Short vowel sounds are not pronounced in a longer way. A short vowel word is any word that doesn’t allow the vowel within it to generate that vowel’s long vowel sound. The words like pet, cat, pig, trick, milk, cup have short vowels. To identify a short vowel, we will have to listen to the sound a word has not the letter. For Example: Letter ‘a’ has short vowel in the words fan, map, ago, but long vowel in the words mark, arms. The same letter can be pronounced as short and long vowel in one word. For example: In the word alarm /əˈlɑːm/ the letter ‘a’ is pronounced as short and long vowel.
Short Vowel Sound Rule:
When there is one vowel in a word, either at the beginning or between two consonants, it usually has the short vowel sound.
They can be compared with long vowel sounds.
Example: The word ‘sit’ has a short /i/ sound, whilst the equivalent long sound /i:/ produces the word ‘seat’.
Learners need practice to discriminate and produce short and long vowels.
Remember these points about short vowel sounds:
– a short English vowel is noticeably shorter than a long vowel
– an English short vowel is made with only one mouth position
– one mouth position is represented by one IPA symbol (every sound /mouth position has a different IPA symbol)
There are 7 IPA symbols for English short vowels. The IPA for English short vowels are:
/ɪ/, /e/, /æ/, /ʌ/, /ʊ/ , /ɒ/, /ə/
Let’s check out these 7 short vowels, their symbols and various examples in words with phonetic transcription to understand the pronunciation for the sounds in a better way.
/ ə / about /əbaʊt/, ago /əgəʊ/, letter /letə/
/ ɪ / pit /pɪt/, sit /sɪt/, kit /kɪt/
/ ʌ / mud /mʌd/, bus /bʌs/, cup /kʌp/,
shut / ʃ ʌ t/
/ɒ / lot /lɒt /, cot /kɒt/, dot /dɒt/, pot /pɒt/
/e/ bed /bed/, head /hed/, red /red/, get /get/
/ʊ/ foot /fʊt/, good /gʊd/, cook /kʊk/, look /lʊk/
/æ / bad /bæd/, cat /kæt/, mat /mæt/, rat /ræt/
Word Pairs – Short vowels to Long Vowels
Short Vowel | Long Vowel |
hit | heat |
sit | seat |
foot | food |
bin | been |
plan | plant |
pull | pool |
breath | breathe |
bit | beat |
hug | huge |
If you have understood short vowel sounds well, try to find out the answers of the following questions.
1. Choose the word which has letter ‘a’ as a short vowel.
Almost
Farm
Name
Ago
≡2. In which of the following words, is letter ‘a’ pronounced in different way?
Almost
Auto
Apply
Awesome
The English alphabet contains only 26
letters. However, this number of letters makes 44 sound (sounds). All
the letters of the English language are divided into two groups: vowels (vowels) and
consonants (consonants). Quantitatively,
the first group is much less than the second. 20 consonants and 6 vowels.
Here are the letters that represent vowels: a, e, i, o, u and, in some
instances, y. It should also be remembered
that sound — that’s what we hear, and the letter — a sign that represents a
specific sound.
English language has many
vowel sounds. These are generally divided into two categories: short vowel
sounds and long vowel sounds. Although there are many exceptions, there are a
few general rules that apply to short and long vowel sounds. The vowels in
English are pronounced with the mouth open.
Why “long” and
“short”?
The terms long and
short were most likely borrowed from Latin and Greek grammars. You see, at
one time, all Latin vowels came in pairs. These pairs were different not in
sound, but in duration; that is, the long a was actually held longer
than its short counterpart.
These vowels can represent a variety
of sounds. The length and the sound of a vowel can change according to its
position in a word and the pronunciation of that word. Vowels can be
classified into long and short vowels based on their length. The main
difference between long and short vowels is that long vowels have a long
sound whereas short vowels have a short sound
To write is to be able to read a particular
word or letter, there is a phonetic transcription. It is a system of signs,
each of which expresses a sound.
Английский алфавит содержит только 26 букв. Однако это
количество букв составляет 44 звука (звуков). Все буквы английского языка
разделены на две группы: гласные (гласные) и согласные (согласные).
Количественно первая группа намного меньше второй. 20 согласных и гласных
всех 6. Вот буквы, которые представляют гласные: a, e, i, o, u и, в некоторых случаях, y.. Следует также помнить, что звук — вот что мы слышим, а
буква — знак, представляющий конкретный звук.
В английском языке есть много гласных звуков. Они обычно
делятся на две категории: короткие гласные звуки и длинные звуки гласных.
Хотя есть много исключений, существует несколько общих правил, применимых к
короткому и длинному гласным звукам. Гласные на английском языке произносятся
с открытым ртом.
Почему «длинный» и «короткий»?
Термины длинные и короткие, скорее всего, заимствованы из
латинских и греческих грамматик. Понимаете, в то время, как вы видите, все
латинские гласные попадали парами. Эти пары были разными не по звуку, а по
продолжительности; Т. Е. Длинный а фактически удерживался дольше, чем его
короткая копия.
Длина и звук гласного могут меняться в соответствии с его
положением в слове и произношением этого слова. Гласные можно
классифицировать на длинные и короткие гласные на основе их длины. Основное
различие между длинными и короткими гласными состоит в том, что длинные
гласные имеют длинный звук, тогда как короткие гласные имеют короткий звук.
Писать — это прочитать определенное слово или письмо, есть
фонетическая транскрипция. Это система знаков, каждая из которых выражает
звук
Short
Vowel Spelling
Короткая гласная
Although English spelling
patterns are difficult and usually contain many exceptions, there are a few
general rules that differentiate short and long vowel sounds. Words with only
one vowel, especially when they are sandwiched between two consonants, often
produce a short vowel sound, such as dog, tin or well. Short vowels are also
usually seen when they appear in isolation at the beginning of a word, such
as ant, up or end.
Хотя английские шаблоны правописания сложны и обычно содержат
множество исключений, существует несколько общих правил, которые различают
короткие и длинные гласные звуки. Слова с только одним гласным, особенно
когда они зажаты между двумя согласными, часто производят короткий гласный
звук, такой как собака, олово или колодец. Короткие гласные также обычно
правильны, когда они появляются изолированно в начале слова, например,
муравей, вверх или конец.
Short
Vowel Pronunciation
Короткое гласное произношение
As the name would imply,
short vowels have a much shorter pronunciation than long vowel sounds. Short
vowels produce only one sound and do not require the speaker to open his
mouth very wide. The speaker’s jaw is relaxed and barely moves during the
production of short vowel sounds. The speaker’s tongue is placed in different
positions but is also usually relaxed. Short vowels can occur in stressed
syllables, such as «o» in offer, or unstressed syllables, like the
first «o» in tomato.
Examples of short vowels in the English language:
o
pot — the pot
o
cup — mug
o
pencil — Pencil
o
map — the map
o
mother — mother
Short vowels are the opposite of long vowels; they produce a short
vowel sound. A short vowel sound is produced when the vowel in a syllable is
followed by a consonant. This type of syllable is called a closed syllable.
Thus, short vowels are caused by closed syllables. Unlike in long vowels, the
vowel sound of short vowels is not similar to the name of the vowel.
Как следует из названия, короткие гласные имеют гораздо более
короткое произношение, чем длинные звуки гласных. Короткие гласные производят
только один звук и не требуют, чтобы динамик широко раскрывал рот. Челюсть
говорящего расслаблена и едва движется во время производства коротких звуков
гласных. Язык говорящего размещен в разных положениях, но также обычно
расслаблен. Короткие гласные могут встречаться в ударных слогах, таких как «o» в предложении, или безударные слоги, как и первый «о» в
томате.
Примеры коротких гласных на английском языке:
O горшок — горшок
O чашка — кружка
O pensil — Карандаш
O map — карта
Мать — мать
Короткие гласные противоположны длинным гласным; Они
производят короткий гласный звук. Короткий гласный звук создается, когда
гласный в слоге с последующим согласным. Этот тип слога называется закрытым
слогом. Таким образом, короткие гласные вызваны закрытыми слогами. В отличие
от длинных гласных, гласный звук коротких гласных не похож на имя гласного.
Long Vowel
Spelling
Длинные гласные
A long vowel has a long sound. A long
vowel sounds like the name of its vowel. For example, the letter ‘a’ in aim
is pronounced as /ā:/, or “ayy. The five long vowel sounds in the English
language are
‘a’ as in name
‘e’ as in eat
‘i’ as in wine
‘o’ as in go
‘u’ as in human
Given below are some words that
contain long vowel sounds.
A: ape, lake, name, date, rain
E: deep, heed, eat, feet, feel
I: wine, bite, hide, kite, ice,
O: oak, boat, long, soak, hope
U: mule, fuse, unite, cube
Long vowel sounds have more
complicated spelling patterns and more exceptions than short vowel sounds.
Words that end with a silent e, such as bake, lone or mule, often produce
longer sounds.
Another common spelling
pattern for long vowel sounds is two vowel sounds placed together, for
example: root, oaf or through. Many long vowel sounds also occur when there
is one vowel at the end of words, such as do, why or go. Many o or i sounds
followed by two or more consonants, such as cold or might, also produce long
vowel sounds.
Длинный гласный имеет длинный звук. Длинный гласный звучит как
название его гласного. Например, буква «а» в цели произносится как / ā :/,
или «ayy. Пять длинных гласных звуков на английском языке
‘A’, как во имя
‘E’, как в еде
«Я», как в вине
‘O’, как в go
‘U’, как в человеческом
Ниже приведены некоторые слова, содержащие длинные звуки
гласных.
A: обезьяна, озеро, имя, дата, дождь
E: глубокий, внимательный, есть, ноги, чувствовать
I: вино, укус, шкура, кайт, лед,
O: дуб, лодка, длинная, впитывающая, надежда
U: мул, плавкий предохранитель, объединение, куб
Длинные гласные звуки имеют более сложные шаблоны орфографии и
больше исключений, чем короткие звуки гласных. Слова, которые заканчиваются
тихим е, например, испечением, одиноким или мулом, часто производят более
длинные звуки.
Другим распространенным шаблоном орфографии для длинных
гласных звуков являются два гласных звука, размещаемых вместе, например: root, oaf или through. Многие длинные гласные звуки также возникают, когда в конце
слов есть одна гласная, например, делать, почему или идти. Многие звуки o или i, за которыми следуют две или более
гласных, такие как холод или мощь, также производят длинные звуки гласных.
Long Vowel Pronunciation
Many long vowel sounds are
diphthongs, which combine two short vowel sounds into one long sound. Long
vowel sounds require the speaker to move the mouth from a closed position to
an open one or vice-versa. The speaker’s tongue glides into position during
pronunciation and is often tense. When pronounced, long vowel sounds share
the same pronunciation as vowels when they are pronounced as part of the
alphabet.
Examples of long vowels in the English language:
father — Dad
bee — bee
dawn — dawn
soon — soon
Длительное гласное произношение
Многие длинные гласные звуки — дифтонги, которые сочетают два
коротких звуковых сигнала в один длинный звук. Длинные гласные звуки требуют,
чтобы динамик переместил рот из закрытого положения в открытое или наоборот.
Язык говорящего скользит в позиции во время произношения и часто напряжен.
Когда произносится, длинные гласные звуки разделяют одно и то же произношение
как гласные, когда они произносятся как часть алфавита.
Примеры длинных гласных на английском языке:
отец — папа
Пчела — пчела
Рассвет — рассвет
Скоро
— скоро
Depending
on their position in the word and the pronunciation of that word, the length
of the vowel can change and have a different sound. Not all letters make the
same sound in all words, and that’s what vowel length is about.
The easiest way to remember the
difference between short and long vowels is by remembering the rule about
long vowels, specifically. If a word with a certain vowel in it says the name
of the vowel, then that vowel is making a “long” sound. By “name” we mean,
the name of the actual letter. When we look at “a” we pronounce it /ā/,
or “ayy.” This is the first letter of the alphabet, and when looking at the
isolated letter, we’ll refer to it by its name: the way we say it when we
begin to recite the alphabet. This is known as a long vowel sound, because it
says the “name” of the letter. The same goes for the other vowels.
A short vowel sound is a vowel sound that
does not follow this rule. When reading a word that uses a
short vowel sound, we will say the sound that the letter can make that
is not its actual name. So in the case of “A,” the word
“main” might have a long “A” sound because we pronounce the “A” as /ā/,
whereas the word “man” has a short vowel sound.
В зависимости от их положения в слове и произношения этого
слова длина гласного может меняться и иметь другой звук. Не все буквы
произносят одинаковый звук во всех словах, и это то, о чем идет речь о
гласных.
Самый простой способ запомнить разницу между короткими и
длинными гласными — это помнить правило о длинных гласных, в частности. Если
слово с определенной гласной в нем говорит имя гласного, тогда эта гласная
делает «длинный» звук. Под «именем» мы подразумеваем название фактического
письма. Когда мы смотрим на «а», мы произносим его / ā / или «ayy». Это первая буква алфавита, и, глядя на изолированное
письмо, мы будем называть его его именем: так, как мы говорим Это когда мы
начинаем читать алфавит. Это известно как длинный гласный звук, потому что он
говорит «имя» письма. То же самое касается и других гласных.
Короткий гласный звук — это гласный звук, который не следует
этому правилу. При чтении слова, которое использует короткий гласный звук,
скажет звук, который письмо может сделать, это не его фактическое имя.
Поэтому в случае «A» слово «main» может иметь длинный звук «A», потому что мы произносим «A» как / ā /, тогда как слово «человек» имеет короткий гласный
звук.
However, some letters have
more than two sounds. The word ‘amalgamation’ has four of the letter A, but
only two of them are pronounced the same way. While the second and fourth
have the normal long and short A sounds – the second being the short A, and
the fourth is the long A – the first and third have an ‘uh’ sound. The ‘io’
at the end of the word also has an ‘uh’ sound.
Однако некоторые буквы имеют более двух звуков. Слово
«амальгамация» имеет четыре буквы буквы А, но только два из них произносятся
одинаково. В то время как второй и четвертый имеют нормальные длинные и
короткие звуки A, второй — короткий A, а четвертый — длинный A — первый и
третий имеют звук «uh». «Io» в конце слова также имеет звук «uh».
When a vowel has more than
two possible sounds, it makes sense to compare them by saying which one is
longer. For instance, while the rounded ‘ah’ sound is considered the short O
sound, it is still longer than the short A, which is a flat ‘ah’. Specifying how
much longer one sound is can help to distinguish them when explaining how to
pronounce the vowels in a written word. This
is especially important because of English pronunciation rules.
Когда гласный имеет более двух возможных звуков, имеет смысл
сравнить их, указав, какой из них длиннее. Например, хотя закругленный звук
«ah» считается коротким звуком O, он еще длиннее короткого A, который
является плоским «ах». Указание того, насколько длиннее один звук, может
помочь отличить их при объяснении того, как произносить гласные в письменном
слове. Это особенно важно из-за правил английского произношения.
There are no rules that
apply for every single word, without exception, in the English language. For
one thing, many English words were originally loanwords. French and Latin
were major contributors to the language and a lot of words were taken from
them. The problem is that the Italic languages have a different way of
pronouncing what they write than Germanic. What makes that worse is that
there are a few cases where the spelling of the word was taken, but not the
pronunciation. Another complication is the various accents in English. For
example, Americans would probably pronounce the word ‘can’t’ with a short A
sound, while someone speaking Received Pronunciation English would use the
short O sound.
На английском языке нет правил, которые применяются для
каждого отдельного слова без исключения. Во-первых, многие английские слова
были изначально заимствованиями. Французы и латыни были главными вкладчиками
в язык, и из них было взято много слов. Проблема в том, что языковые языки
имеют другой способ произнести то, что они пишут, чем германские. Что еще
хуже, так это то, что есть несколько случаев, когда написание слова было
принято, но не произношение. Еще одно осложнение — это различные акценты на
английском языке. Например, американцы, вероятно, произнесли бы слово «не
может» с коротким звуком А, в то время как кто-то, говорящий на Английском
языке, произнесенный на английском языке, использовал бы короткий звук O.
With all that in mind,
pronouncing a word based on how it is spelled can be tricky. One of the more
obvious rules is that the vowel is long when there is a silent E on the end.
Like above, ‘not’ and ‘note’ have different vowel pronunciations. However,
the E on the end of ‘note’ is not pronounced. It is just there to show how
the O is said. When there is a silent E on the end of a word, it is a good
bet that the vowel just before it is a long vowel.
Similarly, there are times
when more than one vowel is stacked together, such as in ‘ceiling’. When
there is more than one vowel together, it is much more likely that both of
them join together to form a long sound. There are still exceptions to that,
like in ‘science’. Both vowels are pronounced there. When the double vowel
begins with A or E, then they are much more likely to say their name.
Имея это в виду, произнесение слова, основанного на том, как
оно написано, может быть сложным. Одним из наиболее очевидных правил является
то, что гласный длинный, когда в конце есть тихий E. Как и выше, «нет» и
«примечание» имеют разные произношения гласных. Однако E на конце
«примечания» не произносится. Здесь просто показать, как говорят О. Когда в
конце слова есть тихий E, это хорошая ставка, что гласная перед длинным
гласным.
Точно так же бывают случаи, когда более одного гласного
сложены вместе, например, в «потолке». Когда есть более одного гласного
вместе, гораздо более вероятно, что оба они объединяются, чтобы сформировать
длинный звук. До сих пор есть исключения, как в «науке». Оба гласных
произносится там. Когда двойная гласная начинается с A или E, они гораздо
чаще говорят свое имя.
Overall, English is a
confusing language and sometimes it’s very difficult to match spellings with
pronunciations. This is why vowel length is specified for some words.
To summarise, vowel length
is based on the perceived length of the vowel sound. In English, all vowels
are named after their long sound, so the long vowels say their names. The
rest of the time, they are shorter sounds, but they can cover more than one
short sound.
В целом, английский язык запутанный, и иногда очень сложно
сопоставить слова с произношениями. Вот почему для некоторых слов задается
длина гласного.
Резюмируя, длина гласных основывается на воспринимаемой длине
гласного звука. На английском языке все гласные названы согласно долгим
звукам, поэтому длинные гласные дали им имена. В остальное время они
короткие звуки, но они могут охватывать более одного короткого звука.
There are five vowels in the English language. They are a, e, i, o, u. These vowels can represent a variety of sounds. The length and the sound of a vowel can change according to its position in a word and the pronunciation of that word. Vowels can be classified into long and short vowels based on their length. The main difference between long and short vowels is that long vowels have a long sound whereas short vowels have a short sound.
What are Long Vowels
A long vowel has a long sound. A long vowel sounds like the name of its vowel. For example, the letter ‘a’ in aim is pronounced as /ā/, or “ayy. The five long vowel sounds in the English language are
‘a’ as in name
‘e’ as in eat
‘i’ as in wine
‘o’ as in go
‘u’ as in human
Given below are some words that contain long vowel sounds.
A: ape,lake, name, date, rain
E: deep, heed, eat, feet, feel
I: wine, bite, hide, kite, ice,
O: oak, boat, long, soak, hope
U: mule, fuse, unite, cube
What are Short Vowels
Short vowels are the opposite of long vowels; they produce a short vowel sound. A short vowel sound is produced when the vowel in a syllable is followed by a consonant. This type of syllable is called a closed syllable. Thus, short vowels are caused by closed syllables. Unlike in long vowels, the vowel sound of short vowels is not similar to the name of the vowel. The five short vowel sounds in the English language are,
‘a’ as in fat
‘e’ as in nest
‘i’ as in win
‘o’ as in cot
‘u’ as in cup
Given below are some words that contain short vowel sounds.
A: cat, at, hat, mat, axe, apple, sack
E: set, edge, deck, head, bed, echo
I: bird, panic, pig, tin, bit, hid, ginger
O: hop, sock, ostrich, mop, mock
U: mud, fuss, blunder, up, ugly, under
Difference Between Long and Short Vowels
Length of Sound
Long Vowels produce a long vowel sound.
Short Vowels produce a short vowel sound.
Open vs Closed Syllables
Long Vowels are found in open syllables.
Short Vowels are found in closed syllables.
Pronunciation
Long Vowels are pronounced like the actual name of the vowel.
Short Vowels are not pronounced like the name of the vowel.
Sounds
Long Vowels include ā (as in rain), ē (beat), ī (wine), ō (go), and ū (fuse).
Short Vowels include a (as in fat), e (as in rest), i (as in win), o (as in cot), u (as in cup).
Vowels and consonants are two types of letters in the English alphabet. A vowel sound is created when air flows smoothly, without interruption, through the throat and mouth. Different vowel sounds are produced as a speaker changes the shape and placement of articulators (parts of the throat and mouth).
In contrast, consonant sounds happen when the flow of air is obstructed or interrupted. If this sounds confusing, try making the “p” sound and the “k” sound. You will notice that in creating the sound you have manipulated your mouth and tongue to briefly interrupt airflow from your throat. Consonant sounds have a distinct beginning and end, while vowel sounds flow.
The pronunciation of each vowel is determined by the position of the vowel in a syllable, and by the letters that follow it. Vowel sounds can be short, long, or silent.
Short Vowels
If a word contains only one vowel, and that vowel appears in the middle of the word, the vowel is usually pronounced as a short vowel. This is especially true if the word is very short. Examples of short vowels in one-syllable words include the following:
- At
- Bat
- Mat
- Bet
- Wet
- Led
- Red
- Hit
- Fix
- Rob
- Lot
- Cup
- But
This rule can also apply to one-syllable words that are a bit longer:
- Rant
- Chant
- Slept
- Fled
- Chip
- Strip
- Flop
- Chug
When a short word with one vowel ends in s, l, or f, the end consonant is doubled, as in:
- Bill
- Sell
- Miss
- Pass
- Jiff
- Cuff
If there are two vowels in a word, but the first vowel is followed by a double consonant, the vowel’s sound is short, such as:
- Matter
- Cannon
- Ribbon
- Wobble
- Bunny
If there are two vowels in a word and the vowels are separated by two or more letters, the first vowels is usually short, for example:
- Lantern
- Basket
- Ticket
- Bucket
Long Vowels
The long vowel sound is the same as the name of the vowel itself. Follow these rules:
- Long A sound is AY as in cake.
- Long E sound is EE an in sheet.
- Long I sound is AHY as in like.
- Long O sound is OH as in bone.
- Long U sound is YOO as in human or OO as in crude.
Long vowel sounds are often created when two vowels appear side by side in a syllable. When vowels work as a team to make a long vowel sound, the second vowel is silent. Examples are:
- Rain
- Seize
- Boat
- Toad
- Heap
A double “e” also makes the long vowel sound:
- Keep
- Feel
- Meek
The vowel “i” often makes a long sound in a one-syllable word if the vowel is followed by two consonants:
- Blight
- High
- Mind
- Wild
- Pint
This rule does not apply when the “i” is followed by the consonants th, ch, or sh, as in:
- Fish
- Wish
- Rich
- With
A long vowel sound is created when a vowel is followed by a consonant and a silent “e” in a syllable, as in:
- Stripe
- Stake
- Concede
- Bite
- Size
- Rode
- Cute
The long “u” sound can sound like yoo or oo, such as:
- Cute
- Flute
- Lute
- Prune
- Fume
- Perfume
Most often, the letter “o” will be pronounced as a long vowel sound when it appears in a one-syllable word and is followed by two consonants, as in these examples:
- Most
- Post
- Roll
- Fold
- Sold
A few exceptions occur when the “o” appears in a single syllable word that ends in th or sh:
- Posh
- Gosh
- Moth
Weird Vowel Sounds
Sometimes, combinations of vowels and consonants (like Y and W) create unique sounds. The letters oi can make an OY sound when they appear in the middle of a syllable:
- Boil
- Coin
- Oink
The same sound is made with the letters “oy” when they appear at the end of a syllable:
- Ahoy
- Boy
- Annoy
- Soy
Similarly, the letters “ou” make a distinct sound when they appear in the middle of a syllable:
- Couch
- Rout
- Pout
- About
- Aloud
The same sound can be made by the letters «ow» when they appear at the end of a syllable:
- Allow
- Plow
- Endow
The long “o” sound is also created by the letters “ow” when they appear at the end of a syllable:
- Row
- Blow
- Slow
- Below
The letters «ay» make the long “a” sound:
- Stay
- Play
- Quay
The letter Y can make a long “i” sound if it appears at the end of a one-syllable word:
- Shy
- Ply
- Try
- Fly
The letters ie can make a long “e” sound (except after c):
- Belief
- Thief
- Fiend
The letters ei can make the long “e” sound when they follow a “c”:
- Receive
- Deceive
- Receipt
The letter “y” can make a long e sound if it appears at the end of a word and it follows one or more consonants:
- Bony
- Holy
- Rosy
- Sassy
- Fiery
- Toasty
- Mostly
If you’re just learning to read English, you may have noticed something very strange about the written language. Unlike many languages that have consistent rules for pronunciation, a lot of English words that use the same letters are pronounced differently. This is especially true with English vowels: the words “man” and “mane” are pronounced differently, while the words “mane” and “main” are pronounced the same. Why is that?
In this article, we’ll go over the basic rules of long and short vowel pronunciation in English, as well as the best way to make sure you always get the pronunciation right whenever you learn a new English word.
How many vowel sounds are in English?
Depending on where you are and whom you ask, English has between 14 and 20 different vowel sounds. Most American English speakers have 15 or 16 vowel sounds.
If you’re learning English, you may already be familiar with the English alphabet, which has five vowels — a, e, i, o, u — and sometimes y. But with up to 20 different vowel sounds in English, how can just five or six vowels represent all the different sounds? Part of the solution is having short and long vowel sounds, that is, vowels that are pronounced differently depending on how and where they appear in a word.
What are short and long vowels?
In a lot of languages, short and long vowels are pronounced with the same sound but for different lengths of time. This isn’t the case in English. Instead, short and long vowel sounds get different pronunciations.
What does a long vowel sound like in English?
Long vowels in English sound just like the letter sounds in the alphabet. Some examples of long vowel sounds include:
Vowel | Long Vowel Example |
a | name |
e | meet |
i | time |
o | know |
u | cute |
What does a short vowel sound like in English?
Short vowel sounds, on the other hand, have very different sounds. Short sounds include:
Vowel | Short Vowel Example |
a | apple |
e | egg |
i | bit |
o | fog |
u | but |
Basic rules for long and short vowel sounds in English
There are a few rules you can use to help figure out whether a vowel should be pronounced as a short vowel or a long vowel in English.
Long vowel rules
Rule | Examples |
Vowel-consonant-e: When a word ends in this pattern, the first vowel is long and the final -e is silent | name, meme, lime, dome, plume |
Two vowels together: When you see two vowels next to each other, the first vowel is usually long, and the second vowel is usually silent | rain, meat, pie, boat |
i before e (except after c): When you see the vowel combination ie or cei, then the sound is usually a long e | relieve, receipt, conceive |
e before i: When you see the vowel combination ei without a c before it, then the vowel sound is usually a long a | weight, neighbor, freight |
Short vowel rules
Rule | Examples |
Consonant-vowel-consonant: Vowels in the middle of short words are usual short vowel sounds | man, bet, tin, mom, cup |
Vowel-consonant: Short words that start with vowels and end in consonants are usually short vowel sounds | at, in, on, up |
How to know for sure if an English vowel is long or short
Though the rules above can help you figure out which words use long or short vowels, English is full of exceptions to these rules. So, if you’re not sure whether to pronounce a vowel as short or long, we recommend you look up the word in a dictionary. Every word should come with a pronunciation guide using the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). IPA is used to help people pronounce words in any language around the world, including English.
If you look up a new word, use the IPA spelling to figure out for sure what the vowel should sound like.
Long vowel examples with IPA pronunciation
Vowel | Long Vowel Example | IPA (Vowel Only) | IPA (Full Word) |
a | cake | /eɪ/ | /keɪk/ |
e | steam | /i/ | /stim/ |
i | knife | /aɪ/ | /naɪf/ |
o | coat | /oʊ/ | /boʊt/ |
u | fume | /yu/ | /fyum/ |
Short vowel examples with IPA pronunciation
Vowel | Short Vowel Example | IPA (Vowel Only) | IPA (Full Word) |
a | bat | /æ/ | /kæt/ |
e | get | /ɛ/ | /gɛt/ |
i | pin | /ɪ/ | /pɪn/ |
o | top | /ɒ/ | /tɒp/ |
u | pup | /ʌ/ | /pʌp/ |
English has more than just long and short vowels
While long and short vowel sounds cover the majority of English words you’ll come across, remember that the full list of English vowel sounds can be at least 14 different sounds if you speak American English. As you improve your English skills, make sure to keep up with proper pronunciation. Our guide to improving English pronunciation will fill you in on everything you need to know to perfect your English pronunciation. And when you’re ready for more advanced English lessons, our English courses will get you speaking English like a native in no time.
Quiz on English long and short vowels
Below are 50 different English words. Can you tell whether they use long or short vowels? If you’re not sure, try using the basic rules above or looking up the IPA pronunciation in a dictionary.
- ate
- maze
- flute
- bit
- sit
- hot
- moat
- hone
- cube
- bone
- came
- knit
- kite
- cone
- aim
- pop
- same
- It
- meek
- mean
- oat
- bait
- leaf
- cop
- pat
- oar
- taint
- flue
- win
- fine
- din
- stump
- wine
- hope
- fine
- prop
- help
- prep
- gin
- gong
- gene
- fit
- plop
- zig
- zag
- bin
- seen
- sleigh
- fun
- Udemy
Answer key
- long
- long
- long
- short
- short
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- long
- long
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- long
- long
- short
- long
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- long
- long
- long
- short
- short
- long
- long
- long
- short
- long
- short
- short
- long
- long
- long
- short
- short
- short
- short
- short
- long
- Short
- short
- short
- short
- short
- long
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- short
- long