What is compound word in english

A compound is a word composed of more than one free morpheme.^[1] The English language, like many others, uses compounds frequently. English compounds may be classified in several ways, such as the word classes or the semantic relationship of their components.

History[edit]

English inherits the ability to form compounds from its parent the Proto-Indo-European language and expands on it.^[2] Close to two-thirds of the words in the Old English poem Beowulf are found to be compounds.^[3] Of all the types of word-formation in English, compounding is said to be the most productive.^[4]

Compound nouns[edit]

Most English compound nouns are noun phrases (i.e. nominal phrases) that include a noun modified by adjectives or noun adjuncts. Due to the English tendency toward conversion, the two classes are not always easily distinguished. Most English compound nouns that consist of more than two words can be constructed recursively by combining two words at a time. Combining «science» and «fiction», and then combining the resulting compound with «writer», for example, can construct the compound «science-fiction writer». Some compounds, such as salt and pepper or mother-of-pearl, cannot be constructed in this way, however.

Types of compound nouns[edit]

Native English compound[edit]

Since English is a mostly analytic language, unlike most other Germanic languages, it creates compounds by concatenating words without case markers. As in other Germanic languages, the compounds may be arbitrarily long.^[a] However, this is obscured by the fact that the written representation of long compounds always contains spaces. Short compounds may be written in three different forms, which do not correspond to different pronunciations, though:

• The spaced or open form consisting of newer combinations of usually longer words, such as «distance learning», «player piano», «ice cream».
• The hyphenated form in which two or more words are connected by a hyphen. Are often hyphenated:
  • Compounds that contain affixes: «house-build(er)» and «single-mind(ed)(ness)»,
  • Adjective–adjective compounds: «blue-green»,
  • Verb–verb compounds: «freeze-dried»,
  • Compounds that contain articles, prepositions or conjunctions: «rent-a-cop», «mother-of-pearl» and «salt-and-pepper».
• The solid or closed form in which two usually moderately short words appear together as one. Solid compounds most likely consist of short (monosyllabic) units that often have been established in the language for a long time. Examples are «housewife», «lawsuit», «wallpaper», «basketball».

Usage in the US and in the UK differs and often depends on the individual choice of the writer rather than on a hard-and-fast rule; therefore, spaced, hyphenated, and solid forms may be encountered for the same compound noun, such as the triplets place name/place-name/placename and particle board/particle-board/particleboard.

Examples by word class

Modifier	Head	Compound
noun	noun	football
adjective	noun	blackboard
verb	noun	breakwater
preposition	noun	underworld
noun	adjective	snow white
adjective	adjective	blue-green
verb	adverb	tumbledown
preposition	adjective	over-ripe
noun	verb	browbeat
adjective	verb	highlight
verb	verb	freeze-dry
preposition	verb	undercut
noun	preposition	love-in
adverb	preposition	forthwith
verb	adverb	takeout
preposition	adverb	without

Neo-classical compound[edit]

In addition to this native English compounding, there is the neo-classical type, which consists of words derived from Classical Latin, as horticulture, and those of Ancient Greek origin, such as photography, the components of which are in bound form (connected by connecting vowels, which are most often -i- and -o- in Classical Latin and Ancient Greek respectively) and cannot stand alone.^[5]

Analyzability (transparency)[edit]

In general, the meaning of a compound noun is a specialization of the meaning of its head. The modifier limits the meaning of the head. This is most obvious in descriptive compounds (known as karmadharaya compounds in the Sanskrit tradition), in which the modifier is used in an attributive or appositional manner. A blackboard is a particular kind of board, which is (generally) black, for instance.

In determinative compounds, however, the relationship is not attributive. For example, a footstool is not a particular type of stool that is like a foot. Rather, it is a stool for one’s foot or feet. (It can be used for sitting on, but that is not its primary purpose.) In a similar manner, an office manager is the manager of an office, an armchair is a chair with arms, and a raincoat is a coat against the rain. These relationships, which are expressed by prepositions in English, would be expressed by grammatical case in other languages. (Compounds of this type are known as tatpurusha in the Sanskrit tradition.)

Both of the above types of compounds are called endocentric compounds because the semantic head is contained within the compound itself—a blackboard is a type of board, for example, and a footstool is a type of stool.

However, in another common type of compound, the exocentric (known as a bahuvrihi compound in the Sanskrit tradition), the semantic head is not explicitly expressed. A redhead, for example, is not a kind of head, but is a person with red hair. Similarly, a blockhead is also not a head, but a person with a head that is as hard and unreceptive as a block (i.e. stupid). And a lionheart is not a type of heart, but a person with a heart like a lion (in its bravery, courage, fearlessness, etc.).

There is a general way to tell the two apart. In a compound «[X . Y]»:

• Can one substitute Y with a noun that is a Y, or a verb that does Y? This is an endocentric compound.
• Can one substitute Y with a noun that is with Y? This is an exocentric compound.

Exocentric compounds occur more often in adjectives than nouns. A V-8 car is a car with a V-8 engine rather than a car that is a V-8, and a twenty-five-dollar car is a car with a worth of $25, not a car that is $25. The compounds shown here are bare, but more commonly, a suffixal morpheme is added, such as -ed: a two-legged person is a person with two legs, and this is exocentric.

On the other hand, endocentric adjectives are also frequently formed, using the suffixal morphemes -ing or -er/or. A people-carrier is a clear endocentric determinative compound: it is a thing that is a carrier of people. The related adjective, car-carrying, is also endocentric: it refers to an object which is a carrying-thing (or equivalently, which does carry).

These types account for most compound nouns, but there are other, rarer types as well. Coordinative, copulative or dvandva compounds combine elements with a similar meaning, and the compound meaning may be a generalization instead of a specialization. Bosnia-Herzegovina, for example, is the combined area of Bosnia and Herzegovina, but a fighter-bomber is an aircraft that is both a fighter and a bomber. Iterative or amredita compounds repeat a single element, to express repetition or as an emphasis. Day by day and go-go are examples of this type of compound, which has more than one head.

Analyzability may be further limited by cranberry morphemes and semantic changes. For instance, the word butterfly, commonly thought to be a metathesis for flutter by, which the bugs do, is actually based on an old wives’ tale that butterflies are small witches that steal butter from window sills. Cranberry is a part translation from Low German, which is why we cannot recognize the element cran (from the Low German kraan or kroon, «crane»). The ladybird or ladybug was named after the Christian expression «our Lady, the Virgin Mary».

In the case of verb+noun compounds, the noun may be either the subject or the object of the verb. In playboy, for example, the noun is the subject of the verb (the boy plays), whereas it is the object in callgirl (someone calls the girl).

Sound patterns[edit]

Stress patterns may distinguish a compound word from a noun phrase consisting of the same component words. For example, a black board, adjective plus noun, is any board that is black, and has equal stress on both elements.^[b] The compound blackboard, on the other hand, though it may have started out historically as black board, now is stressed on only the first element, black.^[c] Thus a compound such as the White House normally has a falling intonation which a phrase such as a white house does not.^[d]

Compound modifiers[edit]

English compound modifiers are constructed in a very similar way to the compound noun. Blackboard Jungle, leftover ingredients, gunmetal sheen, and green monkey disease are only a few examples.

A compound modifier is a sequence of modifiers of a noun that function as a single unit. It consists of two or more words (adjectives, gerunds, or nouns) of which the left-hand component modifies the right-hand one, as in «the dark-green dress»: dark modifies the green that modifies dress.

Solid compound modifiers[edit]

There are some well-established permanent compound modifiers that have become solid over a longer period, especially in American usage: earsplitting, eyecatching, and downtown.

However, in British usage, these, apart from downtown, are more likely written with a hyphen: ear-splitting, eye-catching.

Other solid compound modifiers are for example:

• Numbers that are spelled out and have the suffix -fold added: «fifteenfold», «sixfold».
• Points of the compass: northwest, northwestern, northwesterly, northwestwards. In British usage, the hyphenated and open versions are more common: north-western, north-westerly, north west, north-westwards.

Hyphenated compound modifiers[edit]

Major style guides advise consulting a dictionary to determine whether a compound modifier should be hyphenated; the dictionary’s hyphenation should be followed even when the compound modifier follows a noun (that is, regardless of whether in attributive or predicative position), because they are permanent compounds^[6][7] (whereas the general rule with temporary compounds is that hyphens are omitted in the predicative position because they are used only when necessary to prevent misreading, which is usually only in the attributive position, and even there, only on a case-by-case basis).^[8][9]

Generally, a compound modifier is hyphenated if the hyphen helps the reader differentiate a compound modifier from two adjacent modifiers that modify the noun independently. Compare the following examples:

• «small appliance industry»: a small industry producing appliances
• «small-appliance industry»: an industry producing small appliances^[e]

The hyphen is unneeded when capitalization or italicization makes grouping clear:

• «old English scholar»: an old person who is English and a scholar, or an old scholar who studies English
• «Old English scholar»: a scholar of Old English.
• «De facto proceedings» (not «de-facto«)

If, however, there is no risk of ambiguities, it may be written without a hyphen: Sunday morning walk (a «walk on Sunday morning» is practically the same as a «morning walk on Sunday»).

Hyphenated compound modifiers may have been formed originally by an adjective preceding a noun, when this phrase in turn precedes another noun:

• «Round table» → «round-table discussion»
• «Blue sky» → «blue-sky law»
• «Red light» → «red-light district»
• «Four wheels» → «four-wheel drive» (historically, the singular or root is used, not the plural)

Others may have originated with a verb preceding an adjective or adverb:

• «Feel good» → «feel-good factor»
• «Buy now, pay later» → «buy-now pay-later purchase»

Yet others are created with an original verb preceding a preposition.

• «Stick on» → «stick-on label»
• «Walk on» → «walk-on part»
• «Stand by» → «stand-by fare»
• «Roll on, roll off» → «roll-on roll-off ferry»

The following compound modifiers are always hyphenated when they are not written as one word:

• An adjective preceding a noun to which —d or —ed has been added as a past-participle construction, used before a noun:
  • «loud-mouthed hooligan»
  • «middle-aged lady»
  • «rose-tinted glasses»
• A noun, adjective, or adverb preceding a present participle:
  • «an awe-inspiring personality»
  • «a long-lasting affair»
  • «a far-reaching decision»
• Numbers, whether or not spelled out, that precede a noun:^[e]
  • «seven-year itch»
  • «five-sided polygon»
  • «20th-century poem»
  • «30-piece band»
  • «tenth-storey window»
  • «a 20-year-old man» (as a compound modifier) and «the 20-year-old» (as a compound noun)—but «a man, who is 20 years old»
• A numeral with the affix -fold has a hyphen (15-fold), but when spelled out takes a solid construction (fifteenfold).
• Numbers, spelled out or not, with added -odd: sixteen-odd, 70-odd.
• Compound modifiers with high- or low-: «high-level discussion», «low-price markup».
• Colours in compounds:
  • «a dark-blue sweater»
  • «a reddish-orange dress».
• Fractions as modifiers are hyphenated: «two-thirds majority», but if numerator or denominator are already hyphenated, the fraction itself does not take a hyphen: «a thirty-three thousandth part». (Fractions used as nouns have no hyphens: «I ate two thirds of the pie.»)
• Comparatives and superlatives in compound adjectives also take hyphens:
  • «the highest-placed competitor»
  • «a shorter-term loan»
• However, a construction with most is not hyphenated:
  • «the most respected member».
• Compounds including two geographical modifiers:

• «Anglo-Indian»

But not

• «Central American», which refers to people from a specific geographical region
• «African American», as a hyphen is seen to disparage minority populations as a hyphenated ethnicity^[10]

The following compound modifiers are not normally hyphenated:

• Compound modifiers that are not hyphenated in the relevant dictionary^[6][7][9] or that are unambiguous without a hyphen.^[8]
• Where there is no risk of ambiguity:
  • «a Sunday morning walk»
• Left-hand components of a compound modifier that end in -ly and that modify right-hand components that are past participles (ending in —ed):
  • «a hotly disputed subject»
  • «a greatly improved scheme»
  • «a distantly related celebrity»
• Compound modifiers that include comparatives and superlatives with more, most, less or least:
  • «a more recent development»
  • «the most respected member»
  • «a less opportune moment»
  • «the least expected event»
• Ordinarily hyphenated compounds with intensive adverbs in front of adjectives:
  • «very much admired classicist»
  • «really well accepted proposal»

Using a group of compound nouns containing the same «head»[edit]

Special rules apply when multiple compound nouns with the same «head» are used together, often with a conjunction (and with hyphens and commas if they are needed).

• The third- and fourth-grade teachers met with the parents.
• Both full- and part-time employees will get raises this year.
• We don’t see many 3-, 4-, and 5-year-old children around here.

Compound verbs[edit]

modifier	head	examples
adverb	verb	overrate, underline, outrun
adverb	verb	downsize, upgrade
adjective	verb	whitewash, blacklist
adjective	noun	badmouth
noun	verb	browbeat, sidestep, manhandle
preposition	noun	out-Herod, outfox

A compound verb is usually composed of an adverb and a verb, although other combinations also exist. The term compound verb was first used in publication in Grattan and Gurrey’s Our Living Language (1925).

Some compound verbs are difficult to analyze morphologically because several derivations are plausible. Blacklist, for instance, might be analyzed as an adjective+verb compound, or as an adjective+noun compound that becomes a verb through zero derivation. Most compound verbs originally have the collective meaning of both components, but some of them later gain additional meanings that may supersede the original, emergent sense. Therefore, sometimes the resultant meanings are seemingly barely related to the original contributors.

Compound verbs composed of a noun and verb are comparatively rare, and the noun is generally not the direct object of the verb.

Examples of compound verbs following the pattern of indirect-object+verb include «hand wash» (e.g. «you wash it by hand» ~> «you handwash it«), and «breastfeed» (e.g. «she feeds the baby with/by/from her breast» ~> «she breastfeeds the baby«).

Examples of non-existent direct-object+verb compound verbs would be *»bread-bake» (e.g. «they bake bread» ~> *»they bread-bake«) and *»car-drive» (e.g. «they drive a car» ~> *»they car-drive«).

Note the example of a compound like «foxhunt«: although this matches the direct-object+verb pattern, it is not grammatically used in a sentence as a verb, but rather as a noun (e.g. «they’re hunting foxes tomorrow» ~> «they’re going on a foxhunt tomorrow«, but «not» *»they’re foxhunting tomorrow«).

Hyphenation[edit]

Compound verbs with single-syllable modifiers are often solid, or unhyphenated. Those with longer modifiers may originally be hyphenated, but as they became established, they became solid, e.g.

• overhang (English origin)
• counterattack (Latin origin)

There was a tendency in the 18th century to use hyphens excessively, that is, to hyphenate all previously established solid compound verbs. American English, however, has diminished the use of hyphens, while British English is more conservative.

Phrasal verbs[edit]

English syntax distinguishes between phrasal verbs and adverbial adjuncts. Consider the following sentences:

I held up my hand implies that I raised my hand.

I held up the negotiations implies that I delayed the negotiations.

I held up the bank to the highest standard implies that I demanded model behavior regarding the bank.

I held up the bank implies either (a) that I robbed the bank or (b) that I lifted upward a bank [either literally, as for a toy bank, or figuratively, as in putting a bank forward as an example of something (although usually then the sentence would end with … as an exemplar. or similar)].

Each of the foregoing sentences implies a contextually distinguishable meaning of the word, «up,» but the fourth sentence may differ syntactically, depending on whether it intends meaning (a) or (b). Specifically, the first three sentences render held up as a phrasal verb that expresses an idiomatic, figurative, or metaphorical sense that depends on the contextual meaning of the particle, «up.» The fourth sentence, however, ambiguously renders up either as (a) a particle that complements «held,» or as (b) an adverb that modifies «held.» The ambiguity is minimized by rewording and providing more context to the sentences under discussion:

I held my hand up implies that I raised my hand.

I held the negotiations up implies that I delayed the negotiations.

I held the bank up to the highest standard implies that I expect model behavior regarding the bank.

I held the bank up upstairs implies that I robbed the upstairs bank.

I held the bank up the stairs implies that I lifted a (toy) bank along an upstairs route.

Thus, the fifth sentence renders «up» as the head word of an adverbial prepositional phrase that modifies, the verb, held. The first four sentences remain phrasal verbs.

The Oxford English Grammar (ISBN 0-19-861250-8) distinguishes seven types of phrasal verbs in English:

• intransitive phrasal verbs (e.g. give in)
• transitive phrasal verbs (e.g. find out [discover])
• monotransitive prepositional verbs (e.g. look after [care for])
• doubly transitive prepositional verbs (e.g. blame [something] on [someone])
• copular prepositional verbs. (e.g. serve as)
• monotransitive phrasal-prepositional verbs (e.g. look up to [respect])
• doubly transitive phrasal-prepositional verbs (e.g. put [something] down to [someone] [attribute to])

English has a number of other kinds of compound verb idioms. There are compound verbs with two verbs (e.g. make do). These too can take idiomatic prepositions (e.g. get rid of). There are also idiomatic combinations of verb and adjective (e.g. come true, run amok) and verb and adverb (make sure), verb and fixed noun (e.g. go ape); and these, too, may have fixed idiomatic prepositions (e.g. take place on).

Misuses of the term[edit]

«Compound verb» is often confused with:

1. «verb phrase»/»verbal phrase»—Headed by a verb, many verbal phrases are multi-word but some are one-word: a verb (which could be a compound verb).
2. «phrasal verb»—A sub-type of verb phrase, which has a particle before or after the verb, often having a more or less idiomatic meaning.
3. «complex verb»—A type of complex phrase: In linguistics, while both «compound» and «complex» contrast with «simple», they are not synonymous (simple involves a single element, compound involves multiple similar elements, complex involves multiple dissimilar elements).

See also[edit]

• Metaphor
• Phrasal verb
• Portmanteau
• Syllabic abbreviations
• Morphology

Notes[edit]

References[edit]

Bibliography[edit]

Glossary of Grammatical and Rhetorical Terms

Updated on April 30, 2018

In morphology, a compound word is made up of two or more words that express a single idea and function as a single word.

The most common types of compound words in English are compound nouns (e.g., cheeseburger), compound adjectives («red-hot temper»), and compound verbs («waterproof the deck»).

The rules for spelling compound words are not consistent. Some compound words are written as a single word (eyeglasses), some as two (or more) hyphenated words (brother-in-law), and some as two (or more) separate words (soccer stadium).

Examples and Observations

• «As the car pulled into the parking lot, Kenny Dennard whipped a snowball right at the windshield.»
  (John Feinstein, Forever’s Team. Villard, 1989)
• On Sunday afternoons in the summer, my grandfather and I enjoyed eating hot dogs at the ballpark.
• «While we were waiting for our food, I played with my chopsticks. They make excellent drumsticks. I also told Dad all about this big baseball game we were going to play after school the next day.»
  (Dan Greenburg, Zack Files 13: The Misfortune Cookie. Turtleback, 1998)
• «He hid in a cave until the ship had left, only to find that his shipmates had taken pity on him, and left him a barrel of biscuits and a fire, which he kept alight for months. A year later a southbound ship stopped by.»
  (Simon Winchester, Outposts. Penguin, 2003)
• «A diary can take almost any form: written responses to a periodic e-mail reminder, a handwritten notebook, a narrated video, or photos with written commentary.»
  (Kim Goodwin, Designing for the Digital Age. Wiley, 2009)
• «In Aboriginal Australia all home building was do-it-yourself.»
  (Tony Dingle, «Necessity the Mother of Invention, or Do-It-Yourself.» A History of European Housing in Australia, ed. by Patrick Troy. Cambridge University Press, 2000)
• «I became a shop steward immediately and a trustee in 1936. . . . I became the local’s secretary-treasurer in 1946.»
  (Mary Callahan, quoted in Rocking the Boat: Union Women’s Voices, 1915-1975. Rutger’s University Press, 1996)
• «On a hot day, nothing beats walking into a nice, cool, air-conditioned home. Unfortunately, running your air conditioner is expensive and eats up energy.»
  (Eric Corey Freed, Green Building & Remodeling For Dummies. Wiley, 2008)
• Heads of Compound Words
  «One part of a compound word is usually clearly its head, in a general way able to represent the meaning of the whole compound. The heads of the various types of compound word are [in capital letters] in this list: bellBOY, spin-DRY, red HOT, inTO, and/OR. It can be seen that in English, the head of a compound word is always the last element, on the right-hand end. (This is not true of compound words in all languages, however.)»
  (James R. Hurford, Grammar: A Student’s Guide. Cambridge University Press, 1994)
• Dividing Compound Words
  «If you divide a compound word at the end of a line, place the hyphen between the elements of the compound (snow-mobile, not snowmo-bile).»
  (Laurie Kirszner and Stephen Mandell, The Concise Wadsworth Handbook, 2nd ed. Wadsworth, 2008)
• Metaphorical Compounds
  «Metaphors furnished with common household objects are figures of speech that we literally live with every day. Some of these comparisons are new, such as a couch potato, a phrase that compares lumpish watchers of television to lumpy potatoes: the longer couch potatoes sit, the deeper they put down their roots.»
  (Richard Lederer, The Play of Words. Simon & Schuster, 1990)
• Complex Compounds
  «It is possible to form a compound from two words one of which is itself a compound. For example, we can combine the compound law degree with the word requirement to get the complex compound law degree requirement. This compound can in turn be combined with changes to get law degree requirement changes, and so on. . . . [T]he process is essentially unlimited.»
  (Bruce Hayes. Introductory Phonology. Wiley, 2009)

Every word has its own meaning. You can search for the definition of every term in the dictionary. But do you know that you can put two words together and have a brand new meaning? Of course, not all words can be put together for such a case. However, many ones are already accepted in the English language. These words are called compound words.

What Are Compound Words?

Compound words are formed when two or more words are combined to produce a new one. This newly-constructed word has its own meaning that can either be related to the base words or not.

Types of Compound Words

Open Compound Words

Open compound words remain separate when written but are used together to create a new idea. For example, “peanut” and “butter” are unrelated to each other. But when you combine them and use them as one word, you will have “peanut butter,” which is already a different noun with its own meaning.

Closed Compound Words

Closed compound words are formed by combining two fully independent words together without space in between. An example of a closed-form compound word is “grandfather,” in which “grand” and “father” are put together.

Hyphenated Compound Words

Another possible form of a compound word is the hyphenated one. From the word itself, the independent terms used are separated by a hyphen or dash. A common example is “mother-in-law.”

Compound Nouns

Compound nouns are simply compound words that act as nouns. Nouns are names of people, animals, places, things, or events. However, it does not mean that the two words comprising it should only be nouns. A compound noun can be formed by combining two nouns, an adjective and a noun, a verb and a noun, and many more.

Compound Verbs

A compound verb is also called a complex predicate. It is a multi-word compound that acts as a single verb. It can be constructed by putting together a verb and a preposition or a verb and an adverb (phrasal verbs). Auxiliary verbs that are followed by the main verb can also be considered compounds. Some other combinations that involve a verb and a non-verb word can also be considered compound verbs if they indicate action.

Compound Adjectives

Two or more words that function as one and describe a noun are called compound adjectives. Usually, they are separated by a hyphen.

List of Compound Words

Open Compound Words

• Ice cream
• Ice cream cake
• Ice cube
• Cream cheese
• Hot dog
• Corn dog
• Corned beef
• Apple pie
• Sugar plum
• Web page
• Table cloth
• Fire drill
• Fire drill
• Fire exit
• High school
• Roller coaster
• Living room
• First aid
• Full moon
• Tea cup
• Serving spoon
• Real estate
• Car pool
• Cotton bud
• Cotton ball
• Video game
• Coffee grain
• Coffee mug
• Post office
• Upper deck
• Hand towel
• Sweet tooth
• Common sense
• Dance hall
• Police officer
• Vice president
• Science fiction
• Root word
• Candy cane
• Christmas tree
• Cell membrane
• Jumping jack
• Report card
• Credit card
• Debit card
• Radio wave
• Snack house
• Coffee shop
• Bus stop
• Swimming pool
• Rubber band
• Ice hockey
• Ice skate
• Break up
• Take away
• Take out
• Break away
• Lift up
• Push down
• Pull down
• Ask out
• Ask around
• Make up
• Turn in
• Fill up
• Fill out
• Fill in

Closed Compound Words

• Basketball
• Football
• Baseball
• Worldwide
• Overpass
• Southeast
• Northeast
• Northwest
• Southwest
• Bushfire
• Mailbox
• Snowball
• Skateboard
• Sailboat
• Birthday
• Blackboard
• Everything
• Anything
• Anyone
• Everyone
• Classmate
• Schoolmate
• Playmate
• Grandmother
• Grandfather
• Granddaughter
• Grandson
• Grasshopper
• Sunflower
• Sunrise
• Sunshine
• Moonlight
• Freelance
• Eyeball
• Eyebrow
• Eyelash
• Armpit
• Playground
• Teamwork
• Stoplight
• Flashlight
• Lighthouse
• Fireman
• Rainbow
• Raindrop
• Bedroom
• Popcorn
• Keyboard
• Notepad
• Keyhole
• Keystone
• Pothole
• Bowtie
• Necktie
• Brainwash
• Proofread
• Babysit
• Horseshoe
• Highlight
• Notebook
• Bookstore
• Lipstick
• Makeup
• Toothpaste
• Toothbrush
• Airbrush
• Crosswalk
• Crossroad
• Crossover
• Nightfall
• Riverbank
• Nutcracker
• Candlelight
• Backstroke
• Hamburger
• Cheeseburger
• Sandwich
• Homesick
• Uptown
• Rattlesnake
• Workplace
• Wrongdoing
• Springtime
• Underdog
• Strawberry
• Blueberry
• Watermelon
• Pineapple
• Cupcake

Hyphenated Compound Words

• Mother-in-law
• Father-in-law
• Sister-in-law
• Brother-in-law
• Sergeant-at-arms
• Merry-go-round
• Happy-go-lucky
• Editor-in-chief
• Over-the-counter
• Up-to-date
• State-of-the-art
• Long-term
• High-speed
• Left-handed
• Right-handed
• In-depth
• Full-length
• Part-time
• Long-haired
• Sun-dried
• Breath-taking
• Self-centered
• Well-off
• Well-known
• Gift-wrap
• Follow-up
• Well-being
• Single-minded
• Knee-length
• Short-tempered
• Off-site
• Runner-up
• One-sided
• Tip-off
• Blush-on
• Sugar-free
• Ice-cold
• Far-flung
• High-rise
• Life-size
• King-size
• Warm-blooded
• Cold-blooded
• Get-together
• Next-door

A Huge List of Compound Words

Following is a list of 1000 close compound words in English

• Aboveboard
• Afterbirth
• Afterburner
• Afterglow
• Afterimage
• Afterlife
• Aftermath
• Afternoon
• Airbrush
• Aircraft
• Airfield
• Airlift
• Airline
• Airliner
• Airmail
• Airman
• Airmen
• Airplane
• Airport
• Airship
• Airtime
• Allover
• Allspice
• Alongside
• Also
• Another
• Anybody
• Anyhow
• Anymore
• Anyone
• Anyplace
• Anything
• Anytime
• Anyway
• Anywhere
• Armchair
• Armpit
• Around
• Arrowhead
• Ashtray
• Authorship
• Babysit
• Babysitter
• Backache
• Backbite
• Backbone
• Backbreaker
• Backdrop
• Backfield
• Backfire
• Background
• Backhand
• Backlash
• Backlog
• Backpack
• Backside
• Backslap
• Backslide
• Backspace
• Backspin
• Backstage
• Backstop
• Backstretch
• Backstroke
• Backtrack
• Backward
• Ballpark
• Ballroom
• Bankbook
• Bankroll
• Baseball
• Basketball
• Beachcomb
• Became
• Because
• Become
• Bedbug
• Bedclothes
• Bedrock
• Bedroll
• Bedroom
• Bellbottom
• Bellboy
• Bellhop
• Below
• Birthday
• Blackball
• Blackberries
• Blackbird
• Blackboard
• Blackjack
• Blacklist
• Blackmail
• Blackout
• Blacksmith
• Blacktop
• Bluebell
• Blueberry
• Bluebird
• Bluefish
• Bluegrass
• Blueprint
• Boardwalk
• Bodyguard
• Bodywork
• Boldface
• Bookbinder
• Bookcase
• Bookend
• Bookkeeper
• Booklet
• Bookmark
• Bookmobile
• Bookseller
• Bookshelf
• Bookstore
• Bookworm
• Bootstrap
• Bowtie
• Brainchild
• Brainstorm
• Brainwash
• Bugspray
• Bushfire
• Buttercup
• Butterfat
• Butterfingers
• Butterflies
• Buttermilk
• Butternut
• Butterscotch
• Bypass
• Cabdriver
• Cancan
• Candid
• Candlelight
• Candlestick
• Cannot
• Cardboard
• Cardsharp
• Cardstock
• Carefree
• Caretaker
• Careworn
• Carfare
• Cargo
• Carhop
• Carload
• Carpetbagger
• Carpool
• Carport
• Carrack
• Carryall
• Carsick
• Cartwheel
• Carwash
• Cattail
• Catwalk
• Caveman
• Centercut
• Cheeseburger
• Cheesecake
• Classmate
• Clockwise
• Coffeemaker
• Comeback
• Comedown
• Commonplace
• Commonwealth
• Cornball
• Cornmeal
• Cornstalk
• Cornwall
• Cottonmouth
• Cottontail
• Cottonwood
• Countdown
• Counterattack
• Counterbalance
• Counterclockwise
• Counterintelligence
• Countermeasure
• Counteroffensive
• Counterpane
• Counterpart
• Counterpoint
• Counterpoise
• Courthouse
• Courtroom
• Courtyard
• Crewcut
• Crossbow
• Crossbreed
• Crosscut
• Crossover
• Crossroad
• Crosstown
• Crosswalk
• Crossword
• Cupcake
• Dairymaid
• Daisywheel
• Daybed
• Daybook
• Daybreak
• Daydream
• Daylight
• Daytime
• Deadend
• Deadline
• Dishcloth
• Dishpan
• Dishwasher
• Dishwater
• Diskdrive
• Dogwood
• Doorstop
• Downbeat
• Downunder
• Drawbridge
• Driveway
• Duckbill
• Duckpin
• Earache
• Eardrop
• Eardrum
• Earring
• Earthbound
• Earthquake
• Earthward
• Earthworm
• Egghead
• Eggshell
• Elsewhere
• Everyone
• Everything
• Eyeball
• Eyeballs
• Eyebrow
• Eyecatching
• Eye-catching
• Eyeglasses
• Eyelash
• Eyelid
• Eyesight
• Eyewitness
• Fatherland
• Fatherless
• Firearm
• Fireball
• Fireboat
• Firebomb
• Firebox
• Firebreak
• Firecracker
• Firefighter
• Fireflies
• Firehouse
• Fireman
• Fireproof
• Firewater
• Fireworks
• Fishbowl
• Fisherman
• Fisheye
• Fishhook
• Fishlike
• Fishmonger
• Fishnet
• Fishpond
• Fishtail
• Flashlight
• Football
• Foothill
• Foothold
• Footlights
• Footlocker
• Footnote
• Footpath
• Footprints
• Footrest
• Forbearer
• Forbid
• Forearm
• Forebear
• Forecast
• Forecastle
• Foreclose
• Foreclosure
• Foredoom
• Forefather
• Forefinger
• Forefront
• Forehand
• Forehead
• Foreleg
• Foreman
• Foremost
• Forepaws
• Forerunner
• Foresee
• Foresight
• Forestall
• Forestland
• Forever
• Forget
• Forgive
• Forklift
• Format
• Fortnight
• Freelance
• Friendship
• Fruitcup
• Gearshift
• Glassmaking
• Goodbye
• Goodnight
• Grandaunt
• Grandchild
• Grandchildren
• Granddaughter
• Grandfather
• Grandmaster
• Grandmother
• Grandnephew
• Grandnieces
• Grandparent
• Grandson
• Grandstand
• Granduncle
• Grasshopper
• Graveyard
• Gumball
• Haircut
• Hamburger
• Hammerhead
• Hamstring
• Handball
• Handbook
• Handcuff
• Handgun
• Handmade
• Handout
• Headache
• Headdress
• Headhunter
• Headlight
• Headline
• Headquarters
• Hedgehop
• Heirloom
• Hellcat
• Hellhole
• Helpmate
• Helpmeet
• Hemstitch
• Henceforth
• Henchman
• Henpeck
• Hereabout
• Hereafter
• Hereby
• Herein
• Hereof
• Hereupon
• Herself
• Highball
• Highchair
• Highland
• Highlight
• Highway
• Himself
• Homemade
• Homesick
• Hometown
• Honeybee
• Honeycomb
• Honeydew
• Honeymoon
• Honeysuckle
• Hookup
• Hookworm
• Horseback
• Horsefly
• Horsehair
• Horseplay
• Horsepower
• Horseradish
• Horseshoe
• Houseboat
• Housecoat
• Household
• Housekeeper
• Housetop
• Housewife
• Housework
• However
• Ideal
• Inchworm
• Income
• Indoors
• Inflow
• Infold
• Infuse
• Infusion
• Inhale
• Inkblot
• Inkwell
• Inland
• Inmate
• Inpatient
• Inroad
• Inset
• Inside
• Intake
• Ironwork
• Itself
• Jackpot
• Jackson
• Jailbait
• Jailbird
• Jawbone
• Jawbreaker
• Jaywalk
• Jellybean
• Jellyfish
• Jerkwater
• Jerrybuild
• Jetliner
• Jetport
• Jigsaw
• Jimsonweed
• Jitterbug
• Jobholder
• Johnnycake
• Jumpshot
• Keepsake
• Keyboard
• Keyhole
• Keynote
• Keypad
• Keypunch
• Keystone
• Keystroke
• Keyway
• Keyword
• Landmark
• Landslide
• Landward
• Lapland
• Lapwing
• Larkspur
• Laughingstock
• Lawgiver
• Lawmaker
• Lawsuit
• Layman
• Layoff
• Layout
• Layover
• Leapfrog
• Lifeblood
• Lifeboat
• Lifeguard
• Lifelike
• Lifeline
• Lifelong
• Lifesaver
• Lifetime
• Lifework
• Lighthouse
• Limelight
• Limestone
• Lipstick
• Longhand
• Longhorn
• Longhouse
• Lukewarm
• Mailbox
• Mainland
• Mainline
• Mainspring
• Mainstream
• Makeup
• Matchbox
• Meadowland
• Meantime
• Meanwhile
• Moonbeam
• Moonlight
• Moonlit
• Moonscape
• Moonshine
• Moonstone
• Moonstruck
• Moonwalk
• Moreover
• Mothball
• Motherhood
• Motorcycle
• Nearby
• Necktie
• Nevermore
• Newborn
• Newfound
• Newsboy
• Newsbreak
• Newscast
• Newscaster
• Newsdealer
• Newsletter
• Newsman
• Newsmen
• Newspaper
• Newsperson
• Newsprint
• Newsreel
• Newsroom
• Newsstand
• Newsworthy
• Nightfall
• Nobody
• Noisemaker
• Northeast
• Northwest
• Notebook
• Notepad
• Noteworthy
• Nowhere
• Nursemaid
• Nutcracker
• Oneself
• Onetime
• Overabundance
• Overboard
• Overcoat
• Overflow
• Overland
• Overpass
• Overshoes
• Pacemaker
• Pancake
• Parkway
• Passbook
• Passkey
• Passover
• Passport
• Password
• Pasteboard
• Patchwork
• Pathfinder
• Pathway
• Pawnbroker
• Pawnshop
• Paycheck
• Payload
• Paymaster
• Payoff
• Payroll
• Peppermint
• Pickup
• Pineapple
• Pinhole
• Pinpoint
• Pinstripe
• Pinup
• Pinwheel
• Playback
• Playboy
• Playground
• Playhouse
• Playmate
• Playthings
• Ponytail
• Popcorn
• Postcard
• Pothole
• Proofread
• Racquetball
• Railroad
• Railway
• Rainbow
• Raincheck
• Raincoat
• Raindrop
• Rainfall
• Rainmaker
• Rainstorm
• Rainwater
• Ratline
• Ratsbane
• Rattlesnake
• Rattletrap
• Rawboned
• Rawhide
• Readywitted
• Rearmost
• Rearrange
• Rearward
• Redcap
• Redcoat
• Reddish
• Redhead
• Repairman
• Riverbank
• Riverbanks
• Rubberband
• Sailboat
• Salesclerk
• Sandbox
• Sandlot
• Sandstone
• Sandwich
• Saucepan
• Scapegoat
• Scarecrow
• Schoolbook
• Schoolboy
• Schoolbus
• Schoolhouse
• Schoolmate
• Schoolroom
• Schoolwork
• Seashore
• Setback
• Setoff
• Shadyside
• Sharecropper
• Sharpshooter
• Sheepskin
• Shipbottom
• Shipbuilder
• Shipload
• Shipwreck
• Shipyard
• Shoelace
• Shoemaker
• Shopkeeper
• Shortbread
• Shortcake
• Shotgun
• Showboat
• Showoff
• Showplace
• Showroom
• Sideburns
• Sidecar
• Sidekick
• Sideshow
• Sidewalk
• Silversmith
• Sisterhood
• Sixfold
• Skateboard
• Skintight
• Skylark
• Skylight
• Skyscraper
• Slapstick
• Slowdown
• Slumlord
• Snakeskin
• Snowball
• Snowbank
• Snowbird
• Snowdrift
• Snowshoe
• Snowshovel
• Snowstorm
• Soapstone
• Softball
• Software
• Somebody
• Someday
• Somehow
• Someone
• Someplace
• Something
• Sometime
• Sometimes
• Someway
• Somewhat
• Somewhere
• Soundproof
• Southeast
• Southwest
• Soybean
• Spacesuit
• Spacewalk
• Spearmint
• Speedboat
• Spillway
• Spokesperson
• Springtime
• Stagehand
• Standby
• Standoff
• Standout
• Standpipe
• Standpoint
• Standstill
• Starfish
• Steamboat
• Steamship
• Stepson
• Stickup
• Stockroom
• Stonewall
• Stoplight
• Stopwatch
• Storerooms
• Strawberry
• Streetcar
• Stronghold
• Subway
• Sunbaked
• Sunbathe
• Sunday
• Sundial
• Sundown
• Sunfish
• Sunflower
• Sunglasses
• Sunlit
• Sunray
• Sunrise
• Sunroof
• Sunshine
• Suntan
• Sunup
• Supercargo
• Supercharge
• Supercool
• Superego
• Superfine
• Supergiant
• Superhero
• Superhighways
• Superhuman
• Superimpose
• Superman
• Supermarket
• Supermen
• Supernatural
• Superpower
• Superscript
• Supersensitive
• Supersonic
• Superstar
• Superstrong
• Superstructure
• Supertanker
• Superweapon
• Superwoman
• Sweetheart
• Sweetmeat
• Tablecloth
• Tablespoon
• Tabletop
• Tableware
• Tadpole
• Tagalong
• Tailbone
• Tailcoat
• Tailgate
• Taillight
• Taillike
• Tailpiece
• Tailspin
• Takeoff
• Takeout
• Takeover
• Talebearer
• Taleteller
• Tapeworm
• Taproom
• Taproot
• Target
• Taskmaster
• Tattletale
• Taxicab
• Taxpayer
• Teacup
• Teammate
• Teamwork
• Teapot
• Teardrop
• Teaspoon
• Teenager
• Telltale
• Tenderfoot
• Tenderhearted
• Tenderloin
• Tenfold
• Textbook
• Themselves
• Therefore
• Throwaway
• Throwback
• Thunderbird
• Thunderbolt
• Thundershower
• Thunderstorm
• Timekeeper
• Timepieces
• Timesaving
• Timeshare
• Timetable
• Today
• Together
• Toolbox
• Toothbrush
• Toothpaste
• Toothpick
• Touchdown
• Township
• Turnabout
• Turnaround
• Turnbuckle
• Turncoat
• Turndown
• Turnkey
• Turnoff
• Turnover
• Turntable
• Typewriter
• Underachieve
• Underact
• Underage
• Underarm
• Underbelly
• Underbid
• Undercharge
• Underclothes
• Undercover
• Undercurrent
• Undercut
• Underdevelop
• Underdog
• Underesimate
• Underestimate
• Underexpose
• Underfeed
• Underfinance
• Underfoot
• Underfur
• Undergarment
• Undergird
• Undergo
• Undergraduate
• Underground
• Undergrowth
• Underhand
• Underhanded
• Underlayer
• Underlie
• Upbeat
• Upbringing
• Upcoming
• Update
• Updraft
• Upend
• Upgrade
• Upheaval
• Upheld
• Uphill
• Uphold
• Upkeep
• Upland
• Uplift
• Uplink
• Upload
• Upmarket
• Upon
• Uppercase
• Upperclassman
• Uppercut
• Uppermost
• Upright
• Uprising
• Upriver
• Uproar
• Uproot
• Upset
• Upshot
• Upside
• Upstage
• Upstairs
• Upstanding
• Upstart
• Upstate
• Upstream
• Upsurge
• Upswing
• Uptake
• Upthrust
• Uptight
• Uptime
• Uptown
• Upturn
• Upward
• Upwind
• Waistband
• Waistcoat
• Waistline
• Walkout
• Walkways
• Wallboard
• Walleyed
• Wallflower
• Wallpaper
• Wanderlust
• Wardroom
• Warehouse
• Warfare
• Warhead
• Warlike
• Warlord
• Warmblooded
• Warmhearted
• Warmonger
• Warpath
• Warplanes
• Warship
• Wartime
• Washboard
• Washbowl
• Washcloth
• Washout
• Washroom
• Washstand
• Washtub
• Wastebasket
• Wasteland
• Wastepaper
• Wastewater
• Watchband
• Watchcase
• Watchdog
• Watchmaker
• Watchman
• Watchtower
• Watchword
• Watercolor
• Watercooler
• Watercraft
• Waterfall
• Waterfowl
• Waterfront
• Waterline
• Waterlog
• Watermark
• Watermelon
• Waterpower
• Waterproof
• Waterscape
• Watershead
• Waterside
• Waterspout
• Watertight
• Waterway
• Waterwheel
• Waterworks
• Wavelength
• Wavelike
• Waxwork
• Waybill
• Wayfarer
• Waylaid
• Wayside
• Wayward
• Weathercock
• Weatherman
• Weatherproof
• Weekday
• Weekend
• Weeknight
• Whatever
• Whatsoever
• Wheelbarrow
• Wheelbase
• Wheelchair
• Wheelhouse
• Whitecap
• Whitefish
• Whitewall
• Whitewash
• Widespread
• Wipeout
• Without
• Woodshop
• Workplace
• Worldwide
• Wrongdoing

Compound Words | Images

Scientists are big into molecular compounds, and there is something kind of magical about them. You can start with a couple of atoms of hydrogen, add another atom of oxygen, and bada bing: water. Two distinct elements come together to create something entirely different.

It’s exactly the same with words. Well, maybe not exactly the same, but English is such a flexible, creative language that it’s filled with compound words—and new ones are popping up all the time to suit our ever-changing world. Some useful compound words recently added to Merriam-Webster are clickbait, photobomb, binge-watch, humblebrag, and spit-take.

So what is a compound word? How do you know whether it should be a closed compound, a hyphenated compound, or an open compound? What about compound sentences? We’ll look at all of these in this post.
 

When two (or occasionally, three) words work together to express a single idea, that’s a compound word. Compound words can be open, closed, or hyphenated, and they can function as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs. English is full of preexisting compound words—or you can make up your own to suit the situation.

No one at the Star Trek convention really appreciated my Klingon-librarian costume.

The lung-collapsing dead-flower stench of my aunt Penelope’s perfume was headache-inducingly strong.

What is an open compound word?

An open compound word is two separate words (without even a hyphen to link them) functioning as a single idea.

When we were in high school, we regularly ate French fries, hot dogs, and ice cream with peanut butter as an afterschool snack.

What is a hyphenated compound word?

A hyphenated compound word is a term composed of two (or more) words connected by a hyphen. Like other compound words, a hyphenated compound can be a noun, adjective, or adverb.

The gun-toting, card-carrying FBI agent hid her angst well.

What is a closed compound word?

A closed compound word is a single word constructed of two or more other words. Most closed compound words were once open or hyphenated, but continued use solidified them—made them a single unit. Today’s open or hyphenated compounds are tomorrow’s closed compounds.

The moonlight coming through my bedroom window is so bright it outshines my flashlight.

Every afternoon, she wrote another story in her notebook; my favorite is the one about the starfish who loved rainbows and strawberries.

How do you know whether a compound word is open, hyphenated, or closed?

There’s really no trick to this! You look it up in a dictionary (like Merriam-Webster). Compound words evolve over time, so what was once black-bird is now blackbird, and what was once a web site is now almost always a website.

Don’t worry if you find dictionaries contradicting each other! Not every dictionary agrees on which compounds are open, hyphenated, or closed. Some offer health care and voice mail, for example, as two words, but others hyphenate or close those same compounds. In such cases, you’re free to use the spelling you prefer, except if you’re supposed to be following a particular style guide.

For example, the Chicago Manual of Style (CMoS) says that when a compound modifier comes before a noun, it’s never wrong to hyphenate it, since it can aid readability.

The seventy-year-old professor despaired for the dull-witted students in her late-afternoon class.

But (Chicago goes on to say) when compound modifiers follow the noun, leave them unhyphenated (even if they’re hyphenated in the dictionary).

The professor, who was almost seventy years old, couldn’t understand why her students were so dull witted by late afternoon.

What is a compound noun?

Compound words can be nouns, adjectives, adverbs—and even verbs (like pole-vault or double-click). In each case, they can be open, hyphenated, or closed. Compound nouns are perhaps the most common type of compound word. Here are some examples of compound nouns (some closed, some open, some hyphenated).

Susan’s grandmother, my mother-in-law, had a skylight above the bookcase in her living room that let in rainwater.

Watch out for the sometimes-unusual plurals of hyphenated compound nouns.

The workmen fixing the two merry-go-rounds in the local park typically catcalled all passersby, but they stopped once our attorneys-at-law sent them a warning.

What is a compound name?

A compound name is essentially a compound proper noun—a multiword term (often an open compound, though not always) that names a single entity.

Like Popeye, Black Panther gets at least some of his powers from eating his greens—in his case, the heart-shaped herb. But I bet Superman liked Cheez-Its better.

What’s important here is that these proper nouns are always preexisting compounds, so if you’re turning an open compound name into part of a compound modifier (see more about compound adjectives and adverbs below), you’ll need to use an en dash rather than a hyphen.

My new World War I–era cloche didn’t really go with anything in my New York–style wardrobe, so naturally I had to go shopping.

 

 

What is a compound adjective?

A compound adjective is a single adjective made up of more than one word—and it’s often a compound noun (or even compound name) being used to modify another noun. According to CMoS, it’s never wrong to hyphenate multiword adjectives when they precede a noun, even if they’re familiar open compounds like high school.

High-school students often have more brain-draining homework than college students.

My silly-voiced sister found her calling in advertising.

When a compound name functions as an adjective, there’s no need for a hyphen.

Penny was thrilled to win Dolly Parton tickets.

The Los Angeles weather is typically hot and sunny.

As touched on above, when a compound adjective follows a noun, the hyphen is usually not necessary.

Georgia is a well-read academic.

Georgia is well read.

I found a useful list of low-calorie cocktails.

I found a useful list of cocktails, all of them low calorie.

Remember that compound adjectives made from an adverb ending in –ly plus an adjective are never hyphenated. The -ly is enough of a signal that what follows is meant to be read together with the preceding word.

Sarah’s short-tempered grandfather griped about her recital, calling it a really dull concert.

Sarah’s grandfather, always short tempered, griped about her recital, describing it as really dull.

What is a compound adverb?

A compound adverb looks like a single word but (closely examined) is actually made up of two or more words working together to function as a single adverb. They’re often rather old fashioned, and they can sound stuffy and pompous so are best used sparingly: notwithstanding, nevertheless, heretofore, albeit, and so on.

Phrasal adverbs are very similar to compound adverbs, and they’re rather more useful.

I scattered rose petals here and there.

The newly married couple walked arm in arm.

Joseph goes running every day.

What is a compound sentence?

And here’s the bonus section (because the last thing we want to do is compound anyone’s confusion about compounds)!

Compound sentences are grammatically unrelated to compound words, but that still doesn’t answer the key question: What is a compound sentence? A compound sentence is when two or more independent clauses, each with its own subject and verb plus attendant objects and phrases, are joined with a coordinating conjunction (one of the FANBOYS: for, and, nor but, or, yet, so). Here, the key thing to remember is to always include a comma after the first independent clause and before the conjunction.

I read this blog post about compound words, but they didn’t explain about compound sentences, so I had to keep on searching.

My son’s story about the strawberry-loving starfish was really cute, so I sent it to my sister, and she loved it too.

Word-composition
(compounding)
is the formation of words by morphologically joining two or more
stems.

A
compound
word
is a word consisting of at least two stems which usually occur in the
language as free forms, e.g. university
teaching award committee member.

The
compound inherits
most of its semantic and syntactic information from its head,
i.e. the most important member of a compound word modified by the
other component.

The
structural
pattern
of English compounds

[
X Y]
y

X
= {root, word, phrase},
Y
= {root, word},
y
= grammatical properties inherited from Y

According
to the
type
of the linking element:

compounds
without
a linking element, e.g. toothache,
bedroom, sweet-heart;

compounds
with a
vowel linking element,
e.g. handicraft,
speedometer;

compounds
with a
consonant linking element,
e.g. statesperson,
craftsman;

compounds
with a
preposition linking stem,
e.g. son-in-law,
lady-in-waiting;

compounds
with a
conjunction linking stem,
e.g. bread-and-butter.

According
to the
type
of relationship
between the components

-in
coordinative
(copulative)
compounds neither of the components dominates the other, e.g.
fifty-fifty,
whisky-and-soda, driver-conductor;

-in
subordinative
(determinative)
compounds the components are neither structurally nor semantically
equal in importance but are based on the domination of one component
over the other, e.g. coffeepot,
Oxford-educated, to headhunt,
blue-eyed,
red-haired
etc.

According
to the
type
of relationship
between the components, subordinative compounds are classified into:

-syntactic
compounds
if their components are placed in the order that resembles the order
of words in free phrases made up according to the rules of Modern
English syntax, e.g. a
know-nothing
— to know nothing, a
blackbird
– a black bird;

-asyntactic
compounds
if they do not conform to the grammatical patterns current in
present-day English, e.g. baby-sitting
– to sit with a baby, oil-rich
– to be rich in oil.

According
to the
way of composition:

—compound
proper
is a compound formed after a composition pattern, i.e. by joining
together the stems of words already available in the language, with
or without the help of special linking elements, e.g. seasick,
looking-glass, helicopter-rescued, handicraft;

-derivational
compound is
a compound which is formed by two simultaneous processes of
composition and derivation; in a derivational compound the structural
integrity of two free stems is ensured by a suffix referring to the
combination as a whole, e.g. long-legged,
many-sided, old-timer, left-hander.

According
to the
semantic relations
between the constituents:

non-idiomatic
compounds,
whose meanings can be described as the sum of their constituent
meanings, e.g. a
sleeping-car, an evening-gown, a snowfall;

compounds
one of the components of which has undergone semantic derivation,
i.e. changed its meaning, e.g. a
blackboard,
a
bluebell;

idiomatic
compounds,
the meaning of which cannot be deduced from the meanings of the
constituents, e.g. a
ladybird,
a
tallboy,
horse-marine.
The
bahuvrihi compounds
(Sanskrit ‘much riced’) are idomatic formations in which a
person, animal or thing is metonymically named after some striking
feature (mainly in their appearance) they possess; their
word-building pattern is an
adjectival stem + a noun stem,
e.g.
bigwig,
fathead, highbrow, lowbrow, lazy-bones.

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