What is a word processing application used for

Word processing software is designed so users can create, format, save and print text documents. Word processing is creating, editing, customizing, and printing documents using a word processor such as Microsoft Word or Google Docs.

In this guide, you will learn:

  • How to define word processing and word processor
  • How to create word processing documents using word-processing software
  • How to compare two word documents using a word processing program
  • And lot’s more

If you are ready, let’s explore the content.

CHAPTER 1:

WORD PROCESSING BASICS

In this chapter, I will take you through the meaning of basic terms relating to word processing software. You will learn the meaning of word processing, word processors, word processing software, and text processor.

Let’s get started at once.

What is word processing?

Word processing entails creating, editing, manipulating, storing, sharing, and printing of documents using dedicated software such as Zoho Writer.

It allows a user to create documents that look like the format and style of a typewriter. Word processing software can be used to save, share or print a physical copy of a document.

For example, a business Sales Rep could create a sales report in a Word Processing Program. The sales rep could edit it, save it to a drive, or share it over the internet with colleagues. A word processor can also be used to create a résumé, memo, letter, or invoice.  

In general, a word-processing application can produce a wide variety of documents rapidly and at a relatively low cost.

Word processing is one of the earliest and most commonly used types of computer software. In fact, word processing software is often cited as a major factor in the launch of the personal computer industry. This software did a great job of automating processes that had previously been performed by a typewriter. Word processors helped bring personal computers into the households of regular people, rather than just businesses.

What is a word processor?

A Word processor is a device or computer software that allows users to create, edit, and print documents. It has additional features other than a text processor, that enables you to write text, manipulate, store, and print it.

Word processors allow users to create a wide variety of documents with editing and formatting capabilities to demonstrate their power. It has additional features that allow contents such as a table, pictures, charts, and clipart to be added to a document.

In a word processor, text can be inserted, edited, moved, copied, or deleted within a document. You can use its formatting feature to modify the appearance of selected text in numerous ways. Most word processors also give you the ability to check your spelling and grammar with built-in dictionaries and other tools to assist you in your writing.

Today’s word processors reflect their history as digital typewriters. They display a sheet of paper on the screen, which captures user input from the keyboard. Unlike a manual typewriter, electronic word processing is much faster and more flexible.

What is a text processor?

A text processor is a device or computer program used in creating and manipulating text. Text processors are not as sophisticated as word processors; hence they are incapable of formatting texts. Text processors create sequences of texts which enable computers to easily extract and analyze sequences of texts for analysis.

Text processors are commonly used in computers to create computer commands. Examples include notepad and sublime which help in the creation and modification of electronic texts.

Text processing is the automation method that involves the creation and modification of texts. It is the process of analyzing and sorting unstructured text to gain valuable insights. Text processing deals with text processing utilities while word processing deals with text editing utilities.

Also, text processing operates on raw data and is more independent from proprietary techniques, unlike word processing. Therefore, text processing is done with the help of a shell command or a text editor such as TextEdit, Brackets, and Notepad++.

What is word processing software?

Word processing software is designed to allow users to create, edit, manipulate, save and print text. They provide features that will enable you to enter text by typing, copying, deleting, and performing various types of formatting. Some of the functions of word processing software include:

  • Creating, editing, saving, and printing documents.
  • Copying, cutting, pasting, and deleting text within documents.
  • Formatting text using tools such as font type, bold, underline, or italics.
  • Creating, editing, and formatting tables.
  • Inserting elements from other software, such as illustrations or photographs.
  • Correcting spelling and grammar.
  • Sharing and collaboration with team members.

Word processing software also contains features to make it easier for you to perform repetitive tasks. Commands such as mail merge and macros will help you perform common repetitive tasks to save time. A typical word processing software example is OpenOffice Writer.

How to open a word processing file

How you open a word processing file depends on the type of word processor used to create the file. Many times, the type of word processor determines the file format used to save it.

For example, Microsoft Word processing program saves with the file formats: .doc and .docx. However, you can save word processed documents in different file formats such as pdf, odt, txt, and rtf.

Apple Pages saves its word-processed documents in .pages. However, it supports files in the following formats: .rtf, .txt, .doc, and .docx. Similarly, Google docs can create files in the following formats: .txt, .rtf, .odt, .docx, and .epub.

This means that popularly used word processors are capable of opening most word processor files. So, if you saved your file in any of the file formats, you can open it with OpenOffice or Google Docs.

Let’s illustrate how to open a word processing file. To open a word document, keywords.docx saved on your local drive, in Google Docs, do the following.

  1. Visit Google Docs. (Note: You must have a Google account)
  2. On the Start a new document window, select Blank.

google docs window

  1. On the New document window, select File and click on Open from the File menu. The Open dialog box appears.

upload document from local drive to google drive

  1. On the Open dialog window, click on the Upload tab, and select the Select a file from your device button.
  2. On the Browse dialog box, browse through your device and locate a file to upload.

select a file to upload to google drive

  1. Select the file [keywords.docx], and click the Open button. The file uploads to your Google Drive.
  2. On the File menu, click Open.
  3. On the Open dialog window, select the My Drive tab.

select a file to open in Google docs

  1. Locate the file in your drive and select it. Then click the Open button. The file opens in Google Docs.

Importance of word processing software

Why is word processing important? Why is it virtually in all household computers? Word processing offers a better alternative to handwriting and typewriter when creating documents. Let’s look at some of the benefits of word-processing software.

  1. Word processing software is important because it easily detects and corrects typing errors as you type your document. It uses the autocorrect feature to identify and correct errors easily.
  2. Word processing helps in the digitization of information. It makes the creation, storage, copying, sharing, and retrieval of information easy.
  3. Word processors help users to work efficiently and accurately. You can easily create and organize a document by using spelling and grammar and other features to eliminate errors.
  4. Today’s word processors allow you to save different versions of a document. They also allow you to compare them in the future so you can select your preferred version.
  5. The features of word documents help us create standard and beautiful-looking documents. With formatting features, documents can look elegant and attractive, unlike a manual typewriter.
  6. Electronic word processing software helps us save business supply costs. Instead of using up pens and paper daily, we can create and transmit documents electronically. This contributes to significant savings in overall business expenses.
  7. Mail merge and macros help us automate some activities and make work faster and more efficient. Hence, productivity is enhanced using a word processor.

There’s quite a lot you can do with word processing software these days. But before the advent of word processing software, how did people create and edit documents? This will lead us to chapter 2.

CHAPTER 2:

HISTORY OF WORD PROCESSOR

In chapter 1, you discovered that a word processor is a word processing software used to create and edit text. In this chapter, you will discover the origin of word processors.

Let’s explore!

The precursor to word processing

Word processing did not develop out of computer technology. It evolved from the needs of writers rather than those of mathematicians, but it later merged with the computer field. Word processing started with the gradual automation of the physical aspects of writing and editing. Later, technology was refined to make it available to individual and corporate users.

Historically, there are four (4) types of word processors namely; mechanical, electronic, standalone, and software. Word processors were designed by combining existing technologies with emerging ones to develop standalone equipment. Gradually, the concept of word processing, which evolved from data processing was integrated into the computer system.

Mechanical word processing

Before the advent of mechanical word processing, manual writing was the order of the day. People started using ink and paper to create documents way back in 2000BC. During this period, the Egyptians, Romans, Greeks, and Hebrews were using papyrus and parchment papers.

The first major advancement from manual writing to mechanical word processing was the invention of the typewriter. During this period, different versions of the typewriter were invented, some with success and some without success.

Henry Mill was the first to be credited with the invention of the typewriter in the 18th century. However, his version of the typewriter was not successful. By 1867, Christopher Latham Scholes invented the first successful typewriter.

Scholes’s invention has a major drawback. Instead of printing on the upper side of the roller, it prints on the underside. The implication was that the typist could not see his work until he finishes. Acceptance of this typewriter was slow due to some drawbacks. But a series of improvements were made:

  • The shift key was added in 1878. Typists can then type upper-case and lower-case letters with the same key.
  • Printing on the upper side of the roller was made possible in 1880. Typists can see their work as they type rather than when they finish.
  • The tab key was added in 1897. This made it possible for typists to set margins.

After these changes, the typewriter gained acceptance in the corporate world. By 1900, portable models were created, thus making typewriting available to both individuals and corporations.

Electronic word processing

To improve on the mechanical typewriter, the electric typewriter was invented. The first was patented by Thomas Edison in 1972. However, a workable model was introduced in the 1920s.

By the 1930s, IBM introduced the IBM Electromatic which improved typing speed and made word processing more efficient. Due to the great improvement, the machine gained wide acceptance in the business world.

A major step towards modern word processing came when the Schultz company introduced the repetitive typewriter. This typewriter was able to store information automatically for later retrieval. This made it possible to reproduce multiple identical copies of a document without the use of carbon papers or photocopiers.

In 1961 IBM introduced the Selectric typewriter, which replaced the standard movable carriage and individual type strikers with a revolving typeball. Also, IBM released the MT/ST (Magnetic Tape/Selectric Typewriter) in 1964. The MT/ST combined the features of the Selectric with a magnetic tape drive. Magnetic tape was the first reusable storage medium for typed information.

With the tape, information could be stored, replayed, corrected, and reprinted as many times as needed. You can also erase information on the tape and reuse it for other projects. This development marked the beginning of word processing as it is known today.

IBM first used the term word processing to market their MT/ST machine as a word processing machine. The term was coined by the IBM Engineer, Ulrich Steinhilper in the 1950s. He translated the term from the German word textverabeitung to define the act of typing. But IBM redefined it to describe electronic ways of handling a standard set of office activities. These activities include composing, revising, printing, and filing written documents.

Standalone word processing machines

In the 1970s, word processing shifted from typewriting to computer-based with CRT screens when IBM developed the floppy disks. The first was introduced in the 1970s by Linolex systems. The technology included a floppy disk, software, and a microprocessor.

Lexitron corporation also developed a word processing microcomputer with a CRT monitor and 5 ¼ floppy diskette. The diskette later became the standard for early personal computers. With the introduction of video display units, the text could be entered and corrected without having to produce a hard copy. This means that printing can be delayed until the writer is satisfied with the document.

In 1973, Vydec introduced the first text processor known as Vydec Word Processing System. The machine was the first to allow the creation and editing of multipage documents without changing storage receptacles.

Other standalone machines include the data secretary by Redactron corporation and a CRT-based system by Wang Laboratories. The Wang system has all the characteristics of today’s word processors and was affordable to organizations. It became the basis for other CRT-based word processors. Hence, word processors were referred to as CRT-based machines.

Word processing software

The invention of personal computers marked the beginning of the word-processing software. This was made possible by the advent of disk programs which enhanced the development packages for use with personal computers. Also, the separation of the software from the hardware opened up the field of word processing to individuals.

The first word processing program for personal computers was Electric Pencil, from Michael Shrayer Software. It went on sale in December 1976. By 1978, WordStar was introduced. Because of its many new features, it soon dominated the market. WordStar was written for the early CP/M (Control Program – Micro) operating system.

The era of MS-DOS saw the rise of WordPerfect and Microsoft Word. They replaced WordStar as the main word processing program during this era.

In the late 1980s, word processing shifted to the WYSIWYG (What-you-see-is-what-you-get) and GUI (Graphic User Interface) approach. These were pioneered by the Xerox Alto computer and Bravo word processing program, and Xerox PARC with the Gipsy word processor.

The true WYSIWYG made known to people came when Apple Macintosh and IBM PC were released in 1983 and 1984 respectively. Apple came with MacWrite and IBM PC came with Microsoft Word. Word processing is now one of the most common general applications for personal computers.

When Windows operating system became popular in the 1990s, Microsoft Word’s popularity also grew with it. Today, Microsoft Word has become synonymous with what is called a word processor or word processing software.

Today, there is different word processing program including desktop applications, mobile apps, and cloud-based word processors. These word processors have similar terms common to them. This will lead us to chapter three.

CHAPTER 3:

WORD PROCESSING TERMINOLOGY

Almost all word processing programs share a similar vocabulary. Whether you are using Microsoft Word, WordPerfect, or Google Docs, you will encounter the same terms when working with them.

In this chapter, we shall identify popularly used word processing terminology. Let’s quickly catch up on the terms!

General terms

These are terms that are generally used in word processing. They are not commands but provide relevant information to computer users.

Application: Used in place of a program, hence, you can say a word processing application or a word processing program.

Caps lock: It is turned on when you want to type text in CAPITAL LETTERS or UPPER CASE. A light will appear on your keyboard when the caps lock is on. Press the Caps Lock key to turn it on or off.

Cursor: This is the insertion point of an item in a document. The cursor is a flashing vertical bar on the screen that indicates where entered text or objects will be placed in the document.

Dialog box: This is a boxed window that lists options. It usually appears when some specified commands such as SAVE AS, PAGE SETUP, etc., are issued.

Document: This is a file that contains text, image, table, etc., created using a word processing program. Files created with a word processor are referred to as a document.

Editing: This is the process of making changes or corrections in a document. It includes alterations to the text itself, moving or copying items to other locations, and applying formatting options to the document itself and items within it.

File extension: When a file is created with an application, it usually has two parts – the filename and the extension. The user adds the filename while the application adds the extension. The file extension is usually used to determine the program that creates a file. Examples of file extensions are .doc, .docx, .rtf, .page, etc.

Formatting: The process of formatting a document involves specifying how the document will look in its final form on the screen and when printed. Common formatting options include the font, font size, color, alignment, spacing, margins, and other properties.

Highlighting: Also called selecting. This is the act of choosing an item or group of text in a document. Before you can format an object or text, you need to first highlight such object or text. Changes to be made (deleting, formatting, etc) will only affect the selected items.

Menu bar: The menu bar appears at the top of some word processing application windows. It contains a listing of the main commands in the form of text. Menu items that are common among multiple applications include File, Edit, View, and Help. When you click on one of these items, additional options appear in a drop-down menu on the screen.

Paragraph: A new paragraph is created each time you press the ENTER key on the keyboard. A paragraph can be made up of several lines of text, a single item, or nothing.

Ribbon: Ribbon was introduced in Microsoft Word 2007 to replace the menu bar. The ribbon contains tabs and icons representing the commands to be executed in a document. These commands are handy and easier to use when compared with the menu bar.

Ruler: The rulers appear at the top and left side of a word document within the word processing window. They are used to show the position of margins, tabs, and the document.

Scroll bar: Sometimes you cannot see your entire document. The scroll bars are used to scroll up or down the screen or sideways. Scrolling is like moving a sheet of paper up or down so that you can see more of it. You can use the scroll arrows or the scroll bars on the right and bottom of your window.

Template: A template is a starting point for a document that contains initial formatting options, settings, colors, layout, and placeholders.

Toolbar: A toolbar consists of buttons that provide a shortcut way of performing a commonly used function. Microsoft Word 2007 introduced the concept of quick-access toolbar. You can customize the content of your toolbar.

Word wrap: Word wrap enables a word processor to create a multiline without you pressing the ENTER key. Whenever the cursor reaches the end of a margin it automatically jumps to the next line.

Editing terms

These are terms that relate to the commands for creating and editing documents in word processors.

Autocorrect: This feature is used to correct common typographic errors and misspelled words as you are typing. You can turn it on or off. You can also customize the words to be corrected.

Clipboard: The clipboard is a temporary holding area the computer uses for any item that has been copied or cut. When an item such as text is placed on the clipboard, it can then be pasted elsewhere in the document. Items will stay on the clipboard until they are deleted or erased.

Copy: Used to duplicate items in a document or in other documents. Copied items are placed on the clipboard until it is pasted.

Cut: This is used to move a text or object in the document or to other documents. Cut items are placed on the clipboard until it is pasted.

Find and replace: This allows you to search for a particular word or phrase and replace the same with a specified one.

Indentation: Indent is the space between the margin of the page and the text. Most word processors allow for both left and right indentation. A common use of indention is called “first line indent”. Here the first line of a paragraph is indented and the remaining lines of text lie directly against the left margin.

Paste: Copy or cut usually place the item on the clipboard. The paste is the process of taking the items on the clipboard and placing them in the current location of the insertion point.

Spelling and grammar: This utility is used to check for proper spelling and grammar as you create and edit a document. These utilities may run automatically and alert you to errors as you type using its built-in dictionaries. You can also run the spell check manually when you finished creating your document.

Tab stops: Tabs are used to control the placement of text on a page. Tab stops can be set within the ruler at the top of the word processing window. You can also set the type of the tab. Tab types include left, right, centered, and decimal. The tab type controls how the text will be aligned if it is forced to that tab stop. When the tab key is pressed on the keyboard, the cursor will move to the next tab stop location.

Table: A table is a collection of text, data, or other items that are arranged in columns and rows.

Undo and redo: Undo command is used to reverse the last action (or series of actions) that you have performed in a document. Redo does the reverse of undoing. When using the Undo and Redo commands, each item must be reversed sequentially.

Formatting terms

These are word-processing terms that help in manipulating and customizing the text in a word processing document.

Alignment: Alignment refers to the way text is arranged in the document between the margins. We have right, left, and center alignment. Justify is a type of alignment that flush the text both to the left and the right margins.

Font: A font is a set of letters and numbers of one particular typeface. The font includes not only the typeface but other characteristics such as font size and emphasis.

Footer: The footer is an area that appears at the bottom of every page in a document that can contain one or more lines of text. It is popularly used to insert the page number on each page.

Header: This is an area that appears at the top of every page in a document that can contain one or more lines of text. It can be used to insert a page number of document information.

Line spacing: Line spacing refers to the amount of white space between lines of text in a paragraph. You can choose any single, double, or 1.5 line spacing.

Margin: The margin is the white space between the edge of the page and where text or other items can be placed in your document. You can adjust the margin to increase or decrease it when working with a word processing application.

Orientation: This defines the layout of a document. A document could appear in a portrait or landscape orientation. Portrait orientation is where the height of the page is greater than the width. Landscape orientation has a greater width than height.

Page break: This is used to specify the point at which one page or section ends and another begins. You can manually insert a page break at a specific location.

Paper size: This is used to specify the page layout area or the workspace while working on a document. It is also used to determine the size of the paper a document will be printed on. There are different paper sizes in a word processor to be chosen from, including legal, letter, A4, etc.

Paragraph spacing: Paragraph spacing refers to the amount of white space that is left between paragraphs when the enter key is hit. Unlike line spacing, paragraph spacing does not affect the amount of space between lines of text, but instead, between one paragraph and the next. You can set the space before and after a paragraph.

Mailing terms

These are terms that relate to data and mailing automation in word processing.

Mail merge: Mail merge is a word processing automation that combines database software, word processors, and some e-mail programs. It is used to send the same email content to multiple recipients. Mail merge takes a standard form of e-mail and populates it with the personal information of the recipients.

Wizard: A wizard is an interactive feature in a word processor that will walk you step-by-step through a specialized process. A Wizard is specifically included in Microsoft Word for mail merging. The Mail Merge wizard provides assistance when creating letters and mailing labels from a list of names and addresses.

Printing terms

These are word processing terminology that defines the commands used to set up and print a document.

Page setup: A tool that allows you to customize the size and layout of your printable word document. The parameters to define include the paper size, margins, page orientation, and quality of print.

Print preview: Print Preview is a feature that shows you the prototype of your printed document on the screen. It displays how your document will look on a piece of paper if it were to be printed.

Print: Print is the command that enables you to print your finished document from a printer. There are features included in the print dialog box that will help you specify the print quality.

There are other terms that may not have been included in this terminology. You can encounter them in the course of using each of the word processing software. This leads us to chapter 4 where we will identify some word processing software examples.

CHAPTER 4:

In chapter 3 we discussed the terminology of word processing programs. These terms are applicable to all word processing software in the market.

In this chapter, we shall explore common word-processing software examples used by individuals and businesses.

Microsoft word

Microsoft Word is one of the most popular word-processing software examples in use today. It has a lot of features that made it the choice of many when it comes to creating and editing documents.

Mirosoft word

Microsoft word is developed by Microsoft corporation and has different versions for Mac, Windows, Android, and IOS devices. Also, you can subscribe to Microsoft 365 for the cloud version with OneDrive storage.

Microsoft Word has improved search and navigational experience. Also, you can easily collaborate with a team and work with others simultaneously are just some of the benefits. Along with that, Word gives you the ability to access, share, and work on your documents from almost anywhere.

Word also has additional visual effects, turning text into diagrams, and combining visual aspects into text documents. Some of the key features include:

  • Provision of templates for resumes and forms.
  • Reading documents with the read mode, PDF, letters, and scripts on your mobile device.
  • It enables you to save a document as a PDF file.
  • You can share your file with others and collaborate with your team.
  • Supporting editing with rich formatting.
  • Managing permission for documents
  • Creating comments in the documents.

Price: Depends on the version. The cost for 1 pc is about $166.66. Microsoft 365 personal is about $64.28 per annum and $6.43 per month.

Google docs

Google Docs is an online application that helps you to create and edit documents. It is a free word processor that is part of the G-suite applications. You can use the software to create letters, memos, reports, and other documents.

Google docs

Google docs has lots of free templates you can choose to create different types of word documents. It contains numerous fonts and images. You can use the application to create and make changes in files anywhere at any time. Some of its features are:

  • Creating and editing word documents
  • Lots of free templates
  • You can share documents online using Google Drive
  • You can convert Word docs to Google Docs
  • Accessible from a Phone, tablet, or computer.
  • You can make changes in the document in real time.
  • It offers chat and comment in the capability.
  • You can convert Google Doc files to Word files or vice versa.
  • You can search quotes, text, and images in the Google Doc Android app.
  • Supported platforms: Web, iOS, Android, and Mac.

Price: Free

Apple Pages

Apple pages is a word processing software developed by Apple computers. It is a word processor shipped with apple devices; it also allows users to create documents online.

Apple Pages

Some of its features include:

  • Beautiful and colorful photo card templates that allow you to create different documents.
  • Mail merge feature for sending a batch mailing to multiple recipients.
  • Screen view which makes it easier to view, read and edit documents on iPhone devices.
  • Language translation is made easier within your document.
  • Use scribble to turn handwritten words into text
  • Play YouTube and Vimeo videos right in Pages, without the need to open a web browser. Simply add a link, and play your web video inside your document or book.
  • Easily record, edit, and play audio directly on a page.
  • Add elegance to your mathematical equations using LaTeX or MathML notation.
  • Edit shared documents while offline, and your changes will automatically upload when your accounts are online again.

Price: Free

Corel Wordperfect

WordPerfect is one of the oldest word processing software. Developed by Corel, WordPerfect is a legendary word processor that so many uses to create documents, letters, brochures, resumes, and more. With the compatibility of over 60 file formats, including Microsoft, and powerful Reveal Codes, document control has never been easier.

WordPerfect download

The basic features of WordPerfect include:

  • The WordPerfect eBook Publisher supports EPUB format which provides compatibility with eBook devices, such as Kobo, Nook, and Sony Reader.
  • Includes Oxford concise dictionary for spelling check
  • You can open, edit, and save the latest Microsoft Office file formats in each WordPerfect Office 2021 application.
  • Have quick access to vital document statistics in WordPerfect, such as word count, character count, line count, and more.
  • Improved file stability when working on a file, opening a file, or saving a file directly to a server.
  • Import pdf files into the WordPerfect application and smoothly edit them with built-in pdf functionality.
  • Perform multiple find-and-replace actions with ease.
  • The Mail Merge Expert makes it simple to associate a data source and create mail for multiple recipients.

Price: WordPerfect Office Standard 2021 at $249.99

LibreOffice writer

LibreOffice is a powerful and free office suite. It is a successor to OpenOffice.org, used by millions of people around the world. It has a clean interface and feature-rich tools that help you unleash your creativity and enhance your productivity.

Download LibreOffice

LibreOffice includes several applications that make it the most versatile Free and Open-Source office suite on the market. Its word processor is known as LibreOffice Writer. Writer has all the features you need from a modern, full-featured word processing and desktop publishing tool.

It’s simple enough for a quick memo, but powerful enough to create complete books with contents, diagrams, indexes, and more. It has the following features:

  • It has full word processing features to allow you to create and edit different kinds of documents.
  • It is compatible with a wide range of document formats such as Microsoft Word, Open Document Format, etc.
  • You can export your document in pdf format
  • It has extensions that allow you to get more features and document templates from its website.
  • With an autocorrect dictionary, you can correct errors as you type.
  • Use the mail merge wizard to easily create mail for multiple recipients.

Price: Free

Zoho writer

Zoho Writer is a free ad powerful cloud-based word processing software in use by many. Because it is cloud-based, it can be used across all devices. It can also be used to collaborate with teammates in real time.

Explore Zoho writer

With Zoho writer, you can create elegant, inspiring documents for free. Let’s consider some of its features.

  • Easy to get started with any device. Simply visit Zoho writer and register with your email address.
  • Write across all devices from every location.
  • Write and edit documents with teammates in real time.
  • Save your documents in pdf and MS Word document formats.
  • Collaborate on content and post it directly to your WordPress or Blogger pages.
  • Contextual grammar, readability, and style suggestions.
  • Document automation and sign collection capabilities along with Zoho CRM integration.

Price: Free

WPS office writer

WPS Office writer is an example of word processing software that is available for all devices. You can download it for your PC, tablet, or mobile phone.

explore WPS office

WPS Office enables you to edit and manage Writer, Presentation, Spreadsheet, and PDF with others at the same time. It is fully compatible with Windows, macOS, Linux, Android, and iOS and supports 47 file formats and 46 languages.

Key features of this productivity program:

  • Work anywhere on any available device
  • Available on multiple platforms including Mac, Windows, Linus, Android, and IOS
  • WPS Office writer supports 15 file formats including .doc, .docx, and multiple languages.
  • It also has cloud service for easy two-way document sync across all platforms and devices.
  • Built-in applications provide you with superior features such as file format conversion, text extraction, long image output, watermark, and annotation.
  • Thousands of free and premium templates to meet your document creation needs.
  • Exclusive and excellent themes created by professional art designers to meet diverse aesthetic pursuits.

Price: Free for WPS standard. WPS premium starts at $29.99 per year.

Polaris docs

Polaris Office is a combination of tools that includes Polaris Docs. Polaris docs is a versatile word processor that is similar to the combination of Microsoft Word and Google Docs. It has versions for Windows, Mac, IOS, and Android.

Polaris Office Docs

The Polaris web office provides solutions to view and edit various document formats such as word, sheet, slides, and HWP. You can apply and deploy document viewer editing services easily with any server environment or technology.

Polaris docs is a very versatile word processing software that allows you to work on your documents wherever you are. These are some of its key features:

  • It allows multiple users to access the document from different platforms, such as PCs or mobile clients.
  • Can be used for real-time writing and editing and collaboration
  • Provides support and collaborative editing for office documents such as Word, Sheet, and Slide documents
  • Provides real-time document coediting with teammates. A URL link can be sent to the invitee for collaborative works and permission for editing granted.
  • Unified communication channels such as email, instant chat, and phone. It helps to minimize cumbersome feedback and emailing while maximizing work efficiency.

Price: Free. Polaris Office Smart $39.99/ year; Polaris Office Pro $59.99/ year. Download for Mac and Windows for 1 Pc at $79.99. Download for IOS at $39.99.

Scribus

Scribus is a free and open-source desktop publishing software. It is specially designed for typesetting, layout, and presentation of files. This app can also create PDFs and forms.

Scribus window

Though it’s a bit different from standard word processing software, you can choose one of the designed layouts. You can also set up your page, and even improve your written documents with professional-looking quality images.

With Scribus, you can also create animations that you can place directly inside your document. You can also turn your text documents into interactive PDF presentations. Basic features include:

  • Support for a user-friendly interface.
  • Support publishing features like color management and PDF creation.
  • Vector drawings capabilities
  • Supports documentation creation tools like LaText, Lilypond, etc.
  • You can import or export a huge number of files to Scribus.
  • Supports platforms like Windows, Linux, Mac OS X, Solaris, PC-BSD, OpenBSD, NetBSD, and Haiku.

Price: Free

FocusWriter

FocusWriter is a simple, distraction-free writing environment. It utilizes a hide-away interface that you access by moving your mouse to the edges of the screen. With this feature, you can focus on the page and text. Whenever you need to use any integrated feature, simply swipe your cursor across the edges to open the hidden menu.

FocusWriter window

It’s available for Linux and Windows and has been translated into many different languages. Its key features are:

  • TXT, basic RTF, and essential ODT file support
  • Timers, alarms, and daily goals
  • Fully customizable themes and sessions
  • Has optional features like typewriter sound effects, live statistics, spell-checking, multi-document support, and a portable mode
  • Can be translated into over 20 languages

Price: Free

There are other examples of word processing software that cannot be explicitly discussed in this guide. However, you can try apps like FreeOffice TextMaker, Dropbox Paper, Grammarly, ProWritingAid, Scrivener, etc., to create a document.

This leads us to chapter 5 where we shall illustrate how to create a document.

CHAPTER 5:

CREATE WORD PROCESSING DOCUMENTS

In this chapter, I’ll show you how to create documents using word processing software. You can choose any of the above word processing software examples and create the same documents.

I’ll also show you how to compare two word documents using any of the software described above.

Now it’s time to start working with word processing software.

Examples of word processing documents

You can create different kinds of files using a word processor. For ease and elegance, you can use a built-in template in any of your selected word processor.

Examples of documents you can create with a word processing software include: memo, letter, newsletter, reports, brochure, resume, etc.

To create a document, you can start with a template or a blank document. Virtually all the cloud-based word processors have elegant templates to get started.

How to make a program in word

If you have an upcoming event, you can quickly create a program for such an event in a word processor. Depending on the nature of the program, you can use a template to speed up creation.

In this illustration, we shall use Microsoft Word template to make a program. Let’s begin with the following steps.

  1. Open Microsoft Word in the backstage view and select New. (Please, ensure that you are connected to the internet)
  2. On the search for templates box, type program, and press ENTER.

search for a template in MS Word

  1. On the search result window, select any of the program templates and click on Create. The template will download. After downloading, it will open with the template.

Edit template in MS word

  1. On the open template, make every necessary changes you want.
  2. After the necessary changes are made, share or print the document and share it with your audience.

Create a booklet in word

A booklet is a small book that has less than 50 pages. It is usually created like a book with a book cover and handles a topic or subject.

Let’s create a booklet in Microsoft Word. You can start with a blank word document or use a template. Using a template is usually easier than starting with a blank document. Follow these steps to create a booklet in Microsoft Word using a blank document.

  1. Open Microsoft Word and select Blank document in the Backstage View.
  2. In the Microsoft Word window, click the Layout tab and select Margins from the Page Setup group.

Setup margins in ms word

  1. Select Custom Margins… from the Margins dropdown menu to open the Page Setup dialog box.

setup margins

  1. In the Page Setup dialog box, do the following:
    • Set the margins appropriately. The default can do it. However, add a few inches in the Gutter box. This will create binding space on the inside.
    • Under Pages, in the Multiple pages box, select Book fold item from the list.
    • Select the Paper tab and select A4 paper size. Then click OK.
  2. Start entering text and images in the pages of your newly configured booklet document. When you are done with your writing and formatting, print your work.
  3. To print your booklet, do the following:
    • Select Print from File, or press CTRL+P on the keyboard. The print dialog window appears.
    • Change Print One Sided to Manually Print on Both Sides.
    • Load paper to printer and test run the printing by printing a few pages then flip the sheets. If both sides of the sheets are printed correctly, then continue with your booklet printing.

Print a booklet in Word manually

  1. Share or distribute your booklet to your audience.

Compare two word documents

You can compare two versions of a document to see how they differ. Though it might be tedious, especially for a long document. However, word processing software provides tools that make it easy and efficient.

In this section, I will show you how to compare two documents with Google Docs word processor.

  1. Ensure that the two documents you want to compare are uploaded to your Google drive. (See how to upload a file from your local drive)
  2. Open Google Docs and select one of the documents you want to compare in the Start a new document window.

Open document to compare in Google docs

  1. In the Open Document window, select the Tools menu. From the dropdown list, select Compare Documents.

select docs to compare in Google docs

  1. The compare documents dialog box opens.

compare docs dialog box

  1. In the compare documents window, under Select, the comparison document, select My Drive.
  2. From the dialog that appears, select the second document you want to compare. Click the Compare button.
  3. When Google Docs is done, a dialog box appears telling you that the Comparison is ready. Click the Open button to view the differences.

Compared documents and differences

  1. The comparison document opens with a suggestion box informing you on what to do. Accept the suggestion or reject it.

In Microsoft Word, you will select Review > Compare. Then, select the two documents to be compared in a dialog box that appears.

Compared documents revisions in MS Word

Review the two documents and track the changes made to the compared document.

Conclusion

I hope you found this word processing guide useful and easy to apply. Below are resources that will help you get started if you want to deepen your knowledge of Microsoft Word.

Before that, I will love to hear from you: which of the chapters do you appreciate most? Which of the word processing software most appeals to you? Looking at Microsoft Word alternatives, which one software among many would you prefer?

Whichever, please, let me know what you think by leaving a comment below.

Practice Resources

What is Microsoft Word: A Practical Overview

Creating Documents in MS Word

Paragraph Formatting in a Word Document

Inserting and Formatting Text in Word Document

Creating and Formatting Tables in Microsoft Word

The Page Layout: Microsoft Word Tutorials 3

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    Word Processing Software :
    The word “word processor” means it processes words with pages and paragraphs. Word processors are of 3 types which are electronic, mechanical, and software.

    The word processing software is used to apply the basic editing and design and also helps in manipulating the text to your pages whereas the word processor, is a device that provides editing, input, formatting, and output of the given text with some additional features.

    It is a type of computer software application or an electronic device. In today’s generation, the word processor has become the word processing software or programs that are running on general-purpose computers.

    Examples or Applications of a Word Processing Software :
     

    • Wordpad
    • Microsoft Word
    • Lotus word pro
    • Notepad
    • WordPerfect (Windows only),
    • AppleWorks (Mac only),
    • Work pages
    • OpenOffice Writer

    Features :
     

    1. They are stand-alone devices that are dedicated to the function.
    2. Their programs are running on general-purpose computers
    3. It is easy to use
    4. Helps in changing the shape and style of the characters of the paragraphs
    5. Basic editing like headers & footers, bullets, numbering is being performed by it.
    6. It has a facility for mail merge and preview.

    Functions :
     

    • It helps in Correcting grammar and spelling of sentences
    • It helps in storing and creating typed documents in a new way.
    • It provides the function of Creating the documents with basic editing, saving, and printing of it or same.
    • It helps in Copy the text along with moving deleting and pasting the text within a given document.
    • It helps in Formatting text like bold, underlining, font type, etc.
    • It provides the function of creating and editing the formats of tables.
    • It helps in Inserting the various elements from some other types of software.

    Advantages :
     

    • It benefits the environment by helping in reducing the amount of paperwork.
    • The cost of paper and postage waste is being reduced.
    • It is used to manipulate the document text like a report
    • It provides various tools like copying, deleting and formatting, etc.
    • It helps in recognizing the user interface feature
    • It applies the basic design to your pages
    • It makes it easier for you to perform repetitive tasks
    • It is a fully functioned desktop publishing program
    • It is time-saving.
    • It is dynamic in nature for exchanging the data.
    • It produces error-free documents.
    • Provide security to our documents.

    Disadvantages :
     

    • It does not give you complete control over the look and feel of your document.
    • It did not develop out of computer technology.

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    Contents

    • 1 Which is a word processing program?
    • 2 What is word processing simple definition?
    • 3 Is there a free program like Microsoft Word?
    • 4 Is Excel a word processing software?
    • 5 What is word processing Why is it used?
    • 6 What does word processing mean on a job application?
    • 7 Is word processor a system software?
    • 8 What documents can you create with Microsoft word?
    • 9 Can a word processing file be attached to an email?
    • 10 What are the main features of a word processor program?
    • 11 How businesses use word processing software?
    • 12 What is the difference between text editor and word processor?
    • 13 What are 3 advantages of word processing software?
    • 14 Why do computer users need word processors?
    • 15 What are the disadvantages of word processor?
    • 16 What are the applications of word processor?
    • 17 What is use of word processor in Class 10?
    • 18 What are the advantages of a word processor over typewriters?
    • 19 How does word processing software work?

    One example of a Word Processor is Microsoft Word, but other word processing applications are also widely used. Examples include: Microsoft Works Word Processor, Open Office Writer, Word Perfect and Google Drive Document.. but certainly not limited to) reports, letters, memos, newsletters and brochures.

    What is word processing simple definition?

    : the production of typewritten documents (such as business letters) with automated and usually computerized typing and text-editing equipment. Other Words from word processing Example Sentences Learn More About word processing.

    Is there a free program like Microsoft Word?

    SoftMaker FreeOffice is another great free suite that offers a full featured Microsoft Word alternative. … The entire suite is available for Windows, Linux, and Android, so you can keep your document processing tasks going even while away from your desktop.

    Is Excel a word processing software?

    Microsoft Word, OpenOffice Writer and WordPerfect are examples of word processing programs. … Microsoft Excel, OpenOffice Calc and Lotus 1-2-3 are examples of spreadsheet programs. Like the word processing applications, each spreadsheet program can open files created in another application.

    What is word processing Why is it used?

    Word processing software is used to manipulate a text document, such as a resume or a report. You typically enter text by typing, and the software provides tools for copying, deleting and various types of formatting.

    What does word processing mean on a job application?

    Word processing describes creating or editing a document using a word processor, such as Microsoft Word, Google Docs, or OpenOffice Writer. … Also, a person looking for a job could create a résumé using a word processor, then e-mail or print and mail it to job recruiters.

    Is word processor a system software?

    It is a type of computer software application or an electronic device. In today’s generation, the word processor has become the word processing software or programs that are running on general-purpose computers. Examples or Applications of a Word Processing Software : Wordpad.

    What documents can you create with Microsoft word?

    Word processing software can easily create, edit, store, and print text documents such as letters, memoranda, forms, employee performance evaluations (such as those in Appendix A), proposals, reports, security surveys (such as those in Appendix B), general security checklists, security manuals, books, articles, press …

    Can a word processing file be attached to an email?

    It is is possible to attach a file, such as a word-processing document, to an e-mail message. … Most current e-mail programs use a version of the Post Office Protocol called POP3.

    What are the main features of a word processor program?

    What are the main features of word processor?

    • Creating, editing, saving and printing documents.
    • Copying, pasting, moving and deleting text within a document.
    • Formatting text, such as font type, bolding, underlining or italicizing.
    • Creating and editing tables.

    How businesses use word processing software?

    You can use Word to create just about any kind of business document, including company reports, presentations, budgets, proposals and plans. It can help you build a library of key forms, such as invoices, statements, receipts, memos and agendas.

    What is the difference between text editor and word processor?

    A text editor is used solely to write and edit text. You can copy, cut, paste, undo and redo. … A word processor allows you to edit text in addition to multiple other functionalities such as text formatting (italic, bold, underline, etc.). In addition to that word processors allow automatic spelling and grammar checks.

    What are 3 advantages of word processing software?

    1) It is faster and easier than writing by hand. 2) You can store documents on your computer, which you cannot do on a typewriter. … 3) There are more formatting choices with a word processor (the spelling, grammar and language tools). 4) You can print copies of your documents.

    Why do computer users need word processors?

    A word processor is software or a device that allows users to create, edit, and print documents. It enables you to write text, store it electronically, display it on a screen, modify it by entering commands and characters from the keyboard, and print it. Of all computer applications, word processing is the most common.

    What are the disadvantages of word processor?

    If you want to write something down quickly, it can take more time to switch the computer on, open the word processor and set up the document. Sometimes pen and paper is faster.

    What are the applications of word processor?

    A word processor is an application that allows you to type in, edit, format, save, and print text. The text shows on screen the same or very similar to how it will appear in hard copy format. Word processors are commonly used by students, writers, authors, desktop publishing professionals and layout artists.

    What is use of word processor in Class 10?

    Answer: A Software or a computer that enables users to build, edit, and print documents is a word processor. It helps users to write text, save it electronically, show it on a computer, edit it by entering keyboard commands and characters, and print it out.

    What are the advantages of a word processor over typewriters?

    The advantage of a word processor over a typewriter are:

    • More efficient.
    • Documents can be modified and sent easily.
    • Spelling, as well as grammer, can be easily checked.
    • Images can be added.

    How does word processing software work?

    Word processing is a type of software that focuses on the ability to handle text. The computer does this by assigning each letter of the alphabet and each other character on the keyboard a specific numeric code. These numeric codes are translated into computer machine language, and stored in the computer’s memory.

    Word Processing refers to the act of using a computer to create, edit, save and print documents. One example of a Word Processor is Microsoft Word, but other word processing applications are also widely used. Examples include: Microsoft Works Word Processor, Open Office Writer, Word Perfect and Google Drive Document..

    How do you create a word processing document?

    To create a new blank document:

    1. Click the Microsoft Office button.
    2. Select New. The New Document dialog box appears.
    3. Select Blank document under the Blank and recent section. It will be highlighted by default.
    4. Click Create. A new blank document appears in the Word window.

    What is word processes?

    : the production of typewritten documents (such as business letters) with automated and usually computerized typing and text-editing equipment. Other Words from word processing Example Sentences Learn More about word processing.

    Is Google Docs a word processing document?

    Google Docs is an online word processor that lets you create and format documents and work with other people.

    Is Microsoft Word a word processing software?

    Microsoft Word is a word processor developed by Microsoft. It was first released on October 25, 1983, under the name Multi-Tool Word for Xenix systems.

    What are the types of word processing software?

    Examples of word processor programs

    • Abiword.
    • Apple iWork – Pages.
    • Apple TextEdit – Apple macOS included word processor.
    • Corel WordPerfect.
    • Dropbox Paper (online and free).
    • Google Docs (online and free).
    • LibreOffice -> Writer (free).
    • Microsoft Office -> Microsoft Word.

    What are examples of word processing software?

    Two of the most widely used examples of word processing software are Microsoft Word and Google Docs. Both Word and Google Docs provide the business writer with the formatting tools needed to create professional documents.

    How many types of word processing software are there?

    3 types

    What is word processing package?

    Word processing packages are software programs used to create, edit and view documents on a computer. Two popular word processors are Microsoft Word and Pages for Mac.

    What is word processing and its advantages?

    Advantages of word processors 1) It is faster and easier than writing by hand. 2) You can store documents on your computer, which you cannot do on a typewriter. 4) There are more formatting choices with a word processor (the spelling, grammar and language tools). 5) You can print copies of your documents.

    What are the word processing skills?

    Basic Word Processing Skills:

    • add text.
    • enter text.
    • format text: font, style, size, and color.
    • adjust line spacing.
    • insert and format WordArt.
    • insert and format clip art or picture file.
    • modify the text wrap of an object.
    • draw and format shapes.

    What is word processing features?

    Features of a word processors A word wrap which automatically starts a new line if there is insufficient room at the hand margin. Availability of different fonts, character sizes and styles. Text paragraph and page formatting eg text alignment, indenting, page number etc.

    What is word processing give two examples?

    A word processor, or word processing program, does exactly what the name implies. It processes words. It also processes paragraphs, pages, and entire papers. Some examples of word processing programs include Microsoft Word, WordPerfect (Windows only), AppleWorks (Mac only), and OpenOffice.org.

    Why is word processing important?

    Furthermore, word processing benefits the environment by reducing the amount of paperwork needed to perform daily tasks (e.g., archiving, sending out letters, sending meeting agendas). By sending documents via a secured email, the cost of postage and paper waste are reduced significantly.

    What are 3 advantages of word processing software?

    Advantages of Word Processing

    • Quality : It produces error free documents.
    • Storage of Text : We can take any number of copies with word processor.
    • Time Saving : We can get any number of copies of document in future without retyping.
    • Security : We can protect the documents in word processing by giving passwords.

    What is another word for word processing?

    In this page you can discover 14 synonyms, antonyms, idiomatic expressions, and related words for word processor, like: editor, text editor, data processor, word processing program, word processing system, wordpad, notepad, spell check, word processing, clarisworks and null.

    What is word processing advantages and disadvantages?

    The disadvantages include the fact that a computer is needed, it may have too many options, requires computer skills, may be expensive and is prone to virus attacks. Below are some details regarding the advantages and disadvantages of a word processor.

    What are the uses of word processing?

    Some of the functions of word processing software include:

    • Creating, editing, saving and printing documents.
    • Copying, pasting, moving and deleting text within a document.
    • Formatting text, such as font type, bolding, underlining or italicizing.
    • Creating and editing tables.

    What are the disadvantages of Word?

    Answer. What Are Some Disadvantages of Using Microsoft Word? As of 2014, some disadvantages of Microsoft Word include the unfamiliar new Ribbon interface, too many options that can be very confusing, cost, vulnerability to virus attacks, and large files due to meta information getting saved alongside Word files.

    What is the disadvantage of word processor?

    If you want to write something down quickly, it can take more time to switch the computer on, open the word processor and set up the document. Sometimes pen and paper is faster.

    How has word processing affected writing?

    The word processor has turned the process of writing into something that is “extremely malleable” (Bolter, p. 32). Prior to the word processor, writing was a progression of constant revisions. Now that is not to say that revisions no longer take place but as discussed earlier, making edits is a much easier task.

    What are the components of word processor?

    MS- Word Window Elements

    • Title bar.
    • Menu Bar.
    • Toolbars.
    • Workspace.
    • Status Bar.
    • Scroll Bars.
    • Scroll Box.
    • Task Pane.

    How do you format a document?

    On the Home tab or under the Format tab on the Menu bar, under Styles, select a style and click your desired style. You can also click the Modify button on the Styles tab to create your own style. By default, Word applies a paragraph style (for example, Heading 1) to the entire paragraph.

    How will you open a document?

    To Open an Existing Document from Text Editor

    1. Choose Open from the File menu. The Open a File dialog box lists files and folders in your current folder.
    2. Select the name of the document you want to open, or type the document name in the Enter file name field.
    3. Press Return or click OK. Note –

    What is the shortcut key to open a document?

    Ctrl Key

    1. Press Ctrl + C or Shift + F2 to copy selected text to the clipboard.
    2. Press Ctrl + X to cut selected text to the clipboard.
    3. Press Ctrl + V to paste text from clipboard.
    4. Press Ctrl + Z to undo the last action.
    5. Press Ctrl + Y to redo the last action.
    6. Press Ctrl + N to new document.
    7. Press Ctrl + O to open a document.

    What are two ways to open a document?

    There are two main ways to open a file:

    1. Find the file on your computer and double-click it. This will open the file in its default application.
    2. Open the application, then use the application to open the file. Once the application is open, you can go to the File menu at the top of the window and select Open.

    Word Processing

    Andrew Prestage, in Encyclopedia of Information Systems, 2003

    I. An Introduction to Word Processing

    Word processing is the act of using a computer to transform written, verbal, or recorded information into typewritten or printed form. This chapter will discuss the history of word processing, identify several popular word processing applications, and define the capabilities of word processors.

    Of all the computer applications in use, word processing is by far the most common. The ability to perform word processing requires a computer and a special type of computer software called a word processor. A word processor is a program designed to assist with the production of a wide variety of documents, including letters, memoranda, and manuals, rapidly and at relatively low cost. A typical word processor enables the user to create documents, edit them using the keyboard and mouse, store them for later retrieval, and print them to a printer. Common word processing applications include Microsoft Notepad, Microsoft Word, and Corel WordPerfect.

    Word processing technology allows human beings to freely and efficiently share ideas, thoughts, feelings, sentiments, facts, and other information in written form. Throughout history, the written word has provided mankind with the ability to transform thoughts into printed words for distribution to hundreds, thousands, or possibly millions of readers around the world. The power of the written word to transcend verbal communications is best exemplified by the ability of writers to share information and express ideas with far larger audiences and the permanency of the written word.

    The increasingly large collective body of knowledge is one outcome of the permanency of the written word, including both historical and current works. Powered by decreasing prices, increasing sophistication, and widespread availability of technology, the word processing revolution changed the landscape of communications by giving people hitherto unavailable power to make or break reputations, to win or lose elections, and to inspire or mislead through the printed word.

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    URL: 

    https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B0122272404001982

    Computers and Effective Security Management1

    Charles A. Sennewald, Curtis Baillie, in Effective Security Management (Sixth Edition), 2016

    Word Processing

    Word processing software can easily create, edit, store, and print text documents such as letters, memoranda, forms, employee performance evaluations (such as those in Appendix A), proposals, reports, security surveys (such as those in Appendix B), general security checklists, security manuals, books, articles, press releases, and speeches. A professional-looking document can be easily created and readily updated when necessary.

    The length of created documents is limited only by the storage capabilities of the computer, which are enormous. Also, if multiple copies of a working document exist, changes to it should be promptly communicated to all persons who use the document. Specialized software, using network features, can be programmed to automatically route changes to those who need to know about updates.

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    URL: 

    https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128027745000241

    Globalization

    Jennifer DeCamp, in Encyclopedia of Information Systems, 2003

    II.D.2.c. Rendering Systems

    Special word processing software is usually required to correctly display languages that are substantially different from English, for example:

    1.

    Connecting characters, as in Arabic, Persian, Urdu, Hindi, and Hebrew

    2.

    Different text direction, as in the right-to-left capability required in Arabic, Persian, Urdu, and Hindi, or the right-to-left and top-to-bottom capability in formal Chinese

    3.

    Multiple accents or diacritics, such as in Vietnamese or in fully vowelled Arabic

    4.

    Nonlinear text entry, as in Hindi, where a vowel may be typed after the consonant but appears before the consonant.

    Alternatives to providing software with appropriate character rendering systems include providing graphic files or elaborate formatting (e.g., backwards typing of Arabic and/or typing of Arabic with hard line breaks). However, graphic files are cumbersome to download and use, are space consuming, and cannot be electronically searched except by metadata. The second option of elaborate formatting often does not look as culturally appropriate as properly rendered text, and usually loses its special formatting when text is added or is upgraded to a new system. It is also difficult and time consuming to produce. Note that Microsoft Word 2000 and Office XP support the above rendering systems; Java 1.4 supports the above rendering systems except for vertical text.

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    URL: 

    https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B0122272404000800

    Text Entry When Movement is Impaired

    Shari Trewin, John Arnott, in Text Entry Systems, 2007

    15.3.2 Abbreviation Expansion

    Popular word processing programs often include abbreviation expansion capabilities. Abbreviations for commonly used text can be defined, allowing a long sequence such as an address to be entered with just a few keystrokes. With a little investment of setup time, those who are able to remember the abbreviations they have defined can find this a useful technique. Abbreviation expansion schemes have also been developed specifically for people with disabilities (Moulton et al., 1999; Vanderheiden, 1984).

    Automatic abbreviation expansion at phrase/sentence level has also been investigated: the Compansion (Demasco & McCoy, 1992; McCoy et al., 1998) system was designed to process and expand spontaneous language constructions, using Natural Language Processing to convert groups of uninflected content words automatically into full phrases or sentences. For example, the output sentence “John breaks the window with the hammer” might derive from the user input text “John break window hammer” using such an approach.

    With the rise of text messaging on mobile devices such as mobile (cell) phones, abbreviations are increasingly commonplace in text communications. Automatic expansion of many abbreviations may not be necessary, however, depending on the context in which the text is being used. Frequent users of text messaging can learn to recognize a large number of abbreviations without assistance.

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    URL: 

    https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123735911500152

    Case Studies

    Brett Shavers, in Placing the Suspect Behind the Keyboard, 2013

    Altered evidence and spoliation

    Electronic evidence in the form of word processing documents which were submitted by a party in litigation is alleged to have been altered. Altered electronic evidence has become a common claim with the ability to determine the changes becoming more difficult. How do you know if an email has been altered? What about a text document?

    Case in Point

    Odom v Microsoft and Best Buy, 2006

    The Odom v Microsoft and Best Buy litigation primarily focused on Internet access offered to customers in which the customers were automatically billed for Internet service without their consent. One of the most surprising aspects of this case involved the altering of electronic evidence by an attorney for Best Buy. The attorney, Timothy Block, admitted to altering documents prior to producing the documents in discovery to benefit Best Buy.

    Investigative Tips: All evidence needs to be validated for authenticity. The weight given in legal hearings depends upon the veracity of the evidence. Many electronic files can be quickly validated through hash comparisons. An example seen in Figure 11.4 shows two files with different file names, yet their hash values are identical. If one file is known to be valid, perhaps an original evidence file, any file matching the hash values would also be a valid and unaltered copy of the original file.

    Figure 11.4. Two files with different file names, but having the same hash value, indicating the contents of the files are identical.

    Alternatively, Figure 11.5 shows two files with the same file name but having different hash values. If there were a claim that both of these files are the same original files, it would be apparent that one of the files has been modified.

    Figure 11.5. Two files with the same file names, but having different hash values, indicating the contents are not identical.

    Finding the discrepancies or modifications of an electronic file can only be accomplished if there is a comparison to be made with the original file. Using Figure 11.5 as an example, given that the file having the MD5 hash value of d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e is the original, and where the second file is the alleged altered file, a visual inspection of both files should be able to determine the modifications. However, when only file exists, proving the file to be unaltered is more than problematic, it is virtually impossible.

    In this situation of having a single file to verify as original and unaltered evidence, an analysis would only be able to show when the file was modified over time, but the actual modifications won’t be known. Even if the document has “track changed” enabled, which logs changes to a document, that would only capture changes that were tracked, as there may be more untracked and unknown changes.

    As a side note to hash values, in Figure 11.5, the hash values are completely different, even though the only difference between the two sample files is a single period added to the text. Any modification, no matter how minor, results in a drastic different hash value.

    The importance in validating files in relation to the identification of a suspect that may have altered a file is that the embedded metadata will be a key point of focus and avenue for case leads. As a file is created, copied, modified, and otherwise touched, the file and system metadata will generally be updated.

    Having the dates and times of these updates should give rise to you that the updates occurred on some computer system. This may be on one or more computers even if the file existed on a flash drive. At some point, the flash drive was connected to a computer system, where evidence on a system may show link files to the file. Each of these instances of access to the file is an opportunity to create a list of possible suspects having access to those systems in use at each updated metadata fields.

    In the Microsoft Windows operating systems, Volume Shadow Copies may provide an examiner with a string of previous versions of a document, in which the modifications between each version can be determined. Although not every change may have been incrementally saved by the Volume Shadow Service, such as if the file was saved to a flash drive, any previous versions that can be found will allow to find some of the modifications made.

    Where a single file will determine the outcome of an investigation or have a dramatic effect on the case, the importance of ‘getting it right’ cannot be overstated. Such would be the case of a single file, modified by someone in a business office, where many persons had common access to the evidence file before it was known to be evidence. Finding the suspect that altered the evidence file may be simple if you were at the location close to the time of occurrence. Interviews of the employees would be easier as most would remember their whereabouts in the office within the last few days. Some may be able to tell you exactly where other employees were in the office, even point the suspect out directly.

    But what if you are called in a year later? How about 2 or more years later? What would be the odds employees remembering their whereabouts on a Monday in July 2 years earlier? To identify a suspect at this point requires more than a forensic analysis of a computer. It will probably require an investigation into work schedules, lunch schedules, backup tapes, phone call logs, and anything else to place everyone somewhere during the time of the file being altered.

    Potentially you may even need to examine the hard drive of a copy machine and maybe place a person at the copy machine based on what was copied at the time the evidence file was being modified. When a company’s livelihood is at stake or a person’s career is at risk, leave no stone unturned. If you can’t place a suspect at the scene, you might be able to place everyone else at a location, and those you can’t place, just made your list of possible suspects.

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    https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9781597499859000113

    When, How, and Why Do We Trust Technology Too Much?

    Patricia L. Hardré, in Emotions, Technology, and Behaviors, 2016

    Trusting Spelling and Grammar Checkers

    We often see evidence that users of word processing systems trust absolutely in spelling and grammar checkers. From errors in business letters and on resumes to uncorrected word usage in academic papers, this nonstrategy emerges as epidemic. It underscores a pattern of implicit trust that if a word is not flagged as incorrect in a word processing system, then it must be not only spelled correctly but also used correctly. The overarching error is trusting the digital checking system too much, while the underlying functional problem is that such software identifies gross errors (such as nonwords) but cannot discriminate finer nuances of language requiring judgment (like real words used incorrectly). Users from average citizens to business executives have become absolutely comfortable with depending on embedded spelling and grammar checkers that are supposed to autofind, trusting the technology so much that they often do not even proofread. Like overtrust of security monitoring, these personal examples are instances of reduced vigilance due to their implicit belief that the technology is functionally flawless, that if the technology has not found an error, then an error must not exist.

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    https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128018736000054

    Establishing a C&A Program

    Laura Taylor, Matthew Shepherd Technical Editor, in FISMA Certification and Accreditation Handbook, 2007

    Template Development

    Certification Packages consist of a set of documents that all go together and complement one another. A Certification Package is voluminous, and without standardization, it takes an inordinate amount of time to evaluate it to make sure all the right information is included. Therefore, agencies should have templates for all the documents that they require in their Certification Packages. Agencies without templates should work on creating them. If an agency does not have the resources in-house to develop these templates, they should consider outsourcing this initiative to outside consultants.

    A template should be developed using the word processing application that is the standard within the agency. All of the relevant sections that the evaluation team will be looking for within each document should be included. Text that will remain constant for a particular document type also should be included. An efficient and effective C&A program will have templates for the following types of C&A documents:

    Categorization and Certification Level Recommendation

    Hardware and Software Inventory

    Self-Assessment

    Security Awareness and Training Plan

    End-User Rules of Behavior

    Incident Response Plan

    Security Test and Evaluation Plan

    Privacy Impact Assessment

    Business Risk Assessment

    Business Impact Assessment

    Contingency Plan

    Configuration Management Plan

    System Risk Assessment

    System Security Plan

    Security Assessment Report

    The later chapters in this book will help you understand what should be included in each of these types of documents. Some agencies may possibly require other types of documents as required by their information security program and policies.

    Templates should include guidelines for what type of content should be included, and also should have built-in formatting. The templates should be as complete as possible, and any text that should remain consistent and exactly the same in like document types should be included. Though it may seem redundant to have the exact same verbatim text at the beginning of, say, each Business Risk Assessment from a particular agency, each document needs to be able to stand alone and make sense if it is pulled out of the Certification Package for review. Having similar wording in like documents also shows that the packages were developed consistently using the same methodology and criteria.

    With established templates in hand, it makes it much easier for the C&A review team to understand what it is that they need to document. Even expert C&A consultants need and appreciate document templates. Finding the right information to include the C&A documents can by itself by extremely difficult without first having to figure out what it is that you are supposed to find—which is why the templates are so very important. It’s often the case that a large complex application is distributed and managed throughout multiple departments or divisions and it can take a long time to figure out not just what questions to ask, but who the right people are who will know the answers.

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    https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9781597491167500093

    Speech Recognition

    John-Paul Hosom, in Encyclopedia of Information Systems, 2003

    I.B. Capabilities and Limitations of Automatic Speech Recognition

    ASR is currently used for dictation into word processing software, or in a “command-and-control” framework in which the computer recognizes and acts on certain key words. Dictation systems are available for general use, as well as for specialized fields such as medicine and law. General dictation systems now cost under $100 and have speaker-dependent word-recognition accuracy from 93% to as high as 98%. Command-and-control systems are more often used over the telephone for automatically dialing telephone numbers or for requesting specific services before (or without) speaking to a human operator. Telephone companies use ASR to allow customers to automatically place calls even from a rotary telephone, and airlines now utilize telephone-based ASR systems to help passengers locate and reclaim lost luggage. Research is currently being conducted on systems that allow the user to interact naturally with an ASR system for goals such as making airline or hotel reservations.

    Despite these successes, the performance of ASR is often about an order of magnitude worse than human-level performance, even with superior hardware and long processing delays. For example, recognition of the digits “zero” through “nine” over the telephone has word-level accuracy of about 98% to 99% using ASR, but nearly perfect recognition by humans. Transcription of radio broadcasts by world-class ASR systems has accuracy of less than 87%. This relatively low accuracy of current ASR systems has limited its use; it is not yet possible to reliably and consistently recognize and act on a wide variety of commands from different users.

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    https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B0122272404001647

    Prototyping

    Rex Hartson, Pardha Pyla, in The UX Book (Second Edition), 2019

    20.7 Software Tools for Making Wireframes

    Wireframes can be sketched using any drawing or word processing software package that supports creating and manipulating shapes. While many applications suffice for simple wireframing, we recommend tools designed specifically for this purpose. We use Sketch, a drawing app, to do all the drawing. Craft is a plug-in to Sketch that connects it to InVision, allowing you to export Sketch screen designs to InVision to incorporate hotspots as working links.

    In the “Build mode” of InVision, you work on one screen at a time, adding rectangular overlays that are the hotspots. For each hotspot, you specify what other screen you go to when someone clicks on that hotspot in “Preview mode.” You get a nice bonus using InVision: In the “operate” mode, you, or the user, can click anywhere in an open space in the prototype and it highlights all the available links. These tools are available only on Mac computers, but similar tools are available under Windows.

    Beyond this discussion, it’s not wise to try to cover software tools for making prototypes in this kind of textbook. The field is changing fast and whatever we could say here would be out of date by the time you read this. Plus, it wouldn’t be fair to the numerous other perfectly good tools that didn’t get cited. To get the latest on software tools for prototyping, it’s better to ask an experienced UX professional or to do your research online.

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    https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128053423000205

    Design Production

    Rex Hartson, Partha S. Pyla, in The UX Book, 2012

    9.5.3 How to Build Wireframes?

    Wireframes can be built using any drawing or word processing software package that supports creating and manipulating shapes, such as iWork Pages, Keynote, Microsoft PowerPoint, or Word. While such applications suffice for simple wireframing, we recommend tools designed specifically for this purpose, such as OmniGraffle (for Mac), Microsoft Visio (for PC), and Adobe InDesign.

    Many tools and templates for making wireframes are used in combination—truly an invent-as-you-go approach serving the specific needs of prototyping. For example, some tools are available to combine the generic-looking placeholders in wireframes with more detailed mockups of some screens or parts of screens. In essence they allow you to add color, graphics, and real fonts, as well as representations of real content, to the wireframe scaffolding structure.

    In early stages of design, during ideation and sketching, you started with thinking about the high-level conceptual design. It makes sense to start with that here, too, first by wireframing the design concept and then by going top down to address major parts of the concept. Identify the interaction conceptual design using boxes with labels, as shown in Figure 9-4.

    Take each box and start fleshing out the design details. What are the different kinds of interaction needed to support each part of the design, and what kinds of widgets work best in each case? What are the best ways to lay them out? Think about relationships among the widgets and any data that need to go with them. Leverage design patterns, metaphors, and other ideas and concepts from the work domain ontology. Do not spend too much time with exact locations of these widgets or on their alignment yet. Such refinement will come in later iterations after all the key elements of the design are represented.

    As you flesh out all the major areas in the design, be mindful of the information architecture on the screen. Make sure the wireframes convey that inherent information architecture. For example, do elements on the screen follow a logical information hierarchy? Are related elements on the screen positioned in such a way that those relationships are evident? Are content areas indented appropriately? Are margins and indents communicating the hierarchy of the content in the screen?

    Next it is time to think about sequencing. If you are representing a workflow, start with the “wake-up” state for that workflow. Then make a wireframe representing the next state, for example, to show the result of a user action such as clicking on a button. In Figure 9-6 we showed what happens when a user clicks on the “Related information” expander widget. In Figure 9-7 we showed what happens if the user clicks on the “One-up” view switcher button.

    Once you create the key screens to depict the workflow, it is time to review and refine each screen. Start by specifying all the options that go on the screen (even those not related to this workflow). For example, if you have a toolbar, what are all the options that go into that toolbar? What are all the buttons, view switchers, window controllers (e.g., scrollbars), and so on that need to go on the screen? At this time you are looking at scalability of your design. Is the design pattern and layout still working after you add all the widgets that need to go on this screen?

    Think of cases when the windows or other container elements such as navigation bars in the design are resized or when different data elements that need to be supported are larger than shown in the wireframe. For example, in Figures 9-5 and 9-6, what must happen if the number of photo collections is greater than what fits in the default size of that container? Should the entire page scroll or should new scrollbars appear on the left-hand navigation bar alone? How about situations where the number of people identified in a collection are large? Should we show the first few (perhaps ones with most number of associated photos) with a “more” option, should we use an independent scrollbar for that pane, or should we scroll the entire page? You may want to make wireframes for such edge cases; remember they are less expensive and easier to do using boxes and lines than in code.

    As you iterate your wireframes, refine them further, increasing the fidelity of the deck. Think about proportions, alignments, spacing, and so on for all the widgets. Refine the wording and language aspects of the design. Get the wireframe as close to the envisioned design as possible within the constraints of using boxes and lines.

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    https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123852410000099

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