражений, обозначающих какую-либо деятельность или процесс, например, «to have dinner, have fun, have a walk, have a bath», глагол HAVE может употребляться во временах группы Continuous.

Они сейчас завтракают.

Она пишет, что она хорошо проводит время.

У нас будет вечеринка в следующую субботу.

Когда я вошел, он разговаривал с менеджером.

HAVE как основной глагол образует вопросы и отрицательные предложения в простом настоящем и простом прошедшем с помощью вспомогательного глагола DO.

У него есть телефон? – Да, есть.

У вас есть сестра? – Нет, нет.

Вы посмотрели мой доклад?

Что вы имеете в виду?

У него есть машина, не так ли?

У него вчера была простуда, не так ли?

У меня нет словаря британского сленга.

У него нет друзей.

У меня не было времени вчера.

Примечание: Некоторые отрицательные предложения с HAVE можно образовать помощью NO перед существительным. Примеры: У него нет друзей. У них нет детей. У меня нет вопросов. У меня не было времени вчера.

HAVE как вспомогательный глагол

Глагол HAVE употребляется как вспомогательный глагол для образования перфектных времен и перфектных продолженных времен.

Он уже написал доклад.

Она прождала / ждет уже два часа.

Мы уже закончили работу к тому времени, как он вернулся.

Он уедет до того, как ты проснешься.

Глагол HAVE как вспомогательный глагол образует вопросы и отрицательные формы самостоятельно.

Вы когда-нибудь бывали в Австралии?

Как долго она уже спит?

Вы это прочитали, не так ли?

Она ему еще не звонила.

Студенты иногда испытывают трудность с пониманием предложений, в которых вспомогательный глагол HAVE и основной глагол HAVE употреблены вместе. Просто нужно помнить, что форма времени для перфектных времен – have + причастие прошедшего времени основного глагола, например, «have written, has written, had written, will have written». А если так получилось, что основной глагол в предложении – HAVE, то формы времен будут «have had, has had, had had, will have had». Посмотрите на эти предложения, в которых первый HAVE – вспомогательный глагол, который помогает образовать настоящее совершенное время, а второй HAVE – основной глагол.

Он прожил трудную жизнь.

У неё головная боль уже три дня.

У нас совсем нет свободного времени в последнее время.

С меня достаточно вашей критики!

Всё! С меня довольно!

Фраза HAVE TO

Глагол HAVE выражает модальность во фразе HAVE TO в значении «необходимость». Фраза HAVE TO, т.е. have + инфинитив с частицей «to», употребляется как наиболее частый заменитель для модального глагола MUST в значении «необходимость».

Я должен поговорить с ним об этом. – Я должен поговорить с ним об этом.

Я должен написать доклад сегодня. – Я должен написать доклад сегодня.

Мне пришлось пойти туда вчера, и я должен буду снова пойти туда завтра.

Должен ли он оставаться здесь до восьми?

Вам нет необходимости продавать свою машину.

Фраза HAVE GOT TO употребляется как синоним для HAVE TO и MUST в настоящем времени в разговорной речи. Примеры: Я должен поговорить с ним об этом. Я должен написать доклад сегодня. Различия в их употреблении описываются в статье Necessity в разделе Grammar.

Примечание: Фраза HAD BETTER употребляется как синоним для SHOULD и OUGHT TO для дачи совета. Пример: Ваш кашель становится хуже; вам лучше обратиться к врачу. HAD BETTER описывается в статье Advice в разделе Grammar.

Конструкция «have something done»

Конструкция have something done, т.е. have + дополнение + причастие прошедшего времени, является одним из видов конструкции глагол + сложное дополнение. Она широко употребляется для описания действий, выполненных для вас кем-то другим, обычно в виде услуг, предоставленных вам предприятиями сферы обслуживания.

Мне постригли волосы вчера.

Ему вымыли машину.

Ей покрасили дверь и вставили новый замок.

Вам починили машину вчера?

Мне это сделали на прошлой неделе.

Где мне могут вымыть машину?

Где мне могут починить мой велосипед?

Могут мне почистить и погладить этот костюм к завтрашнему дню?

В некоторых случаях, глагол GET может заменять глагол HAVE в этой конструкции в разговорной речи.

Мне помыли машину.

Где мне могут это сделать?

Обратите внимание, что та же конструкция с глаголом HAVE может иметь другое значение:

У неё украли все деньги. (Кто-то украл все её деньги. Все её деньги были украдены.)

«Someone» тоже может употребляться (вместо «something») в таких конструкциях с глаголом HAVE. Например:

Она добилась, чтобы его арестовали. (Она побудила полицию арестовать его.)

Ты заставила меня беспокоиться. (Я беспокоился, тревожился о тебе. Ты заставила меня волноваться.)

Он заставил нас смеяться. (Мы смеялись из-за него. Он заставил нас смеяться.)

Конструкция have someone do something имеет следующее значение: обеспечить (побудить, попросить), чтобы кто-то выполнил какое-то действие. В разговорной речи может употребляться конструкция get someone to do something (значение: побудить, уговорить кого-то сделать что-то). Вы можете заменить эти конструкции более простыми конструкциями в своей речи.

Обеспечьте, чтобы он позвонил мне, пожалуйста. – Попросите его позвонить мне, пожалуйста.

Обеспечьте, чтобы Анита напечатала письма. – Скажите Аните напечатать письма.

Я побудил / уговорил его починить мой велосипед. – Я попросил / уговорил его починить мой велосипед.

Synonymy relates to the topic of semantics, which concerns the study of meaning in language. The term synonymy originates from the Greek words sún and onoma, which mean with and name.

The first sentence uses awful to describe the weather and the second uses terrible. Although both sentences use different words, they have the same meaning: bad. In other words, awful and terrible are synonyms of bad.

To test whether two words are synonyms (or synonymous), we can use a substitution method: if one word can be replaced by another without changing the meaning/sense of the sentence, the two words are synonyms. The opposite of synonymy is antonymy. Synonymy can be found across all parts of speech: in nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, etc.

Let’s put the synonyms into a sentence and use the substitution method:

1a. You have a big house.

1b. You have a large house.

By substituting big with large, we can keep the sentence’s meaning (the description of the house) in a similar degree/sense as the original sentence.

2a. He had a difficult decision to make.

2b. He had a hard decision to make.

The same as before, the substitution of difficult with hard does not change the sentence’s meaning (the description of the decision).

Synonymy in literature

Instead of repeating the word one kind, Lee chooses its synonym: alike, to relay a similar meaning to ‘very similar’. The same thing happens in the case of stayed shut up in the house and stay inside. Using synonymy, Lee enriches the prose by avoiding repetition while keeping the meaning similar in both cases.

Wake is a synonym of watch. Here, wake means ‘to stay awake to watch or tend’ (Oxford English Dictionary). Notice the slightly richer sense of see in watch compared to wake, yet the two words carry a similar meaning. By adopting synonymy, Shakespeare enhances the quality of the words he uses.

Absolute synonyms

With absolute synonyms, the meaning and function of the synonymous words are exactly the same. If you have a pair of absolutely synonymous words, you can substitute the words in every possible context (semantic, grammatical, sociolinguistic, etc.) with its synonym. This condition is very rare because, usually, two words that refer to the same meaning/object can’t co-exist. An example of an absolute synonym is airport and aerodrome. The former is what we commonly use nowadays, whereas the latter is an old-fashioned word.

Partial synonyms

Partial synonyms, on the other hand, occur when words have very closely related meanings. The meanings are not exactly the same, only partially, but close enough to relay the same message. Partial synonyms can differ in their collocation, register, and regional/social variation.

Have a look at these examples of partial synonyms:

1. We have a big problem.	Although gigantic is synonymous with big, the word combination of gigantic problem (1c) doesn’t sound natural. This is what’s called a collocation (a pairing of words with a high level of frequency).
a. We have a large problem.
b. We have a huge problem.
c. We have a gigantic problem.

2a. The tickets can only be bought online.	Generally, buy and purchase mean ‘to obtain something by paying money for it’ (Oxford Learner’s Dictionary). However, the two words differ in their register. Buy is considered a general term, whereas purchase is often used in a more formal context.
2 B. The tickets can only be purchased online.

3a. It’s been a very chilly autumn this year.	Both autumn and fall mean ‘the season of the year between summer and winter.’ But, autumn is Commonly used in British English, while fall is used in American English. They differ in regional/social variety.
3b. It’s been a very chilly fall this year.

Important to note: Homonym is a broader term for homophone (words that sound the same but have different meanings) and homograph (words that are spelt the same but have different meanings). Synonyms have similar meanings but homonyms have different meanings.

Even though the word wing is replaced with extension, we still get the same information about ‘a new section of the hospital is currently being constructed and it is for the maternity department’. The meaning of extension isn’t exactly the same as wing , but similar.

The same explanation can also be found here. We still get the same information about where my room is: on the west side of the building.

Polysemy — multiple meanings: wing — animal parts for flying & a section of a building.

The meaning of wing in this sentence refers to ‘a section of building’ and not ‘animal parts for flying’.

Synonymy vs. Polysemy

• In synonymy, you can substitute a word with its similar meaning and the sense/meaning of the sentence doesn’t change. A is similar to B .
• Synonyms are usually used as a means of avoiding word repetition. However, be careful of the slightly different meanings of synonymous words. Always be mindful of the context and valency of the sentence.
• Polysemy isn’t about word substitution. Because a single polysemic word has many meanings (A means B and C) , it can cause ambiguity. It is often used for wordplay or for creating “hidden” meanings.

Lexical
units may be classified by the criterion of semantic similarity and
semantic contrasts. Such lexemes are either synonyms or antonyms.
Synonyms
(Greek
‘same’ + ‘name’) are traditionally defined as words similar
or equivalent (identical) in meanings. This definition is open to
criticism and requires clarification. Synonymy, as D.N. Shmelyov puts
it, begins with total identity of word meanings of lexemes relating
to one and the same object, and passes through various gradations of
semantic affinity to expressing differences in lexical meanings, so
that it is difficult to decide whether the words similar in meanings
are synonyms or not.

Investigating
the problems of synonymy Yu.D.Apresyan considers that the objective
difficulties in analysing synonyms stem from the fact that the
existing criteria are not sufficient to distinguish synonyms [Апресян
1957: 85].

Linguists
point out two main criteria
of synonymy: 1) equivalence or similarity of meaning (e.g.
pleasure, delight, joy, enjoyment, merriment, hilarity, mirth);
2) interchangeability in a number of contexts, e.g. I’m
thankful (grateful) to
you.
It is a hard
(difficult)
problem.

However,
these criteria are not reliable enough for
distinguishing
synonyms. First of all it is not clear what degree of similarity is
sufficient to determine synonymy. Secondly, one should distinguish
both identity and similarity of referents and meanings. One and the
same referent might be identified by words which are not synonyms
(e.g. оne and the same person can be named mother,
wife,
daughter,
doctor,
etc).

It
should be noted concerning the criterion of interchangeability that
there is little number of lexemes interchangeable in all the
contexts. Words broad
and
wide
are very close in meaning, but they cannot substitute each other in a
number of contexts, e.g. in the contexts
broad daylight, broad accent the
substitution of
broad by
wide is
impossible.
It
is difficult to say how many interchangeable contexts are enough to
speak of synonymy.

L.M.
Vasilyev writes that synonyms are identified according to their
lexical meaning and all their denotational grammatical meanings
excluding syntactical meanings; synonyms might differ in other
components of their content: conceptual, expressive, stylistic
[Васильев
1967].

D.N.Shmelyov
gives the following definition of synonyms: “Synonyms may be
defined as words belonging to the same part of speech, their meanings
have identical components, and differing components of their meanings
steadily neutralize in certain positions, i.e. synonyms are words
which differ only in such components which are insignificant in
certain contexts of their usage” [Шмелев 1977: 196].

N.Webster’
definition is close to the previous one: “in the narrowest sense a
synonym may be defined as a word that affirms exactly the meaning of
a word with which it is synonymous… Words are considered to be
synonyms if in one or more of their senses they are interchangeable
without significant alteration of denotation but not necessarily
without shifts in peripheral aspects of meaning (as connotations and
implications)” [Webster, 1973].

It
is erroneous to speak of synonymy of words or lexemes as such, as
this part of the definition cannot be applied to polysemantic words.
Each meaning (LSV) of a polysemantic word has its own synonymic set,
for example, LSV1 of the word party
is synonymous with words gathering,
social, fun: ‘Are you coming to our party?’; LSV
2 is synonymous with group,
company, crowd: ‘A party of tourists saw the sights of London’;
LSV 3 is synonymous with block,
faction, body, organization: You don’t have to join a political
party to vote in an election.

Secondly,
if we take into account that lexical meaning falls into denotational
and connotational components, it follows that we cannot speak of
similarity or equivalence of these two components of meanings. It is
only the denotational component may be described as identical or
similar. If we analyse words that are considered synonyms, e.g. to
leave (neutral) and
to desert (formal or poetic) or
insane (formal) and
loony (informal), etc.,
we find that the connotational component or, to be more exact, the
stylistic reference of these words is entirely different and it is
only the similarity of the denotational meaning that makes them
synonymous. Taking into account the above-mentioned considerations
the compilers of the book “A Course in Modern English Lexicology”
R.S.Ginzburg and others formulate the definition of synonyms as
follows: “synonyms are words different in sound form but similar in
their denotational meaning or meanings and interchangeable at least
in some contexts [p.58].”

Differentiation
of synonyms may be observed in different semantic components —
denotational and connotational. Linguists (W.E.Collinson, D.Crystal,
Yu.D.Apresyan) point out differences in the denotational component,
e.g. one word has a more general meaning than another: to
refuse, to reject; differences
in the connotational component, e.g. one word is more emotional than
another: youth
and
youngster
are
both synonyms but youths are less pleasant than youngsters, or one
word is more intense than another, e.g. to
repudiate vs.
to
reject, one
word contains evaluative connotation: stringy,
niggard
(negative
– ‘mean, spending, using or giving unwillingly; miserly’) while
the other is neutral: economical,
thrifty. Differences
in connotational meaning also include stylistic differences: one word
is formal, e.g. parent
while
another is neutral father
or
informal dad;
there
may be a dialect difference: butcher
and
flesher
(Scots)
Synonyms
differ in collocation: rancid
and rotten
are
synonyms, but the former is used only of butter
or
bacon
while
the latter collocates with a great number of nouns, and frequency of
occurrence: turn
down is
more frequently used than refuse.

It
should be noted that the difference in denotational meaning cannot
exceed certain limits. There must be a certain common or integral
component of denotational meaning in a synonymic set. Componential
analysis of word meaning enables linguists to distinguish integral
and differential components of synonymous words. Differential
components show what synonyms differ in, if compared with one
another. For instance, synonyms: to
leave, to abandon, to desert, to forsake have
an integral component
‘to go away’.
The verb to
abandon is
marked by a differential component ‘not intending to return’, to
desert
(informal or poetic) means ‘leaving without help or support,
especially in a wrong or cruel way’, to
forsake presupposes
‘irrevocable breaking away from some place, people, habits, etc.,
severing all emotional and intellectual contacts’. There is a great
variety of differential components. They denote various properties,
qualities of nominated objects; they express positive and negative
evaluation.

Academician
V.V.Vinogradov worked out the follow classification
of synonyms which is based on differences between synonyms:

1)
ideographic
synonyms
which differ to some extent in the denotational meaning and
collocation, e.g. both to
understand and
to
realize refer
to the same notion but the former reflects a more concrete situation:
to
understand sb’s words
but to
realize one’s error.
Ideographic synonyms belong to one and the same, usually neutral
stylistic layer.

2)
stylistic
synonyms
— words similar or identical in meaning but referring to different
stylistic layers, e.g. to
expire
(formal)
— to die
(neutral)
— to kick the bucket
(informal, slang).

3)
absolute
(complete)
synonyms
are identical in meaning and interchangeable in all the contexts.
T.I.Arbekova gives the following examples of perfect synonyms: car
—
automobile, jail — gaol — prison, to begin — to start, to finish — to
end [Арбекова
1977: 22]. There is much controversy on the issue of existence of
absolute synonyms. The above and other examples seem to be complete
synonyms only at a first superficial glance. A more profound analysis
proves that such examples differ in certain connotations and
collocability. It is assumed that close to absolute synonyms are
terms, e.g. fricative
and
spirants
as
terms denoting one and the same type of consonants in phonology.
However this understanding is also open to criticism [Arnold 1973].

This
classification was subject to alterations and additions. Thus,
V.A.Zvegintsev considers that there are no non-stylistic synonyms,
but there are synonyms stylistically homogeneous (ideographic) and
stylistically heterogeneous (stylistic). According to this point of
view ideographic synonyms are pairs like excellent
— splendid and
stunning
— topping
(colloq. splendid, ravishing) because they are stylistically
homogeneous : the first pair are stylistically neutral synonyms,
while the second pair are stylistically coloured; if the above words
are put together into one synonymic set, they will be stylistic
synonyms.

V.A.Zvegintsev
considers that the synonymic set face
– countenance – mug – puss – smacker (cf.
Rus. лицо
– лик – морда – рыло – харя)
contains stylistic synonyms while the synonyms in the set mug
– puss – smacker (cf.
Rus.
морда – рыло – харя)
are ideographic, because the first set contains stylistically
heterogeneous lexemes while the second one includes stylistically
homogeneous lexemes [Звегинцев 1968]; it follows that one
and the same lexeme can be a stylistic synonym in one set of lexemes
(face
– mug)
and ideographic in another set (mug
– puss).

According
to the authors of “A Course in Modern English Lexicology”
R.S.
Ginzburg and others, V.V.Vinogradov’s classification cannot be
accepted “as synonymous words always differ in the denotational
component irrespective of the identity or difference of stylistic
reference”
[Ginzburg
1979:56-57 ]. For instance, though the verbs see
(neutral) and
behold (formal,
poetic) are usually treated as stylistic synonyms, there could be
also observed a marked difference in their denotational meanings. The
verb behold
suggests
only ‘looking at that which is seen’. The verb see
is
much wider in meaning.

Difference
of the connotational semantic component is invariably accompanied by
some difference of the denotational meaning of synonyms. Hence, it
would be more consistent to subdivide synonymous words into purely
ideographic
(denotational)
and ideographic-stylistic
synonyms.

Synonyms
are also subdivided into traditional
or language
synonyms and
contextual or
speech
synonyms.
Some words which are not traditionally considered synonyms acquire
similarity of meanings in certain contexts due to metaphoric or
metonymic transferences. In the sentence ‘She was
a chatterer, a magpie’
the italicized words are not traditional synonyms but the word magpie
in
this context becomes a synonym to the word chatterer
through a metaphoric transference: a
magpie-(fig)
person who chatters very much.
Also
in the sentence It
was so easy, so simple, so foolproof
words easy,
simple
are traditional language synonyms but
foolproof (tech.
‘so simple that it does not require special technical skills or
knowledge’) is their contextual
synonym.

There
is a special type of synonyms — euphemisms
(Greek
‘sound well’). They come into being for reasons of etiquette with
the purpose of substitution of vulgar, unpleasant, coarse words by
words with milder, more polite connotations. For instance, among
synonyms drunk,
merry, jolly, intoxicated the
last three words
are
euphemisms as they are less offensive than the first one. Euphemisms
in various languages are used to denote such notions as death,
madness, some physiological processes, diseases, crimes, etc.

Examples
of euphemistic synonyms to the verb
die
are:
breathe one’s last, be no more, be gathered to one’s fathers,
deep six, give up the ghost, get one’s ticket punched, go belly up,
go down the tube, go home in a box, go the way of all flesh, go to
one’s last account, go to one’s resting place, go to one’s
long home, go north, go west, go to the wall, head for the hearse,
head for the last roundup, join the (silent) majority, kick off, kick
the bucket, meet one’s maker, meet Mr. Jordan, pay the debt of
nature, pass beyond the veil, quit the scene, shuffle off this mortal
coil, take the ferry, take the last count, turn up one’s toes;
euphemistic
synonyms
to the word
mad: insane, mentally unstable, unbalanced, unhinged, not (quite)
right, not all there, off one’s mind (head, hinges, nut, rocker,
track, trolley), wrong(off) in the upper storey, having bats in one’s
belfry, cracked, cracked-up crackpot, crazy as a bedbug, cuckoo,
cutting out paper dolls, nobody home, lights on but nobody home,
nutty, just plain nuts, nutty as a fruitcake, out of one’s mind
(brain, skull, gourd, tree), loony, head (mental) case, mental
defective, gone ape, minus (missing) some buttons, one sandwich short
of picnic, belt doesn’t go through all the loops, section 8, etc;
euphemisms
synonymous to
lavatory: powder room, washroom, restroom, retiring room, (public)
comfort station, ladies’ (room), gentlemen’s (room),
water-closet, w.c., public conveniences, etc.;, euphemistic
synonyms to
pregnant: in an interesting condition, in a delicate condition, in
the family way, with a baby coming, (big) with child. Looking
through the above list of examples one can’t fail to notice that
euphemisms include items belonging to formal, neutral, informal
registers, even some jocular examples.

Оne
of the sources of euphemisms are religious taboos, i.e. as it is
forbidden to pronounce God’s name, the word God was substituted by
a phonetically similar one goodness:
for
goodness sake! Goodness gracious! Goodness knows!
To religious euphemisms also belong: Jove!
Good Lord! By Gum!
Тhere is also a taboo concerning the usage of the word devil
instead
of which deuce,
fiend, hellion, the Dickens, Old Nick ( Bendy, Blazes, Clootie, Dad,
Harry, Horny, Ned, Poker, Scratch, Gentleman, Gooseberry) are
used.

The
so-called political correctness “p.c.” has become the source of
euphemisms in recent years in the U.S.A. and Canada. It is considered
politically incorrect to use the word poor
instead of which
socially underprivileged
is used. One should not use words Negroes
or
blacks
but Afro-Americans
or Afro-Canadians,
not Red
Indians but
native
Americans. Instead
of invalids
one
should say special
needs people, pensioners turned
into senior
citizens, etc.

1. Synonyms
   constitute synonymic
   sets,
   which include a certain number of synonymous lexemes with a dominant
   word. A
   synonymic dominant is
   a word which represents the integral (invariant) meaning, i.e. the
   component of meaning common to all the lexemes of a particular
   synonymic set. Such words are usually stylistically neutral; they
   have high frequency of occurrence and mostly belong to native
   English words. The presentation of a synonymic set usually starts
   with a synonymic dominant: hate,
   loathe,
   detest, despise, abominate, abhor.
   While defining the word’s meaning we usually compare it with the
   synonymic dominant and only then with other synonyms, e.g. detest
   – hate
   strongly (ALD).
   

The
English language is very rich in synonyms. It can be partially
explained by intensive borrowing of words from many languages:
French, Latin, Greek and others. For instance in the synonymic set
with the dominant hate
only two lexemes hate
and
loathe
are native English words, others are borrowings from Latin and
French. Due to borrowings from these languages there appeared certain
synonymic patterns. For instance, a double-scale pattern, where one
of the synonyms is a native English word, and another is a Latin
borrowing: motherly-maternal,
fatherly — paternal, brotherly — fraternal, heavenly — celestial,
world -universe, etc.;
a triple-scale pattern, where one word is native English, the second
one is a French borrowing and the third is borrowed from Latin or
Greek: begin
— commence — initiate, end — finish — conclude, ask — question —
interrogate, etc.
In such patterns the first word is stylistically neutral and has a
high frequency of usage while others are more formal.

Соседние файлы в предмете [НЕСОРТИРОВАННОЕ]

• #
• #
• #
• #
• #
• #
• #
• #
• #
• #
• #