Table of Contents
- What is a signal phrase in APA Style?
- What is an example of a signal phrase?
- What is a signal phrase for introducing a quote?
- How do you lead a quote into an essay?
- How do you introduce more than one author in an essay?
- How do you write a book you didn’t read in an essay?
- How do you write an essay about a book you’ve read?
- How do you cheat on a book report?
- How do you write an A+ essay?
- What is the summation of ideas in an essay?
- What is a summation in writing?
Transitions (or signal words) are words and phrases that show the connection between ideas. Common signal words show emphasis, addition, comparison or contrast, illustration, and cause and effect.
What is a signal phrase in APA Style?
Signal phrases mark the boundaries between source material and your own words: who said what. They provide context for the reader. →Signal phrases in APA (for Direct Quotes and Paraphrases) always include: • author’s last name.
What is an example of a signal phrase?
Signal phrases usually include the author’s name but can also include the author’s job title or background (“reporter for Washington Post,” “researcher,” “senator,” “scholar,” and so on) and/or the title of the source.
What is a signal phrase for introducing a quote?
A signal phrase is a short introduction phrase that indicates that a quote or paraphrase is coming. By introducing a quotation or paraphrase with a signal phrase, you provide an effective transition between your own ideas and the evidence used to explore your ideas.
How do you lead a quote into an essay?
Integrating Quotations into Sentences
- Introduce the quotation with a complete sentence and a colon.
- Use an introductory or explanatory phrase, but not a complete sentence, separated from the quotation with a comma.
- Make the quotation a part of your own sentence without any punctuation between your own words and the words you are quoting.
Include last name of both authors connected by the word ‘and’, followed by the page number (no comma before the page number) in parentheses. Include the first author’s last name followed by ‘et al. ‘ and the page number (no comma before the page number) in parentheses.
How do you write a book you didn’t read in an essay?
5 tips on how to write an essay without reading the whole book.
- READ THE INTRODUCTION AND CONCLUSION FIRST. What any good essayist needs to keep in mind is the argument of the author.
- PICK THREE MAIN POINTS.
- SEARCH FOR EVIDENCE.
- PULL YOUR QUOTES.
- CITE YOUR SOURCES.
How do you write an essay about a book you’ve read?
How to write an essay on a book?
- Create a specific and robust thesis statement. Think about the arguments you will include for supporting your statement.
- Organize your thoughts. Brainstorm ideas and plan your essay on a book.
- Write an introduction.
- Write body paragraphs.
- Write a conclusion.
- Revise and edit your paper.
How do you cheat on a book report?
Tips
- Don’t copy word for word!
- Always double-check spelling and grammar.
- When you take it off of the Internet, take out most of the hard words, and break it down.
- Make sure to include the book title, author of the book, and why you like it or dislike the book.
- Use a strong concluding paragraph at the end of the report.
How do you write an A+ essay?
Here’s my recipe for writing an A+ essay quickly and consistently:
- research topic & pull quotes.
- turn your prompt into a topic.
- turn your topic into a complex thesis statement.
- create an essay map.
- use formulas to write body paragraphs.
- edit fast.
- outsource your works cited.
- turn in your paper!
What is the summation of ideas in an essay?
The conclusion is the last paragraph of the essay. This paragraph brings the essay to a close, reminds the reader of the basic ideas from the essay, and restates the thesis statement. The conclusion should not contain new ideas, as it is the summation of the content of the essay.
What is a summation in writing?
1 : the act or process of forming a sum : addition. 2 : sum, total. 3 : cumulative action or effect especially : the process by which a sequence of stimuli that are individually inadequate to produce a response are cumulatively able to induce a nerve impulse.
Published on
April 25, 2022
by
Eoghan Ryan.
Revised on
April 4, 2023.
A signal phrase attributes a quote or idea to an outside source. Signal phrases are often used alongside in-text citations to help the reader to distinguish between your work and sources that you are quoting, paraphrasing, or summarizing.
Table of contents
- What is the purpose of a signal phrase?
- How to use signal phrases
- Examples of signal phrases
- Signal phrases and citation styles
- Frequently asked questions about signal phrases
What is the purpose of a signal phrase?
Signal phrases serve a range of purposes, including:
- Integrating sources smoothly, introducing a quote or idea that is not your own
- Giving credit to outside scholars or studies and avoiding plagiarism
- Establishing the credentials of your sources
Signal phrases also allow you to position the source in relation to your own argument. For example, phrases such as “has shown” and “have proven” suggest that you agree, while phrases like “has claimed” or “proposes” are less definitive and may introduce a counterargument.
How to use signal phrases
Once you have found a relevant quote or argument that you want to include in your academic essay, a signal phrase can help you to introduce it.
Signal phrases can be used at the beginning, middle, or end of a sentence. Vary how you use them to create a sense of flow in your writing. Using signal phrases effectively means including:
- The name of the scholar(s) or study that you want to reference
- An attributive tag such as “according to” or “has argued”
- The quote or idea you want to include
You might also include the title of the source or the credentials of the author to establish their authority on the topic.
When using signal phrases, it is important not to misrepresent the author’s argument. Your word choice will determine how accurately you characterize the author’s position.
- In his groundbreaking work The Hero with a Thousand Faces, Joseph Campbell concedes that all myths are variations of a single, earlier myth.
- In his groundbreaking work The Hero with a Thousand Faces, Joseph Campbell argues that all myths are variations of a single, earlier myth.
Signal phrases can also be used to contrast different arguments. This can be done using a transition word such as “although” or “however.”
Literary critic Harold Bloom criticizes all theories that “connect the pleasures of solitary reading to the public good” (22). However, feminist and Marxist critics oppose this view and stress the importance of …
Examples of signal phrases
Signal phrases have many different functions, implying various different perspectives on the information they frame. Your choice of signal phrases can tell the reader something about the stance of the author you’re citing, and sometimes about your own stance.
| Function | Example sentence | Signal words and phrases |
|---|---|---|
| Propositional: The position is arguable rather than definitive, but the author isn’t necessarily responding to an existing debate. | The historian Oswald Spengler (1918) proposed that all cultures are superorganisms with a predictable lifespan. | assumes, believes, claims, concludes, declares, emphasizes, proposes, suggests |
| Demonstrative: A positive or negative statement is made, which can be verified. | Galileo Galilei proved that the earth rotates around the sun by examining … | proves, has disproven, confirms, displays, reveals, shows |
| Argumentative: A position is taken for or against something, with the implication that the debate is ongoing. | Allen Ginsberg denies the importance of artistic revision … | argues, contends, denies, insists, maintains |
| Supportive: A position is taken in agreement with what came before. | Recent research has confirmed Einstein’s theory of general relativity by observing light from behind a black hole. | agrees, confirms, endorses, reinforces, promotes, supports |
| Conciliatory: The author acknowledges the validity of an idea or argument, but with the implication that their other ideas may be quite different. | While Foucault (1980) concedes that individual power can only be exercised in a field of limited possibilities, he goes on to say that … | acknowledges, admits, concedes, grants |
| Neutral: You present the author’s position neutrally, without any special emphasis. | According to recent research, food services are responsible for one third of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. | according to, analyzes, asks, describes, discusses, explains, in the words of, notes, observes, points out, reports, writes |
Signal phrases and citation styles
Signal phrases can vary in tense depending on the citation style being used.
Some signal phrases like “according to” and “in the words of” will remain the same regardless of citation style, but signal phrases that contain a verb need to adhere to the chosen style. This means using the correct verb tense with your signal phrases.
- APA Style requires you to use the past tense or present perfect tense.
- MLA and Chicago require you to use the present tense.
Frequently asked questions about signal phrases
-
What is a signal phrase?
-
A signal phrase is a group of words that ascribes a quote or idea to an outside source.
Signal phrases distinguish the cited idea or argument from your own writing and introduce important information including the source of the material that you are quoting, paraphrasing, or summarizing. For example:
“Cognitive psychologist Steven Pinker (1994) insists that humans possess an innate faculty for comprehending grammar.”
-
How do I use signal phrases?
-
Signal phrases can be used in various ways and can be placed at the beginning, middle, or end of a sentence.
To use signal phrases effectively, include:
- The name of the scholar(s) or study you’re referencing
- An attributive tag such as “according to” or “argues that”
- The quote or idea you want to include
Different citation styles require you to use specific verb tenses when using signal phrases.
- APA Style requires you to use the past or present perfect tense when using signal phrases.
- MLA and Chicago requires you to use the present tense when using signal phrases.
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What is an example of a signal word?
Similarly, signal words tell your readers where you are going. Here are some examples of signal words and phrases: “as a result,” “nevertheless,” “at the same time,” and “similarly.” Yes, I have used a signal word here (“similarly”) to let you know that I am about to point out something that is like using turn signals.
What is a signal word in a paragraph?
“Signal words” give hints about what is about to happen in what you’re reading. Understanding them is a key to comprehension.
How do you identify signal words?
Consider words and phrases that indicate relationships between ideas, like also, however, as a result, in addition, for example, and in contrast. These are signal words, and they are sentence superheroes. The ability to identify and understand the meaning of signal words is like having X-ray vision while reading.
What is a signal word OSHA?
Signal Words are used to indicate the relative level of severity of the hazard and alert the reader to a potential hazard on the label.
What are the 3 signal words?
There are three signal words in use today: CAUTION, WARNING and DANGER. These three signal words are associated with toxicity categories established by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
Which is not a signal word?
The signal word can be either: DANGER, WARNING or CAUTION. The only pesticide products that are not required to display a signal word are those that fall into the lowest toxicity category by all routes of exposure (oral, dermal, inhalation, and other effects like eye and skin irritation).
How do you teach signal words?
Teaching Text Structure: Help Students Identify Signal Words
- Select an appropriate text.
- Create a graphic organizer that represents the text’s structure.
- Introduce text structure.
- Introduce signal words.
- Read and practice using signal words.
- Introduce the graphic organizer.
- Record information on the graphic organizer.
What signal words are used in the text?
Answer. Answer: Common signal words show emphasis, addition, comparison or contrast, illustration, and cause and effect. Among the most valuable signals for you to know are emphasis words, through which the writer tells you directly that a particular idea or detail is especially important.
What are grammatical signals?
Grammatical signals are writing devices that serve to maintain text coherence. They signal. relationship between sentence by means of back reference through the using of pronominal. forms, determiners, repetition of key words, ellipsis, parallelism, synonyms and. superordination (Saraka, 1988:111).
What are the six types of signal words?
Common signal words show emphasis, addition, comparison or contrast, illustration, and cause and effect.
What are the types of grammatical signals?
Terms in this set (10)
- Continuation Signals. And, also, furthermore, with, one reason, another, moreover.
- Change of direction signals.
- Sequence signals.
- Illustration signals.
- Emphasis signals.
- Cause, condition, or result signals.
- Spatial signals.
- Comparison-conrast signals.
What is the purpose of grammatical signals?
In English grammar, a signal phrase is a phrase, clause, or sentence that introduces a quotation, paraphrase, or summary. It’s also called a quotative frame or a dialogue guide.
What is the function of grammatical signals?
Signal or Transition words add information, reinforce ideas and express agreement with preceding material.
What is a grammatical?
1 : of or relating to grammar. 2 : conforming to the rules of grammar a grammatical sentence.
What is another word for grammatical?
What is another word for grammatical?
| linguistic | syntactic |
|---|---|
| linguistical | stylistic |
| oratorical | terminological |
| phraseological | vocabulary |
| word | phrasal |
Is a grammatical sentence?
In grammar, a sentence is the basic grammatical unit. It contains a group of words and expresses a complete thought. A sentence consists of a subject and a predicate. For example in the sentence “Bill writes good poems” Bill is the subject of the sentence and writes good poems is the predicate.
What type of word is grammatical?
adjective. of or relating to grammar: grammatical analysis. conforming to standard usage: grammatical speech.
Which sentence is correct grammatically?
In order for a sentence to be grammatically correct, the subject and verb must both be singular or plural. In other words, the subject and verb must agree with one another in their tense. If the subject is in plural form, the verb should also be in plur al form (and vice versa).
What is word classes in English?
Eight “word classes” or “parts of speech” are commonly distinguished in English: nouns, determiners, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, and conjunctions. Nouns form the largest word class, and verbs the second-largest.
What is the grammatical category?
The term “grammatical category” refers to specific properties of a word that can cause that word and/or a related word to change in form for grammatical reasons (ensuring agreement between words). For example, the word “boy” is a noun. Nouns have a grammatical category called “number”.
What grammatical category is many?
as a determiner (followed by a plural noun): It happened many years ago.
What is a grammatical structure?
Richard Nordquist. Updated November 04, 2019. In English grammar, sentence structure is the arrangement of words, phrases, and clauses in a sentence. The grammatical function or meaning of a sentence is dependent on this structural organization, which is also called syntax or syntactic structure.
What is grammatical value?
A grammatical category or grammatical feature is a property of items within the grammar of a language. Within each category there are two or more possible values (sometimes called grammemes), which are normally mutually exclusive.
What’s meant by value?
1 : the monetary worth of something : market price. 2 : a fair return or equivalent in goods, services, or money for something exchanged. 3 : relative worth, utility, or importance a good value at the price the value of base stealing in baseball had nothing of value to say.
What are the 3 types of values?
The Three Types of Values Students Should Explore
- Character Values. Character values are the universal values that you need to exist as a good human being.
- Work Values. Work values are values that help you find what you want in a job and give you job satisfaction.
- Personal Values.
What is another word for value?
Some common synonyms of value are appreciate, cherish, prize, and treasure. While all these words mean “to hold in high estimation,” value implies rating a thing highly for its intrinsic worth.
What makes something valuable?
Items obtain a sense of value for several reasons: Historical Significance – an item’s historical relevance and significance can impact its value. Intrinsic Value – an item is actually valuable such as fine jewlery, gems, or rare pieces of art.
How do you describe the value of something?
When you value something, you consider it important and worthwhile. As a verb, it means “holding something in high regard,” (like “I value our friendship”) but it can also mean “determine how much something is worth,” like a prize valued at $200.
What do you value in life?
Deciding What’s Most Important in Life Your values are the things that you believe are important in the way you live and work. They (should) determine your priorities, and, deep down, they’re probably the measures you use to tell if your life is turning out the way you want it to.
What is an example of a signal word?
by
Alex Heath
·
2020-05-11
What is an example of a signal word?
Similarly, signal words tell your readers where you are going. Here are some examples of signal words and phrases: “as a result,” “nevertheless,” “at the same time,” and “similarly.” Yes, I have used a signal word here (“similarly”) to let you know that I am about to point out something that is like using turn signals.
What is a signal word in a paragraph?
“Signal words” give hints about what is about to happen in what you’re reading. Understanding them is a key to comprehension.
How do you identify signal words?
Consider words and phrases that indicate relationships between ideas, like also, however, as a result, in addition, for example, and in contrast. These are signal words, and they are sentence superheroes. The ability to identify and understand the meaning of signal words is like having X-ray vision while reading.
What are the 6 types of signal words?
Common signal words show emphasis, addition, comparison or contrast, illustration, and cause and effect. Among the most valuable signals for you to know are emphasis words, through which the writer tells you directly that a particular idea or detail is especially important.
Which is a problem solution signal word?
Problem/Solution is used to present a problem and the possible solutions to this problem. Words that signal this type of text structure are the question is, the problem is, therefore, and if…then. A graphic organizer may be used to represent the problem and its possible solutions.
What are the keywords that will signal effect?
Effect is defined as what happened. Cause is defined as why something happened. Clue words that signal causal relationships include: such as, because, so, consequently, therefore, thus, and since.
What are the signal words in correct order?
Chronological (Time) Order or Sequence
| Signal words often used for chronological order or sequence are: | |
|---|---|
| first, second, third before, after when later | until at last next |
What is a time signal in writing?
By adding transition words or phrases between paragraphs and sentences, you can make your ideas easier to follow and understand. Time-order transitions signal changes in time. You can include these words in your narrative or explanatory writing to show the order in which things happen.
What are compare words?
Words and Short Phrases Used to Compare like. likewise. same as. as well as.
What is sequence of sentence?
Recap. A sentence expresses a full thought and has a group of words. There are a subject and a predicate in a sentence. Various sentences are given in incorrect order which makes no meaning. In sentence sequencing, the correct order or sequence is given to the sentences.
What does sequence mean in writing?
Sequencing refers to the identification of the components of a story — the beginning, middle, and end — and also to the ability to retell the events within a given text in the order in which they occurred. The ability to sequence events in a text is a key comprehension strategy, especially for narrative texts.
What is sequence and example?
A sequence is a list of numbers in a certain order. Each number in a sequence is called a term . Each term in a sequence has a position (first, second, third and so on). For example, consider the sequence {5,15,25,35,…} In the sequence, each number is called a term.
What is order of importance in writing?
Ideas or steps are prioritized by the writer or speaker according to a hierarchy of value. When using the order of importance pattern of organization, information can be structured from most important to least important or least important to most important.
What is an example of description?
The definition of a description is a statement that gives details about someone or something. An example of description is a story about the places visited on a family trip. Published a description of the journey; gave a vivid description of the game.
What are 2 types of description?
Two Types of Description: Objective and Impressionistic.
How do you write a short description?
Effective short descriptions provide enough context for a reader to understand what the topic conveys. A short description ought to contain keywords that help the reader identify whether the topic contains useful information. It should also be a concise description of the topic.
How do you write a good description?
7 Tips for Writing Descriptive Sentences
- Cut out obvious descriptions.
- Use surprising words.
- Remember sensory details.
- Make use of figurative language.
- Think about who is doing the describing.
- Be wary of over-description.
- Read good examples of descriptive writing.
How do you start a description?
Begin with a hook first line. The first line could start in scene with a strong description of an event, place, object, or person. You could also describe the first time you experienced an event, place, object, or person. Take the reader straight into the experience so they feel immersed and engaged.
How do you describe a scene in writing?
Good description should make a scene vivid to the reader. That means it should be clear, strong, and believable. This applies to both real places and events, or imaginary ones. When writing descriptively you should consider the time and place.
What are some good describing words?
Adjectives Describing People and Personal Qualities — Word List
- able. abnormal. above average. absent-minded.
- balanced. beautiful. below average. beneficent.
- callous. candid. cantankerous. capable.
- dainty. decisive. deep. deferential.
- eager. earnest. easy-going.
- fabulous. fastidious. ferocious.
- generous. gentle. gloomy.
- hateful. hearty. helpful.
In English grammar, a signal phrase is a phrase, clause, or sentence that introduces a quotation, paraphrase, or summary. It’s also called a quotative frame or a dialogue guide.
A signal phrase includes a verb (such as said or wrote) along with the name of the person who’s being quoted. Although a signal phrase most often appears before a quotation, the phrase may instead come after it or in the middle of it. Editors and style guides generally advise writers to vary the positions of signal phrases to improve readability throughout a text.
Examples of How to Vary Signal Phrases
- Maya Angelou said, «Start loving yourself before you ask someone else to love you.»
- «Start loving yourself before you ask someone else to love you,» Maya Angelou said.
- «Start loving yourself,» Maya Angelou said, «before you ask someone else to love you.»
- As Mark Twain observed, «Keep away from people who try to belittle your ambitions.»
- According to Frito-Lay research, women snack only 14 percent …
- The candidate insisted that the tariff must be reduced to a «competitive basis» and taxes …
- Undernourished children have long been India’s scourge—“a national shame,” in the words of its prime minister …
Common signal phrase verbs include the following: argue, assert, claim, comment, confirm, contend, declare, deny, emphasize, illustrate, imply, insist, note, observe, point out, report, respond, say, suggest, think, and write.
Context, Flow, and Citation
In nonfiction, signal phrases are used to give attribution rather than set off dialogue. They are important to use when you are paraphrasing or quoting someone’s ideas other than your own, as at best it’s intellectually dishonest if not plagiarism to do so, depending on the amount of text used and how closely it mirrors the original text.
«A signal phrase usually names the author of the source and often provides some context for the source material. The first time you mention an author, use the full name: Shelby Foote argues. … When you refer to the author again, you may use the last name only: Foote raises an important question.
«A signal phrase indicates the boundary between your words and the source’s words.»
(Diana Hacker and Nancy Sommers, A Pocket Style Manual, 6th ed. Macmillan, 2012)
«Readers should never be in doubt about your use of a source. Your frame can introduce, interrupt, follow, or even surround the words or ideas taken from sources, but be sure that your signal phrases are grammatical and lead naturally into the material.»
(John J. Ruszkiewicz and Jay T. Dolmage, How to Write Anything: A Guide and Reference With Readings. Macmillan, 2010)
«If we mention the author’s name in the text in a signal phrase (‘According to Richard Lanham …’), then the parenthetical citation includes the page number only (18). If we use more than one work by an author, and we have identified his or her name in the text, our parenthetical citation must include a short title of the work cited and a page number ( Style 18).»
(Scott Rice, Right Words, Right Places. Wadsworth, 1993)
«You … need to integrate borrowed material naturally into your own work so that it reads smoothly as part of your paper. … Leaving the signal phrase out results in an error known as dropped quotation. Dropped quotations appear out of nowhere. They can confuse your reader and interrupt the flow of your own writing.»
(Luis A. Nazario, Deborah D. Borchers, and William F. Lewis, Bridges to Better Writing, 2nd ed. Cengage, 2013)
Punctuating Signal Phrases
Punctuating signal phrases in a sentence is simple and straightforward. «If the quotation begins the sentence, the words telling who is speaking … are set off with a comma unless the quotation ends with a question mark or an exclamation point. …
«‘I didn’t even know it was broken,’ I said.
«‘Do you have any questions?’ she asked.
«‘You mean I can go!’ I answered excitedly.
«‘Yes,’ she said, ‘consider this just a warning.’
«Notice that most of the previous quotations begin with a capital letter. But when a quotation is interrupted by a signal phrase, the second part doesn’t begin with a capital letter unless the second part is a new sentence.»
(Paige Wilson and Teresa Ferster Glazier, The Least You Should Know About English: Writing Skills, 12th ed. Cengage, 2015)
The post, Signal Words: Types, Functions and Examples, introduces and explains with illustrative examples what signal words or sentence connectors are. In the course of your reading any printed text: novels, textbook, newspapers, articles, online posts, etc., have you noted certain words the writers have used to steer your thoughts in some particular directions?
Have you come across words like: for example, in summary, however, therefore, etc.? These words are not just used carelessly; they have specific functions they perform. Do you even know what such words are called? This post titled Signal Words: Types, Functions and Examples will provide answers to these questions and give you lots more. Let’s get started! Shall we?
Signal Words: A Definition
The word ‘signal’ is not strange to you, I believe. It is a noun formation of the verb ‘sign’ with the addition of a derivational morpheme or a noun forming suffix ‘al’. Signs show direction or guide just like a signpost or signboard. So signal words are not different. They are words that show the reader, the direction of the writer or speaker’s thought. They also indicate the course of events in a text. We also refer to them as ‘signpost’ or ‘road sign’ words. They are structural key words that signal the connection between ideas. They are clue words that determine direction the writer expects the reader to follow.
Transition Words, Transitional Adverbs and Sentence Connectors
We also refer to signal words as Transition words, Transitional Adverbs and Sentence Connectors. Transition words assist the reader to move from one idea of the writer or speaker to another and they connect these ideas. They enhance coherence within a text. In addition to the role of ensuring coherent relationships within a text, transition words introduce certain shifts, contrasts or oppositions.
We make use of them in depicting agreement, similarity or addition. Signal or Transition words add information, reinforce ideas and express agreement with preceding material. They express cause, purpose, condition, emphasis, support, illustration, effect, result, consequence, etc.
Types of Signal Words or Road Sign Words
For those who take examinations like the Graduate Record Examination and similar examinations in which they have to complete sentences with appropriate words, road sign words help a lot in deciphering the right answers. For the Graduate Record Examination, these road sign words are divided into two parts. They are the ‘straight-ahead’ and the ‘detour’ road signs or signal words. Let us look at these two divisions closely:
Straight-ahead Road Sign Words
The ‘straight-ahead’ signpost words make one part of a sentence support, exposit, elucidate or clarify the other part. In other words, they advance the sentence in the same direction. The positive or negative connotation of what follows is not changed by these words of clues. Examples of ‘straight-ahead’ road sign words include: and, since, also, thus, because, likewise, moreover, similarly, in addition, consequently, etc.
Detour Road Sign Words
The ‘detour’ road sign words usually change the direction of a sentence. They make one part of the sentence contradict or contrast the other part. The positive or negative connotation of what follows is changed by these words of clues. Examples of such ‘detour’ signpost words include: but, despite, yet, however, unless, in spite of, rather, although, nevertheless, in contrast, the opposite, while, on the other hand, on the contrary, still, otherwise, unfortunately, nonetheless, even though, conversely, etc.
We can also further break down the ‘straight-ahead’ and ‘detour’ road sign or signpost words we describe above into specific classifications that will help the listener or reader easily identify and comprehend them. Find below, some signal words, signpost words, road sign words and sentence connectors with their functions and copious examples to assist in comprehending the direction of any text you interact with. . .
Listing, Addition, Agreement, Comparison or Similarity Signal Words
Functions of Listing, Addition, Agreement, Comparison or Similarity Signal Words
- We use listing to enumerate or catalogue the things we say.
- We also use it for addition purpose – to add to what has been previously said
- To reinforce ideas and express agreement with what has been said initially.
- Comparison words signal that the author is pointing out a similarity between two subjects and these words show that the second idea is like the first one in some way.
Examples
- Above all
- Additionally
- Again
- Alike
- Also
- And
- As
- Another key point
- As a matter of fact
- As well as
- Besides
- By the same token
- Chiefly
- Comparatively
- Correspondingly
- Coupled with
- Equally
- Equally important
- First of All
- Finally
- First
- Firstly
- First And Foremost
- First thing to remember
- Fourthly
- Furthermore
- In a similar fashion
- In addition
- Identically
- In like manner
- In the first place
- Including
- In the light of
- In The Same Fashion
- Just as
- In the same way
- Last of All
- Like
- Likewise
- Moreover
- Most Importantly
- Next
- Not only…but also
- Not to mention
- Of course
- One
- Second
- Secondly
- Similarly
- Still another
- Third
- Thirdly
- Three
- To say nothing of
- Together with
- Too
- Two
- Uniquely
- Etc.
Transition Signal Words
Functions of Transition Signal Words
- It links to what has just been stated to what is to follow.
- This usually leads to a new stage in thought development.
Examples
- Now
- With reference to
- With regard to
- Etc.
Summary, Restatement or Conclusion Signal Words
Function of Summation, Summary, Restatement or Conclusion Signal Words
- It is a generalisation; it sums up what has preceded.
- It summarises the points or issues of discussion.
Examples
- After all
- All in all
- All things considered
- Altogether
- Arising from this
- As a result
- As can be seen
- Briefly
- As has been noted
- As shown above
- By and large
- Finally
- For the most part
- From this we see
- Generally speaking
- Given these points
- In a word
- In brief
- Hence
- In conclusion
- In either case
- Last of all
- In essence
- In fact
- Obviously
- In overall
- In short
- On balance
- In summary
- In that case
- On the whole
- In the final analysis
- In the long run
- Overall
- Then
- Therefore
- Thus
- To conclude
- Ultimately
- To sum up
- To summarise
- Etc.
Apposition Support, Emphasis and Illustration Signal Words
Function of Apposition Support, Emphasis and Illustration Signal Words
- It is used to refer to previous sentences or to parallel or related reference.
- To illustrate for the purpose of clarity, the point being made to the reader or listener.
- To introduce examples as support for the point the speaker or writing is making.
Examples
- As an illustration
- Certainly
- Especially
- Explicitly
- Expressly
- For Example
- For Instance
- Frequently
- In detail
- In fact
- Indeed
- In general
- In particular
- Including
- Mainly
- Markedly
- Most compelling evidence
- Namely
- Notably
- Or Rather
- Particularly
- Significantly
- Specifically
- Such as
- Surely
- Surprisingly
- To be sure
- To clarify
- That is
- To demonstrate
- That is to say
- To emphasize
- To enumerate
- Viz
- To explain
- To illustrate
- Truly
- To point out
- To repeat
- Etc.
Inference, Result, Effect or Consequence Signal Words
Function of Inference, Result, Effect or Consequence Signal Words
- It expresses the consequences or result of what has been said before.
- This indicates an inference from what is implied from the preceding sentences
Examples
- Accordingly
- Arising from this
- As A Result
- Because
- Because of
- Cause
- Consequently
- Due to
- Effect
- Else
- For
- For this reason
- Forthwith
- Hence
- Henceforth
- If . . . then
- If so…then
- In effect
- In order that
- Now
- In that case
- Reason
- Result in
- Resulting from
- Since
- So
- So that
- Then
- Therefore
- Thereupon
- Thus
- Under those circumstances
- Etc.
Reformulation Signal Words
Function of Reformulation Signal Words
- We use this to express something in another way.
Examples
- In other words
- Or rather
- Put in another way
- That is to say
- To put it differently
- To put it more simply
- That is
- To use another word
- Etc.
Replacement Signal Words
Function of Replacement Signal Words
- To express an alternative to what has preceded
Examples
- Again
- Alternatively
- Another possibility would be
- Better still
- Instead
- On the other hand
- Rather
- The alternative is
- Worse still
- Etc.
Contrast, Opposition or Contradiction Signal Words
Function of Contrast, Opposition or Contradiction Signal Words
- To show contrast to what has preceded.
- To indicate alternatives or evidence to the contrary.
- To introduce a change in the line of reasoning. (Remember Detour Road Signs?)
Examples
- At the same time
- But
- By way of contrast
- Conversely
- However
- In contrast
- Instead
- On the contrary
- On the other hand
- Otherwise
- Rather
- Then
- Yet
- Etc.
Concession Signal Words
Function of Concession Signal Words
- To indicate item of information which is unexpected.
Examples
- (And) still
- (And) yet
- Above all
- After all
- Albeit
- Although
- Although this may be true
- Anyway
- As a matter of fact
- As much as
- At the same time
- Be that as it may
- Besides
- But
- Despite
- Different from
- Else
- Even so
- Even though
- In contrast
- In reality
- However
- In spite of
- In spite of that
- Instead
- Nevertheless
- Nonetheless
- Notwithstanding
- Of course …, but
- On the contrary
- On the other hand
- Or
- Otherwise
- Rather
- Regardless
- Then again
- Though
- Unlike
- Whereas
- While
- Etc.
Condition, Cause or Purpose Signal Words
Function of Condition, Cause or Purpose Signal Words
- To show the conditions necessary for something to be done.
- To indicate intentions.
Examples
- As
- As / so long as
- Because of
- Due to
- Except
- For fear that
- For the purpose of
- Given that
- Granted (that)
- If
- In case
- In order to
- In the event that
- If…then
- In the hope that
- In view of
- Inasmuch as
- In which case
- Lest
- On (the) condition (that)
- Only / even if
- Otherwise
- Owing to
- Provided
- Provided that
- Seeing / being that
- Since
- So as to
- So that
- To the end that
- Unless, in that case
- Until
- When
- Whenever
- Whether
- While
- With this in mind
- With this intention
- Etc.
Emphasis Signal Words
Function of Emphasis Signal Words
- To show that something is important and therefore, should be noted.
Examples
- A central issue
- A key feature
- Above all
- A major development
- A major event
- By all means
- A Primary Concern
- A Significant Factor
- By the way
- A vital force
- Certainly
- Chiefly
- Especially relevant
- Especially valuable
- For one thing
- Important to realize
- In detail
- In particular
- Including
- Indeed
- It all boils down to
- Like
- Markedly
- More importantly
- More than anything else
- Most compelling evidence
- Most especially
- Must be remembered
- Most noteworthy
- Notably
- Of course
- On the negative side
- On the positive side
- Particularly
- Pay particular attention to
- Point often overlooked
- Remember that
- Significantly
- Surely
- That is to say
- The crux of the matter
- The most substantial issue
- To be sure
- To clarify
- Truly
- To demonstrate
- To emphasize
- With attention to
- To enumerate
- To explain
- With this in mind
- To point out
- To repeat
- Etc.
Vagueness and Ambiguity Signal Words (Fuzz Sentence Connectors)
Function of Vagueness and Ambiguity Signal Words
- To indicate a notion that is not precise.
- To show that the writer is not affirmative and wishes to qualify a statement.
Examples
- Alleged
- Allegedly
- Almost
- Could
- Except
- If
- Looks like
- Maybe
- Might
- Nearly
- Probably
- Purported
- Purportedly
- Reputed
- Seems like
- Should
- Some
- Sort of
- Was reported
- Etc.
Spatial Signal Words
Function of Spatial Signal Words
- As this relates to issues of space, the function is to provide answers to the question of ‘where’.
- To limit, restrict or qualify space, place or location.
Examples
- About
- Above
- Across
- Adjacent
- Adjacent to
- Alongside
- Amid
- Among
- Around
- Away
- Before
- Behind
- Below
- Beneath
- Beside
- Between
- Beyond
- By
- Close to
- Down
- East
- Far
- From
- Further
- Here
- Here and there
- In
- In front of
- Inside
- In the background
- In the centre of
- Into
- In the distance
- In the foreground
- In the middle
- Left
- Middle
- Near
- Nearby
- Next
- Next to
- North
- On
- On this side
- Opposite
- Opposite to
- Out
- Outside
- Over
- Right
- Side
- South
- There
- These
- This
- To the left/right to the left/right
- Toward
- Under
- Up
- Upon
- West
- Where
- Wherever
- Etc.
Temporal or Chronology Signal Words
Function of Temporal or Chronology Signal Words
- To provide answers to the question of ‘when’.
- To restrict and define time.
Examples
- About
- After
- All of a sudden
- As long as
- At the present time
- At the same time
- As soon as
- At this instant
- Before
- By the time
- During
- Eventually
- Finally
- First
- Formerly
- Forthwith
- From time to time
- Further
- Hence
- Henceforth
- In a moment
- In due time
- Immediately
- In the first place
- In the meantime
- Instantly
- In time
- Last
- Later
- Meanwhile
- Next
- Now
- Now that
- Occasionally
- Once
- Presently
- Prior to
- Quickly
- Second
- Shortly
- Since
- Sooner or later
- Straightaway
- Suddenly
- Then
- Till
- To begin with
- Until
- Until now
- Up to the present time
- When
- Whenever
- Without delay
- Etc.
Note
Many of these temporal signals or transition words have other uses; they qualify time in expressing other signals of condition, reason or qualification.
In Conclusion
There is no way we can write effectively and comprehensibly in English without the use of signal words or sentence connectors as they give direction to our writings and help the reader to follow the thought patterns of the writer. Any write up without sentence connection or signal words will collapse in terms of structure, cohesion and coherence.
They are the chains or string that hold our words together for them to make appropriate sense. So read and learn these signal words and sentence connectors and make use of them accordingly and appropriately in your writings. Ensure that when you read, take note of the signal words you come across and determine the functions they perform.
If you do this, you will certainly get a handle on signal words which we also refer to as transition words, transitional elements, signpost words, road sign words and other reference other terminologies by which we describe them. Check some of our other educative posts and share with your friends and colleagues. Watch out for our next post! See you around!
References
Broderick, (1990). Groundwork for College Reading. PA: Townsend Press, Inc.
Fry, E. B., Kress, J. E., & Fountoukidis, D. L. (1993). The Reading Teacher’s Book of Lists. 3rd ed. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall
Kaplan, (2014). GRE Premier 2015. New York: Kaplan Publishing
Langan, (1989). Reading and Study Skills. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co.
Sentence Connectors
Transition Words
Writing is a limitless form of expression and an attempt to express thoughts, ideas, or emotions.
Writers use words as the building blocks for their message, which can be used in many different ways.
Words can combine in many different ways, resulting in various interpretations of what you are trying to say.
Signal words are like invisible stitches that connect two halves of a sentence.
Signal phrases serve as guides ensuring only certain things will be communicated when using them.
Signal words are also known as transitions.
Signal words are just a transition between two sentences; they also help the reader understand how one sentence relates to another.
What are signal words?
What is the meaning of signal words? and what is the use of signal words?
Signal words are words and phrases that show a connection between ideas?
They are also called sentence superheroes, transitional words.
Like traffic signs or accident prevention signs are important to drivers to warn of danger ahead, signal words are essential in writing.
One will know the transitions and the relationship between ideas when signal words are used in writing.
It will be easy for students to build new ideas framework by reflecting on what they have read and predicting the next outcome.
The reader can make predictions of what will follow when signal lights are used correctly in writing.
When a signal word is not used, the possibility of getting confused when reading partial sentences is very high.
It is essential to ensure clarity at the beginning of your essay as you write for the reader to know where you are going are with your argument.
This way, the reader will know your intentions and for clear communication.
Any person reading your work will know where you are coming from with your argument and where you are going.
Types of Signal Words
There are different categories of signal words, which are highlighted below.
Introduction Signals
When writing your introduction, it is crucial to ensure you have clear phrases to indicate that you are starting the essay.
There are specific assets that are used in an introduction that shows specific sentences belong in this category.
Examples of an introductory signal sentence include; in this essay, I will analyze/ explore/discuss…
This way, the reader knows exactly what to expect in your work.
Time and Order Signals
The structure of your essay tells much about your planning.
They Indicate when something happened about something else.
To signal the reader concerning time and order, use the phrases
- Before
- Since
- Soon
- During
- Previously
- Immediately
- While
Emphasis Signal Words
The most important ideas in any given article are often the ones that pertain to its main point.
Some supporting points may not be as pertinent, but they serve an integral purpose by reinforcing which side of a debate is stronger or more persuasive.
But when it comes down to what really matters about the piece you’re reading – whether for pleasure or academic purposes – usually those key concepts will be near-ubiquitous
If something has been mentioned constantly throughout your text (or even just once), the chances are good that this idea was chosen because it’s absolutely pivotal!
For instance,
The most important weapon in fighting corruption in third-world countries is political will.
The emphasis words highlighted set apart political will as the main weapon among many others.
Some typical words showing emphasis include the following:
Important to note, most of all, a significant factor, a primary concern, a key feature, the main value, precious, most noteworthy, remember that, a major event, the chief outcome, the principal item, pay particular attention to, the chief factor, a vital force, above all, a central issue, a distinctive quality, especially relevant, should be noted, the most substantial issue
Compare and Contrast Signals Words
Contrast signal word
Some signals will indicate that you have a different opinion concerning your argument, and you should highlight them.
To show you have an alternative viewpoint, contrast words use the following sentences or phrases:
Even though, Conversely, Nevertheless, In contrast, On the other hand, Instead, Despite, but yet, differ, difference, variation, still, on the contrary, otherwise.
Comparison Signals
They show the relationship or similarities between ideas
The second idea, in some way, looks like the first one.
What the writer wants to achieve is to point out the similarities between the subjects.
Examples include:
In like manner, Likewise, Similarly, Just as, Just like, like, likewise, equally, in the same way, alike, as in a similar fashion.
Importance of compare and contrast signal words
Compare and contrast signal words have the following importance in an essay
When writing compare and contrast essays, you are trying to examine subject matters.
You can either compare them, contrast them or do both.
The essence of comparing and contrasting essays is to show the differences and similarities between the two subject matters.
When writing an essay, you must highlight the subjects you compare and contrast and highlight what is learned.
One of the reasons you are comparing and contrasting is to give the reader additional information that is constructive.
It would help if you used comparison and contrast phrases to signal to the reader how to analyze the subject matter.
Additions Signals
As you write your essay, you may want to build up or continue your arguments in the same direction.
You will then need to add more details or points of the same kind.
Addition signals show the thought process of the writer in presenting more than one idea.
Addition words tell you that the writer is going to continue in a similar direction.
He will add more details and points of the same kind. Addition words are typically used for enumeration.
Useful phrases in this category include:
Apart from, In addition to, Besides, First of all, Furthermore, Another, Moreover, second, Also, Finally, First, For one thing, Last of all, Likewise, Next, And, Second, The third reason
Illustration signals
Illustration words use illustrations to make ideas clearer.
They’re typically found in textbooks that present several definitions and examples for those concepts to the students.
But they don’t have to be just for books!
They show development or clarification of an Idea.
Examples of illustration words include;
For example, Specifically, Including, Such as, For instance, illustrate, once
Explanation, clarifying, or emphasizing words signal
When you want to give more explanations concerning an argument.
They also show a particular idea is especially is important.
Writers use emphasis words to make the reader pay attention to an idea.
They are also used to expand a point.
Use the following phrases.
- Clearly
- Certainly
- Obviously
- In other words
- To clarify this
- This is to say
- To be sure
- Truly
- As a matter of fact
Location Signal Words
They show where something is located
- Nearby
- behind
- Beneath
- Below
- Between
- Next to
Signal Words for Cause and Effect
The cause and effect signal words help to determine the relationship between various phenomena.
A cause-and-effect essay shows what the writer can see as the main course of an event and effect.
When writing a cause-and-effect essay, you can begin with the effect and later give more information about the cause or vice versa.
Using the right causative phrases can help you signal to the reader to understand the connection of different elements.
Cause and effect signals show what happened and why something happened.
Listed are examples of cause and effect signal words
Cause Signal Words and Phrases
- Because
- Due to
- To be a result of
- To result from
- The sequence of
- As a consequence of
- Because of
- The effect of
Effect Signal Words and Phrases
- As a result
- As a consequence
- To result in
- The cause of
- The reason for
- To affect on
- To cause
Conclusion or summary signals
Conclusion signals the reader that you are wrapping up your work or is concluding a thought.
Therefore, it would be best to make this as clear as possible as you are winding up your arguments.
Summarizing or concluding words
Signal words examples
- In summary
- To conclude
- Ultimately
- All in all
- In short
- On the whole
- To sum up
Essay Writing Tips – Using ‘signal word’ in essays
As you write essays, the words that signal where your argument is going next are essential.
For example: “This essay will now explore what we can learn from psychology about why people got upset when they saw their favorite characters die.”
Or, “I’ll start by exploring Arnold’s theory of horror” implies a discussion in which Arnold’s ideas and thoughts on horror movies as well as how these affect our society today will be introduced to readers before discussing other theories or works with different points-of-view.
To get an idea for some signaling words, look at examples on the EssayFreelanceWriters website.
Essay Introduction Signals
As you write essays, the words that signal where your argument is going next are essential.
For example: “This essay will now explore what we can learn from psychology about why people got upset when they saw their favorite characters die.”
Or, “I’ll start by exploring Arnold’s theory of horror” implies a discussion in which Arnold’s ideas and thoughts on horror movies as well as how these affect our society today will be introduced to readers before discussing other theories or works with different points-of-view.
To get an idea for some signaling words, look at examples on the EssayFreelanceWriters website.
Essay writing examples – time and order
In the first place, we will begin by discussing the crucial points of your essay.
Previously, it would help if you mentioned what these thoughts are being used to avoid confusion later on in the paper.
To conclude this section, here is a quick recap:
In order words and phrases such as “firstly,” “lastly,” or otherwise mentioned before that designate where one thought ends and another begins within an essay.
To sum up, their purposes use terms like ‘for example,’ ‘e.g.’ etc.; finally, explain how they’re linked with each other at large.
Writing Tips – Contrasts
You might use words like “however, “despite this,” or even “on the other hand.”
To show disagreement with an idea in your essay, try to use of the word such as “although.”
Addition
The best way to expand on your argument is by using phrases such as, that’s to say, and one can put it another way, which clarifies something.
Other words are also a great option!
Conclusion signals
What I have to say is finally coming to an end.
It’s been a long and bumpy ride, but it was worth the journey because here we are after my argument that this essay has shown.
In summary, after all that work you put into reading what I had to say about XYZ’s topic (just kidding), take note of these critical points.
Did you know that the way you signal your ideas in an essay can help you earn higher grades?
There are many ways to put signals into essays, but they all have one thing in common.
They make it easier for readers to follow along.
Have you found a good website with more advice on signaling words, or is there something else we should discuss below?
Frequently Asked Questions
What are signal words?
Signal words can be defined as words that show the connection between ideas.
They are also referred to as sentence superheroes, sentence connectors, or signposts.
These words show the writer’s intention and the direction they give the reader to slow with the idea.
Examples of signal words also include, in contrast, for example, however, as also, and as a result.
What are the six types of signal words?
- Emphasis
- Comparison
- Contrast
- Illustration
- Cause and effect
- Addition
What are the signal words for compare and contrast?
Compare
- Same
- The same as
- Also
- Likewise
- As well as
- Both
- In the same way
- In common
- Too
Contrast
- Although
- However
- In contrast
- instead
- on the contrary
- except
- Differently
- On the other hand
- Even though
- While
What are examples of signal phrases?
A Signal phrase gives a better understanding of a sentence.
The reader can identify and know the flow of your work
Signal phrases Suggest, imply, point out, respond, comment, declare, Claim, argue and
assert.
Examples of the phrases include
- Because of
- As a consequence of
- As a result of
- Just like
- As a matter of fact
The moment you understand how to signal in essay writing, you will write a good master’s dissertation in the future.
The more one is exposed to signal words in speech and writing, the better you will recognize and use them easily.
If you need to learn concerning signals in essay writing, consider reaching out to us through our websites.
I’m a brand manager. That means I take knowledge from various fields – marketing, computer science, linguistics – and I synthesize it into solutions for my customers. I use my knowledge, skills, and experience to develop helpful solutions for students and make their study paths more productive and fun.
In language learning, signal words are generally understood to be information that indicates the use of certain tenses. Such terms can be single words, typical word combinations, or word groups (in most cases as adverbials), or even entire sentences. The advantage for language learners, and here in particular for English learners, is obvious – if you want to form a sentence with one of these signal indications, you can usually rely on the associated time (tense) and conjugate the predicate (verb) accordingly.
Attention! However, it should not be forgotten that signal words are very often valid, depending on the type, but never in all cases.
In the English language, the following are the most important signal words for grammatical tenses:
There are these very typical ones for the present simple, which express regularity:
regularly, usually, every year, every day, normally (usually), often, rarely, etc.
“Sunny always plays tennis on Tuesdays.”
The present continuous offers the following:
currently, now, at the moment, this week, next month, etc.
“I’m living at Kent’s house at the moment.” (I’m living with Kent right now.)
Another tense that has well-functioning signal words is the present perfect. With these signal words it can often be in the simple or in the ing-form (progressive):
since, for (since), recently; since 7 o’clock, for five years, etc.
“Steffi hasn’t seen her best friend for two years.” (Steffi hasn’t seen her best friend in two years.)
With the simple past, you can also rely very well on signal words, which would be:
yesterday, last year, two hours ago, last weekend, in 2007, etc.
“Francis moved to Italy in 2010.”
The past perfect also has some of these words. You have to be careful with these, however, as they can also apply to the present perfect. Some of these signal words are:
just, never, how long, for, since, already, etc.
“We had already left when the band started to play.” (We were already gone when the band started playing.)
Info: The future times are somewhat limited in English when it comes to signal words. While some certain phrases and expressions refer to the future, none of them are unique. One should therefore not rely on special ones.
Transition words and signal phrases are parts of speech that improve writing and guide readers. These words must be properly used and understood by researchers. This guide discusses the peculiarities of the chosen forms of speech and clarifies how to develop successful connections. After reading it, a student will be able to develop strong texts that use signal phrases and transitional words as well as correct punctuation, which will result in improved writing.
Signal Phrases
Definition of Signal Phrases
Signal phrases are phrases, clauses, or sentences that introduce quotations or paraphrases involving statistics or other important summaries. A strong signal phrase usually consists of two meaningful parts: it includes a subject (e.g., the speaker’s name or the name of the person who is quoted) and an action (e.g., the explanation of what the author does or has done).
Example:
Mr. Smith underlined, “People who bought that production remained satisfied with the results.”
According to the results of observation, 65% of children behave naturally when their parents are in the room.
The doctor explains that healthy eating is the best solution for this 45-year-old female patient.
Placement and Punctuation
As a rule, signal phrases precede quotations to introduce a speaker and his or her actions. However, many modern editors and educators admit that these phrases may come at the end of a sentence or after a quotation, or even in the middle of it. This variation of positions can improve the readability of each phrase in a sentence or in a text.
Example:
Carla mentioned, “All your feelings seem to be fake because each current action contradicts the previous one.” (at the beginning)
“I cannot remember a day without that girl being present in my life,” Oliver said when he was asked about the role of Emily in his final decision. (at the end)
“Jonny was not present at our last meeting,” the manager admits, “but his report and contributions to our last project play a crucial role in the approved organizational strategy.” (in the middle)
According to the annual report that the CEO presented to the company, our total income has increased by 15% and is expected to change within the next six months. (at the beginning)
A comma is a punctuation mark that separates a signal phrase and the rest of a sentence. If an exclamation point or a question is used in a quotation instead of a comma, there is no need to capitalize the following word. If a signal phrase is used in the middle of a sentence, followed by a new sentence, capitalization is required.
Usage and Importance of Signal Phrases
There are several reasons why writers and researchers should study and use signal phrases:
- To emphasize a source: an author uses a signal phrase to introduce a source and explain why the chosen information matters;
- To create logical constructions and avoid repetition: a signal phrase may vary and present the same information in different ways;
- To create smooth transitions: an author uses a signal phrase to create a boundary between his/her own words and the words taken from a source;
- To avoid plagiarism in writing: a signal phrase is one form of citing a source and introducing a reference depending on the required citation style.
Additional Tips for Using Signal Phrases
- Consider adding a brief justification for the chosen expert’s opinion (an author’s current position, contribution, or achievement);
- Remember the most frequent signal phrases: say, report, suggest, think, offer, deny, believe, write, insist, emphasize.
Transition Words
Definition of Transition Words
Transition words are parts of speech that link words, ideas, sentences, and paragraphs. They aim to show the relationship between phrases and promote a smooth flow of ideas in different papers. In academic papers, transitional words play an important role as they help to unite sentences, make a work readable, and use evidence to support different statements. At the same time, they may be improperly or inadequately used, which can confuse the reader, distract from the main idea, or develop an ambiguous interpretation. Therefore, it is important to know how to use transitional words in writing in order to benefit.
Example:
For example, I like the idea of staying with her for a couple of days.
Besides, Mary wanted to read the book until we left the house.
So then, he took the coat and started searching for a hat.
Placement and Punctuation
Transitional words can be used in a sentence to unite several words or sentence parts, in a paragraph to unite several sentences, or even in a text to unite paragraphs.
Example:
My father did not know how to tell me the truth because he believed it could hurt me.
Students have to write an essay, complete a survey, and read a poem. In addition, the teacher expects them to develop a presentation.
First, a doctor should examine the patient and gather the necessary test results. It helps to get a clear picture of all symptoms and predict new complications. Obesity is a serious condition that ….. // Second, the patient should be provided with a comprehensive care plan.
In English grammar, transitional words must be comma-separated. A comma is usually placed after the transitional word or phrase, and a semicolon or a period may occur before it. The choice depends on the chosen sentence structure or text idea.
Example:
Consequently, the student does not want to participate in a discussion or share his personal opinion about the case.
The artist could not separate his emotions from his work; therefore, when the time to create a new work of art came, he was at a loss.
I like the idea of spending weekends with my parents. For this reason, I cancelled my meeting with a friend.
Categories of Transition Words
Transition words may be divided into several groups, depending on the type of relationships they may create. The connection may be one of the following:
- Consequence
Consequently, therefore, otherwise, hence - Addition
In addition, also, besides, moreover, as well as - Comparison/Contrast
On the one hand/on the other hand, in contrast, likewise, similarly - Chronology/Time/Sequence
At first/second/third hand, after, in order to, simultaneously, rarely - Cause/Effect
Because, for, in that case, as a result, in effect - Example/Explanation/Clarification
In other words, including, for example, to clarify, to explain - Summary/Conclusion/Result/Generalization
In general, in total, to conclude, as shown above
These are the most common transition words that are appropriate for academic writing. Some words can be representative in several categories at the same time. A writer has to be careful in choosing a transition to attract the reader’s attention. It is not correct to use a transition that does not have a meaning or a purpose simply to meet a word count requirement.
In general, this guide is a combination of definitions and examples of signal phrases and transitional words. It is not enough to learn the list of words and apply them to different parts of texts. Students must understand when a transition or connection is an obligatory tool in writing and when these words can negatively influence the general attitude toward a paper and the author’s message.
Transitions or Signal Words
Transitions or signal words help you, the reader, follow the direction of a writer’s thought. They are like signposts on the road that guide the traveler.
Look at the following sentences:
I love drinking coffee. It keeps me awake at night.
These sentences imply that the writer loves drinking coffee because it keeps her awake at night. To add more specificity, the signal word “because” can be used. To change the relationship between the sentences, other transition words can be used. Transitions (or signal words) are words and phrases that show the connection between ideas. To show how transitions guide us, here are the same two ideas, but this time with a transition word:
I love drinking coffee even though it keeps me awake at night.
Now the writer loves coffee in spite of its keeping her awake at night. The relationship between the sentences’ ideas has changed. A transition has smoothed the way from one idea to the other. In Latin, trans means “across,” so transitions live up to their name – they carry the reader “across” from one thought to another. Common signal words show emphasis, addition, comparison or contrast, illustration, and cause and effect.
Emphasis Words
Among the most valuable signals for you to know are emphasis words, through which the writer tells you directly that a particular idea or detail is especially important. Think of such words as red flags that the author is using to make sure you pay attention to an idea. Look over the following list, which contains some typical words showing emphasis.
| important to note | most noteworthy | a vital force |
| most of all | remember that | above all |
| a significant factor | a major event | a central issue |
| a primary concern | the chief outcome | a distinctive quality |
| a key feature | the principal item | especially relevant |
| the main value | pay particular attention to | should be noted |
| especially valuable | the chief factor | the most substantial issue |
Activity
Read the selections that follow and circle the emphasis words. Note the example.
Example
The safest and most effective solution to the various approaches to sex education is obviously a course of compromise. Certain sexual needs should be permitted expression; unadorned information about the physiological and psychological aspects of sex should be presented to all; and the Judeo-Christian traditions within which we live must be understood and dealt with sensibly in the framework of present-day society.
Exercises
- Although the resources of our world are limited, the wants of people are not. Indeed, one of the most important assumptions of economics is that the total human wants can never be satisfied. No matter how much we have, we seem to want more. As people’s income increase, so does their desire for more and better goods and services. (1 signal word)
- Chronic air pollution is expensive to the American public, costing us dearly in terms of both money and health. Air pollution causes buildings and automobiles to deteriorate. Our poisoned air damages crops, livestock, roads, and metals and forces huge cleaning bills for everything from dusty draperies to soot-blackened buildings (Griffin, 1972). It is especially in terms of health, however, that pollution hurts. It is estimated that breathing the air of New York City is the equivalent of smoking two packs of cigarettes a day. (1 signal word)
- To be happy, adolescents must be realistic about the achievements they are capable of, about the social acceptance they can expect to receive, and about the kind and amount of affection they will receive. Of the three, social acceptance is the most crucial. Well-accepted adolescents will automatically receive affection from those who accept them, and their achievements will win approval if not acclaim. (1 signal word)
- In practice, a deficiency of just one nutrient, such as protein, is not generally seen. More likely, a combination of protein and calorie malnutrition will occur. Protein and calorie deficiency go hand in hand so often that public health officials have given a name to the whole spectrum of disease conditions that range between the two–protein-caloriemalnutrition (PCM). This is the world’s most widespread malnutrition problem, killing millions of children every year. (1 signal word)
Addition Words
Addition words tell you that the writer’s thought is going to continue in the same direction. He is going to add on more points or details of the same kind. Addition words are typically used to signal enumeration. Look over some addition words.
|
also another finally |
first first of all for one thing |
furthermore in addition last of all |
likewise moreover next |
and second the third reason |
Activity
Read the selections that follow and circle the major addition words. Note the example.
Example
A computer is often called a “thinking machine,” and in many ways it is just that. Computers perform difficult and timesaving mathematical computations, as well as problems in logic and reasoning. In addition, computers run other machines and answer questions. Also, they are used to guide astronauts on takeoff.
Exercises
1. Despite favorable surface conditions, there were throughout the 1920’s defects in the American economy. First, some major industries did not experience the general prosperity which characterized most of the economy. Meager farm income meant that farmers lacked purchasing power to buy their share of the increasing output of goods and services. Coal, textiles, and shoes were among other industries which suffered from low profit margins. Moreover, while employment rose during the 1920¹s, the biggest gains were in the low-paid service trades rather than in those industries where earnings were high. Furthermore, the condition of American foreign trade was not as healthy as it appeared. (3 signal words)
2. Here are ways to take some of the danger out of smoking. First of all, choose a cigarette with less tar and nicotine. The difference between brands (including those with filters) can be as much as two to one, even more. See how much you can reduce your tar and nicotine intake by switching. Also, don’t smoke your cigarette all the way down. You get the most tar and nicotine from the last few puffs because the tobacco itself acts as a filter. Smoke halfway and you get only about 40 percent of the total tar and nicotine. The last half of the cigarette will give you 60 percent. Another help is to take fewer draws on each cigarette. Just reduce the number of times you puff on each cigarette and you’ll cut down on your smoking without really missing it. In addition, you should reduce your inhaling. Remember, you’re not standing on a mountain gulping in fresh air; so don’t welcome it with open lungs. Don’t inhale as deeply; take short shallow drags. Practice on a big cigar. Finally, you should smoke fewer cigarettes each day. For some people this is easy, but for others it may be the most difficult step of all. Don’t think of it as cutting down; think of it as postponing. It’s always easier to postpone a cigarette if you know you’ll be having one later. Carry your cigarettes in a different pocket; at work, keep them in a desk drawer or a locker — any place where you can’t reach for one automatically. The trick is to change your habit patterns. (5 signal words)
Comparison or Contrast Words
Comparison words signal that the author is pointing out a similarity between two subjects. They tell you that the second idea is like the first one in some way. Look over the following comparison words.
|
like likewise just |
like equally in like manner |
in the same way alike similarity |
similarly just as as in a similar fashion |
Contrast words signal a change in the direction of the writer’s thought. They tell you that the author is pointing out a difference between two subjects or statements. Look over the following contrast words.
|
but however in contrast |
yet differ difference |
variation still on the contrary |
conversely otherwise on the other hand |
Activity
Read the selections that follow and circle the comparison or contrast words. Note the example.
Example
The sex of the instructor affected the extent of active student participation. In classes taught by men with roughly equal proportions of male and female students, male students were responsible for about 75% of all class discussion. Similarly, with women as instructors, female student participation rose from 25% to 42%; in contrast, male participation slipped from 75% to 58%.
Exercises
1. In the half century between 1860 and 1910, some 23 million foreigners migrated to America. Just as had been the case before the Civil War, most of them came in search of better economic opportunities. But there were new forces at work in both the United States and Europe which interacted to attract ever-increasing numbers of immigrants. (2 signal words)
2. Ellen tells a friend that she saw a Bob’s TV Repair truck in her neighbor’s driveway for the fifth time in the last two weeks. Ellen is reporting only what she saw; she is relating a perception of fact. A fact is a verifiable statement — usually a statement about something that can be or has been directly observed. If, however, Ellen adds, “She’s having a terrible time getting her TV fixed,” she is making an inference — a conclusion about what has been observed. (1 signal word)
3. Sleep has always been a fascinating topic. We spend about one-third of our adult lives sleeping. Most animals sleep in a similar fashion — they collapse and relax their muscles. In contrast, birds and horses sleep upright, with their antigravity muscles at work. Most of us complain when we have not gotten several hours of sleep. Yet some people sleep for an hour or less a day and lead otherwise healthy and normal lives. (3 signal words)
Illustration Words
Illustration words tell you that an example or illustration will be given to make an idea clear. Such words are typically used in textbooks that present a number of definitions and examples of those definitions. Look over the following illustration words.
|
for example to illustrate |
specifically once |
for instance such as |
Activity
Read the selections below and circle the illustration words. Note the example.
Example
Black English used to be considered simply poor English until linguists realized that the so-called errors were actually consistent alternative grammatical forms, some of which originated in African linguistic patterns. For example, the word “be” in standard English is primarily used as part of the infinitive “to be.” But in Black English, “be” can also be used to indicate a repeated action or existential state (Labov, 1972). To illustrate this, in Black English one can say “I am sick” or “I be sick.” The first means “I am sick at this present moment.” The second includes the recent past as well as the present; to express the second concept in standard English, one might say, “I have been sick for a while.”
Exercises
1. One purpose for incorporating sexual themes or pictorial material in advertisements is to attract consumers’ attention to the ad. However, evidence suggests that use of such material may not always have an easily predictable or desired effect. For example, one study found nonsexual and sexual-romantic themes to have a greater influence on consumers’ attention than did nudity. (1 signal word)
2. An interesting point about role playing is the way middle-years and adolescent youngsters play the role of being their age. One eight year old boy, for instance, avidly collected baseball cards and kept track of games and team standings in sports pages in accordance with the mores of his neighborhood, even though he had never seen a baseball game or expressed the slightest interest in attending one. (1 signal word)
Cause-and-Effect Words
Cause-and-effect words signal that the author is going to describe results or effects. Look over the following cause-and-effect words.
|
because therefore so that |
cause reason effect |
thus consequently since |
as a result if . . . then result in |
Activity
Read the selections that follow and circle the cause-and-effect words. Note the example.
Example
Atherosclerosis is the result of the buildup of fat, fibrin, parts of dead cells, and calcium on the inside of the arteries. No one knows what causes this disease, but a number of things can speed its development. These include smoking cigarettes and eating animal fat and cholesterol. Others include age, hypertension, diabetes, stress, heredity, and sex (males have more heart attacks).
Exercises
1. “The hamburger end of the fast-food industry is facing the long-awaited problem of saturation,” says analyst Michael Culp at the brokerage firm of Bache Halsey Stuart Sheilds. “It’s increasingly difficult to open more restaurants, and it’s harder to sell more hamburgers.” Thus, to maintain their growth momentum, the industry’s big names are moving aggressively to steal each other’s customers, enlarge their menus, and spawn new fast-food concepts. (1 signal word)
2. Changes in social ideas about acceptable health result in changes in the problems of illness. Twenty years ago, coal miners and workers in cotton mills accepted cancer of the lung as part of life. In a vague way they knew longtime workers got short of breath and coughed up blood, and they wrote folk songs about brown lung disease. But as a consequence of a new awareness about occupational diseases and a social movement against cotton dust and coal dust, an accepted fact of life was transformed into an unacceptable illness. (2 signal words)
3. There are several possible reasons why retail prices are set to end on certain odd or even numbers. The practice is supposed to have started many years ago when retailers priced products so that clerks were forced to record the sale and make change. This discouraged the clerks from pocketing the money from sales. Some people believe that the practice of odd-even pricing continues today because consumers view these prices as bargains. If the price of the shirt is only $14.95, then they are able to spend “less than $15 for a shirt.” (4 signal words)
Practice in Recognizing Signal Words
Activity 1
Below are some of the signal words that are most often used by writers. Place each word under its proper heading below.
|
for example therefore moreover most important but also |
differ alike as a result in addition for instance just as |
consequently most significant however such as similarly especially valuable |
|
Emphasis |
Addition |
Comparison |
|
_______________________ |
_______________________ |
_______________________ |
|
_______________________ |
_______________________ |
_______________________ |
|
_______________________ |
_______________________ |
_______________________ |
|
Contrast |
Illustration |
Cause-and-Effect |
|
_______________________ |
_______________________ |
_______________________ |
|
_______________________ |
_______________________ |
_______________________ |
|
_______________________ |
_______________________ |
_______________________ |
Activity 2
Circle the main signal words in the selections that follow. The number in parentheses tells you how many signal words to look for in each case. Also write in the margin beside each signal whether it shows emphasis, addition, comparison, contrast, illustration, or cause-and-effect.
1. Many of the restless and dissatisfied sons and daughters of these middle, upper-middle, and upper class homes had never known poverty. Consequently, they could not understand their parents’ emphasis upon money, status, and work. Parents, on the other hand, could not understand how some of their children could be indifferent, even hostile, to such practical things as formal education and preparation for work. (2 signal words)
2. The greatest value of play technique is in the study of personality. Children often cannot or will not explain themselves in the first person. However, they may reveal much of their inner lives in play. The child who will not tell about his or her own fears and conflicts may readily project these feelings into dolls. Feelings of rejection, insecurity, ambivalent attitudes toward parent, repressed hatred, fears, and aggressions may all be freely revealed in play. As a result, the play technique, when properly handled, offers opportunities for understanding the child that are otherwise difficult to create. (3 signal words)
3. One of the most persistent desires of human beings has been to indulge in mood-changing and pleasure-giving practices. For instance, diverse cultures have engaged in the drinking of alcoholic beverages of all descriptions. But as with most pleasure, overindulgence can be harmful to oneself and others. Also, not everyone agrees that drinking or using other mood modifiers should be an accepted pleasure. (4 signal words)
4. Energy is used to cause chemical changes. For example, a chemical change occurs in the electroplating of metals when electrical energy is passed through a salt solution in which the metal is submerged. A chemical change also occurs when radiant energy from the sun is utilized by plants in the process of photosynthesis. Moreover, as we say, a chemical change occurs when heat causes mercuric oxide to decompose. Chemical changes are often used to produce energy rather than new substances. The heat or thrust generated during the combustion of fuels is more important than the products formed. (5 signal words)
5. Along with food production, human beings found time to develop the arts and sciences. Some hunter-gatherers, as was already pointed out, must have had considerable leisure without making any notable movement toward civilization. A difference between the hunter-gatherers and farmers that is important to note is that the former are usually nomadic whereas the latter are sedentary.
But even those pre-agricultural people who had fairly stationary living sites did not develop in civilizing ways comparable to the farmers. Agriculture probably required a far greater discipline than did any form of food collecting. Seeds had to be planted at certain seasons, some protection had to be given to the growing plants and animals, harvests had to be reaped, stored, and divided. Thus we might argue that it was neither leisure time nor a sedentary existence that produced great changes in human culture. The cause was rather the more rigorous demands associated with an agricultural way of life. Humanity was changing plants and animals to suit its needs, and living in close relation with plants and animals was changing humans’ way of life. (9 signal words)
Answer Key
Emphasis Words
Activity
Read the selections that follow and circle the emphasis words. Note the example.
Example
The safest and most effective solution to the various approaches to sex education is obviously a course of compromise. Certain sexual needs should be permitted expression; unadorned information about the physiological and psychological aspects of sex should be presented to all; and the Judeo-Christian traditions within which we live must be understood and dealt with sensibly in the framework of present-day society.
Exercises
1. Although the resources of our world are limited, the wants of people are not. Indeed, one of the most important assumptions of economics is that the total human wants can never be satisfied. No matter how much we have, we seem to want more. As people’s income increase, so does their desire for more and better goods and services. (1 signal word)
2. Chronic air pollution is expensive to the American public, costing us dearly in terms of both money and health. Air pollution causes buildings and automobiles to deteriorate. Our poisoned air damages crops, livestock, roads, and metals and forces huge cleaning bills for everything from dusty draperies to soot-blackened buildings (Griffin, 1972). It is especially in terms of health, however, that pollution hurts. It is estimated that breathing the air of New York City is the equivalent of smoking two packs of cigarettes a day. (1 signal word)
3. To be happy, adolescents must be realistic about the achievements they are capable of, about the social acceptance they can expect to receive, and about the kind and amount of affection they will receive. Of the three, social acceptance is the most crucial. Well-accepted adolescents will automatically receive affection from those who accept them, and their achievements will win approval if not acclaim. (1 signal word)
4. In practice, a deficiency of just one nutrient, such as protein, is not generally seen. More likely, a combination of protein and calorie malnutrition will occur. Protein and calorie deficiency go hand in hand so often that public health officials have given a name to the whole spectrum of disease conditions that range between the two–protein-caloriemalnutrition (PCM). This is the world’s most widespread malnutrition problem, killing millions of children every year. (1 signal word)
Addition Words
Activity
Read the selections that follow and circle the major addition words. Note the example.
Example
A computer is often called a “thinking machine,” and in many ways it is just that. Computers perform difficult and timesaving mathematical computations, as well as problems in logic and reasoning. In addition, computers run other machines and answer questions. Also, they are used to guide astronauts on takeoff.
Exercises
1. Despite favorable surface conditions, there were throughout the 1920’s defects in the American economy. First, some major industries did not experience the general prosperity which characterized most of the economy. Meager farm income meant that farmers lacked purchasing power to buy their share of the increasing output of goods and services. Coal, textiles, and shoes were among other industries which suffered from low profit margins. Moreover, while employment rose during the 1920¹s, the biggest gains were in the low-paid service trades rather than in those industries where earnings were high. Furthermore, the condition of American foreign trade was not as healthy as it appeared. (3 signal words)
2. Here are ways to take some of the danger out of smoking. First of all, choose a cigarette with less tar and nicotine. The difference between brands (including those with filters) can be as much as two to one, even more. See how much you can reduce your tar and nicotine intake by switching. Also, don’t smoke your cigarette all the way down. You get the most tar and nicotine from the last few puffs because the tobacco itself acts as a filter. Smoke halfway and you get only about 40 percent of the total tar and nicotine. The last half of the cigarette will give you 60 percent. Another help is to take fewer draws on each cigarette. Just reduce the number of times you puff on each cigarette and you’ll cut down on your smoking without really missing it. In addition, you should reduce your inhaling. Remember, you’re not standing on a mountain gulping in fresh air; so don’t welcome it with open lungs. Don’t inhale as deeply; take short shallow drags. Practice on a big cigar. Finally, you should smoke fewer cigarettes each day. For some people this is easy, but for others it may be the most difficult step of all. Don’t think of it as cutting down; think of it as postponing. It’s always easier to postpone a cigarette if you know you’ll be having one later. Carry your cigarettes in a different pocket; at work, keep them in a desk drawer or a locker — any place where you can’t reach for one automatically. The trick is to change your habit patterns. (5 signal words)
Comparison or Contrast Words
Activity
Read the selections that follow and circle the comparison or contrast words. Note the example.
Example
The sex of the instructor affected the extent of active student participation. In classes taught by men with roughly equal proportions of male and female students, male students were responsible for about 75% of all class discussion. Similarly, with women as instructors, female student participation rose from 25% to 42%; in contrast, male participation slipped from 75% to 58%.
Exercises
1. In the half century between 1860 and 1910, some 23 million foreigners migrated to America. Just as had been the case before the Civil War, most of them came in search of better economic opportunities. But there were new forces at work in both the United States and Europe which interacted to attract ever-increasing numbers of immigrants. (2 signal words)
2. Ellen tells a friend that she saw a Bob’s TV Repair truck in her neighbor’s driveway for the fifth time in the last two weeks. Ellen is reporting only what she saw; she is relating a perception of fact. A fact is a verifiable statement — usually a statement about something that can be or has been directly observed. If, however, Ellen adds, “She’s having a terrible time getting her TV fixed,” she is making an inference — a conclusion about what has been observed. (1 signal word)
3. Sleep has always been a fascinating topic. We spend about one-third of our adult lives sleeping. Most animals sleep in a similar fashion — they collapse and relax their muscles. In contrast, birds and horses sleep upright, with their antigravity muscles at work. Most of us complain when we have not gotten several hours of sleep. Yet some people sleep for an hour or less a day and lead otherwise healthy and normal lives. (3 signal words)
Illustration Words
Activity
Read the selections below and circle the illustration words. Note the example.
Example
Black English used to be considered simply poor English until linguists realized that the so-called errors were actually consistent alternative grammatical forms, some of which originated in African linguistic patterns. For example, the word “be” in standard English is primarily used as part of the infinitive “to be.” But in Black English, “be” can also be used to indicate a repeated action or existential state (Labov, 1972). To illustrate this, in Black English one can say “I am sick” or “I be sick.” The first means “I am sick at this present moment.” The second includes the recent past as well as the present; to express the second concept in standard English, one might say, “I have been sick for a while.”
Exercises
1. One purpose for incorporating sexual themes or pictorial material in advertisements is to attract consumers’ attention to the ad. However, evidence suggests that use of such material may not always have an easily predictable or desired effect. For example, one study found nonsexual and sexual-romantic themes to have a greater influence on consumers’ attention than did nudity. (1 signal word)
2. An interesting point about role playing is the way middle-years and adolescent youngsters play the role of being their age. One eight year old boy, for instance, avidly collected baseball cards and kept track of games and team standings in sports pages in accordance with the mores of his neighborhood, even though he had never seen a baseball game or expressed the slightest interest in attending one. (1 signal word)
Cause-and-Effect Words
Activity
Read the selections that follow and circle the cause-and-effect words. Note the example.
Example
Atherosclerosis is the result of the buildup of fat, fibrin, parts of dead cells, and calcium on the inside of the arteries. No one knows what causes this disease, but a number of things can speed its development. These include smoking cigarettes and eating animal fat and cholesterol. Others include age, hypertension, diabetes, stress, heredity, and sex (males have more heart attacks).
Exercises
1. “The hamburger end of the fast-food industry is facing the long-awaited problem of saturation,” says analyst Michael Culp at the brokerage firm of Bache Halsey Stuart Sheilds. “It’s increasingly difficult to open more restaurants, and it’s harder to sell more hamburgers.” Thus, to maintain their growth momentum, the industry’s big names are moving aggressively to steal each other’s customers, enlarge their menus, and spawn new fast-food concepts. (1 signal word)
2. Changes in social ideas about acceptable health result in changes in the problems of illness. Twenty years ago, coal miners and workers in cotton mills accepted cancer of the lung as part of life. In a vague way they knew longtime workers got short of breath and coughed up blood, and they wrote folk songs about brown lung disease. But as a consequence of a new awareness about occupational diseases and a social movement against cotton dust and coal dust, an accepted fact of life was transformed into an unacceptable illness. (2 signal words)
3. There are several possible reasons why retail prices are set to end on certain odd or even numbers. The practice is supposed to have started many years ago when retailers priced products so that clerks were forced to record the sale and make change. This discouraged the clerks from pocketing the money from sales. Some people believe that the practice of odd-even pricing continues today because consumers view these prices as bargains. If the price of the shirt is only $14.95, then they are able to spend “less than $15 for a shirt.” (4 signal words)
Practice in Recognizing Signal Words
Activity 1
Below are some of the signal words that are most often used by writers. Place each word under its proper heading below.
|
for example therefore moreover most important but also |
differ alike as a result in addition for instance just as |
consequently most significant however such as similarly especially valuable |
|
Emphasis |
Addition |
Comparison |
|
most important |
moreover |
alike |
|
most significant |
also |
just as |
|
especially valuable |
in addition |
similarly |
|
Contrast |
Illustration |
Cause-and-Effect |
|
but |
for example |
therefore |
|
differ |
for instance |
as a result |
|
however |
such as |
consequently |
Activity 2
Circle the main signal words in the selections that follow. The number in parentheses tells you how many signal words to look for in each case. Also write in the margin beside each signal whether it shows emphasis, addition, comparison, contrast, illustration, or cause-and-effect.
1. Many of the restless and dissatisfied sons and daughters of these middle, upper-middle, and upper class homes had never known poverty. Consequently (cause and effect), they could not understand their parents’ emphasis upon money, status, and work. Parents, on the other hand (contrast), could not understand how some of their children could be indifferent, even hostile, to such practical things as formal education and preparation for work. (2 signal words)
2. The greatest value (emphasis) of play technique is in the study of personality. Children often cannot or will not explain themselves in the first person. However (contrast), they may reveal much of their inner lives in play. The child who will not tell about his or her own fears and conflicts may readily project these feelings into dolls. Feelings of rejection, insecurity, ambivalent attitudes toward parent, repressed hatred, fears, and aggressions may all be freely revealed in play. As a result (cause and effect), the play technique, when properly handled, offers opportunities for understanding the child that are otherwise difficult to create. (3 signal words)
3. One of the most persistent (emphasis) desires of human beings has been to indulge in mood-changing and pleasure-giving practices. For instance (example), diverse cultures have engaged in the drinking of alcoholic beverages of all descriptions. Bu (contrast)t as with most pleasure, overindulgence can be harmful to oneself and others. Also (addition), not everyone agrees that drinking or using other mood modifiers should be an accepted pleasure. (4 signal words)
4. Energy is used to cause chemical changes. For example (illustration), a chemical change occurs in the electroplating of metals when electrical energy is passed through a salt solution in which the metal is submerged. A chemical change also (addition) occurs when radiant energy from the sun is utilized by plants in the process of photosynthesis. Moreover (addition), as we say, a chemical change occurs when heat causes mercuric oxide to decompose. Chemical changes are often used to produce energy rather than (contrast) new substances. The heat or thrust generated during the combustion of fuels is more important (emphasis) than the products formed. (5 signal words)
5. Along with (addition) food production, human beings found time to develop the arts and sciences. Some hunter-gatherers, as was already pointed out, must have had considerable leisure without making any notable movement toward civilization. A difference (contrast) between the hunter-gatherers and farmers that is important to note (emphasis) is that the former are usually nomadic whereas (contrast) the latter are sedentary.
But (contrast) even those pre-agricultural people who had fairly stationary living sites did not develop in civilizing ways comparable to the farmers. Agriculture probably required a far greater discipline than (contrast) did any form of food collecting. Seeds had to be planted at certain seasons, some protection had to be given to the growing plants and animals, harvests had to be reaped, stored, and divided. Thus (cause and effect) we might argue that it was neither leisure time nor a sedentary existence that produced great changes in human culture. The cause (cause and efffect) was rather (contrast) the more rigorous demands associated with an agricultural way of life. Humanity was changing plants and animals to suit its needs, and living in close relation with plants and animals was changing humans’ way of life. (9 signal words)
Broderick, Groundwork for College Reading, Townsend Press, Inc., PA, 1990.
Langan, Reading and Study Skills, McGraw-Hill Book Co., NY, 1989.
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