What is clipping word formation

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

In linguistics, clipping, also called truncation or shortening,^[1] is word formation by removing some segments of an existing word to create a synonym.^[2] Clipping differs from abbreviation, which is based on a shortening of the written, rather than the spoken, form of an existing word or phrase. Clipping is also different from back-formation, which proceeds by (pseudo-)morpheme rather than segment, and where the new word may differ in sense and word class from its source.^[3]

Creation[edit]

According to Hans Marchand, clippings are not coined as words belonging to the core lexicon of a language.^[2] They originate as jargon or slang of an in-group, such as schools, army, police, and the medical profession. For example, exam(ination), math(ematics), and lab(oratory) originated in school slang; spec(ulation) and tick(et = credit) in stock-exchange slang; and vet(eran) and cap(tain) in army slang. Clipped forms can pass into common usage when they are widely useful, becoming part of standard English, which most speakers would agree has happened with math/maths, lab, exam, phone (from telephone), fridge (from refrigerator), and various others. When their usefulness is limited to narrower contexts, they remain outside the standard register. Many, such as mani and pedi for manicure and pedicure or mic/mike for microphone, occupy a middle ground in which their appropriate register is a subjective judgment, but succeeding decades tend to see them become more widely used.

Types[edit]

According to Irina Arnold [ru], clipping mainly consists of the following types:^[4]

• Final clipping or apocope
• Initial clipping, apheresis, or procope
• Medial clipping or syncope
• Complex clipping, creating clipped compounds

Final and initial clipping may be combined and result in curtailed words with the middle part of the prototype retained, which usually includes the syllable with primary stress. Examples: fridge (refrigerator), Polly (Apollinaris), rona (coronavirus), shrink (head-shrinker), tec (detective); also flu (which omits the stressed syllable of influenza), jams (retaining the binary noun -s of pajamas/pyjamas) or jammies (adding diminutive -ie).

Final[edit]

In a final clipping, the most common type in English, the beginning of the prototype is retained. The unclipped original may be either a simple or a composite. Examples include ad and advert (advertisement), cable (cablegram), doc (doctor), exam (examination), fax (facsimile), gas (gasoline), gym (gymnastics, gymnasium), memo (memorandum), mutt (muttonhead), pub (public house), pop (popular music), and clit (clitoris).^[5]: 109 An example of apocope in Israeli Hebrew is the word lehit, which derives from להתראות lehitraot, meaning «see you, goodbye».^[5]: 155

Initial[edit]

Initial (or fore) clipping retains the final part of the word. Examples: bot (robot), chute (parachute), roach (cockroach), gator (alligator), phone (telephone), pike (turnpike), varsity (university), net (Internet).

Medial[edit]

Words with the middle part of the word left out are few. They may be further subdivided into two groups: (a) words with a final-clipped stem retaining the functional morpheme: maths (mathematics), specs (spectacles); (b) contractions due to a gradual process of elision under the influence of rhythm and context. Thus, fancy (fantasy), ma’am (madam), and fo’c’sle may be regarded as accelerated forms.

Complex[edit]

Clipped forms are also used in compounds. One part of the original compound most often remains intact. Examples are: cablegram (cable telegram), op art (optical art), org-man (organization man), linocut (linoleum cut). Sometimes both halves of a compound are clipped as in navicert (navigation certificate). In these cases it is difficult to know whether the resultant formation should be treated as a clipping or as a blend, for the border between the two types is not always clear. According to Bauer (1983),^[6] the easiest way to draw the distinction is to say that those forms which retain compound stress are clipped compounds, whereas those that take simple word stress are not. By this criterion bodbiz, Chicom, Comsymp, Intelsat, midcult, pro—am, photo op, sci-fi, and sitcom are all compounds made of clippings.

See also[edit]

References[edit]

In contradiction to the
eighteenth century British English purism, the American English of
the nineteenth century reveled in the process of clipping. Clipping
is a process of word formation which shortens a polysyllabic word by
deleting one or more syllables, thus retaining only a part of the
stem, e.g., lab
(laboratory), bra
(brassiиre), bus
(omnibus), car
(motorcar), and mob
(mobile vulgus). Clipping is synonymous to shortening, so these terms
will be used interchangeably.

Various classifications of
shortened words have been offered. The generally accepted one is that
based on the position of the clipped part. According to whether it
is the final, the initial, or the middle part of the word that is cut
off we distinguish initial clipping (aphaeresis),
and medial clipping (syncope),
final clipping (apocope).

• Aphaeresis:
  the loss of one or more
  letters at the beginning of a word:
  story
  (history), cello
  (violoncello), phone
  (telephone).

• Syncope:
  the loss of one or more
  letters in the interior of a word:
  specs
  (spectacles), aphesis
  (aphaeresis).

• Apocope:
  the loss of one or more
  letters at the end of a word:
  ad (advertisement), ed
  (editor), fab
  (fabulous), prof
  (professor), and gym
  (gymnastics or gymnasium).

In some cases, speakers do not
even realize that a particular word is the product of clipping; for
example, the word zoo
was formed from
zoological garden.

4.9 Acronyms and Abbreviations

Acronyms are formed by taking the
initial letters of some or all the words in a phrase or title and
pronouncing them as a word. This type of word formation is prevalent
in names of organizations, military, and scientific terminology.
Common examples are American
Psychological Association (APA),
Modern Language
Association (MLA),
Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), United Nations
International Children’s Emergency Fund (UNICEF), Antisocial
Behavior Order (ASBO), frequently asked questions (FAQ), Scholastic
Achievement (or Aptitude) Test(s) (SAT), Joint Photographic Experts
Group (JPEG), Designer Shoe Warehouse (DSW), Personal Identification
Number (PIN), Hypertext Markup Language (HTML), random access memory
(RAM), very important person (VIP), read only memory (ROM), and
others.

In numerous cases, speakers do
not realize that they are using an acronym. One example is radar
(radio detecting and
ranging), an acronym common throughout many languages. Other examples
of acronyms are scuba
(self-contained underwater breathing apparatus), and laser
(light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation). It is
widely assumed that the use of text shorthand known as acronyms was
started as a result of the use of Morse Code to send and receive
messages in the 19th century. Because telegraph companies charged
the sender by the word, acronyms were invented to save the sender
costs and to quicken the time and effort of the sending agent.
Telegraph companies would not only charge by the word but would
charge additional fees for numerals and words that could not be
easily pronounced. So, acronyms which had no vowels were given
vowels so as to make them pronounceable. A good example of this is
the apparatus used for Radio Ranging and Detection. To send this
collection of words, a sender would be charged for four separate
words. Sending RRD would be only one word but charged an extra fee
because it was not pronounceable. Sending radar gets the sender
charged for only one pronounceable word. Modern society uses
acronyms for many of the same reasons as the telegraph companies,
e.g. ease of typing and speed of communication, be it on the modern
day computer keyboard or the ubiquitous cell phone. Technically there
is a difference between acronyms and abbreviations. This difference
becomes vague in many instances and makes it sometimes difficult to
assign either word to the usage. While N.A.T.O. would be an
abbreviation, it is also an acronym as in NATO. Some scholars
distinguish between acronyms and initialisms; however, we do not
recognize a sharp distinction between acronyms and initialisms,
preferring the former as an inclusive label.

Abbreviation is defined as “a
reduced version of a word, phrase, or sentence”. Abbreviations are
societal slangs. Abbreviations come and go in waves. The reason for
abbreviations is linguistic economy; communicators value succinct
language, and abbreviations contribute to concise style.
Technological constraints contribute to the use of abbreviations.
Abbreviations also help to convey “a sense of social identity; to
use an abbreviated form is to be ‘in the know’—a part of the
social group to which the abbreviation belongs” (Crystal, 2005,
p.120). Those who are computer savvy will be recognized by their
extensive use of abbreviations such as WYSIWYG (What you see is what
you get), and others.

Now abbreviations
are part netspeak and textspeak, which is a rapidly emerging jargon,
used among Internet users. David Crystal compiled a glossary of
netspeak and textspeak, and some examples illustrated here are
borrowed from the Glossary:
bps (bits per second), four-oh-four [404] (a term identifying an
error message shown on screen when a browser makes a faulty request
to a server), and others (Crystal, 2004). There are a lot of
abbreviations used by “species of spoken shorthand” (as cited in
Crystal, 2004, p.120): OK (all correct), PDQ (pretty damn quick), GTT
(gone to Texas), BTW (by the way), ETA (estimated time of arrival),
FYI (for your information), POS (parent over shoulder), ROFL (rolling
on the floor laughing), RSVP (Rйpondez s’il vous plait), BRB (Be
right back), TTYL (Talk to you later), and others.

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In morphology, clipping is the process of forming a new word by dropping one or more syllables from a polysyllabic word, such as cellphone from cellular phone. In other words, clipping refers to part of a word that serves for the whole, such as ad and phone from advertisement and telephone, respectively.

What are the word formation processes and examples?

Types of Word Formation Processes

• Compounding.
• Rhyming compounds (subtype of compounds)
• Derivation Derivation is the creation of words by modification of a root without the addition of other roots.
• Affixation (Subtype of Derivation)
• Blending.
• Clipping.
• Acronyms.
• Reanalysis.

Is an example of clipping word formation?

Initial (or fore) clipping retains the final part of the word. Examples: bot (robot), chute (parachute), roach (cockroach), gator (alligator), phone (telephone), pike (turnpike), varsity (university), net (Internet).

What are the examples of clipping words?

Clipped Words

What is clipping and example?

Clipping is one of the ways new words are created in English. It involves the shortening of a longer word, often reducing it to one syllable. Maths, which is a clipped form of mathematics, is an example of this. Informal examples include ‘bro’ from brother and ‘dis’ from disrespect.

How many types of clipping are there?

four types

How many methods of clipping are there?

1) All or none string clipping 2) All or none character clipping 3) Text clipping.

Which is the clipping algorithm?

There are two common algorithms for line clipping: Cohen–Sutherland and Liang–Barsky. A line-clipping method consists of various parts. Tests are conducted on a given line segment to find out whether it lies outside the view volume.

What are the steps of line clipping?

Algorithm

• Step 1 − Assign a region code for each endpoints.
• Step 2 − If both endpoints have a region code 0000 then accept this line.
• Step 3 − Else, perform the logical ANDoperation for both region codes.
• Step 3.1 − If the result is not 0000, then reject the line.
• Step 3.2 − Else you need clipping.
• Step 3.2.
• Step 3.2.

What is a clipping area?

A clipping region is one of the graphic objects that an application can select into a device context (DC). It is typically rectangular. Some device contexts provide a predefined or default clipping region while others do not.

What is the aim of line clipping algorithms?

It enables the detection of all the cases where the line segment is completely inside the given rectangle and cases where the line segment has both end points outside a particular clipping boundary very quickly.

Can we use line clipping algorithm for polygon clipping?

Line clipping against a polygon is widely used in computer graphics such as the hidden line problem. A new line-clipping algorithm against a general polygon is presented in this paper. Each edge of the polygon is processed against a horizontal line, which makes the clipping process simpler.

What is difference between line clipping and polygon clipping?

the polygon clipper clips against 4 edges in succession, whereas the line clipper tests the outcode to see which edge is Crossed, and clips only when necessary.

Why clipping is used in graphics?

Clipping, in the context of computer graphics, is a method to selectively enable or disable rendering operations within a defined region of interest. A well-chosen clip allows the renderer to save time and energy by skipping calculations related to pixels that the user cannot see.

What clipping means?

: something that is clipped off or out of something else grass clippings especially : an item clipped from a publication.

Why does clipping occur in games?

Clipping , in computer graphics, correctly refers to a graphic element, such as a polygon, being chopped against the view frustum or some other graphic element, to reduce the visible area of the element. Clipping is an old and well known technique for speeding up graphics rendering.

Is clipping a glitch?

Clipping. A clipping glitch occurs when a player or an object within a game environment passed through a texture or level geometry. Clipping is often used to gain access to previously inaccessible parts of a level.

What does clipping look like?

It’s called clipping because that’s what the clipping waveform ends up looking like. A smooth, rounded sine wave has its peaks and troughs ‘clipped off,’ resulting in the flat plateau of a square wave.

Can clipping damage amp?

Facts about clipping: Any clipped signal can potentially damage a speaker. It does not matter whether the mixer, amplifier, or any other piece of audio equipment clips the signal in the system. Damage can occur even when the amplifier is not at full output.

Why is my amplifier clipping?

Generally speaking, the amplifier gain is not properly set or the volume is too high. The most common, and avoidable, form of amplifier clipping occurs when an audio amplifier is driven beyond its ability to generate sufficient voltage or current to reproduce the original signal to your speakers.

In morphology, clipping is the process of forming a new word by dropping one or more syllables from a polysyllabic word, such as cellphone from cellular phone. In other words, clipping refers to part of a word that serves for the whole, such as ad and phone from advertisement and telephone, respectively. The term is also known as a clipped form, clipped word, shortening, and truncation.

A clipped form generally has the same denotative meaning as the word it comes from, but it’s regarded as more colloquial and informal. Clipping also makes it easier to spell and write many words. For example, a clipped form may replace the original word in everyday usage—such as the use of piano in place of pianoforte.

Examples and Observations

According to the book, «Contemporary Linguistics: An Introduction,» Some of the most common products of clipping are names—Liz, Ron, Rob, and Sue, which are shortened forms of Elizabeth, Ronald, Robert, and Susan. The authors note that clipping is especially popular in the speech of students, where it has yielded forms like prof for professor, phys-ed for physical education, and poli-sci for political science.

However, many clipped forms have also been accepted in general usage: doc, ad, auto, lab, sub, porn, demo, and condo. The authors add:

«A more recent example of this sort that has become part of general English vocabulary is fax, from facsimile (meaning ‘exact copy or reproduction’).»

Other examples of clipped forms in English include biz, caps, celebs, deli, exam, flu, gator, hippo, hood, info, intro, lab, limo, mayo, max, perm, photo, ref, reps, rhino, sax, stats, temp, thru, tux, ump, veep, and vet.

Clipping Basics

«As noted, clipped words form through a social process, such as students preferring to use shortened forms of common terms, as noted in ‘Contemporary Linguistics.’ The same kind of social forces lead to the creation of clipped words in other English-speaking countries such as Britain,» says David Crystal, a leading authority on language.

«There are also several clippings which retain material from more than one part of the word, such as maths (UK), gents, and specs….Several clipped forms also show adaptation, such as fries (from french fried potatoes), Betty (from Elizabeth), and Bill (from William).»

Clipped words are not abbreviations, contractions, or diminutives. True, an abbreviation is a shortened form of a word or phrase. But abbreviations often end with a period, such as Jan. for January, and are clearly understood to be stand-ins for the full term. A contraction is a word or phrase—such as that’s, a form of that has—that has been shortened by dropping one or more letters. In writing, an apostrophe takes the place of the missing letters. A diminutive is a word form or suffix that indicates smallness, such as doggie for dog and Tommie for Thomas. 

Types of Clipping

There are several types of clipping, including final, initial, and complex.

Final clipping, also called apocope, is just what the term implies: clipping or cutting off the last syllable or syllables of a word to form the clipped term, such as info for information and gas for gasoline. Initial clipping, also called apheresis, is the clipping of the initial part of the beginning of the word, also called fore-clipping, according to the Journal of English Lexicology. Examples of fore-clipping include bot for robot and chute for parachute.

«Complex clipping, as the name implies, is more involved. It is the shortening of a compound word by preserving and combining its initial parts (or first syllables),» says ESL.ph, an online site for learning English as a second language. Examples include:

• Sci-fi for science fiction
• Sitcom for situation comedy
• Grandma for grandmother
• Perm for permanent wave
• Shrink for head shrinker

As you see, clipped words are not always respectful terms. Indeed, some great literary figures vigorously opposed them, such as Jonathan Swift, who made his feelings clear in the tellingly named «A Proposal for Correcting, Improving and Ascertaining the English Tongue,» first published in 1712. He saw clipping as a symptom of «barbaric» social forces that had to be tamped down:

«This perpetual Disposition to shorten our Words, by retrenching the Vowels, is nothing else but a tendency to lapse into the Barbarity of those Northern Nations from whom we are descended, and whose Languages labour all under the same Defect.»

So, the next time you hear or use a clipped word, do so knowing that it is considered acceptable in English, but remember that these shortened terms have a long and somewhat controversial history.

Sources

O’Grady, William, John Archibald, Mark Aronoff, et al. Contemporary Linguistics: An Introduction. 4th ed, Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2000.

Crystal, David. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. 3rd ed, Cambridge University Press, 2019.

Jamet, Denis. «A morphophonological approach to clipping in English.» Lexis Journal of English Lexicology, HS 1, 2009.

Swift, Jonathan. A Proposal for Correcting, Improving, and Ascertaining the English Tongue: In a Letter to the Most Honorable Robert Earl of Oxford and Mortimer, Lord High Treasurer of Great Britain (1712). H. Kessinger Publishing, 2010.