What is a shortened word

Shortening
is the process of substracting phonemes and / or morhemes from words
and word-groups without changing their lexico-grammatical meaning.

Abbreviation
is
a process of shortening the result of which is a word made up of the
initial letters or syllables of the components of a word-group or a
compound word.

Graphical
abbreviation is
the result of shortening of a word or a word-group only
in written speech
(for the economy of space and effort in writing), while orally the
corresponding full form is used:

days
of the week and months, e.g. Sun.,
Tue., Feb., Oct., Dec.;

states
in the USA, e.g. Alas.,
CA, TX;

forms
of address, e.g. Mr.,
Mrs., Dr.;

scientific
degrees, e.g. BA,
BSc., MA, MSc., MBA, PhD.;

military
ranks, e.g. Col.;

units
of measurement, e.g. sec.,
ft, km.

Latin
abbreviations, e.g. p.a.,
i.e., ibid., a.m., cp., viz.

internet
abbreviations, e.g. BTW,
FYI, TIA, AFAIK, TWIMC,
MWA.

Lexical
abbreviation
is the result of shortening of a word or a word-group both
in written and oral speech.

—alphabetical
abbreviation (initialism)
is a shortening which is read as a succession of the alphabetical
readings of the constituent letters, e.g. BBC (British Broadcasting
Corporation), MTV (Music Television), EU (European Union), MP (Member
of Parliament), WHO (World Health Organisation), AIDS (Acquired
Immune Deficiency Syndrome), GMO (Genetically Modified Organisms)
etc.;

—acronymic
abbreviation (acronym)
is a shortening which is read as a succession of the sounds denoted
by the constituent letters, i.e. as if they were an ordinary word,
e.g. UNESCO (United Nations Scientific, and Cultural Organisation),
NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organisation), UNICEF (United Nations
International Children’s Emergency Fund) etc.;

—anacronym
is an acronym which is longer perceived by speakers as a shortening:
very few people remember what each letter stands for, e.g. laser
(light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation), radar
(radio detecting and ranging), scuba (self-contained underwater
breathing apparatus), yuppie (young urban professional).

—homoacronym
is an acronym which coincides with an English word semantically
connected with the thing, person or phenomenon, e.g. PAWS (Public for
Animal Welfare Society), NOW (National Organisation for Women), ASH
(Action on Smoking and Health) etc.;

Clipping
is
the process of cutting off one or several syllables of a word.

apocope
(back-clipping)
is a final clipping, e.g. prof
< professor, disco
< discotheque, ad
< advertisement, coke
< coca-cola;

aphaeresis
(fore-clipping)
is an initial clipping, e.g. phone
< telephone, Bella
< Isabella, cello
< violoncello;

syncope
is a medial clipping, e.g. maths
< mathematics, specs
< spectacles; ma’m
< madam;

fore-and-aft
clipping
is an initial and final clipping, e.g. flu
< influenza, fridge
< refrigerator, tec
< detective, Liza
< Elizabeth;

Blending
(telescoping)
is
the process of merging parts of words into one new word, e.g.
Bollywood
< Bombay
+ Hollywood,
antiégé
< anti
+ protégé, brunch < breakfast + lunch, Mathlete <
Mathematics+ athlete.

A
blend
(a
fusion, a telescoped word, a portmanteau word) is a word that
combines parts of two words and includes the letters or / and sounds
they may have in common as a connecting element.

Blending
has been known since the 15th c. First blends were of comic or
mysterious nature as these were charades for readers or listeners to
decode. Telescoped words are found in the works by W. Shakespeare
(trimpherate
< triumph+
triumvirate),
E. Spencer (wrizzle
< wrinkle + frizzle).
The term portmanteau
word was
coined by Lewis Carroll in Through
the Looking-Glass
in 1872 to explain some of the words he made up in the nonsense poem
Jabberwocky,
e.g. galumph
< gallop
+ triumph,
chortle
< chuckle
+ snort.

Blending+semantic
derivation

camouflanguage
< camouflage + language “мова,
перенасичена лінгвістичними та
мовленнєвими засобами, які допомагають
мовцеві сховати справжній зміст
повідомлення”

Thematic
groups of blends:

information
technologies:
teleputer
< television + computer; webcam
< web + camera; netaholic
< Internet + alcoholic;

economics:
ecolonomics
< ecology + economics; freeconomics
< free + economics; slowflation
< slow + inflation;

geography:
Eurabia
< Europe + Arabia; Chindia
< China + India; Calexico
< California + Mexico;

literature
and art: dramedy
< drama + comedy; fictomercial
< fiction + commercial; docusoap
< documentary + soap-opera;

linguistics:
Spanglish
< Spanish + English; Hindlish
< Hindi + English; cryptolect
<
cryptography + dialect; publilect
< puberty + dialect;

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Shoterning

Sergeichuk SL

Shortening is the process and the result of forming a word out of the initial elements (letters, morphemes) of a word combination

Shortening

To make a new word from a syllable (or two) of the original words. The latter may lose it’s beginning (telephone – phone, defence — fence), it’s ending (holidays – hols, advertisement- ad), or both the beginning and the ending (influenza – flu, refrigerator — fridge)

To make a new word from the initial letters of a word group:

U.N.O – United Nation Organization, B.B.C. and et c.

Types of Shortening

clipping

acronyms

blending

abbreviation

C l i p p i n g

is a type of word-building shortening of spoken words

m e d i a l clipping (or s y n c o p e , from Greek «syncope» a cutting up), e.g., fancy (fantasy), ma’am (madam) .

f i n a l clipping (or a p o c o p e , from Greek «apokoptein» — cut off), e.g., cap (captain), gym (gymnasium, gymnastics) , lab (laboratory), ed (editor ) ;

i n i t i a l clipping (or a p h e s i s , i.e. a p h e r e s i s , from Greek «aphairesis» — a taking away ), e.g., cap (captain), phone (telephone), story (history), chute (parachute ) ;

may be combined and result in the curtailed words with the middle part of the prototype retained, e.g., flu (influenza), frig (refrigerator), tec (detective )

structure of the prototype

shortened words correlated with w o r d s , e.g ., cabbie (cabman), nightie (nightdress), teeny (teenager) ;

shortened words correlated with p h r a s e s , e.g. , finals (final examinations), perm (permanent wave), pop (popular music), pub (public house), taxi (taximeter-cab ).

The process of formation is also called t e l e s c o p i n g , because the words seem to slide into one another like sections of a telescope . E.g., brunch (breakfast + lunch), smog (smoke + fog), smaze (smoke + haze), slimnastics (slim + gymnastics ) .

B l e n d i n g is a type of compounding by means of merging parts of words into new one word .

coining a new word from the initial elements of one word and the final elements of another, e.g. , drunch (drink + lunch), skort (skirt + short ) ;

combining the initial elements of one word with a notional word, e.g., mobus (motors + bus), legislady (legislative lady) .

coining a new word by combining one notional word arid the final element of another word, e.g., manglish (man + English), radiotrician (radio + electrician );

A b b r e v i a t i o n is a type of shortening when words are formed from the initial letters of each part of a phrasal term. Abbreviations are pronounced as a series of letters, i.e. the alphabetical reading of the letters is retained. E.g., B.B.C. (The British Broadcasting Corporation), M.P. (Member of Parliament), P.M. (Prime Minister), T.V. (Television), Y.C.L. (The Young Communist League ).

A specific type of abbreviations having no parallel in Ukrainian is represented by Latin abbreviations, which are not read as Latin words but substituted by their English equivalents , e.g., a.m. (ante meridium) – in the morning; p.m. (post meridiem) – in the afternoon;

Definition

Exampels

A c r o n y m s (from Greek «acros» end + «onym» name) are abbreviated words formed from the initial letters of word-combination; the abbreviated written form lends itself to be read as though, it were an ordinary English word and sounds like an English word.

  NATO   /neitou/ — The North Atlantic Treaty Organization,  UNO  /ju:nou/ — United Nations Organization,  SALT   /solt/ — Strategic Arms Limitation Talks,  radar  – radio detecting and ranging;  laser   – light amplification stimulated emission radio;  maser  – microwave amplification stimulated emission radio.

Christian names in acronyms:

Fred  – fast reading electric device;

Oscar  – orbiting satellite;

Eva   – electronic velocity analyzer.

Shortening words is the process of cutting the beginning or end of a word from a longer word. It involves creating new words by omitting part of the original word but retaining the original meaning. Words are shortened for several reasons, including to save time or space.

Shortening Words: What it Entails

A shortened word is an abridged version of the complete word. Shortening words in a piece of work can be a great way to make it concise.

Shortened forms of words can be valuable, especially when you need to take notes down quickly.

Shortening often has a negative connotation. While it is okay to use shortened forms of words in informal writings, it is best to avoid them in professional and academic writings. Shortened words in professional contents can quickly become a crutch that creates a lack of clarity and understanding.

To shorten words, you need to be familiar with the roots of the words you are shortening. Understanding the meaning of root words will allow you to know where to begin. Make sure you check your spelling and grammar since it may be harder to read and understand shortened words if they aren’t obvious.

If the meaning of a word is not immediately apparent, you may want to look up the root word in a dictionary. It will make you understand what words you can use as the abridged version.

Commonly Shortened Words in English

Days of the week and months of the year: Mon., Tues., Wed., Jan., Feb.,

Unit of measurements: “cm” for centimer, “mm” for millimeter, “in” for inch.

Titles: “Prof” for Professor, “Mr.” for mister, “Mrs.” for mistress.

How to Shorten Words

Shortening words might be a contentious issue, but can also be valuable. Sometimes, going for a shortened version of a word is less complicated than systematically and impassionately going for the complete form.

Many people shorten words to save time and make it easier for the reader to understand and remember what they read. The four most common ways of shortening words are:

1. Cutting the beginning of the word

• Telephone – Phone
• University – Versity
• Raccoon – Coon
• Gator – Alligator
• Parachute – Chute
• Turnpike – Pike

2. Cutting the end of the word

• Rehabilitation – Rehab
• University – Uni
• Professor – Prof
• Application – App
• Introduction – Intro
• Laboratory – Lab
• Continued – Cont

3. Cutting the beginning and the end.

• Influenza – Flu
• Pyjamas – Jams
• Apollinaris – Polly
• Detective – Tec

4. Changing the spelling of the word.

• Vegetable/vegetarian – Veggie
• Christmas – Xmas
• Bicycle – Bike

How to Punctuate Shortened Words

While adding a period at the end of some shortened words is necessary, some are better left that way.

For example, the shortened version of continued is written as cont., while the shortened version of bicycle is written as bike, with no punctuation. Knowing the right scenarios to punctuate will do a lot of good in your writing.

For some writers, punctuating shortened words is an intent of style. They prefer the modern approach, which uses no full stop.

Others, however, prefer a more traditional approach that uses a full stop to indicate that the word is incomplete. These styles work in different scenarios, and it is essential to learn how.

Conclusion

A great way to make your writing concise is to shorten words. Shortening has a significant impact on the length of your word. With the help of punctuating short words, they are still understandable while retaining the meaning of what you’re saying.

In addition to learning how to shorten words, you need to know how to punctuate them correctly. Punctuating short words is often challenging as there are varying rules for what happens. However, the period helps readers understand that a word has been shortened.

Обратная связь

Shortening (abbreviation) is the formation of a new word by cutting off a part of the word: clipping, acronym.

Clipping – is a type of shortening, which derived from single words, though they sometimes may be derived from phrases. One component of a phrase is omitted. Clipping means taking away any part of the word. The remaining part of the word which may be neither a morpheme nor even a syllable acquires all the properties of a regular word (Eg: He spoke to the vet’s wife). Structural types of clippings:

1) Apheresis — the omission of a letter or syllable at the beginning of a word (e.g. history → story; telephone → phone)

2) Syncope – the omission of one or more sounds or letters from the middle of a word (e.g. madam → ma’am)

3) Apocope – omission of the final sound or sounds of a word (e.g. professor → prof; editor → ed; vampire → vamp)

Can occur: apheresis + syncope: e.g. influenza → flu; detective → tec

Clipping is a source of new morphemes in English and clipping may serve as word-building basis (e.g. taxi – to taxi, taxidriver, taxidancer, airtaxi, taxitest). Clipping can be combined with derivation and composition (e.g. chinee, comfy, labassistant).

Semantic Peculiarities of Clipping.Polysemantic words are usually clipped in one meaning only (e.g. docand doctorhave the meaning “one who practices medicine,”but doctor is also“the highest degree given bya university to a scholar or scientist”). Among abbreviations there are homonyms, so that one and the same sound and graphical complex may represent different words (e.g. Vac, prep, vet)

Acronyms are pronounceable names made up of a series of initial letters or parts of words:

1) Alphabetically – some abbreviations are read as individual letters: BBC, UN, DVD

2) Some abbreviations are read as words according to the rules of reading: NATO, AIDS, ASH

Some abbreviations are only written forms but they are pronounced as full words (e.g. Mr, Mrs, Dr.). Some abbreviations are from Latin . They are used as part of the language (e.g. etc – et cetera; e.g. (for example) – exampli gratia; that is – id est)

Blending is a particular type of shortening combining the features of both clipping and composition. Blending means merging two parts of the word into one stem (e.g. smoke + fog = smog; breakfast + lunch = brunch; smoke + haze = smaze)

Structural types of Blendings:

-Initial part + final part (e.g. electricity + execute = electrocute)

— Initial part + initial part (e.g. liberal + labour = lib-lab)

— Initial part + full word (e.g. parachute + troops = paratroops)

— Full word + final part (e.g. slim + gymnastics = slimnastics)

Additive – blends are transformable into coordinative phrases with the conjunction and. Breakfast + lunch = brunch

Restrictive – blends are transformable into subordinative attributive or adverbial phrases (e.g. Positron – positive electron; Medicare – medical care)

Backformation – coining new words by means of subtracting a real or supposed suffix as a result of misinterpretation of the structure of the word (e.g. beggar → to beg).

1. Shortening. Four types of contraction.
Shortening — is the process and the result of forming a word out of the initial elements (letters, morphemes)
Contraction (clipping) (скорочення):
— Final clipping (apocope) – omission of the final part of the word gym (gymnasium), doc (doctor), lab (laboratory). Proper names are also apocopated: Nick (Nicholas), Ed (Edward)
— Initial clipping (apheresis [ə’ferɪsɪs ]) — the omission of the fore part of the word. In many cases the shortened word differs from its source only stylistically: telephone – phone, omnibus – bus, math — mathematics. Sometimes, however, the shortened word is somewhat modified in meaning or even altered: acute (sharp) – cute (pretty, clever), espy (see at a distance) – spy (to try to get secret information). Many first names were shortened the aphaeresis way: Bess (Elisabeth), Becky (Rebecca) etc.
— Medial clipping (syncope [‘sinkəpi]) — omission of the middle part of the word: fantasy – fancy, courtesy – curtsy. There are some graphical abbreviations of this type: Mr, Mrs.
— Mixed clipping where the fore and the final parts of the word are clipped: tec – detective, flu –influenza ([influ’enzə] грип), fridge – refrigerator, Liz – Elisabeth.

13.Abbreviations. Five groups of abbreviations.

An abbreviation (from Latin brevis, meaning short) is a shortened form of a word or phrase. Usually, but not always, it consists of a letter or group of letters taken from the word or phrase. For example, the word abbreviation can itself be represented by the abbreviation abbr., abbrv. or abbrev. Dr. for Doctor, U.S. for United States, lb. for pound.
1) Acronyms. Read in accordance with the rules of orthoepy [ˈɔːθəʊɛpi] as though they were ordinary words: UNO — United Nations Organization, UNESCO — United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization, NATO [‘neitəʊ] — North Atlantic Treaty Organization
2) Alphabetic abbreviations in which letters get their full alphabetic pronunciation and full stress: USA — United States of America, BBC — British Broadcasting Corporation, FBI — Federal Bureau of Investigation. Alphabetic abbreviation are sometimes used for famous persons’ names: F.D.R — Franklin Delano Roosevelt, G.B.S. – George Bernard Shaw
3) Compound abbreviations in which the first is a letter or letters and the second is a complete word: A-bomb – atomic bomb, V-day – victory day, hi-fi – high fidelity (високоякісний), sci-fic (scientific fiction)
4) Graphic abbreviations which are used in texts for economy of space. They are pronounced as the corresponding unabbreviated words: Mr – Mister, ft – foot/feet, ltd – limited, Co – company, X-mas – Christmas
5) Latin abbreviations:
A.D. – Anno Domini — нашої ери, від різдва Христова
p.m – post meridiem — after noon, used after times of day between noon and midnight not expressed using the 24-hour clock
e.g – exempli gratia — for example
L. (lb) – libra — pound(s) (in weight)
op. cit – opere citato — цитований твір; у цитованому творі
P.S – post scriptum — «после написанного», «послесловие»
viz – videlicit — «а именно, то есть»
ad lib – ad libitum — без підготовки, імпровізуючи, експромтом, необмежено, по бажанню
q.v. – quod vide — used to direct a reader to another part of a book or article for further information
cf – conferatur — «сравни», «следует сравнить»
id – idem — «the same” It is used to avoid repeating the name of a male author (in citations, footnotes, bibliographies, etc.) When quoting a female author, use the corresponding feminine form, ead. (eadem), «the same (woman)» (eadem is pronounced with stress on the first e-).
loc.cit – loco citato — in the passage already cited
ob – obiit — he or she died
ibid – ibidem — in the same place
v. – versus — «against»

14. Semi-productive Ways of word-formation. Back formation. Blending. Lexicalization of the plural of nouns. Sound –imitation.

2. Others are semi-productive (back-formation, blending, reduplication, lexicalization of the plural of nouns, sound imitation)

Semi-productive ways of word-formation Back-Formation is a derivation of new words (mostly verbs) by means of subtracting a suffix or other element resembling it. An example of back-formation in English is the verb to beg derived from the noun beggar, to baby sit from the noun baby-sitter, to sculpt from sculptor,etc. Blending is the formation of new lexical units by means of margin fragments of words into one new word, or combining the elements of one word with a notional word, e.g. smog (smoke+fog), drunch (drinks+lunch). Reduplication compounds are made by doubling a stem. It falls into 3 main groups: reduplicative compounds proper (immediate constituents are identical in their form without any phonetic changes), e.g. bye-bye, flash-flash, goody-goody; ablaut (gradational) compounds (variation of a root vowel), e.g. riff-raff, dilly-dally, ping-pong; rhyme compounds (immediate constituents are joined to rhyme), e.g. willy-nilly, namby-pamby. Lexicalization of the plural of nouns. There are cases when the grammatical form of the plural of nouns becomes isolated from the paradigm and acquires a new lexical meaning, e.g. look (погляд) :: looks (зовнішність). Sound imitation (onomatopoeia) is the process in which words are made by imitating sounds produced by living beings and inanimate objects. It is of some interest that sounds produced by the same kind of animal are represented by quite different sound groups in different languages. For instance, English dogs bark or howl, English cock cries cock-a-doodle-doo, ducks quack and frogs croak.

15. Reduplication and conversion. 37

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