What is a prepositional word

«Preposition» redirects here. Not to be confused with proposition.

Prepositions and postpositions, together called adpositions (or broadly, in traditional grammar, simply prepositions),^[1] are a class of words used to express spatial or temporal relations (in, under, towards, before) or mark various semantic roles (of, for).^[2]

A preposition or postposition typically combines with a noun phrase, this being called its complement, or sometimes object. A preposition comes before its complement; a postposition comes after its complement. English generally has prepositions rather than postpositions – words such as in, under and of precede their objects, such as in England, under the table, of Jane – although there are a few exceptions including «ago» and «notwithstanding», as in «three days ago» and «financial limitations notwithstanding». Some languages that use a different word order have postpositions instead, or have both types. The phrase formed by a preposition or postposition together with its complement is called a prepositional phrase (or postpositional phrase, adpositional phrase, etc.) – such phrases usually play an adverbial role in a sentence.

A less common type of adposition is the circumposition, which consists of two parts that appear on each side of the complement. Other terms sometimes used for particular types of adposition include ambiposition, inposition and interposition. Some linguists use the word preposition in place of adposition regardless of the applicable word order.^[1]

Terminology[edit]

The word preposition comes from Latin: prae- prefix (pre- prefix) («before») and Latin: ponere («to put»). This refers to the situation in Latin and Greek (and in English), where such words are placed before their complement (except sometimes in Ancient Greek), and are hence «pre-positioned».

In some languages, including Sindhi, Hindustani, Turkish, Hungarian, Korean, and Japanese, the same kinds of words typically come after their complement. To indicate this, they are called postpositions (using the prefix post-, from Latin post meaning «behind, after»). There are also some cases where the function is performed by two parts coming before and after the complement; this is called a circumposition (from Latin circum- prefix «around»).

In some languages, for example Finnish, some adpositions can be used as both prepositions and postpositions.

Prepositions, postpositions and circumpositions are collectively known as adpositions (using the Latin prefix ad-, meaning «to»). However, some linguists prefer to use the well-known and longer established term preposition in place of adposition, irrespective of position relative to the complement.^[1]

Grammatical properties[edit]

An adposition typically combines with exactly one complement, most often a noun phrase (or, in a different analysis, a determiner phrase). In English, this is generally a noun (or something functioning as a noun, e.g., a gerund), together with its specifier and modifiers such as articles, adjectives, etc. The complement is sometimes called the object of the adposition. The resulting phrase, formed by the adposition together with its complement, is called an adpositional phrase or prepositional phrase (PP) (or for specificity, a postpositional or circumpositional phrase).

An adposition establishes a grammatical relationship that links its complement to another word or phrase in the context. It also generally establishes a semantic relationship, which may be spatial (in, on, under, …), temporal (after, during, …), or of some other type (of, for, via, …). The World Atlas of Language Structures treats a word as an adposition if it takes a noun phrase as a complement and indicates the grammatical or semantic relationship of that phrase to the verb in the containing clause.^[3]

Some examples of the use of English prepositions are given below. In each case, the prepositional phrase appears in italics, the preposition within it appears in bold, and the preposition’s complement is underlined. As demonstrated in some of the examples, more than one prepositional phrase may act as an adjunct to the same word.

• As an adjunct to a noun:
  • the weather in March
  • cheese from France with live bacteria
• As a predicative expression (complement of a copula)
  • The key is under the stone.
• As an adjunct to a verb:
  • sleep throughout the winter
  • danced atop the tables for hours
  • dispense with the formalities (see Semantic functions, below)
• As an adjunct to an adjective:
  • happy for them
  • sick until recently

In the last of these examples the complement has the form of an adverb, which has been nominalised to serve as a noun phrase; see Different forms of complement, below. Prepositional phrases themselves are sometimes nominalized:

• In the cellar was chosen as the best place to store the wine.

An adposition may determine the grammatical case of its complement. In English, the complements of prepositions take the objective case where available (from him, not *from he). In Koine Greek, for example, certain prepositions always take their objects in a certain case (e.g., ἐν always takes its object in the dative), while other prepositions may take their object in one of two or more cases, depending on the meaning of the preposition (e.g., διά takes its object in the genitive or in the accusative, depending on the meaning). Some languages have cases that are used exclusively after prepositions (prepositional case), or special forms of pronouns for use after prepositions (prepositional pronoun).

The functions of adpositions overlap with those of case markings (for example, the meaning of the English preposition of is expressed in many languages by a genitive case ending), but adpositions are classed as syntactic elements, while case markings are morphological.

Adpositions themselves are usually non-inflecting («invariant»): they do not have paradigms of form (such as tense, case, gender, etc.) the same way that verbs, adjectives, and nouns can. There are exceptions, though, such as prepositions that have fused with a pronominal object to form inflected prepositions.

The following properties are characteristic of most adpositional systems:

• Adpositions are among the most frequently occurring words in languages that have them. For example, one frequency ranking for English word forms^[4] begins as follows (prepositions in bold):

the, of, and, to, a, in, that, it, is, was, I, for, on, you, …

• The most common adpositions are single, monomorphemic words. According to the ranking cited above, for example, the most common English prepositions are on, in, to, by, for, with, at, of, from, as, all of which are single-syllable words and cannot be broken down into smaller units of meaning.
• Adpositions form a closed class of lexical items and cannot be productively derived from words of other categories.

Classification of adpositions[edit]

As noted above, adpositions are referred to by various terms, depending on their position relative to the complement.

While the term preposition is sometimes used to denote any adposition, in its stricter meaning it refers only to one which precedes its complement. Examples of this, from English, have been given above; similar examples can be found in many European and other languages, for example:

• German: mit einer Frau («with a woman»)
• French: sur la table («on the table»)
• Polish: na stole («on the table»)
• Russian: у меня («in the possession of me» [I have])
• Khmer: លើក្តារខៀន [ləː kdaːkʰiən] («on (the) blackboard»)
• Tigrinya: አብ ልዕሊ ጣውላ [abː lɨʕli tʼawla] («at/on top table»); አብ ትሕቲ ጣውላ [abː tɨħti tʼawla] («at/on under table»)

In certain grammatical constructions, the complement of a preposition may be absent or may be moved from its position directly following the preposition. This may be referred to as preposition stranding (see also below), as in «Whom did you go with?» and «There’s only one thing worse than being talked about.» There are also some (mainly colloquial) expressions in which a preposition’s complement may be omitted, such as «I’m going to the park. Do you want to come with [me]?», and the French Il fait trop froid, je ne suis pas habillée pour («It’s too cold, I’m not dressed for [the situation].»)
The bolded words in these examples are generally still considered prepositions because when they form a phrase with a complement (in more ordinary constructions) they must appear first.

A postposition follows its complement to form a postpositional phrase. Examples include:

• Latin: mecum («with me», literally «me with«)
• Turkish: benimle or benim ile («with me», literally «my with«)
• Chinese: 桌子上 zhuōzi shàng (lit. «table on«); this is a nominal form which usually requires an additional preposition to form an adverbial phrase (see Chinese locative phrases)
• English: ten kilometers away, ten months ago (both could be considered adverbs)

Some adpositions can appear either before or after their complement:

• English: the evidence notwithstanding OR notwithstanding the evidence
• German: meiner Meinung nach OR nach meiner Meinung («in my opinion»)
• German: die Straße entlang OR entlang der Straße («along the road»; here a different case is used when entlang precedes the noun)

An adposition like the above, which can be either a preposition or a postposition, can be called an ambiposition.^[5] However, ambiposition may also be used to refer to a circumposition (see below),^[6] or to a word that appears to function as a preposition and postposition simultaneously, as in the Vedic Sanskrit construction (noun-1) ā (noun-2), meaning «from (noun-1) to (noun-2)».^[7]

Whether a language has primarily prepositions or postpositions is seen as an aspect of its typological classification, and tends to correlate with other properties related to head directionality. Since an adposition is regarded as the head of its phrase, prepositional phrases are head-initial (or right-branching), while postpositional phrases are head-final (or left-branching). There is a tendency for languages that feature postpositions also to have other head-final features, such as verbs that follow their objects; and for languages that feature prepositions to have other head-initial features, such as verbs that precede their objects. This is only a tendency, however; an example of a language that behaves differently is Latin, which employs mostly prepositions, even though it typically places verbs after their objects.

A circumposition consists of two or more parts, positioned on both sides of the complement. Circumpositions are very common in Pashto and Kurdish. The following are examples from Northern Kurdish (Kurmanji):

• bi … re («with»)
• di … de («in», for things, not places)
• di … re («via, through»)
• ji … re («for»)
• ji … ve («since»)

Various constructions in other languages might also be analyzed as circumpositional, for example:

• English: from now on
• Dutch: naar het einde toe («towards the end», lit. «to the end to»)
• Chinese: 从冰箱里 cóng bīngxiāng lǐ («from the inside of the refrigerator», lit. «from refrigerator inside»)
• French: à un détail près («except for one detail», lit. «at one detail near»)
• Swedish: för tre timmar sedan («three hours ago», lit. «for three hours since»)
• German: aus dem Zimmer heraus («out from the room», lit. «from the room out»)
• Tigrinya: ካብ ሕጂ ‘ንደሓር («from now on», lit. «from now to later»)

Most such phrases, however, can be analyzed as having a different hierarchical structure (such as a prepositional phrase modifying a following adverb). The Chinese example could be analyzed as a prepositional phrase headed by cóng («from»), taking the locative noun phrase bīngxīang lǐ («refrigerator inside») as its complement.

An inposition is a rare type of adposition that appears between parts of a complex complement. For example, in the native Californian Timbisha language, the phrase «from a mean cold» can be translated using the word order «cold from mean»—the inposition follows the noun but precedes any following modifiers that form part of the same noun phrase.^[8] The Latin word cum is also commonly used as an inposition, as in the phrase summa cum laude, meaning «with highest praise», lit. «highest with praise».

The term interposition has been used^[9] for adpositions in structures such as word for word, French coup sur coup («one after another, repeatedly»), and Russian друг с другом («one with the other»). This is not a case of an adposition appearing inside its complement, as the two nouns do not form a single phrase (there is no phrase *word word, for example); such uses have more of a coordinating character.

Stranding[edit]

Preposition stranding is a syntactic construct in which a preposition occurs somewhere other than immediately before its complement. For example, in the English sentence «What did you sit on?» the preposition on has what as its complement, but what is moved to the start of the sentence, because it is an interrogative word. This sentence is much more common and natural than the equivalent sentence without stranding: «On what did you sit?» Preposition stranding is commonly found in English,^[10] as well as North Germanic languages such as Swedish. Its existence in German is debated. Preposition stranding is also found in some Niger–Congo languages such as Vata and Gbadi, and in some North American varieties of French.

Some prescriptive English grammars teach that prepositions cannot end a sentence, although there is no rule prohibiting that use.^[11][12] Similar rules arose during the rise of classicism, when they were applied to English in imitation of classical languages such as Latin. Otto Jespersen, in his Essentials of English Grammar (first published 1933), commented on this definition-derived rule: «…nor need a preposition (Latin: praepositio) stand before the word it governs (go the fools among (Sh[akespeare]); What are you laughing at?). You might just as well believe that all blackguards are black or that turkeys come from Turkey; many names have either been chosen unfortunately at first or have changed their meanings in course of time.»^[13]

Simple versus complex[edit]

Simple adpositions consist of a single word (on, in, for, towards, etc.). Complex adpositions consist of a group of words that act as one unit. Examples of complex prepositions in English include in spite of, with respect to, except for, by dint of, and next to.

The distinction between simple and complex adpositions is not clear-cut. Many complex adpositions are derived from simple forms (e.g., with + in → within, by + side → beside) through grammaticalisation. This change takes time, and during the transitional stages, the adposition acts in some ways like a single word, and in other ways like a multi-word unit. For example, current German orthographic conventions recognize the indeterminate status of certain prepositions, allowing two spellings: anstelle/an Stelle («instead of»), aufgrund/auf Grund («because of»), mithilfe/mit Hilfe («by means of»), zugunsten/zu Gunsten («in favor of»), zuungunsten/zu Ungunsten («to the disadvantage of»), zulasten/zu Lasten («at the expense of»).^[14]

The distinction between complex adpositions and free combinations of words is not a black and white issue: complex adpositions (in English, «prepositional idioms») can be more fossilized or less fossilized. In English, this applies to a number of structures of the form «preposition + (article) + noun + preposition», such as in front of, for the sake of.^[15] The following characteristics are good indications that a given combination is «frozen» enough to be considered a complex preposition in English:^[16]

• It contains a word that cannot be used in any other context: by dint of, in lieu of.
• The first preposition cannot be replaced: with a view to but not *for/without a view to.
• It is impossible to insert an article, or to use a different article: on account of but not *on an/the account of; for the sake of but not *for a sake of.
• The range of possible adjectives is very limited: in great favor of, but not *in helpful favor of.
• The grammatical number of the noun cannot be changed: by virtue of but not *by virtues of.
• It is impossible to use a possessive determiner: in spite of him, not *in his spite.

Marginal prepositions[edit]

Marginal prepositions are prepositions that have affinities with other word classes, most notably verbs.^[17] Marginal prepositions behave like prepositions but derive from other parts of speech. Some marginal prepositions in English include barring, concerning, considering, excluding, failing, following, including, notwithstanding, regarding, and respecting.

Proper versus improper[edit]

In descriptions of some languages, prepositions are divided into proper (or essential) and improper (or accidental). A preposition is called improper if it is some other part of speech being used in the same way as a preposition. Examples of simple and complex prepositions that have been so classified include prima di («before») and davanti (a) («in front of») in Italian,^[18] and ergo («on account of») and causa («for the sake of») in Latin.^[19] In reference to Ancient Greek, however, an improper preposition is one that cannot also serve as a prefix to a verb.^[20]

Different forms of complement[edit]

As noted above, adpositions typically have noun phrases as complements. This can include nominal clauses and certain types of non-finite verb phrase:

• We can’t agree on whether to have children or not (complement is a nominal clause)
• Let’s think about solving this problem (complement is a gerund phrase)
• pour encourager les autres (French: «to encourage the others», complement is an infinitive phrase)

The word to when it precedes the infinitive in English is not a preposition, but rather is a grammatical particle outside of any main word class.

In other cases, the complement may have the form of an adjective or adjective phrase, or an adverbial. This may be regarded as a complement representing a different syntactic category, or simply as an atypical form of noun phrase (see nominalization).

• The scene went from blindingly bright to pitch black (complements are adjective phrases)
• I worked there until recently (complement is an adverb)
• Come out from under the bed (complement is an adverbial)

In the last example, the complement of the preposition from is in fact another prepositional phrase. The resulting sequence of two prepositions (from under) may be regarded as a complex preposition; in some languages, such a sequence may be represented by a single word, as Russian из-под iz-pod («from under»).

Some adpositions appear to combine with two complements:

• With Sammy president, we can all come out of hiding again.
• For Sammy to become president, they’d have to seriously modify the Constitution.

It is more commonly assumed, however, that Sammy and the following predicate forms a «small clause», which then becomes the single complement of the preposition. (In the first example, a word such as as may be considered to have been elided, which, if present, would clarify the grammatical relationship.)

Semantic functions[edit]

Adpositions can be used to express a wide range of semantic relations between their complement and the rest of the context. The relations expressed may be spatial (denoting location or direction), temporal (denoting position in time), or relations expressing comparison, content, agent, instrument, means, manner, cause, purpose, reference, etc.

Most common adpositions are highly polysemous (they have various different meanings). In many cases a primary, spatial meaning becomes extended to non-spatial uses by metaphorical or other processes. Because of the variety of meanings, a single adposition often has many possible equivalents in another language, depending on the exact context in which it is used; this can cause significant difficulties in foreign language learning. Usage can also vary between dialects of the same language (for example, American English has on the weekend, where British English uses at the weekend).

In some contexts (as in the case of some phrasal verbs) the choice of adposition may be determined by another element in the construction or be fixed by the construction as a whole. Here the adposition may have little independent semantic content of its own, and there may be no clear reason why the particular adposition is used rather than another. Examples of such expressions are:

• English: dispense with, listen to, insist on, proud of, good at
• Russian: otvechat’ na vopros («answer the question», literally «answer on the question»), obvinenie v obmane («accusation of [literally: in] fraud»)
• Spanish: soñar con ganar el título («dream about [lit. with] winning the title»), consistir en dos grupos («consist of [lit. in] two groups»)

Prepositions sometimes mark roles that may be considered largely grammatical:

• possession (in a broad sense) – the pen of my aunt (sometimes marked by genitive or possessive forms)
• the agent in passive constructions – killed by a lone gunman
• the recipient of a transfer – give it to him (sometimes marked by a dative or an indirect object)

Spatial meanings of adpositions may be either directional or static. A directional meaning usually involves motion in a particular direction («Kay went to the store»), the direction in which something leads or points («A path into the woods»), or the extent of something («The fog stretched from London to Paris»). A static meaning indicates only a location («at the store», «behind the chair», «on the moon»). Some prepositions can have both uses: «he sat in the water» (static); «he jumped in the water» (probably directional). In some languages, the case of the complement varies depending on the meaning, as with several prepositions in German, such as in:

• in seinem Zimmer («in his room», static meaning, takes the dative)
• in sein Zimmer («into his room», directional meaning, takes the accusative)

In English and many other languages, prepositional phrases with static meaning are commonly used as predicative expressions after a copula («Bob is at the store»); this may happen with some directional prepositions as well («Bob is from Australia»), but this is less common. Directional prepositional phrases combine mostly with verbs that indicate movement («Jay is going into her bedroom», but not *»Jay is lying down into her bedroom»).

Directional meanings can be further divided into telic and atelic. Telic prepositional phrases imply movement all the way to the endpoint («she ran to the fence»), while atelic ones do not («she ran towards the fence»).^[21]

Static meanings can be divided into projective and non-projective, where projective meanings are those whose understanding requires knowledge of the perspective or point of view. For example, the meaning of «behind the rock» is likely to depend on the position of the speaker (projective), whereas the meaning of «on the desk» is not (non-projective). Sometimes the interpretation is ambiguous, as in «behind the house», which may mean either at the natural back of the house, or on the opposite side of the house from the speaker.^[22]

Overlaps with other categories[edit]

Adverbs and particles[edit]

There are often similarities in form between adpositions and adverbs. Some adverbs are derived from the fusion of a preposition and its complement (such as downstairs, from down (the) stairs, and underground, from under (the) ground). Some words can function both as adverbs and as prepositions, such as inside, aboard, underneath (for instance, one can say «go inside», with adverbial use, or «go inside the house», with prepositional use). Such cases are analogous to verbs that can be used either transitively or intransitively, and the adverbial forms might therefore be analyzed as «intransitive prepositions». This analysis^[23] could also be extended to other adverbs, such as here (this place), there (that place), afterwards, etc., even though these never take complements.

Many English phrasal verbs contain particles that are used adverbially, even though they mostly have the form of a preposition (such words may be called prepositional adverbs). Examples are on in carry on, get on, etc., and over in take over, fall over, and so on. The equivalents in Dutch and German are separable prefixes, which also often have the same form as prepositions: for example, Dutch aanbieden and German anbieten (both meaning «to offer») contain the separable prefix aan/an, which is also a preposition meaning «on» or «to».

Conjunctions[edit]

Some words can be used both as adpositions and as subordinating conjunctions:

• (preposition) before/after/since the end of the summer
• (conjunction) before/after/since the summer ended
• (preposition) It looks like another rainy day
• (conjunction) It looks like it’s going to rain again today

It would be possible to analyze such conjunctions (or even other subordinating conjunctions) as prepositions that take an entire clause as a complement.

Verbs[edit]

In some languages, including a number of Chinese varieties, many of the words that serve as prepositions can also be used as verbs. For instance, in Standard Chinese, 到 dào can be used in either a prepositional or a verbal sense:

• 我到北京去 wǒ dào Běijīng qù («I go to Beijing»; qù, meaning «to go», is the main verb, dào is prepositional meaning «to»)
• 我到了 wǒ dào le («I have arrived»; dào is the main verb, meaning «to arrive»)

Because of this overlap, and the fact that a sequence of prepositional phrase and verb phrase often resembles a serial verb construction, Chinese prepositions (and those of other languages with similar grammatical structures) are often referred to as coverbs.

As noted in previous sections, Chinese can also be said to have postpositions, although these can be analyzed as nominal (noun) elements. For more information, see the article on Chinese grammar, particularly the sections on coverbs and locative phrases.

Case affixes[edit]

Some grammatical case markings have a similar function to adpositions; a case affix in one language may be equivalent in meaning to a preposition or postposition in another. For example, in English the agent of a passive construction is marked by the preposition by, while in Russian it is marked by use of the instrumental case. Sometimes such equivalences exist within a single language; for example, the genitive case in German is often interchangeable with a phrase using the preposition von (just as in English, the preposition of is often interchangeable with the possessive suffix ‘s).

Adpositions combine syntactically with their complement, whereas case markings combine with a noun morphologically. In some instances it may not be clear which applies; the following are some possible means of making such a distinction:

• Two adpositions can usually be joined with a coordinating conjunction and share a single complement (of and for the people), whereas this is generally not possible with case affixes;
• One adposition can usually combine with two coordinated complements (of the city and the world), whereas a case affix would need to be repeated with each noun (Latin urbis et orbis, not *urb- et orbis);
• Case markings combine primarily with nouns, whereas adpositions can combine with (nominalized) phrases of different categories;
• A case marking usually appears directly on the noun, but an adposition can be separated from the noun by other words;
• Within the noun phrase, determiners and adjectives may agree with the noun in case (case spreading), but an adposition only appears once;
• A language can have hundreds of adpositions (including complex adpositions), but no language has that many distinct morphological cases.

Even so, a clear distinction cannot always be made. For example, the post-nominal elements in Japanese and Korean are sometimes called case particles and sometimes postpositions. Sometimes they are analysed as two different groups because they have different characteristics (e.g., the ability to combine with focus particles), but in such analysis, it is unclear which words should fall into which group.

Turkish, Finnish and Hungarian have both extensive case-marking and postpositions, but there is evidence to help distinguish the two:

• Turkish: (case) sinemaya (cinema-dative, «to the cinema») vs. (postposition) sinema için («for the cinema»)
• Finnish: (case) talossa (house-inessive, «in the house») vs. (postposition) «talon edessä (house-genitive in front, «in front of the house»)
• Hungarian: (case) tetőn (roof-superessive, «on the roof») vs. (postposition) «tető alatt («under the roof»)

In these examples, the case markings form a word with their hosts (as shown by vowel harmony, other word-internal effects and agreement of adjectives in Finnish), while the postpositions are independent words. As is seen in the last example, adpositions are often used in conjunction with case affixes – in languages that have case, a given adposition usually takes a complement in a particular case, and sometimes (as has been seen above) the choice of case helps specify the meaning of the adposition.

See also[edit]

• List of English prepositions
• Old English prepositions
• Spanish prepositions
• Japanese particles
• Relational noun

References[edit]

Bibliography[edit]

• Haspelmath, Martin. (2003) «Adpositions». International Encyclopedia of Linguistics. 2nd ed. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-513977-1.
• Huddleston, Rodney, and Geoffrey K. Pullum. (2002) The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-43146-8.
• Huddleston, Rodney; Pullum, Geoffrey K.; Reynolds, Brett (2022). A Student’s Introduction to English Grammar (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-009-08574-8.
• Koopman, Hilda. (2000) «Prepositions, postpositions, circumpositions, and particles». In The Syntax of Specifiers and Heads, pp. 204–260. London: Routledge.
• Libert, Alan R. (2006) Ambipositions. LINCOM studies in language typology (No. 13). LINCOM. ISBN 3-89586-747-0.
• Maling, Joan. (1983) «Transitive adjectives: A case of categorial reanalysis». In F. Heny and B. Richards (eds), Linguistic Categories: Auxiliaries and Related Puzzles, Vol. 1, pp. 253–289. Dordrecht: Reidel.
• Melis, Ludo. (2003) La préposition en français. Gap: Ophrys.
• Pullum, Geoffrey K. (2005) «Phrasal Prepositions in a Civil Tone.» Language Log. Accessed 9 September 2007.
• Quirk, Randolph, and Joan Mulholland. (1964) «Complex Prepositions and Related Sequences». English Studies, suppl. to vol. 45, pp. 64–73.
• Rauh, Gisa. (1991) Approaches to Prepositions. Tübingen: Gunter Narr.
• Reindl, Donald F. (2001) «Areal Effects on the Preservation and Genesis of Slavic Postpositions». In Lj. Šarić and D. F. Reindl On Prepositions (= Studia Slavica Oldenburgensia 8), pp. 85–100. Oldenburg: Carl-von-Ossietzky-Universitat Oldenburg.

External links[edit]

• Merriam Webster Editor’s take on whether it is ok to end a sentence with a Preposition
• Some prepositions at Purdue Online Writing Lab

Main Prepositional Phrase Takeaways:

• Prepositional phrases help show the relationships between the nouns, pronouns, and other supporting words in a sentence.
• Prepositional phrases contain a preposition, an object, and sometimes one or more modifiers.
• There are two types of prepositional phrases: adverbial and adjectival.
• “Before I leave,” is an example of an adverbial prepositional phrase.
• “The sandwich on the table” is an example of an adjectival prepositional phrase.
• Simple prepositions are just one word.
• Complex prepositions contain two or more words.
• Some words can be both adverbs and prepositions. Prepositions always relate to an object.

Prepositional phrases give your content power. Instead of simple, drab sentences that lack color, you can create an entire world of detail. Here’s a look at prepositional phrases, how they work, and the best way to use them.

What Is a Preposition?

Before we start discussing prepositional phrases, let’s first define what a preposition is. Prepositions are words that show the relationships between words in sentences. They usually come before nouns, pronouns, gerunds, or clauses to show place, location, time, and direction or introduce an object in a sentence. For example:

On, near, over, since, and under are all prepositions. These words allow readers to visualize where an object is located or when something happened. If you want to know more about prepositions, feel free to check our article 5 Types of Prepositions: An Easy Guide. Now, moving on to our main topic, what is a prepositional phrase?

What Is a Prepositional Phrase?

A prepositional phrase is a group of words composed of a preposition, an object (noun or pronoun), and the word that modifies the object. Prepositional phrases function as information-givers in a sentence. Let’s take this sentence as an example: “With a sharp knife in hand, the man freed the dog from its leash.” “With” is the preposition, “knife” is the object, and “sharp” is the word that modifies the object. Together as a prepositional phrase, it tells the readers what the man used to free the dog off its leash.

In most cases, writers use a prepositional phrase to modify a verb or a noun.

For example, why say “you went out” when you can say that “you went out to an incredible party?”

Then, you have the option to add a modifier.

“A bit” modifies or further describes the time of departure.

How Do You Identify a Prepositional Phrase?

A prepositional phrase starts with a preposition and ends with an object, which could be a noun, pronoun, gerund, or clause. The object at the end of the prepositional phrase is referred to as the “object of the preposition.” For you to easily identify a prepositional phrase, you need to know the format or pattern it follows in a sentence. There are two ways to write a prepositional phrase, as illustrated below:

Here are some examples of prepositional phrases following the preposition + modifier + object format:

Now, the following are examples of prepositional phrases written in the preposition + object format:

If you can spot any of these two patterns, you’ll be able to identify prepositional phrases easily in any sentence.

What Is an Example Of a Prepositional Phrase?

Here are some examples of prepositional phrases in action. We’ll give you a sentence, identify the prepositional phrase, and explain how it works.

Here, we’re demonstrating the connection between the rainbow and where the Wicked Witch lives.

How are the couch and magazine related? One fell behind the other!

Why did Eliza jump? “For joy!”

“By the elevator” indicates where the room is.

Types Of Prepositional Phrases

There are two types of prepositional phrases, depending on the modifier describing the object: adverbial and adjectival. Adverbial prepositional phrases function as adverbs and answer questions like where, when, how, and why. Adjectival prepositional phrases act as adjectives and answer one of these two questions: What kind of?Which one?

In the succeeding sections, we’ll discuss the major differences and effective usage of these two types of prepositional phrases.

What Is an Adverbial PrepositionalPhrase Example?

Adverbial clauses get their name from the fact that they function as adverbs.

For example, we use adverbial prepositional phrases to show timing or cause and effect. They might tell you when or where something happened. They might also detail how something happened or to what extent.

Adverbial Prepositional Phrases contain a preposition. But, the entire phrase functions as an adverb. This is because the phrase shows when, how, or why something happened.

In this example, “because I went to the store early” is an adverbial clause. This is because it demonstrates how the action in the second part of the sentence came to be.

“Before it sold out” is also an adverbial phrase because it described when that action took place.

Here, “Since Marika left her wallet at home” demonstrates what caused her to have to borrow money.

What Is an Adjectival Prepositional Phrase Example?

On the other hand, an adjective phrase modifies the noun or pronoun that comes immediately before it.

Adjectival Prepositional Phrases contain a preposition. But, the entire phrase functions as an adjective. This is because the complete phrase describes the object it follows.

“On the island” describes the man. The object of the prepositional phrase is the island. What’s more, the phrase itself indicates how the island and the man are connected.

In this case, the pantry is the object, and the prepositional phrase is describing the link between the cake and its location.

Prepositions That Begin Prepositional Phrases

Here are some examples of common prepositions that you often see at the start of prepositional phrases. Jump over to our types of prepositions guide to explore a full list of common, simple and complex prepositions.

There are also some multi-word prepositions. These contain two or more words that function together to create a complex preposition.

• According to
• In spite of
• Along with
• On account of

Can You Begin a Sentence With a Prepositional Phrase?

The quick answer to this question is YES. You can begin a sentence with a prepositional phrase. Prepositional phrases appearing at the beginning of sentences are called introductory prepositional phrases. Besides giving additional information, introductory prepositional phrases also help provide a sense of flow to any written work. They make the text less choppy and pleasurable to read. Read the following paragraph:

The ones underlined in the paragraph above are introductory prepositional phrases. Notice how they provide extra information and help with the flow of the sentences? Now, you also need to pay attention to the placement of your comma when using introductory prepositional phrases.

Comma After a Prepositional Phrase

As a general rule, you can choose to use a comma after a short introductory prepositional phrase or forego using one. By “short,” we mean prepositional phrases that are no longer than four words. Prepositional phrases longer than four words automatically get a comma after them. For example:

Is It a Preposition or an Adverb?

Some words can function as prepositions and as adverbs. You can easily figure out whether a word is acting as a preposition or an adverb by looking for the object.

In the first sentence, “up” doesn’t refer to anything. There is not object. Therefore, “up” is acting as an adverb here.

However, in the second example, “up” does refer to an object. For example, “up” is followed by a noun (the hill). As a result, it’s a preposition in this case.

You can confirm that “up” is a preposition here by asking and answering this question: Where did she run? She ran up the hill!

Here’s another one:

In the first example, all we know is that Clark walked across something. We don’t know what that something is, because there is no object. Consequently, “across” is an adverb here.

In the second example, we find out that Clark walked across a courtyard. Since “courtyard” is the object, and across becomes a preposition.

Quick Prepositional Phrase Grammar Quiz

Read More: When to Use Comma Before Such As: the Definitive Guide

A preposition is one of the parts of speech that correlates between two different words or phrases usually about the time or place. It combines a noun or a pronoun with a group of words to complete a sentence or a phrase.

In simple words, a preposition is a word that is used to show the relationship between the noun and the rest part in a sentence, and it always comes before the noun or a pronoun to complete. In the English Language, there are various prepositional words, and each of them is used according to their use in a sentence.

In certain conditions, the prepositional words which are used along with the clause or phrase, act as a conjunction, and when we place a prepositional word along with a noun in a sentence, they act like a preposition itself.

Some prepositions can also be able to function as an adverb too.

While using a preposition, we have to know some points of use it in any sentence.

• A preposition is most necessary in certain cases while writing a sentence to make it more specific because the meaning of the sentence may change by changing the preposition.

For example,

1. Sam is standing in the classroom.
2. Sam is standing above the classroom.

Both sentences are the same, but their meanings are different.

• The prepositions, when used in a sentence, may be followed either by nouns or pronouns.

For example,

• Until, of, in, at, under, about, At, above, about, around, before, behind, below, between, into, in, near, on, of, to, toward, under, upon, with, within, etc. are some prepositions used in sentences.

By the place and qualities, prepositions are categorized into eight different types,

Types of Prepositions

1. Simple Preposition
2. Compound Prepositions
3. Double Prepositions
4. Disguised Prepositions
5. Phrasal Prepositions
6. Participle Prepositions
7. Detached Prepositions and
8. Appropriate Prepositions.

Simple Preposition:

The simple prepositions are little words that are used in simple sentences.

• At, by, for, from, in, into, of, off, on, out, over, till, to, up, upon, with, under, down, etc. are some simple prepositions.

Examples,

1. You are not coming with us.
2. Mom is in the kitchen.

Compound Preposition:

Compound prepositions are established by connecting the prepositions in a sentence before the noun, pronoun, adjective, and adverb.

• About, across, among, beside, before, without, inside, outside, etc. are some compound prepositions.

Examples, 

1. Abraham is sitting beside Junaid and Faizan in an examination.
2. You will have to join us before the match starts.

Double preposition:

Double prepositions connect two prepositional words in a sentence to connect nouns, pronoun, and the phrase.

• Outside of, out of, from behind, up to, next to, because of, according to, etc. are double prepositions.

Examples, 

1. Immediately he came out from behind the curtain.
2. The semifinal match between Sri Lanka and India has been delayed due to rain.

Disguised Preposition:

Disguised prepositions are implied, but they are not used in the sentences.

It has some distinctive examples started from ‘a’, and ‘o’, stands for the precise form of the prepositions.

Examples,

1. I get a holiday once a week.
2. He earns 50$ a day.

Phrasal Prepositions:

Phrasal prepositions or Prepositional phrases contain a preposition that is used in a sentence to connect a noun, pronoun, or phrase.

• On behalf of, on account of, concerning, in spite of, to the fact that, on time, at home, before class, on the floor, etc. are some phrasal prepositions.

Examples,

1. They only won because of the captain.
2. He is playing in the team on behalf of the captain today.

Participle preposition:

Participle Prepositions are performed in verb+(ing or ed) format in a sentence.

• Following, followed, Regarding, During, Including, included, Pending, Barring, Considering, etc. are some participle prepositions.

Examples,

1. Touching this matter, I have not as yet made up my mind.
2. He took charge of the family business following his father’s death.

Detached Preposition:

A detached preposition is associated with an interrogative/relative pronoun or an adverb and is situated at the end of the sentence.

• In, for, at, from, with, to, etc. are some detached prepositions.

Examples,

1. Whom are you looking for?
2. Are you approaching me to come with you?

Appropriate preposition:

An appropriate preposition follows some nouns, verbs, adjectives. It does not obey any rules to speak and write well in English.

Examples,

1. Certain conditions are not acceptable to us.
2. We must learn to adapt ourselves to changing fields.

There are certain varieties of the preposition, based on their use like,

One-word Prepositions:

1. Common Prepositions
2. Seldom used Prepositions

Complex Prepositions:

1. Prepositional Phrases
2. Prepositions with verbs
3. Prepositions with Idioms.

Common prepositions:

Common prepositions are those prepositional words that are used mostly in sentences.

Here is the list of some common prepositional words,

• About, after, before, besides, during, from, inside, near, of, towards, up, with, etc. are some common prepositions.

Example:

1. This is not just about our relationship.
2. I will go to sleep after 10 o’clock.
3. He was sitting beside my aunt.
4. The puppy is sitting inside the box.
5. He has some responsibilities towards his family.

Seldom used Prepositions:

Seldom used prepositions are those prepositional words that are rarely used in sentences.

Here is the list of some seldom-used prepositional words,

• Aboard, as, beyond, but, considering, despite, exclude, following, including, like, next, outside, per, regarding, since, throughout, upon, without, etc. are seldom used prepositions.

Examples:

1. I wore this blazer without a waistcoat inside.
2. The spaceship needs extra force to go upon the earth.
3. The hot lava came outside from volcanoes.
4. The red t-shirt guy is following me.
5. Everyone was present, but my friend didn’t.

Complex Prepositions or Prepositional phrases:

The complex preposition is a combination of two words. It may be a combination of

• a preposition and a phrase, Prepositional Phrases:
• A preposition and a verb, Prepositions with verbs:
• preposition with an idiom, Prepositions with Idioms respectively.

For example,

• In addition to, due to, apart from, because of, etc. are some simplex prepositions.

Examples;

1. Due to the rain, the match was delayed.
2. We failed to enjoy it because of the poor weather.
3. He has parked his car apart from his house.