What is a word ladder

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Lewis Carroll’s doublet in Vanity Fair, March 1897 changing the word «head» to «tail» in five steps, one letter at a time

Word ladder (also known as Doublets,[1] word-links, change-the-word puzzles, paragrams, laddergrams,[2] or word golf) is a word game invented by Lewis Carroll. A word ladder puzzle begins with two words, and to solve the puzzle one must find a chain of other words to link the two, in which two adjacent words (that is, words in successive steps) differ by one letter.[3]

History[edit]

Lewis Carroll says that he invented the game on Christmas day in 1877.[3] Carroll devised the word game for Julia and Ethel Arnold.[4] The first mention of the game in Carroll’s diary was on March 12, 1878, which he originally called «Word-links», and described as a two-player game.[3] Carroll published a series of word ladder puzzles and solutions, which he then called «Doublets», in the magazine Vanity Fair, beginning with the March 29, 1879 issue.[3] Later that year it was made into a book, published by Macmillan and Co.[5]

J. E. Surrick and L. M. Conant published a book Laddergrams of such puzzles in 1927.[1]

Vladimir Nabokov alluded to the game using the name «word golf» in the novel Pale Fire, in which the narrator says ‘some of my records are: hate—love in three, lass—male in four, and live—dead in five (with «lend» in the middle).’[1]

The game was revived in Australia in the 1990s by The Canberra Times as «Stepword».[6]

Word ladders are often featured in the New York Times crossword puzzle.[7][8][9]

Rules[edit]

The player is given a start word and an end word. In order to win the game, the player must change the start word into the end word progressively, creating an existing word at each step. Each step consists of a single letter substitution.[3] For example, the following are the seven shortest solutions to the word ladder puzzle between words «cold» and «warm», using words from Collins Scrabble Words.

COLD → CORD → CORM → WORM → WARM
COLD → CORD → CARD → WARD → WARM
COLD → CORD → WORD → WARD → WARM
COLD → CORD → WORD → WORM → WARM
COLD → WOLD → WORD → WORM → WARM
COLD → WOLD → WORD → WARD → WARM
COLD → WOLD → WALD → WARD → WARM

As each step changes only one letter, the number of steps must be at least the Hamming distance between the two words – four in the above example.[10] Lewis Carroll’s example has an extra fifth step as the third letter changes twice.

Often word ladder puzzles are created where the end word has some kind of relationship with the start word (synonymous, antonymous, semantic…). This was also the way the game was originally devised by Lewis Carroll when it first appeared in Vanity Fair.

Some variations also allow the player to add or remove letters, and to rearrange the same letters into a different order (an anagram).

Five-letter word ladders[edit]

Donald Knuth used a computer to study word ladders of five-letter words. He felt that three and four were too easy and six was too hard.[3] Knuth used a collection of 5,757 common English five-letter words, excluding proper nouns. He wrote a program which showed the steps connecting any two words, or noted that no connection was possible.[3] He found that many word pairs were connected, but that 671 words were not connected to any other word, i.e ‘had no neighbours’, as he put it. He called these words «aloof», and noted amusingly that «aloof» is itself such a word.[3]

See also[edit]

  • Paronym

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ a b c Augarde, Tony Oxford Guide to Word Games Oxford University Press, 2nd ed. 2003 p.216 ISBN 0-19-866264-5
  2. ^ «Laddergrams». Laddergrams. Retrieved 2016-03-05.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h Deanna Haunsperger, Stephen Kennedy (July 31, 2006). The Edge of the Universe: Celebrating Ten Years of Math Horizons. Mathematical Association of America. p. 22. ISBN 0-88385-555-0.
  4. ^ Cohen, Morton N. (2015-04-09). Lewis Carroll: A Biography. Pan Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-4472-8614-1.
  5. ^ Charles Lutwidge Dodgson (1879). Doublets, a word-puzzle, by Lewis Carroll. Macmillan and Co.
  6. ^ «Cold Heat». The Canberra Times. Vol. 65, no. 20, 392. Australian Capital Territory, Australia. 10 February 1991. p. 3. Retrieved 18 September 2017 – via National Library of Australia.
  7. ^ Amlen, Deb (2017-02-21). «Quite Enough». The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2020-08-22.
  8. ^ Amlen, Deb (2018-06-13). «Way to Go on Record». The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2020-08-22.
  9. ^ Gaffney, Thomas (2013-06-19). «Climb the Ladder». Wordplay Blog. Retrieved 2020-08-22.
  10. ^ Waggener, Bill (1995). Pulse Code Modulation Techniques. Springer. p. 206. ISBN 9780442014360. Retrieved 13 June 2020.

External links[edit]

  • The longest word ladder puzzle ever Computer analysis to find long word ladders
  • Doublets, a word puzzle, by Lewis Carroll
  • An on-line word-ladder solver for Afrikaans, English, Esperanto, German and Spanish (requires login)
  • An on-line word-ladder solver for English
  • Lewis Carroll Resources On-line facility giving Carroll’s original puzzles with hints and solutions and tool to help solve and compile puzzles
Источник

Word Ladder (также известный как Doublets, словесные ссылки, головоломки со сменой слов, параграммы, лестничные диаграммы или слово гольф ) словесная игра, изобретенная Льюисом Кэрроллом. Головоломка со словесной лестницей начинается с двух слов, и для решения головоломки нужно найти цепочку других слов, чтобы связать эти два слова, в которой два соседних слова (то есть слова в последовательных шагах) отличаются на одну букву.

Содержание

  • 1 История
  • 2 Правила
  • 3 Пятибуквенные цепочки слов
  • 4 См. Также
  • 5 Примечания
  • 6 Внешние ссылки

История

Льюис Кэрролл говорит, что он изобрел игру на Рождество в 1877 году. Кэрролл разработал словесную игру для Джулии и Этель Арнольд. Первое упоминание об игре в дневнике Кэрролла было 12 марта 1878 года, которое он первоначально назвал «Word-links» и описал как игру для двух игроков. Кэрролл опубликовал в журнале Vanity Fair, начиная с выпуска от 29 марта 1879 года, серию головоломок и решений со словесной лестницей, которые он затем назвал «Дублетами». Позже в том же году он был преобразован в книгу, опубликованную Macmillan and Co.

J. Э. Суррик и Л.М. Конант опубликовали книгу Ладдерграммы таких головоломок в 1927 году.

Владимир Набоков упомянул игру под названием «гольф» в романе Бледный огонь, в котором рассказчик говорит: «Некоторые из моих записей: ненависть — любовь в трех, девушка — мужчина в четырех и живая — мертвая в пяти (с« одолжить »в середине)».

Игра была возрождена в Австралии в 1990-х годах издательством The Canberra Times как «Stepword».

Словарные лестницы часто используются в кроссвордах New York Times.

Правила

Игроку дается начальное и конечное слово. Чтобы выиграть игру, игрок должен постепенно менять начальное слово на конечное, создавая существующее слово на каждом шаге. Каждый шаг состоит из замены одной буквы. Например, ниже приведены семь кратчайших решений головоломки со словом «лестница» между словами «холодный» и «теплый» с использованием слов из Collins Scrabble Words.

COLD → CO R D → C A RD → W ARD → WAR M

COLD → CO R D → COR M→ WORM → W ARM

COLD → CO R D → W ORD → W A RD → WAR M

COLD → CO R D → W ORD → WOR M → W ARM

COLD → W OLD → W A LD → WA R D → WAR M

COLD → W СТАРЫЙ → WO R D → W A RD → WAR M

ХОЛОДНЫЙ → W СТАРЫЙ → WO R D → WOR M → W ARM

Часто головоломки со словесной лестницей создаются, где конечное слово имеет какую-то связь с начальным словом (синоним, антоним, смысловой…). Именно так игра была первоначально разработана Льюисом Кэрроллом, когда она впервые появилась в Vanity Fair.

Некоторые варианты также позволяют игроку добавлять или удалять буквы и переставлять те же буквы в другом порядке (анаграмма ).

Пятибуквенные лестницы слов

Дональд Кнут использовал компьютер для изучения словарных лестниц пятибуквенных слов. Он считал, что лестницы из трехбуквенных слов были слишком легкими (хотя Льюис Кэрролл обнаружил, что для превращения APE в MAN требуется шесть ступеней), и что лестницы из шести букв были менее интересны, поскольку относительно небольшое количество пар шестибуквенных слов могло быть связано со словесной лестницей. Кнут использовал фиксированный набор из 5 757 наиболее распространенных английских пятибуквенных слов, за исключением существительных. Он точно определил, когда между двумя словами из сборника возникла словная лестница, через другие слова из сборника. Кнут обнаружил, что большинство слов связаны друг с другом, и он также обнаружил, что 671 слово из сборника не образуют словесную лестницу с другими словами. Он назвал эти слова «отчужденный», потому что «отчужденный» сам по себе является примером такого слова.

См. Также

  • Пароним

Примечания

  1. ^ Огард, Тони Оксфорд. Руководство по играм в слова Оксфордского университета Press, 2-е изд. 2003 с.216 ISBN 0-19-866264-5
  2. ^«Лестничные диаграммы». Лестничные диаграммы. Проверено 5 марта 2016 г.
  3. ^ Дина Хаунспергер, Стивен Кеннеди (31 июля 2006 г.). Край вселенной: празднование десяти лет математических горизонтов. Математическая ассоциация Америки. п. 22. ISBN 0-88385-555-0 .
  4. ^Коэн, Мортон Н. (09.04.2015). Льюис Кэрролл: Биография. Пан Макмиллан. ISBN 978-1-4472-8614-1 .
  5. ^Чарльз Латвидж Доджсон (1879). Дублеты, словесная головоломка Льюиса Кэрролла. Макмиллан и Ко.
  6. ^«Холодная жара». Канберра Таймс. 65(20, 392). Австралийская столичная территория, Австралия. 10 февраля 1991 г. с. 3. Получено 18 сентября 2017 г. — через Национальную библиотеку Австралии.
  7. ^Амлен, Деб (21.02.2017). «Достаточно». Нью-Йорк Таймс. ISSN 0362-4331. Проверено 22 августа 2020 г.
  8. ^Амлен, Деб (13 июня 2018 г.). «Путь к записи». Нью-Йорк Таймс. ISSN 0362-4331. Проверено 22 августа 2020 г.
  9. ^Гаффни, Томас (19 июня 2013 г.). «Поднимитесь по лестнице». Блог игры слов. Проверено 22 августа 2020 г.

Внешние ссылки

  • Самая длинная словесная головоломка в истории Компьютерный анализ для поиска длинных словесных лестниц
  • Дублеты, словесная головоломка, Льюис Кэрролл
  • Он-лайн слово-лестница для африкаанс, английского, эсперанто, немецкого и испанского (требуется вход в систему)
  • Он-лайн слово-лестница для английского языка
  • Ресурсы Льюиса Кэрролла Он-лайн средство, дающее оригинальные головоломки Кэрролла с подсказками решения и инструменты для решения и составления головоломок
Источник

(Last Updated On: October 23, 2018)

what is a word ladder

The goal in writing this post is to get people to appreciate the work and artistry that go into creating good word ladders, and help people to start making their own since mini word ladders are now part of the Sporcle Daily Dose. Hopefully, this will inspire Sporclers to try and make little ladders of their own.

History of Word Ladders

Word ladders were first popularized by Lewis Carroll but he had two ways of doing them. You could change exactly one letter in the word, OR you could add/subtract a letter from the word to make a new one. So in his word ladder, the lengths changed all the time. That’s fine do to, but he always indicated what type of process was happening. The sporcle user Caramba has made a solid example of the classic Lewis Carroll ladder, where he also added anagramming the letters.

There have also been puzzles for a long time that asked you to use common words to link two words together in the shortest path.  That’s hard to do without clues, and often there are multiple possible paths. However, Sporcle user Flick did an excellent job of making a Sporcle version of the shortest path ladders.

Word Ladder “Rules” and “Guidelines”

A) Word ladders can be done for 4-letter and 5-letter words. 6-letter words can be done for a small sequence, but not for long, just due to the nature of words. Also, if you come up with something good, you might be able to make a 3-letter version, but it also starts to get a little too easy with really short words.

B) In a Word Ladder, exactly one letter changes from word to word. If more than one letter changes, it really starts to be hard to go from step to step.

C) In a Word Ladder, the position that changes must be different each time.

  • Rationale:  LOVE -> ??? -> ROVE
  • So, let’s say you have three clues:: Amor in English, American Poet Laureate Rita, and Bush Politico Karl.
  • Since LOVE and ROVE only differ by one letter, there are 24 possible letters that can be ?OVE and if you don’t know who Rita Dove is, you have a lot of annoying guesswork. So, that’s why we avoid changing the same position twice in a row. Then you only have 2 possibilities to try.
  • For example, LOVE -> ROVE -> ROTE
  • So now, if you don’t know who Karl Rove is, but you have LOVE and ROTE, you know the two possibilities that go in the middle are ROVE or LOTE.

D) To make a good and exciting word ladder, inflected forms should be avoided at all costs, unless a theme traps you but try to get out of them fast. Inflected forms of words are things like plurals, participles, and past tenses.

  • Example: HOGS-> DOGS -> DIGS -> PIGS
  • Is a VERY boring word ladder. It looks like it is really 4-letter words but in actuality it is a bunch of plural 3-letter words. This happens a LOT if you try to make 5-letter ladders because they are SO hard to make in the first place.

E) Etymology.  It is bad form to put two words next to each other that come from the same word, since that’s really cheating and inelegant. For example: BORN ->BORE or LIFE -> LIVE

  • LIFE -> LIVE is hard to fix but you could clue LIFE as the board game, and LIVE as the band. Additionally, with BORN -> BORE you have a way out because there are other meanings that are not related. BORN can mean “having given birth to” or it can be “Last name of Physicist Max”

F) Word ladders alone are just fun. You can see that the first bunches of word ladders on Sporcle were just strings of interesting but unrelated, and those are fun, but it is a lot cooler if they have themes. There are several ways to make themed word ladders:

  1. Have the beginning and ending words be related to each other in some way (opposites, part of a phrase, part of a set, etc.)
  2. Have all (or most of) the clues in the ladder be related to a topic (math, music, Super Mario Brothers, etc.)
  3. Have the ladder contain a bunch of related words or a complete list (all the 4-letter countries, Michael Jackson hits, etc).

G) Don’t use a word again in the ladder.  However, there is a corollary to this if you want to start and end back on the same word.  Also, if your ladder is unthemed, you want to try to make sure that the ladder cannot be “jumped” meaning that you could actually go from the 3rd word to the 17th word, and cut out a big chunk. This is actually useful though, to ramble around and make a really short ladder a little bit longer.

  • For example, WORK -> PORK -> PORE -> WORE.  In that case, you could have just gone from WORK -> WORE in one step.

H) Try to have the letter patterns vary, as that makes the ladder more interesting. Most 4-letter words are CVCV (consonant vowel consonant vowel). So trying to shift the patterns around makes for a lot more interesting words.  There is a great word ladder that goes from OHIO to IOWA, and it isn’t easy to move the vowel patterns around like that.

I) Now, having an interesting but less common word in a ladder is cool. People learn new things. However, if you have a lot of new/obscure words in a row or near each other, it makes that part of the ladder almost unsolvable, so watch out for that.   Also, if you have hard words at the beginning or ends of ladders, there is a lot less help to getting that answer, so avoid that unless it is part of a theme or just an awesome word.

J) How much time does a ladder need? A good rule of thumb is that for every 10 words in a ladder, Sporclers will want a minute. For the Daily Dose, ladders that are 1-3 minutes (and on the shorter side of that) are ideal if you’re trying to get published.

K) Formatting the ladder is a good thing to do to make people happy when playing it, but that can always be fixed after.  If there are fewer than 25 “rungs/words” in the ladder, on the style page, set “Number of columns” to 1. Also, make sure the column widths are done so that the clue gets most of the space, 70/30%, for example.  Try to make the font size at least 9 point, because that is the most readable.

L) Now, there are no set rules, as these are just guidelines to make them the most fun to solve, but sometimes the themes are very constraining, and you might have to ‘bend the rules.’ Finding words for a ladder can be hard.  Connecting to HATE is easy; connecting to ONIX is hard. Most online dictionaries will allow you to use wildcard searches, or this site is just da bomb for making ladders, but it only contains non-proper nouns.

M) When writing your clues, make sure they are parallel.  Meaning if you’re cluing a verb, define it as a verb, if you’re cluing a plural, define it as a plural, etc. Use the internet to help you find good and correct definitions. The Merriam-Webster Dictionary is awesome for this.

LEAF: Good clue “Place where photosynthesis takes place.” Bad clue: “Things found on trees” [Singular versus plural]

HATED: Good clue: “Despised.” Bad clue: “Does not like” [Tense doesn’t match]

N) Now you’re ready to start, and you can search all the word ladders that have already been made so that you can make sure you’re not repeating a theme, or reconnecting the same two words again.

If anyone makes a ladder and wants feedback, or is stuck and needs help, feel free to email me at SproutCMSporcle AT gmail dot com and I’ll help out.

Comments

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Источник

Learn why word ladders (aka word chains) are an effective strategy when teaching kids to read and spell with accuracy. Get two free printables so you can begin using word ladders in your classroom today!

Graphic showing a word ladder or word chain on a clipboard with title "All About Word Ladders."

What Are Word Ladders?

Word ladders, which are also known as word chains, are an instructional tool used to help children learn to read and spell while developing phonics and vocabulary skills.

There’s a very basic process to use word ladders: Kids begin with one word that follows a phonics skill they’re working on. Then, they’re asked to make a bunch of other words by making simple changes to the letters of the word that came before.

When students add, remove, or rearrange letters, they have to analyze the sound-symbol relationship that words have.

👉 Example: If you’ve taught your students closed syllable words and all short vowels, your word ladder may look like: hat ➡ hit ➡ bit ➡big ➡ bug ➡ tug ➡ tag ➡ lag ➡ leg ➡ let.

Example of a completed word ladder on a chipboard with title "Word Ladders" at the top.

👉 Students start on the bottom rung and move up the ladder, changing the letters to represent the new sounds and spelling new words!

Through this simple chaining activity example, students have analyzed all five vowel sounds, plus beginning sounds and ending sounds.

👉 Repeated practice with this activity provides a bridge between phonological awareness and phonics, the two first building blocks of reading.

💗 Why We Love Them

Word ladders have TONS of benefits for students. In general, using them helps build kids’ decoding and encoding skills.

When using word ladders, students use phoneme-grapheme mapping, connecting sounds (phonemes) to written letters (graphemes).

This is an important research-based Science of Reading principle that has shown us how the brain stores words to become automatic sight words.

Word ladders force kids to listen to words, analyze the sounds, and connect them to written letters. The words usually change by one phoneme (sound), so students first need to decide which sound is changing in the word.

This is called phoneme manipulation, a phonemic awareness skill.

Then, students need to think about which grapheme (written letters) will represent the new sound, a phonics skill. It’s the perfect bridge between phonological awareness and phonics.

Best of all, children LOVE this activity! It’s challenging, fun, and rewarding when they make it to the top!

Students don’t even realize that they are engaged in a learning activity that reinforces important phonics skills they’ve been taught.

And it only takes a few minutes each day!

⛓️ Word Chaining Resource

To help you get started, we’re giving away a FREE resource for word chaining. Included are 8 word lists with 80+ CVC words. Also included is a word ladder with sound boxes for 3 phoneme words.

Time needed: 10 minutes.

How to Use Word Ladders

  1. The teacher dictates the first word on the list.
  2. The students repeat the word aloud.
  3. Students tap the sounds in word or use manipulatives for multisensory learning.
  4. Students spell the word in the first rung of the word ladder.

    They should say each sound aloud as they write the word.

  5. Students check their word, saying the sounds and blending it together to read the word.
  6. The teacher dictates the next word on the list, saying “Change the word to….”

    The teacher should NOT say which sound is being changed. This is for the students to figure out and practice.

  7. The teacher continues reading the words on the list while students chain each word, following the above procedure, until they reach the top of the ladder.

Looking for more? This is part of a bigger Word Chaining Resource that covers 780 words and tons of phonics skills, from CVC words to words with advanced diphthongs and everything in between.

Pink graphic showing a word ladder example and sound boxes for 3, 4, and 5 phoneme words.

Grab this awesome Word Ladder Resource for targeted phonics instruction.

Tips & Ideas

👉 Word ladders are great for kids in K-3 grade, or any students working on phonics.

👉 Word chaining activities are best used with small groups or whole groups with a teacher (or instructional assistant, volunteer, or advanced reader) reading the list aloud.

👉 Use this activity for encoding with small groups or with your entire class! Then, extend the activity and have students practice decoding the words quickly!

👉 Send the word ladders home for repeated review and practice.

👉✨This is the activity I pull out when administrators walk into my classroom to observe. My students are very familiar with the procedure (since we use it for each skill).

I always have extra ladders printed and sitting near my small group table, and then I quickly pull out my word lists and just like that! We’re doing meaningful and targeted phonics instruction that makes me look like a teacher of the year (with no prep)!

We hope you are encouraged to start implementing word ladders as a common instructional strategy within your classroom!

Related Posts

  • All About Elkonin Boxes
  • Word Families Anchor Chart
  • High Frequency Words Game
  • Phonics Bingo Games

Graphic showing a word ladder or word chain on a clipboard with title "All About Word Ladders."

🖨️Download & Print

We’d love to hear about your experience using these printables! Please leave a comment below or tag us on Instagram @literacylearn.

TERMS: All resources and printables are designed for personal use only in your own home and classroom. Each person must visit this site and download their own free copy. Please do not photocopy, email, or reproduce our printable resources for other teachers, and please do not reproduce our printables on the web or save them to a shared drive. Instead, please share the resources with others by using the social share links provided or by distributing the link to the blog post itself. This allows us to keep making free resources for everyone! If you have any questions, please email us. Please see our Creative Credits page for information regarding the licensed ClipArt used in our resources. Thank you!

Источник

2014-08-24

Word Ladder (Word golf), «цепочка слов» или «метаграмма» — это популярная словесная игра, состоящая в том, чтобы меняя в слове всего одну букву, шаг за шагом превратить одно слово в другое, часто противоположное по смыслу, например «ночь в день», «кошку в мышку», «козу в волка» или в английском языке проложить путь между следующими парами Сold-warm, live-dead, cat-dog. Причём, вершиной мастерства считается осуществить превращение за минимальное количество шагов.

Считается, что впервые этой игрой забавлялся и развлекал других Льюис Кэрролл, что вполне соответствует его лингвистически-математическому складу ума.

Вот пример очень длинной цепочки для превращения САТ в DOG (слова, набранные строчными буквами можно убрать, и задача всё равно будет решена):
CAT
cad
CAP
CUP
cud
cur
CUT
RUT
out
gut
PUT
POT
POP
COP
sop
fop
lop
MOP
TOP
TIP
TAP
TAR
EAR
CAR
CAN
wan
FAN
PAN
MAN
BAN
VAN
TAN
tun
TEN
PEN
per
pet
PEA
SEA
sex
SET
GET
met
LET
BET
PET
NET
NUT
nit
NOT
tot
sot
lot
HOT
hog
hod
HOP
HIP
dip
lip
nip
tip
ZIP
RIP
SIP
SIN
PIN
PIE
DIE
LIE
hie
vie
TIE
TIN
BIN
big
BIB
BIT
BID
BAD
SAD
DAD
PAD
PAL
PAT
BAT
RAT
MAT
FAT
FIT
FIN
FUN
NUN
SUN
SON
TON
tog
tom
TOE
roe
hoe
woe
DOE
FOE
FOX
fix
six
sax
FAX
TAX
tab
TAG
BAG
BEG
BOG
LOG
FOG
fig
dig
DOG

В одной из современных версий игры, очевидно, более простой, задание включает в себя не только первое и последнее слово, но и… определения всех слов стоящих в середине.

Например:

  • best from a position of superiority or authority
  • bast strong woody fibers obtained from the phloem of plants
  • bash a vigorous blow
  • bath a vessel containing liquid in which something is immersed
  • math a science with the logic of quantity and shape and arrangement

А чтобы было не так просто, определения можно разбросать или переставить местами.
Чем больше букв, тем сложнее играть, цепочка из трёх букв не так уж сложно выстроить, подобных слов в английском языке полно. А слов из 6 букв слишком мало, чтоб найти, но вот пример:
{“charge”, “change”, “chance”, “chancy”, “chanty”, “shanty”, “shanny”, “shinny”, “whinny”, “whiney”, “whiner”, “shiner”, “shiver”, “shaver”, “sharer”, “scarer”, “scaler”, “sealer”, “healer”, “header”, “reader”, “render”, “renter”, “ranter”, “ranker”, “hanker”, “hacker”, “hackee”, “hackle”, “heckle”, “deckle”, “decile”, “defile”, “define”, “refine”, “repine”, “rapine”, “ravine”, “raving”, “roving”, “roping”, “coping”, “coming”, “homing”, “hominy”, “homily”, “homely”, “comely”, “comedy”, “comedo”}

И даже из семи:
{“gimlets”, “giblets”, “gibbets”, “gibbers”, “libbers”, “limbers”, “lumbers”, “cumbers”, “cambers”, “campers”, “carpers”, “carters”, “barters”, “batters”, “butters”, “putters”, “puttees”, “putties”, “patties”, “parties”, “parries”, “carries”, “carrier”, “currier”, “curlier”, “burlier”, “bullier”, “bullies”, “bellies”, “jellies”, “jollies”, “collies”, “collins”, “colling”, “coaling”, “coaming”, “foaming”, “flaming”, “flaking”, “fluking”, “fluxing”, “flexing”, “fleeing”, “freeing”, “treeing”, “theeing”}

В русском языке сложнее, но есть и такие короткие, но всё же, цепочки:
Прудовик
Трудовик
Трутовик

Разумеется, такая цепочка «каша-торт» слишком проста:
Каша
Маша
Даша
Саша
Паша
Пара
Пора
Корт
Корт
Торт,
да и имена собственные (как и множественные числа, падежи и прочее) вообще не приветствуются в русских версиях словечных игр, будь то балда, эрудит, кроссворды или матаграмма. Тут ещё свою роль сыграла «шкация».

Данный раздел является ненаучным, в чём-то антинаучным, но тем не менее, всё там написанное соответствует дейстительности. Поэтому этот фрагмент слишком правдив, чтобы даже назвать его шуткой.

Шкация, которая, оказывается, не просто один из видов диминутива, а целый пласт культуры, зачастую не фиксируемый словарями, но существующий и пополняющий свой состав день ото дня, от личности к личности, от поколения к поколению и т.д. и т.п.

«Шкация» и несколько фактов о ней

  1. -шка -это на самом деле часть суффикса ушк/ишк/юшк/ашк/ошк/ышк/ешк/ёшк/яшк, разве, что не ЭШК, который единственный из всей компании отсутствует в русском языке и окончание -а.
  2. -шка (также -ша, -ха) добавляется в конце почти любых существительных, имён собственных, да что там, аббревиатур, можно даже усечённых с конца и/или с начала.
  3. Удивительно, но «картошка» стала понятнее и роднее, чем «картофель» ( однако, это не значит, что любое -фель можно заменить на — шка, ведь портфель, кафель и фалафель не назовут портшка, кашка и фалашка)
  4. Такие непохожие имена как Александр, Мария, Павел, Наталья, Дарья, в результате шкации начинают даже рифмоваться: Саша, Маша, Паша, Наташа, Даша…
  5. Суши-бар в Москве сменил название с насмешливого «Япошка» на ласковое «Япоша».
  6. Шказированные слова продолжают появляться снова и снова, например, компьютерные слова: авишка (файлы .avi), Википешка.
  7. Однако, такие слова как «мышка» сюда не попадают, ведь -ш здесь в корне, суффиксом является -к-, а это уже другая история.

Ну, вернёмся к цепочкам!

Из каждого ли англиского слова можно слепить новое? Оказывается, нет. В наше время к игре подключатся не только люди, но и компьютеры, совместными усилиями было найдено 671 слово из пяти букв, в котором невозможно поменять букву ради получения нового. Эта категория лексем получила имя «aloof», которое и является примером такого рода да и по смыслу значит «отчуждённый, в стороне».

Словесный гольф — это отличная игра для пополнения своего словарного запаса, для коротания вечеров с друзьями или детьми, и для того, чтоб сделать для себя массу лингвистических открытий.

Приходите на наши курсы английского языка и вы узнаете еще больше полезного и интересного!

Источник

Слово лестница (также известная как дублеты , слова-ссылка , переключающие-кроссворды , paragrams , laddergrams или слово гольфы ) является слово игры изобретен Льюисом Кэрроллом . Головоломка словесной лестницы начинается с двух слов, и для решения головоломки нужно найти цепочку других слов, чтобы связать эти два слова, в которой два соседних слова (то есть слова в последовательных шагах) отличаются на одну букву.

История

Льюис Кэрролл говорит, что он изобрел игру на Рождество 1877 года. Кэрролл изобрел игру в слова для Джулии и Этель Арнольд . Первое упоминание об игре в дневнике Кэрролла было 12 марта 1878 года, которое он первоначально назвал «Word-links» и описал как игру для двух игроков. Кэрролл опубликовал серию головоломок и решений со словесной лестницей, которые затем назвал «Дублетами», в журнале Vanity Fair , начиная с выпуска от 29 марта 1879 года. Позднее в том же году он был сделан в книге, изданной Macmillan и Ко .

Дж. Суррик и Л. М. Конант опубликовали книгу « Лестничные диаграммы таких головоломок» в 1927 году.

Владимир Набоков сослался на игру под названием «гольф» в романе « Бледный огонь» , в котором рассказчик говорит: «Некоторые из моих записей: ненависть — любовь в трех, девушка — мужчина в четырех и живая — мертвая в пяти ( с «одолжить» посередине) ».

Игра была возрождена в Австралии в 1990-х годах The Canberra Times как «Stepword».

Словесные лестницы часто используются в кроссвордах New York Times.

Правила

Игроку дается начальное и конечное слово . Чтобы выиграть игру, игрок должен постепенно менять начальное слово на конечное, создавая существующее слово на каждом шаге. Каждый шаг состоит из замены одной буквы. Например, ниже приведены семь кратчайших решений головоломки «лестница» между словами «холодный» и «теплый» с использованием слов из Collins Scrabble Words .

ХОЛОДНЫЙ → CO R D → COR M → W ORM → W A RM
ХОЛОДНЫЙ → CO R D → C A RD → W ARD → ВОЙНА М
ХОЛОДНЫЙ → CO R D → W ORD → W A RD → ВОЙНА М
ХОЛОДНЫЙ → CO R D → W ORD → WOR M → W A RM
ХОЛОДНЫЙ → W OLD → WO R D → WOR M → W A RM
ХОЛОДНЫЙ → W OLD → WO R D → W A RD → ВОЙНА М
ХОЛОДНЫЙ → W OLD → W A LD → WA R D → ВОЙНА М

Поскольку каждый шаг изменяет только одну букву, количество шагов должно быть не меньше расстояния Хэмминга между двумя словами — четыре в приведенном выше примере. В примере Льюиса Кэрролла есть дополнительный пятый шаг, поскольку третья буква изменяется дважды.

Часто головоломки со словесной лестницей создаются, где конечное слово имеет какие-то отношения с начальным словом ( синоним , антоним , семантический …). Именно так игра была первоначально разработана Льюисом Кэрроллом, когда она впервые появилась в Vanity Fair .

Некоторые варианты также позволяют игроку добавлять или удалять буквы и переставлять те же буквы в другом порядке ( анаграмма ).

Пятибуквенные словесные лестницы

Дональд Кнут использовал компьютер, чтобы изучить словарные лестницы пятибуквенных слов. Он считал, что лестницы из трехбуквенных слов были слишком легкими (хотя Льюис Кэрролл обнаружил, что для превращения APE в MAN требуется шесть ступеней), и что лестницы из шести букв были менее интересны, поскольку относительно небольшое количество пар шестибуквенных слов могло быть связано со словесной лестницей. Кнут использовал фиксированный набор из 5757 наиболее распространенных пятибуквенных слов английского языка, исключая имена собственные . Он точно определил, когда между двумя словами из сборника возникла словная лестница, через другие слова из сборника. Кнут обнаружил, что большинство слов связаны друг с другом, и он также обнаружил, что 671 слово из сборника не образуют словесную лестницу с другими словами. Он назвал эти слова «отчужденный», потому что «отчужденный» само по себе является примером такого слова.

Смотрите также

  • Пароним

Примечания

  1. ^ a b c d Augarde, Тони Оксфорд Руководство по играм в слова Oxford University Press, 2-е изд. 2003 стр.216
    ISBN  0-19-866264-5
  2. ^ «Лестничные диаграммы» . Лестничные диаграммы . Проверено 5 марта 2016 .
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h Дина Хаунспергер, Стивен Кеннеди (31 июля 2006 г.). Край Вселенной: празднование десяти лет математических горизонтов . Математическая ассоциация Америки . п. 22. ISBN 0-88385-555-0.
  4. ^ Коэн, Мортон Н. (2015-04-09). Льюис Кэрролл: Биография . Пан Макмиллан. ISBN 978-1-4472-8614-1.
  5. ^ Чарльз Лютвидж Доджсон (1879). Дублеты, словесная головоломка Льюиса Кэрролла . Macmillan и Ко .
  6. ^ «Холодная жара» . Канберра Таймс . 65 (20, 392). Австралийская столичная территория, Австралия. 10 февраля 1991 г. с. 3 . Проверено 18 сентября 2017 года — через Национальную библиотеку Австралии.
  7. ^ Amlen, Деб (2017-02-21). «Достаточно» . Нью-Йорк Таймс . ISSN  0362-4331 . Проверено 22 августа 2020 .
  8. ^ Amlen, Деб (2018-06-13). «Путь к записи» . Нью-Йорк Таймс . ISSN  0362-4331 . Проверено 22 августа 2020 .
  9. ^ Гаффни, Томас (2013-06-19). «Поднимитесь по лестнице» . Блог игры слов . Проверено 22 августа 2020 .
  10. ^ Ваггенер, Билл (1995). Методы импульсной кодовой модуляции . Springer. п. 206. ISBN. 9780442014360. Проверено 13 июня 2020 .
  11. ^ На самом деле нужно всего пять: APE → AP T → O PT → O A T → M AT → MA N

внешние ссылки

  • Самая длинная головоломка со словесными лестницами Компьютерный анализ для поиска длинных словесных лестниц
  • Дублеты, словесная головоломка Льюиса Кэрролла
  • Он-лайн программа для поиска словесной лестницы для африкаанс, английского, эсперанто, немецкого и испанского языков (требуется логин)
  • Он-лайн программа для поиска словесных лестниц для английского языка
  • Ресурсы Льюиса Кэрролла Он-лайн сервис, предлагающий оригинальные головоломки Кэрролла с подсказками и решениями, а также инструменты, помогающие решать и собирать головоломки
Источник

Kids are more than capable of being great readers, but it can be difficult to motivate them. One way parents may find success is by playing games with their kids that build reading skills and vocabulary at the same time! Word Ladder helps kids work on decoding words while also teaching new words through a game-like experience. Playing word ladder has helped my son develop his fluency and made him much better reader in general–I highly recommend giving this game a try for your own kid today!

What is meant by word ladders

So, what is a word ladder ? It’s a game where you begin with one word and then create a sequence of words by changing just one letter from the previous word at a time. Each word in the sequence should be a proper english word. For example, if you want to create a word ladder from TEA -> POT , try TEA->PEA->PET->POT. Ladder grams, Word Golf, and Step word are some of the other names for this game.

What do word ladders help with

It’s a great game for building decoding, spelling, phonics and vocabulary skills which are an essential skill for reading. When kids are replacing letters to make a new word they are examining the letter-sound relationship which is important to recognize familiar words quickly and to correctly pronounce the written words. This is an important skill in order to learn how to decode and spell correctly. The kids might think that they are playing a game but in fact they are developing their important reading skills in a fun way.

How to Play Word LaddER GAME

You can have your kids play this game alone or in a pair. I generally like to play it with my kids.

  • Give your kids a starting word and an ending word.
  • Make sure the starting and ending words must be the same length (FLY and CRY, or SKIP and THAT)
  • Each player change one letter at a time, attempting to move from the starting word to the ending word.
  • As a rule, they can not change the order of the letters.
  • And each intermediate step must be a valid word.

For example, if your starting word is COLD and ending word is WARM, then you can do it as follows

  • WARM (change d – m )
  • WARD (change c – w )
  • CARD (change o – a )
  • CORD ( change l – r )
  • COLD

word ladder cold to warm

WORD LADDER EXAMPLES

Here, is a list of words to get you started.

ideas for word ladder

I have also created a word ladder pdf file, the word ladder for Kindergarten is free to download below, all other grade levels can be downloaded from my Tpt store. The files contains word ladder puzzles with solutions for elementary level grades, but they’re the best kind of problem solving- because it’s not just about what words to use and how many letters are in them -it is all about figuring out where that one letter fits!

Simply click the download icon below to download and print this free printable. This worksheet is available for personal use only; no commercial usage of any kind is permitted.

If you share this printable, please link back directly to this post instead of the PDF.

There are several ways to teach your children at home. One method is to use a fortune teller to practice spelling words. Not only will children enjoy making their own fortune tellers, or as they call them, cootie catchers, but they will also enjoy learning to spell. For younger children, using easter eggs or drawing rainbow words can be a fun way to practice sight words. Try out some of these activities, and I hope these ideas will spark a little creativity in your homeschooling!

( Disclosure : Some of the links below are affiliate links, meaning, at no additional cost to you, I will earn a commission if you click through and make a purchase )

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Источник

What is a word ladder example?

Replacing one letter at a time, the ladder for cat can become: cat – cot – dot – dog. This is a word ladder that starts at “cat” and ends at “dog.” For example, the word ladder for CAT can become: cat – scat – slat – slit – flit. This is a word ladder that starts with “cat” and ends with “flit.”

How many words can you make out of ladder?

51 words

How do you solve a word ladder?

Puzzle: Word Ladders

  1. Players get a starting word and an ending word.
  2. Starting and ending words must be the same length (PIG and HOG, or CAT and DOG)
  3. Players change one letter at a time, attempting to move from the starting word to the ending word.
  4. Each intermediate step must be a valid word, and no proper nouns allowed!

How do you create a ladder in Word?

Rules. The player is given a start word and an end word. In order to win the game, the player must change the start word into the end word progressively, creating an existing word at each step. Each step consists of a single letter substitution.

What is the meaning of ladder?

noun. a structure of wood, metal, or rope, commonly consisting of two sidepieces between which a series of bars or rungs are set at suitable distances, forming a means of climbing up or down. something resembling this. a means of rising, as to eminence: the ladder of success.

What word ends with it?

10-letter words that end in it

  • grapefruit.
  • hematocrit.
  • retransmit.
  • jackrabbit.
  • disinherit.
  • gesundheit.
  • breadfruit.
  • overcommit.

What 4 letter word ends with it?

4-letter words ending with IT

adit alit
exit flit
frit gait
geit glit
grit HIIT

What is a 3 letter palindrome?

Here is the list of all the English words with 3 letters grouped by number of letters: AAA, A.A.A., aba, A.B.A., ACA, ADA, A.D.A., AEA, AFA, aga, aha, a-ha, aia, Aja. Palindromes are words that can be read from left to right or right to left, the letters are symetric. Rise to vote, sir. Madam, I’m Adam.

How many 3 letter palindromes are there?

451 3 letter palindromes

What words can you make from Ladder?

Words made by unscrambling the letters L A D D E R

  • adder.
  • addle.
  • alder.
  • dared.
  • dedal.
  • dread.
  • laded.
  • lader.

How do you solve a word ladder puzzle?

Try to have a think about where the vowels are in the start word and the solution word, and if you can get the same arrangement of consonants and vowels at each position of the word as early as you can in the solving process: often this is the key step to solving success as shuffling the order of consonants and vowels …

Who invented word ladders?

Lewis Carroll

What is a word ladder in crossword puzzles?

A word ladder is a fun puzzle that was apparently invented by Lewis Carroll. In this word puzzle you transform or morph one word into another. The rule is that on each rung of the ladder you can only change one letter at a time.

What do you mean by word ladder?

Filters. A kind of puzzle in which one word must be transformed into another specified word of the same length by changing one letter at a time, each step yielding a valid intermediate word, as in lead → load → goad → gold.

How do word ladders help students?

Word Ladders are great for building students’ decoding, phonics, spelling, and vocabulary skills. When students add or rearrange letters to make a new word from one they have just made, they must examine sound-symbol relationships closely. All of these skills are key to students’ success in learning to read and write.

What is Surprable?

: capable of being overcome or conquered.

What does separability mean?

1 : capable of being separated or dissociated separable parts. 2 obsolete : causing separation.

What does Superabundantly mean?

adjective. exceedingly or excessively abundant; more than sufficient; excessive.

What is Undeparty?

UNDEPARTY: PJ party except underwear.

What does abounding mean?

: existing in or providing a great or plentiful quantity or supply It’s simply full of …

What is the meaning of luxuriant?

1a : yielding abundantly : fertile, fruitful. b : characterized by abundant growth : lush luxuriant vegetation. 2 : abundantly and often extravagantly rich and varied : prolific. 3 : characterized by luxury : luxurious a luxuriant fabric.

What is the meaning of compatriot?

1 : a person born, residing, or holding citizenship in the same country as another We watched our compatriots compete in the Olympics.

What does ingratitude mean?

: forgetfulness of or poor return for kindness received : ungratefulness.

What is the difference between luxurious and luxuriant?

“Luxurious” describes rich, elegant, expensive things. And “luxuriant” describes rich, lush, abundant growing things.

What is the synonym of luxurious?

In this page you can discover 58 synonyms, antonyms, idiomatic expressions, and related words for luxurious, like: lavish, opulent, extravagant, grand, in the lap of luxury, luxuriant, costly, rich, gilded, ascetic and elegant.

How do you use luxuriant in a sentence?

produced or growing in extreme abundance.

  1. Tall, luxuriant plants grew along the river bank.
  2. Your hand luxuriant line entanglements into the city in whose laughter.
  3. This new luxuriant yatch is near completion.
  4. Her luxuriant hair fell around her shoulders.

What is the synonym of luxuriant?

Some common synonyms of luxuriant are exuberant, lavish, lush, prodigal, and profuse. While all these words mean “giving or given out in great abundance,” luxuriant suggests a rich and splendid abundance.

What’s another word for conceited?

SYNONYMS FOR conceited 1 vain, proud, egotistic, self-important, self-satisfied.

Which is the closest synonym for the word notoriety?

Notoriety Synonyms – WordHippo Thesaurus….What is another word for notoriety?

disrepute discredit
infamy obloquy
opprobrium dishonourUK
dishonorUS scandal
flak ill repute

What is the meaning of the word rich?

1 : having abundant possessions and especially material wealth. 2a : having high value or quality. b : well supplied or endowed a city rich in traditions. 3 : magnificently impressive : sumptuous.

How do you use the word rich?

  1. [S] [T] She must have been rich in those days. (
  2. [S] [T] Although he is rich he works very hard. (
  3. [S] [T] He is rich enough to buy the furniture. (
  4. [S] [T] He is richer than anybody else in town. (
  5. [S] [T] I wonder what it feels like to be rich. (
  6. [S] [T] I’m pretty sure Tom’s richer than Mary. (

What amount of money makes you rich?

Kahler: In 2019, the survey found it took a net worth of $2.3 million to be considered rich and $1.1 million to be financially comfortable. In January of 2020, survey participants felt it took more money to be rich—$2.6 million—but less to be financially comfortable—$934,000.

Is Rich a bad word?

If you search for the word ‘rich,’ you will find synonyms like wealthy, affluent, prosperous, and plush. The word ‘rich’ assumes such a negative connotation that many people don’t use it. They now use the term ‘well-off ‘instead.

What do you call someone who acts rich but is poor?

Parvenu is a word of French origin to describe someone low-born who now has money but not the manners usually associated with wealth.

What net worth is rich?

Most Americans say that to be considered “wealthy” in the U.S. in 2021, you need to have a net worth of nearly $2 million — $1.9 million to be exact. That’s less than the net worth of $2.6 million Americans cited as the threshold to be considered wealthy in 2020, according to Schwab’s 2021 Modern Wealth Survey.

How do you complete a word ladder?

Where did the word ladder come from?

Used as a noun, the word ladder comes from the Old English word, ‘hlæder’ meaning ‘steps’, which derives from the Old German ‘leitara’ and the Middle Dutch ‘ledere’. The modern term ladder has evolved from these words to refer to a structure with steps or rungs.

What does the ladder symbolize?

The ladder (or staircase) is symbolic of the connection between HEAVEN and EARTH. It represents progress, ascenscion, and spiritual passage through the levels of initiation. In the Bible, Jacob’s ladder established contact between man and God, and there are seven rungs on the ladder of virtue.

What is ladder English?

1 : a structure for climbing up or down that consists essentially of two long sidepieces joined at intervals by crosspieces on which one may step. 2 : something that resembles or suggests a ladder in form or use especially : run sense 11a.

What are the 3 types of ladders?

Choosing the Right Ladder for the Job

  • Single Pole Ladders (maximum length 9 metres)
  • Extension Ladders (maximum length 15 metres)
  • Step Ladders (maximum height 6.1 metres)
  • Dual Purpose Ladders (stepladder hinged to provide an extension)
  • Platform (podium) Ladders.

What type of word is ladder?

Is the latter the first or second?

The terms former and latter are words used to distinguish between two things. Former directs us to the first of these two things, and latter directs us to the second (or last) of them.

What does the word latter mean in the Bible?

distinguished from former

What does the ladder mean in literature?

 Each “rung” of the “ladder” takes the reader to a new learning task.  Unlike a webquest, which leads the learner on a journey that converges into a final product, a literature ladder is a collection of divergent activities that expand ones knowledge of a book.

What is ladder used for?

A ladder is a piece of equipment consisting of repeated bars or steps (rungs) between two upright lengths of metal, wood, or rope, used for climbing up or down something… So why are there so many different types of ladders?

What is ladder logic in PLC?

Ladder logic is used to develop software for programmable logic controllers (PLCs) used in industrial control applications. The name is based on the observation that programs in this language resemble ladders, with two vertical rails and a series of horizontal rungs between them.

Is Ladder logic still used?

Ladder logic does a lot more today than it used to. PLCs commonly are used for analog control, tracking part data (barcodes, test results, calibration), controlling motion, and a plethora of other tasks-and ladder logic is still the dominant language.

Why is ladder logic still used?

Ladder diagrams mimic relay logic and are based on relay logic wiring schematics, reducing the need to retrain electricians, engineers, and technicians to use it. LD is widely used for sequential control and is useful for simple control systems and for replacing hardwired relay circuits.

What is a PLC ladder diagram?

Ladder diagram, better known as ladder logic, is a programming language used to program PLCs (programmable logic controllers). Contacts are placed in series to represent AND logic and in parallel when using OR logic. As with real relays, there are normally open contacts and normally closed contacts.

What is PLC block diagram?

Block diagram of PLC- Programmable logic controller. PLC contains mainly three unit CPU, INPUT and OUTPUT. CPU:-CPU contains a processor. CPU read and executes programming instruction which is programmed by programmer. CPU controls all activity by receiving input, and as per program control all output.

What is NO and NC in PLC?

The normally open contact (NO) is true (closed) when the input or output status bit controlling the contact is 1. The normally closed contact (NC) is true (closed) when the input or output status bit controlling the contact is 0.

What are types of PLC?

The two main types of PLC are fixed / compact PLC and modular PLC.

What is PLC Scada?

At the core, the difference between a programmable logic controller and SCADA comes down to the type of technology. A PLC is a piece of physical hardware. SCADA, on the other hand, is software. This software is designed to control the entirety of the system, collecting data from all inputs and monitoring all devices.

What is PLC explain with diagram?

PLC takes input instructions in the form of ladder diagram or computer software instructions. These instructions are decoded in CPU and CPU provides differed signals to control or to operate many devices of system. PLC basically consists of a ladder network, which is performed according requirements of the system.

What is the best PLC brand?

Top 15 PLC Brands:

  • ABB.
  • Allen-Bradley.
  • Siemens.
  • Honeywell.
  • Mitsubishi.
  • Yokogawa.
  • Toshiba.
  • General Electric.

Which PLC is mostly used in industry?

Siemens

Which are popular PLC brands?

  • Siemens.
  • Rockwell Automation / Allen Bradley.
  • Mitsubishi Electric.
  • Schneider Electric.
  • ABB.
  • Honeywell Process.
  • Omron.
  • Hitachi Industrial Equipment Systems.

Which PLC is mostly used in India?

Most popular brand of plc used in india are Allen Bradley.

Which is the best Scada software?

Compare Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) Software

  • InduSoft Web Studio. (45)4.0 out of 5.
  • CIMPLICITY. (29)4.1 out of 5.
  • iFix. (5)3.8 out of 5.
  • SIMATIC WinCC. (4)4.5 out of 5.
  • Softpro. (2)4.0 out of 5.
  • B-Scada. (1)4.0 out of 5.
  • CODESYS Visualization. (1)4.0 out of 5.
  • Embedded Control and Monitoring Software Suite.

Which software is used for Schneider PLC?

EcoStruxure Control Expert (Unity Pro)

Which software is used for Siemens PLC?

SIMATIC STEP 7 is the world’s best known and most widely used engineering software in industrial automation. SIMATIC STEP 7 V5. 6 is the proven programming software for the controller families S7-300, S7-400, C7 and WinAC.

Is PLC easy to learn?

PLC programming is easy to learn, a top level book is “Automating manufacturing systems” with PLC’s by Hugh Jacks. Highly worth every penny. You can get some free software for the smart relays with certain companies. Zelio soft 2 is downloadable for free for the Sneider electric website.

Is Scada a software?

SCADA Explained Supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) is a system of software and hardware elements that allows industrial organizations to: Directly interact with devices such as sensors, valves, pumps, motors, and more through human-machine interface (HMI) software.

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What is a word ladder example?

For example, the ladder cat cot dot dog is a word ladder that starts at “cat” and ends at “dog.” Because each modification consists of a single-letter substitution, word ladders can only be found between words of the same length.

How does a word ladder work?

A word ladder puzzle begins with two words, and to solve the puzzle one must find a chain of other words to link the two, in which two adjacent words (that is, words in successive steps) differ by one letter. …

How do you solve a word ladder puzzle?

Try to have a think about where the vowels are in the start word and the solution word, and if you can get the same arrangement of consonants and vowels at each position of the word as early as you can in the solving process: often this is the key step to solving success as shuffling the order of consonants and vowels …

What a person intends or plans to do?

Intend, mean, design, propose imply knowing what one wishes to do and setting this as a goal. To intend is to have in mind something to be done or brought about: No offense was intended. Mean is a less formal word than intend but otherwise a close synonym: He means to go away.

What Is The Meaning Of intends?

transitive verb. 1a : to have in mind as a purpose or goal : plan. b : to design for a specified use or future. 2a : signify, mean.

What is the meaning of ladder?

1 : a structure for climbing up or down that consists essentially of two long sidepieces joined at intervals by crosspieces on which one may step. 2 : something that resembles or suggests a ladder in form or use especially : run sense 11a.

What is a spelling word ladder?

2/7/2017. 0 Comments. Word ladders (also known as word-links, laddergrams, and doublets) involve morphing one word into another by changing one letter, or set of letters, at a time. Each change creates a new word, and each new word is a rung on the ladder.

What is the rung of a ladder?

A rung is one of the horizontal steps of a ladder. From the literal ladder definition of rung, a place to put your foot (or hand) as you climb up, comes the metaphorical meaning of “a level.” For example, if you get a promotion at work, you might say you’re climbing up the rungs of the company.

How do you teach word ladders?

To teach this word ladder, start with the word hen. Say the word and have the kids repeat it back to you. You may even want to have the students stretch that word and zap it so they can hear the sounds in the word.

What does ladder mean?

Word-ladder definitions A kind of puzzle in which one word must be transformed into another specified word of the same length by changing one letter at a time, each step yielding a valid intermediate word, as in lead → load → goad → gold.

What are the 3 types of ladders?

Ladders come in a range of styles to suit the different jobs they can be used for:Single Pole Ladders (maximum length 9 metres)Extension Ladders (maximum length 15 metres)Step Ladders (maximum height 6.1 metres)Dual Purpose Ladders (stepladder hinged to provide an extension)Platform (podium) Ladders.

What does the ladder of the two mean?

1 : the second one of two things or people that have been mentioned Of these two options, the former is less expensive, while the latter is less risky.

What does the ladder mean in conversation?

In the expression that refers to making a choice between two options, the word is latter, not ladder. The word latter comes from the comparative form of Old English laet: laetra, and meant “slower.” It took on the meaning of “second of two” in the 1550s. Modern later came, well, later.

What does it mean to prefer the latter?

adjective. being the second mentioned of two (distinguished from former): I prefer the latter offer to the former one. more advanced in time; later: in these latter days of human progress.

Can you use latter for three items?

The terms former and latter are words used to distinguish between two things. Former directs us to the first of these two things, and latter directs us to the second (or last) of them. Do not use former or latter when you are writing about more than two things.

What does later mean?

Later is the comparative of late. 2. adverb. You use later to refer to a time or situation that is after the one that you have been talking about or after the present one. He resigned ten years later.

What can I say instead of bye?

Common Ways to Say Goodbye in EnglishBye. This is the standard goodbye. Bye bye! This sweet and babyish expression is usually only used when speaking to children. See you later, See you soon or Talk to you later. I’ve got to get going or I must be going. Take it easy. I’m off.

What can I say instead of later?

laterafter,afterward.(or afterwards),latterly,subsequently,thereafter.

What does it mean when a girl says later?

What does it mean when someone says later and they really mean never? It means humans have a habit of procrastination and/or lying. It all means an unconfirmed plan. Try getting a commital time and day out of them, pressure them a little with accountability and you might be surprised.

Should I text her again if she doesn’t reply?

If you’re texting with a busy bee, just give her at least one day to respond. If she hasn’t responded after that, then maybe she has forgotten you because she’s busy. In that case, it’s best to resume the conversation in a calm, light-hearted way.

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