What is a word for stress free

In different languages one of the factors
constituting word stress is usually more significant than the others.
According to the most important feature different types of word
stress are distinguished in different languages.

1. If special prominence in a stressed syllable or
   syllables is achieved mainly through the intensity of articulation,
   such type of stress is called dynamic
   or force stress.

2. If special prominence in a stressed syllable is
   achieved mainly through the change of pitch, or musical tone, such
   accent is called musical, or tonic.
   It is characteristic of the Japanese, Korean and other oriental
   languages.

3. If special prominence in a stressed syllable is
   achieved through the changes in the quantity of the vowels, which
   are longer in the stressed syllable than in the unstressed ones,
   such type of stress is called quantitative.

4. Qualitative type of stress is achieved through the changes in the quality of the vowel under stress.

English word stress is traditionally defined as
dynamic,
but in fact, the special prominence of the stressed syllables is
manifested in the English language not only through the increase of
intensity, but also through the changes in the vowel quantity,
consonant and vowel quality and pitch of the voice.

Stress can be characterized as fixed
and free. In languages with fixed type of stress the place of stress
is always the same. For example, in
Czech and Slovak the stress regularly falls on the first syllable, in
Italian, Welsh, Polish it is on the penultimate syllable.

In English, Russian and Ukrainian word stress
is free, that is it may fall on any
syllable in a word. There is some
controversy about degrees of the word-stress terminology and about
placing the stress marks. Most of British phoneticians term the
strongest stress primary,
the second strongest secondary,
and all the other degrees of stress weak.
American descriptivists (B.Bloch,
G.Trager) distinguish the following
degrees of word-stress : loud, reduced
loud, medial, weak.

H.A.Gleason defines
the degrees of stress as primary,
secondary, tertiary weak.

H.Sweet distinguishes
weak, medium, or half-strong, and
extrastrong, or emphatic stress.

V.A.Vassilyev, D.Jones, K.Kingdon consider
that there are three degrees of word-stress in English:
primary – strong, secondary – partial, weak – in unstressed
syllables.

In spite of the fact that word-accent in the
English stress system is free, there are certain factors that
determine the place and different degree of word-stress.
V.A.Vassilyev
describes them as follows:

1. Recessive tendency, 2. Rhythmic tendency, 3.Retentive tendency and 4. Semantic factor.

1. recessive tendency
   results in placing the word-stress on the initial
   syllable, or the second syllable, e.g.
   mother, begin;

2. rhythmic tendency results
   in alternating stressed and unstressed
   syllables, e.g. assimilation;
   

3. retentive tendency consists
   in the retention of the primary

accent on the parent
word, e.g. as ‘similar
–similar, recommend – recommendation;

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Word Stress in English
Word Stress in English
Word stress is your magic key to understanding
spoken English. Native speakers of English use
word stress naturally. Word stress is so natural
for them that they don't even know they use it.
Non-native speakers who speak English to native
speakers without using word stress, encounter
two problems:
1. They find it difficult to understand native
speakers, especially those speaking fast.
2.The native speakers may find it difficult to
understand them.
Understanding Syllables
To understand word stress, it helps to understand syllables.
Every word is made from syllables.
Each word has one, two, three or more syllables.
word
number of syllables
Dog
Dog
1
Green
Green
1
Quite
Quite
1
Quiet
Qui-et
2
Orange
Or-ange
2
Table
Ta-ble
2
Expensive
Ex-pen-sive
3
Interesting
In-ter-est-ing
4
realistic
Re-al-is-tic
4
unexceptional
Un-ex-cep-tion-al
5
Notice that (with a few rare exceptions) every syllable contains at
least one vowel (a, e, i, o or u) or vowel sound.
What is Word Stress?
In English, we do not say each syllable with the same force or strength.
In one word, we accentuate ONE syllable. We say one syllable very
loudly (big, strong, important) and all the other syllables very quietly.
Let's take 3 words: photograph, photographer and photographic. Do
they sound the same when spoken? No. Because we accentuate
(stress) ONE syllable in each word. And it is not always the same
syllable. So the shape of each word is different.
click word to hear
shape
total
syllabl
es
stressed
syllable
PHO TO GRAPH
3
#1
PHO TO GRAPH ER
4
#2
PHO TO GRAPH IC
4
#3
This happens in ALL words with 2 or more syllables: TEACHer,
JaPAN, CHINa, aBOVE, converSAtion, INteresting,
imPORtant, deMAND, etCETera, etCETera, etCETera
The syllables that are not stressed are ‘weak’ or ‘small’ or
‘quiet’. Native speakers of English listen for the
STRESSED syllables, not the weak syllables. If you use
word stress in your speech, you will instantly and
automatically improve your pronunciation and your
comprehension.
Try to hear the stress in individual words each time you listen
to English - on the radio, or in films for example. Your first
step is to HEAR and recognise it. After that, you can USE
it!
There are two very important rules about word stress:
1. One word, one stress. (One word cannot have two
stresses. So if you hear two stresses, you have heard two
words, not one word.)
2. The stress is always on a vowel.
Why is Word Stress Important?
Word stress is not used in all languages. Some languages, Japanese
or French for example, pronounce each syllable with eq-ual em-phasis.
Other languages, English for example, use word stress.
Word stress is not an optional extra that you can add to the English
language if you want. It is part of the language! English speakers use
word stress to communicate rapidly and accurately, even in difficult
conditions. If, for example, you do not hear a word clearly, you can still
understand the word because of the position of the stress.
Think again about the two words photograph and photographer.
Now imagine that you are speaking to somebody by telephone over a
very bad line. You cannot hear clearly. In fact, you hear only the first
two syllables of one of these words, photo... Which word is it,
photograph or photographer? Of course, with word stress you will
know immediately which word it is because in reality you will hear
either PHOto... or phoTO... So without hearing the whole word, you
probably know what the word is (PHOto...graph or phoTO...grapher).
It's magic! (Of course, you also have the 'context' of your conversation
to help you.)
This is a simple example of how word stress helps us understand
English. There are many, many other examples, because we use word
stress all the time, without thinking about it.
Where do I Put Word Stress?
There are some rules about which syllable to stress. But...the rules are
rather complicated! Probably the best way to learn is from experience.
Listen carefully to spoken English and try to develop a feeling for the
"music" of the language.
When you learn a new word, you should also learn its stress pattern. If
you keep a vocabulary book, make a note to show which syllable is
stressed. If you do not know, you can look in a dictionary. All dictionaries
give the phonetic spelling of a word. This is where they show which
syllable is stressed, usually with an apostrophe (') just before or just
after the stressed syllable. (The notes at the front of the dictionary will
explain the system used.) Look at (and listen to) this example for the
word plastic. There are 2 syllables. Syllable #1 is stressed.
example
phonetic spelling:
dictionary A
phonetic spelling:
dictionary B
/plæs'tIk/
/'plæs tIk/
PLAS TIC
Rules of Word Stress in English
There are two very simple rules about word stress:
1. One word has only one stress. (One word cannot
have two stresses. If you hear two stresses, you hear
two words. Two stresses cannot be one word. It is true
that there can be a "secondary" stress in some words.
But a secondary stress is much smaller than the main
[primary] stress, and is only used in long words.)
2. We can only stress vowels, not consonants.
Here are some more, rather complicated, rules that can
help you understand where to put the stress. But do not
rely on them too much, because there are many
exceptions. It is better to try to "feel" the music of the
language and to add the stress naturally.
1. Stress on first syllable
rule
example
Most 2-syllable nouns
PRESent, EXport, CHIna,
TAble
Most 2-syllable adjectives
PRESent, SLENder, CLEVer,
HAPpy
2. Stress on last syllable
rule
example
Most 2-syllable verbs
to preSENT, to exPORT, to
deCIDE, to beGIN
There are many two-syllable words in English whose meaning and
class change with a change in stress. The word present, for
example is a two-syllable word. If we stress the first syllable, it is a
noun (gift) or an adjective (opposite of absent). But if we stress the
second syllable, it becomes a verb (to offer). More examples: the
words export, import, contract and object can all be nouns or
verbs depending on whether the stress is on the first or second
syllable.
3. Stress on penultimate syllable
(penultimate = second from end)
rule
example
Words ending in -ic
GRAPHic, geoGRAPHic,
geoLOGic
Words ending in -sion and -tion
teleVIsion, reveLAtion
For a few words, native English speakers don't always
"agree" on where to put the stress. For example, some people
say teleVIsion and others say TELevision. Another example
is: CONtroversy and conTROversy.
4. Stress on ante-penultimate syllable
(ante-penultimate = third from end)
rule
example
Words ending in -cy, -ty, -phy and deMOcracy, dependaBIlity,
-gy
phoTOgraphy, geOLogy
Words ending in -al
CRItical, geoLOGical
5. Compound words (words with two parts)
rule
example
For compound nouns, the stress
is on the first part
BLACKbird, GREENhouse
For compound adjectives, the
stress is on the second part
bad-TEMpered, old-FASHioned
For compound verbs, the stress is
on the second part
to underSTAND, to overFLOW