What is a number word formation - Word и Excel - помощь в работе с программами

In the present-day linguistics, a various number of word-formation ways is distinguished even within the individual languages, which are designated by different terms. And commonly, some word-formation ways are specified in one classification and are missing in another.

It appears that classification of word-formation ways in modern English is problematic due to the fact that the linguists are using different criteria and principles to solve it, and because this problem was not the object of independent research.

The most complete classification of word-formation ways, which we mainly follow, is found in the works by N.M. Shansky, dedicated to Russian word-formation [1]. He distinguishes four main ways of word-formation: lexical-semantic, morphological-syntactic, lexical-syntactic and morphological. In the latter, he distinguishes such independent ways as: affixation, addition, non-affixal way, abbreviation and back-formation. One may not agree with certain provisions of classification, but in general it is logical, consistent and quite complete.

The lexical-syntactic and morphological ways of forming new words are intrinsic to the numerals-based word-formation in modern English, as well as using other parts of speech. The most productive is the morphological way of word-formation, especially compounding and suffixation. Reduplication, conversion and abbreviation are less productive.

In the framework of this paper, the affixal way of nouns word-formation based on numerals in modern English will be considered.

Affixation, as a derivation method, when applied to the words with the numeral roots, is represented mainly by the suffixal way of word-formation.

Cases of prefixation and suffixal-prefixal way of word-formation method are quite rare.

The adjectives from ordinal numerals are formed by prefixation way according to the scheme Pref. + Num.o → Adj.

“Her activities in the piece movement spanned many years, from pre-second world war fight against fascism and throughout World war two.”

The Socialist February 9, 1978, p. 3.

The nouns from cardinal numerals are formed by suffixal-prefixal way according to the scheme: Pref. + Num.c + Suff. → Noun. This scheme is represented by only one non-productive model: multy + Num.c + — air → Noun. The nouns of “multimillionaire” type are formed according to this model.

“Is he a multimillionaire?” Yes, said Harvey. He is what you call a multimillionaire.»

Kipling, “Sea stories”, p.13.

Suffixation in the word-formation based on numerals is the most productive for the nouns formation.

The nouns derived from numerals are formed by the addition of word-building affixes of nouns to the numeral stems, mainly suffixes, according to the following schemes:

Num.c + Suff. → Noun
Num.o + Suff. → Noun

Suffixes not only create a new word, but also formulate the corresponding part of speech, giving the word a new structural meaning, namely the meaning of substantivization.

The nouns from cardinal numerals are formed according to the model Num.c + Suff → Noun. The suffix in this scheme can be represented by the following variants: -er / -or, -ary, -aire,

-ness, -fold, -ling, -ain, -s.

1a. The nouns with the following meaning are formed from cardinal numerals using the suffix -er:

a) a person of a certain age, called the word-producing stem

(fifteeners and sixteeners, colloq. «young persons of fifteen and sixteen years old, forty-fiver, colloq. «forty-five-year-old man);

b) banknotes with a denomination of as much basic monetary units as are denominated by word-forming stem (numeral) (fiver, colloq. “five dollar banknote, five pound banknote”).

The semantics of some nouns derived from numerals is revealed in the etymological analysis of these words, for example, the word fifty-niner “gold digger” was formed during the gold rush in California in 1849; the word hundreder, hist., means: a) “district bailiff”, b) “resident of the district, who is obliged to perform the functions of jury member” was formed from the meaning of the stem of noun hundred, historical, which designated the district of county with its own court (in England). The noun hundred can take the low-productive and limited suffix -or (hundredоr) and even the suffix -ary, although the latter is involved mainly in the formation of adjectives only from the stems of nouns, with the same meaning as the word hundreder: hundredеr = hundredоr = hundredаry.

1b. The nouns from the stems of cardinal numerals, using the suffix -aire, are formed, which denote the persons having such a sum of money, which is denominate by word-forming stem. For example, the word millionaire means «a person (man) having a million pounds sterling.»

“It’s so strong that sometimes I do have a tiny effect on the haughty ten-thousandaires.”

S.Lewis, “Main street”, p. 66.

This suffix does not form nouns from the stems of ordinal numerals.

1c. The nouns form cardinal numerals, using the suffix -ness, are formed, which have the abstract meaning of “state”. Thus, the word oneness conveys such concepts as “singleness, exclusiveness, loneliness, commonness, sameness, oneness, single-mindedness”, etc.

“He did not know how to get understanding or lovingness or oneness or any of these things could not even imagine what they were.”

J.B. Priestley, “Angel Pavement”, p. 15.

The suffix -ness, as well as the suffix -er, is one of the most productive suffixes formed from nouns.

1d. The suffix -fold usually forms adjectives and adverbs from the stems of numerals, but it can also form the nouns of twofold type «two-story houses located at a short distance from each other.»

1e. The suffix -ling was formed from the word ling with the meaning — a) common heather”, b) “reed”, c) zool. «barracuda», which is part of the system of full-valued words of the English language, which does not have its material meaning or real value, but only gives the derivative word some additional generalized meaning. (1) In combination with the stem of ordinal numeral, it forms a noun denoting a person or object that has the characteristic features of a group, the quantitative composition of which is denominated by the word-forming stem: fourling — a) “quadruplet”, b) “quadruple double (in crystallization)”, as well as using this suffix, the nouns are formed from the ordinal numbers such as firstling «firstborn» according to the model: Num.c + -ling → Noun.

1f. Using the suffix -ain from the stems of cardinal numerals, the nouns with the same semantics are formed as using the suffix -ling: sixain, verse. «six-line stanza.»

It is interesting to note that along with the conversion of nouns into the category of suffixes, the reverse process is also observed, when the suffix of the numeral becomes a word-forming stem for derived nouns (denominatives). Thus, from the stem -teen, using the suffix -s, a full-noun “teens” was formed with the meaning: «teenage age from 13 to 19 years”.

“According to neighborhood legend when the younger Radley boy was in his teens he became acquainted with some of the Cunningham’s from old Sarum.»

Harper Lee, “To Kill a Mockingbird”, p. 21.

The same stem is found in the composition of compound-derivative noun teenager with the meaning: «teenager, boy or girl aged from 13 to 19 years.»

Model Num.c + Suff. + Suff. → Noun is represented by one variant: Num.c + fold + ness → Noun (twofoldness “doubleness, twoness”).

The scheme Num.o + Suff. → Noun is found in two models of ordinal number stems formed nouns.

1) Num.o + -er → Noun

According to this model, using the suffix — er, such words as seconder “the one who supports the resolution, candidature, etc.” are formed.

Using the suffix -s, the nouns are formed from cardinal and ordinal numerals according to two models:

a) Num.c + — s → Noun and b) Num.o + — s → Noun

According to model (a), the nouns denoting the following are formed:

1) Monetary units

(fives “five-rate shares”, threes “three-rate securities”).

2) Sports terms

(fours «professional sports competitions, four races»).

3) Items

(twelves «books in the format of the twelfth part of a sheet or page of such books», sixes «candles that compose six pieces per pound»).

4) Numbers

(thirties «numbers from thirty to thirty nine»).

According to model (b), the nouns are formed with the meanings:

a) items

(thirds “goods of third order and low quality”, “third class (of any transport)”, seconds “goods of second order”, “coarse flour”, firsts “goods of first order and superior quality”, “best lumpy ore”, «concentrate»).

We find it necessary to note the peculiar features of the way of numerals formed nouns using the element -s:

six (num.) “six” sixes (noun) “candles that compose six pieces per pound, six interest-bearing securities.”

In this case, the element-s is not the end of the plural of nouns (purely grammatical morpheme), but the word formative suffix and lexical-grammatical morpheme, because it converts a word from the numerals category into the nouns category. This changes not only the structural meaning of the word as part of speech, but also its specific lexical meaning:

eleven (num.) “eleven” → elevens (noun) “light breakfast at eleven o’clock” (there is a phonetic variant with doubled -s (elevenses)).

But the element -s is not always a lexical-grammatical morpheme in the composition of noun derived from the numeral. In cases when there is a numeral formed noun using the conversion way, then from it, in turn, a new noun can be formed with a completely different lexical meaning using the element -s:

five (num.) “five” → five (noun) “five pound note” → fives (noun) “five fingers, one’s hand, five rate shares”.

first (num.) “first” → first (noun) “highest grade in English universities” → firsts (noun) “goods of first order and superior quality, best lumpy ore, concentrate”.

Also compare the following examples:

four (num.) “four” → four (noun) “grade four, four-oared boat” → fours (noun) “professional sports competitions, four races, four-rate shares or securities”.

second (num.) “second” → second (noun) “second—in-command, second grade, second—place team «→ seconds (noun)» goods of second order, coarse flour».

In these examples, the element -s is a lexical morpheme equal in function to the prefix, because it changes the word lexical meaning only, leaving it in the nouns category. Unfortunately, the function of the element -s in the word-formation from numerals in the English language has not yet been described or even noted.

Within the morphological way of word-formation, it is necessary tomake distinction between the words formed in compound—suffixal way, where the addition of complete stems is accompanied by simultaneous addition of the suffix -er to form complex—derivative (according to the terminology by N.M. Shansky — compound-suffixal) nouns using numerals.

The addition of this nominal affix to the stems of compound nouns with numerals, wherein a complex distinctive feature of persons, objects or phenomena is embedded, leads to objectification of the meaning of the compound word as a whole, and the whole becomes the name of the carrier of this distinctive feature, for example:

first-nighter “frequenter, regular visitor of theater premieres”, two-seater “two-seat car or plane”, two-pounder “fish (usually trout) weighing two pounds”, six-bedder “bed with seats for six”, etc. The semantics of compound derivative nouns with numerals is quite diversified.

In modern English, the compound derivative nouns are formed using numerals in compound suffixal way according to the following four main schemes:

I. Num. + Noun + -er → Noun

(two-seater «two-seat car»)

II. Num. + verb + -er → Noun

(four-flusher, colloq. «cheater, trickster»)

III. Num. + adj + -er → Noun

(one-aloner «lonely person, loner»)

IV. Num.o + -s + Noun → Noun

(thirdsman «third party, intermediary»)

The major part of numerals-based nouns is formed in compound-suffixal way according to the following scheme:

Num. + Noun + -er → Noun two models are distinguished within this scheme:

a) Num.c + Noun + -er → Noun; and b) Num.o + Noun + -er → Noun

Frequency and productive model (a) forms compound derivative nouns denoting:

1) Means of transportation

(three-wheeler “three-wheel bicycle”, two-seater “two-seat car”, four-seater “four-seat car”), four-wheeler, colloq. “horse carriage”, two-decker “double—deck ship, double—deck bus”, three-decker “three—deck ship”, three-master “three—mast ship”.

2) Fire weapons and fire guns

(four-pounder, hist.,: “four-pound bore cannon”, six-pounder “57 mm cannon, six—pound ball”, sixty-pounder “27 mm cannon”, one-pounder “one-pound bullet firing gun”).

3) Items the meaning of which is denominated in the last noun

(one-actor “one-act play”, one-suiter “small suitcase that can fit one costume and other minor items”, three-plier “three-bend rivet”, one-sucker, “crop of tobacco cultivated in western Kentucky in USA”, four-poster “four-post bed”, three-volumer “three-volume book”, ten-pounder “ten pound item, large-sized item”).

4) Monetary units

(ten-center «dime coin»)

5) People

(hundred-percenter 1. “all American, hurrah, boys! patriot”, 2. “man who is ready to stand to the end”, 3. “regular guy/ capital boy, great girl”, six-footer, colloq. “six—foot—tall man”).

6) Serve as military terms

(three-stripper «US navy commander»).

“Tom, I wouldn’t ever get into all this trouble if it hadn’t a fen for that money; now you just take my sheer of it along yours, and give me a ten-center sometimes. » M. Twain “The adventure of Tom Sawyer” p. 204.

“Oh, a six-pounder or two in case of emergency was the intrepidly indifferent reply, with a small stock of muskets, sealings, pears, and cutlasses, you know.”

H.Melville “Benito Cereno” p. 194.

“After half an hour’s waiting Dick almost weeping with rage and wrath, caught a passer — by who introduced him to a friendly policeman, who led him to a four-wheeler opposite the Albert Hall.”

R.Kipling “The Light That Failed” p. 208.

It should be noted that ambiguity is a characteristic of the cardinal numerals—based nouns using compound suffixal way, which makes it difficult to assign some of them to any particular semantic category. For example, the noun ten-pounder has 4 meanings: 1. “piece with a weight of ten pounds”, 2. “good at the cost of ten pounds”, 3. “ten pound note”, 4. “voter with the income of ten pounds per annum”; the noun three-decker has 5 meanings: 1. “three—deck vessel”, 2. figurative sense “trilogy, three-volume novel”, 3. colloq. “three-layer sandwich”, 4. “man of giant strength”, 5. “thing of large size/ bulge”; the noun hundred-percenter has 3 meanings: 1. “all American, hurrah, boys! patriot”, 2. “man who is ready to stand to the end”, 3. “regular guy/ capital boy, great girl”; the noun two-decker has 2 meanings: 1. “double-deck ship”, 2. “double—deck bus or trolleybus”, etc.

The model Num.o + Noun + -er → Noun is less productive and frequent as compared to the previous model. According to this model, the nouns are formed using ordinal numerals that designate people and objects (first-nighter “frequenter, regular visitor of theater premieres”, second-rater “mediocre and ordinary person”, third-rater colloq. “thirds”, third—best” (about people)”, fifth-former “schoolboy of the fifth-class”, first-grader “first—year student”, first-rater sport “first-class yacht, ship”).

“He felt at that moment as light-hearted as a fifth-former.”

A.Murdoch “The Sand Castle” p. 161.

According to the scheme Num + verb + -er → Noun, compound-suffixal nouns are formed. The numeral serves as the first component, and the verb stem as the second. Two models are distinguished within this scheme: a) Num.c + verb + -er → Noun and b) Num.o + verb + -er → Noun. Both models are non-productive.

According to the first model (a), compound-suffixal nouns are formed using cardinal numerals of four-flusher type, American slang «cheater, trickster», six-shooter, colloq. «six-chambered revolver, gun.»

“Mrs. Harry Haydock as the young lady from the west who so easily showed the New York four-flushers where they got off was a vision of loveliness and with five stage presence” S. Lewis “Main street” p. 229.

According to model (b), compound—suffixal nouns are formed using ordinal numerals of first-offender type «a person condemned for the first time.»

And finally, according to the scheme Num.c + adj scheme. + -er → Noun, the compound-suffixal nouns are formed, wherein the first its component is a cardinal numeral, and the second — adjective. This scheme is non-productive, it formed words like one-aloner, colloq. «absolutely lonely person, loner.»

The nouns formed using numerals according to compound—suffixal way are written with a hyphen and, basically, have a dibasic stress.

A.I. Smirnitsky [2], when classifying compounds cites the words with a special connective morpheme (statesman “public official”, tradespeople “people of trade, merchants”) as the first of five types of compounds, however, until now, the formation of new words with connective morpheme -s based on numerals has not been noted in linguistic literature.

Compound suffixal nouns with connective morpheme -s with the numeral base are formed according to the scheme: Num.o + -s + Noun → Noun.

Nouns formed according to this scheme can be variants (second-hand = secondshand “clock’s second hand”) with other independent lexical units (thirdsman “third person, intermediary”). This scheme is non—productive.

Thus, in the modern English, affixation – is one of the most productive ways of nouns word-formation based on numerals. Nouns, which involve the numerals and which are formed by affixation method, are systematically organized in the English language, i.e. these nouns are forming according to certain structural models corresponding to the structural laws of word- formation.

These nouns are distinguished by a variety of structures and fine differentiation of meanings.

The largest number of such nouns is formed using cardinal and ordinal numerals of the first ten.

The nouns with the roots of the numerals basically preserve a semantic link with numerals. The most important feature of nouns with the roots of the numerals is their polysemy.

In the course of the study, it was found that the -s element in the numeral—based word—formation system has three functions, and this element can serve as lexical—grammatical morpheme (suffix), lexical (prefix) and connective morpheme (infix).

Word—formation models of English numerals that demonstrate affixal derivation give a complete basis to linguists to single out cardinal and ordinal numerals into particular morphological category of notional words [4].

The findings of study can be used in lexicography and in the classroom, especially when teaching special lexis and vocabulary (military, sports, music, accounting), as well as colloquial and everyday language.

Источник

ability
способность,
inability
неспособность;
disability
нетрудоспособность able
способный, умелый
unable
неспособный
disabled
искалеченный; инвалид enable
дать возможность
disable
делать неспособным, калечить ably
умело, искусно absurdity
абсурдность absurd
абсурдный acceptability
приемлемость acceptable
приемлемый
unacceptable
неприемлемый accept
принимать, соглашаться access
доступ
accessibility
доступность accessible
доступный accessibly
доступно accident
случай, случайность accidental
случайный accidentally
нечаянно, случайно action
действие
actor
актер
actress
актриса
activity
активность
activities
деятельность
acting
представление active
активный
acting
действующий, работающей act
действовать actively
активно achievement
достижение achieve
достигать addiction
привычка, приверженность, увлеченность
addict
увлеченный человек, имеющий стойкую привычку addictive
способный вызывать привычку addict
увлекаться, предаваться admiration
восхищение admirable
восхитительный admire
восхищаться admirably
восхитительно advice
совет advisable
рекомендуемый advise
советовать affectation
притворство, искусственность
affection
привязанность, любовь affected
притворный
affectionate
любящий
affective
эмоциональный affect
воздействовать, влиять; притворяться agreement
соглашение, согласие
disagreement
разногласие, несогласие agreeable
соответствующий, приятный agree
соглашаться
disagree
не соглашаться agreeably
соответственно aggression
агрессия
aggressor
агрессору зачинщик aggressive
агрессивный aggress
нападать aggressively
агрессивно aim
цель aimless
бесцельный aim
целиться, намереваться aimlessly
бесцельно affordable
то, что может быть позволено
unaffordable
то, что невозможно себе позволить afford
позволять себе amusement
развлечение amused
приятно изумленный
amusing
забавный amuse
развлекать, забавлять amusedly
изумленно appearance
внешность; появление
disappearance
исчезновение appear
появляться
disappear
исчезать appointment
назначение; деловая встреча
disappointment
разочарование, досада appointed
назначенный
disappointed
огорченный
disappointing
разочаровывающий appoint
назначать
disappoint
разочаровывать approval
одобрение approved
одобренный
approving
одобрительный approve
одобрять approvingly
одобрительно arrangement
соглашение; расположение arranged
приведенный в порядок arrange
приводить в порядок, организовывать argument
аргумент, довод
argumentation
аргументация arguable
доказуемый (в споре)
argumentative
спорный, конфликтный argue
утверждать, спорить, ссориться argumentatively
доказательно appropriation
присвоение; ассигнование appropriate
подходящий, соответствующий
inappropriate
несоответствущий, неуместный appropriate
присваивать, предназначать appropriately
соответственно, подходяще arrival
прибытие arrive
прибывать, приезжать attraction
притяжение, привлекательность attracted
привлеченный
attractive
привлекательный attract
привлекать attractively
привлекательно avoidance
избежание, отмена avoidable
то, чего можно избежать
unavoidable
неизбежный avoid
избегать unavoidably
неизбежно beauty
красота; красавица beautiful
красивый beautify
украшать beautifully
красиво bearing
роды bearable
сносный, допустимый
unbearable
невыносимый bear
носить; терпеть unbearably
невыносимо belief
вера believable
вероятный, правдоподобный
unbelievable
невероятный believe
верить benefit
выгода beneficial
выгодный benefit
получать выгоду bore
зануда
boredom
скука bored
испытывающий скуку
boring
скучный, надоедливый bore
надоедать boringly
скучно breath
дыхание, дуновение
breathing
дыхание
breather
короткая передышка breathing
дышащий
breathless
бездыханный breathe
дышать breathlessly
затаив дыхание business
дело
businessman
деловой мужчина
businesswoman
деловая женщина busy
занятой
businesslike
деловой, практичный busy
занимать делом busily
деловито, по-деловому саrе
забота, уход careful
заботливый
careless
небрежный саrе
заботиться, любить carefully
заботливо
carelessly
небрежно celebration
празднование
celebrity
знаменитость celebrated
знаменитый, прославленный celebrate
праздновать, прославлять certainty
определенность
uncertainty
неопределенность, неуверенность certain
определенный
uncertain
неопределенный certainly
определенно, уверенно change
изменение; мелочь, сдача changeable
изменчивый
changed
изменившийся
changeless
неизменный
unchanged
не изменившийся change
менять; обменивать(ся) changelessly
неизменно character
характер characteristic
характерный, типичный characterise
характеризовать choice
выбор choosy
разборчивый choose
выбирать child
ребенок
children
дети childish
детский; ребяческий clearance
очистка; устранение препятствий clear
четкий, ясный clear
очищать, расчищать clearly
четко, ясно cloud
облако cloudy
облачный
cloudless
безоблачный collection
собрание; коллекция
collector
сборщик collective
коллективный, совокупный collect
собирать; коллекционировать colony
колония colonial
колониальный colonise / colonize
колонизировать colour
цвет colourful
цветной
colourless
бесцветный
multi-coloured
разноцветный colour
раскрашивать comfort
комфорт; утешение
discomfort
беспокойство; неудобство comfortable
удобный, комфортабельный
uncomfortable
неудобный comfort
утешать, успокаивать comfortably
удобно
uncomfortably
неудобно community
община, общество communal
общественный, коллективный communication
сообщение
communicator
коммуникатор, переговорщик communicative
использующийся в общении; коммуникативный communicate
сообщать; общаться comparison
сравнение compared
сравниваемый
comparative
сравнительный compare
сравнивать comparatively
сравнительно, относительно competition
соревнование; конкуренция
competitor
конкурент, соперник competitive
соревновательный compete
соревноваться, конкурировать competitively
в форме соревнования, конкуренции completion
завершение, окончание completed
законченный
complete
полный, завершенный
incomplete
неполный, назавершенный complete
заканчивать, завершать completely
полностью congratulation
поздравление congratulate
поздравлять connection
соединение, объединение connected
связанный, соединенный connect
соединять
disconnect
разъединять consideration
внимание; рассмотрение, обсуждение considerable
значительный
considerate
внимательный, деликатный, тактичный
inconsiderate
неосмотрительный; невнимательный к другим consider
считать, полагать; рассматривать considerably
значительно conscience
совесть conscientious
совестливый, добросовестный
conscientiousless
бессовестный conscientiously
добросовестно consciousness
сознание conscious
осознающий
unconscious
без сознания consciously
сознательно, осознанно consultation
консультация
consultant
консультант consulting
консультирующий consult
консультировать container
вместилище, контейнер containing
содержащий contain
содержать, вмещать continuity
непрерывность continuous
продолжающийся, длящийся continue
продолжать continuously
непрерывно control
управление, руководство controllable
поддающийся управлению
uncontrollable
неподдающийся управлению
controlled
управляемый
uncontrolled
неуправляемый control
управлять, регулировать uncontrollably
бесконтрольно conviction
убеждение convincing
убедительный
convinced
убежденный convince
убеждать convincingly
убедительно cook
повар
cooker
плита, духовка over-cooked
переваренный
under-cooked
недоваренный cook
готовить еду correction
исправление
corrector
корректор correct
правильный
incorrect
неправильный correct
исправлять correctly
правильно counter
прилавок
discount
скидка
accountant
бухгалтер countable
исчисляемый
uncountable
неисчисляемый count
считать uncountably
немеряно, без счета courage
храбрость courageous
храбрый
encouraged
воодушевленный
encouraging
подбадривающий
discouraged
обескураженный encourage
приободрять, поддерживать
discourage
отговаривать, обескураживать courageously
смело, храбро creation
создание
creativity
творчество
creator
творец, создатель
creature
творение; живое существо creative
творческий create
создавать, творить creatively
творчески credit
вера, доверие credible
вероятный, заслуживающий доверия
incredible
невероятный credibly
вероятно
incredibly
невероятно critic
критик
criticism
критика critical
критический; переломный; рискованный criticise
критиковать critically
критично, критически cultivation
культивация, обработка cultivated
культивированный, обработанный cultivate
обрабатывать culture
культура cultured
культурный, воспитанный
cultural
культурный (как часть культуры) culturally
культурно cure
лекарство; лечение curable
излечимый
incurable
неизлечимый cure
вылечивать, исцелять incurably
неизлечимо danger
опасность dangerous
опасный endanger
угрожать dangerously
опасно day
день daily
ежедневный daily
ежедневно deception
обман, заблуждение deceptive
обманчивый
deceitful
обманчивый, лживый deceive
обманывать deceitfully
обманчиво, предательски decision
решение decided
определенный, явный
undecided
нерешительный, неясный
decisive
решительный, убежденный, убедительный decide
решать, принимать решение decisively
решительно, определенно definition
определение definite
четкий, определенный
indefinite
неопределенный define
определять, давать определение definitely
определенно, ясно
indefinitely
нечетко, неопределенно delight
восторг, наслаждение delightful
восхитительный
delighted
польщенный delight
восхищаться delightfully
с восторгом delivery
доставка, поставка delivered
доставленный deliver
доставлять dependence
зависимость
independence
независимость dependent
зависимый
independent
независимый depend
зависеть independently
независимо depression
депрессия, подавленность depressive
депрессивный, вызывающий депрессию
depressed
подавленный depress
подавлять description
описание descriptive
описательный, наглядный describe
описывать design
проект, дизайн
designer
дизайнер, проектировщик design
проектировать desire
желание, стремление desirable
желательный, желаемый
undesirable
нежелательный desire
желать, стремиться desirably
желательно destruction
разрушение destroyed
разрушенный destroy
разрушать, уничтожать determination
решительность; определение determined
решительный determine
решать, определять development
развитие
developer
разработчик developed
развитой
developing
развивающийся
undeveloped
неразвитый develop
развивать(ся) dying
умирающий die
умирать difference
разница, различие
indifference
безразличие different
другой, отличающийся
indifferent
безразличный differ
отличаться differently
по-другому
indifferently
с безразличием disturbance
тревога, беспокойство; нарушение тишины, порядка disturbed
обеспокоенный
disturbing
беспокоящий disturb
беспокоить, мешать doubt
сомнение doubtful
сомнительный
doubtless
несомненный
undoubted
бесспорный doubt
сомневаться doubfully
с сомнением
doubtlessly
не сомневаясь
undoubtedly
без сомнения ease
легкость, свобода
disease
болезнь easy
легкий
uneasy
неловкий, тревожный ease
облегчать, ослаблять easily
легко
uneasily
неловко economy
хозяйство economic
экономический
economical
экономный economise
экономить economically
экономически; экономно educator
воспитатель, педагог
education
образование educated
образованный
uneducated
необразованный
educative
образовательный educate
воспитывать, давать образование effect
следствие, результат
effectiveness
эффективность effective
эффективный, действующий effect
производить, выполнять effectively
эффективно, действенно electricity
электричество
electrician
электрик electric
электрический electrify
электрифицировать empire
империя
empiror
император empire
имперский
empiric / empirical
исходящий из опыта, эмпирический employment
служба, работа
unemployment
безработица
employer
наниматель, работодатель
employee
работающий по найму employed
нанятый, занятый
unemployed
безработный employ
нанимать end
конец, окончание endless
бесконечный
unending
нескончаемый end
конец, окончание endlessly
бесконечно environment
окружающая среда environmental
природный entertainment
развлечение entertaining
развлекательный entertain
развлекать enthusiasm
энтузиазм, восторг
enthusiast
энтузиаст, восторженный человек enthusiastic
восторженный enthusiastically
с восторгом equipment
оборудование equipped
снаряженный, оборудованный equip
снаряжать essence
сущность essential
главный, основной essentially
главным образом examination / exam
экзамен; медосмотр examined
проэкзаменованный; осмотренный врачом examine
экзаменовать; осматривать excitement
возбуждение, волнение exciting
возбуждающий
excitable
возбудимый
excited
возбужденный, взволнованный excite
возбуждать, волновать excitedly
взволнованно, возбужденно expectation
ожидание, предчувствие expected
ожидаемый
unexpected
неожиданный expect
ожидать, предчувствовать expence(s)
расход(ы), затраты expensive
дорогой
inexpensive
недорогой expend
тратить, расходовать expensively
дорого experience
опыт, опытность
inexperience
неопытность
experiment
эксперимент experienced
опытный
inexperienced
неопытный
experimental
эспериментальный experience
испытывать explosion
взрыв
explosive
взрывчатое вещество explosive
взрывчатый explode
взрываться expression
выражение expressive
выразительный express
выражать expressively
выразительно extent
пространство, степень extended
длительный,обширный
extensive
обширный extend
простираться, тянуться extensively
обширно, протяженно extreme
крайняя степень, крайность extreme
крайний, чрезвычайный extremely
крайне fascination
очарование, обаяние fascinating
чарующий
fascinated
очарованный fascinate
очаровывать fairness
справедливость; порядочность fair
порядочный, справедливый
unfair
несправедливый fairly
справедливо, честно; довольно-таки finance
финансы financial
финансовый finance
финансировать financially
финансово firmness
твердость firm
твердый affirm
утверждать firmly
твердо fitness
физическая форма, физическое состояние fit
находящийся в хорошей форме; подходящий
unfit
неподходящий fit
подгонять, подстраивать following
следующий follow
следовать fool
глупыш, дурак foolish
глупый fool
обманывать foolishly
глупо forgettable
забываемый
unforgettable
незабываемый
forgetful
забывчивый
forgotten
забытый forget
забывать forgiveness
прощение forgiving
прощающий
forgivable
простительный
unforgivable
непростительный forgive
прощать forgivingly
с прощением fortune
судьба, счастье; богатство, состояние fortunate
счастливый
unfortunate
несчастный fortunately
к счастью
unfortunately
к сожалению freedom
свобода free
свободный; бесплатный freely
свободно frequency
частота frequent
частый frequent
часто посещать frequently
часто friend
друг
friendship
дружба
friendliness
дружелюбие friendly
дружеский, дружелюбный
unfriendly
недружеский in a friendly way / manner
дружелюбно fright
страх, испуг frightful
страшный
frightened
испуганный
frightening
пугающий frighten
пугать, устрашать frightfully
страшно; испуганно generosity
щедрость generous
щедрый generously
щедро gentleman
джентльмен gentle
мягкий, нежный gently
мягко, нежно ghost
привидение, призрак ghostly
похожий на привидение grass
трава grassy
травяной habit
привычка, обычай
habitant
обитатель
habitat
естественная среда
habitation
жилище, обиталище habitual
привычный habituate
приучать habitually
обычно hand
рука; рабочий
handful
горсть handy
удобный (для использования)
handmade
изготовленный вручную hand
вручать happiness
счастье
unhappiness
несчастье happy
счастливый
unhappy
несчастный happily
счастливо
unhappily
несчастливо harm
вред harmful
вредный
harmless
безвредный harm
повредить, навредить harmfully
вредно health
здоровье healthy
здоровый
unhealthy
нездоровый home
дом, жилище homeless
бездомный honour
честь honourable
почетный honour
почитать, чтить honourably
почетно hope
надежда
hopefulness
оптимизм, надежда hopeful
надеющийся
hopeless
безнадежный hope
надеяться hopefully
с надеждой humanity
человечество human
человеческий
humane
гуманный
inhuman
бесчеловечный
humanitarian
гуманитарный humour
юмор humorous
юмористический humorously
с юмором hurry
спешка hurrying
торопливый, спешащий
hurried
торопливый hurry
торопиться hurriedly
торопливо ice
лед icy
ледяной importance
важность important
важный
unimportant
незначительный importantly
важно impression
впечатление impressed
впечатленный
impressive
впечатляющий
unimpressed
безучастный impress
производить впечатление impressively
впечатляюще improvement
улучшение improved
улучшенный improve
улучшать impulse
толчок, побуждение impulsive
импульсивный impulsively
импульсивно incident
несчастный случай; конфликт, инцидент incidental
случайный incidentally
случайно increase
рост, увеличение increasing
растущий increase
увеличивать(ся) increasingly
с ростом industry
промышленность industrial
промышленный
industrious
трудолюбивый. усердный industrialise
индустриализовать industrially
в промышленном отношении information
сообщение, информация
informant
осведомитель
formality
формальность informed
осведомленный
well-informed
знающий, хорошо информированный
misinformed
неверно информированный
formal
формальный, официальный
informal
неофициальный inform
информировать
misinform
неверно сообщать; дезинформировать informationally
информационно intensity
интенсивность intensive
интенсивный intensify
интенсифицировать intensively
интенсивно interest
интерес interested
заинтересованный
interesting
интересный interest
интересовать inventor
изобретатель
invention
изобретение inventive
изобретательный invent
изобретать inventively
изобретательно invitation
приглашение invited
приглашенный invite
приглашать inspiration
вдохновение inspired
вдохновленный
inspiring
вдохновляющий inspire
вдохновлять knowledge
знание
acknowledgement
признание; расписка acknowledged
признанный acknowledge
признавать, подтверждать legality
законность, легальность legal
юридический, законный
illegal
незаконный, подпольный legalize
легализовать legally
законно
illegally
незаконно likeness
сходство, подобие likeable
приятный
unlike
непохожий
like
аналогичный like
относиться хорошо
dislike
относиться отрицательно likely
вероятно
unlikely
невероятно
unlike
в отличие life
жизнь
living
жизнь lively
оживленный, веселый
live
актуальный, реальный live
жить in a lively way
оживленно literature
литература literal
буквальный
literary
литературный
literate
грамотный
illiterate
неграмотный literally
буквально location
место, поселение local
местный locate
размещать locally
в определенном месте loneliness
одиночество lonely
одинокий; один luck
удача lucky
удачливый
unlucky
неудачливый, неудачный luckily
к счастью luxury
роскошь luxurious
шикарный majority
большинство major
главный, основной manager
управляющий, руководитель managerial
управленческий manage
управлять; справляться marriage
женитьба married
женатый / замужняя
unmarried
неженатый / незамужняя marry
жениться meeting
встреча; собрание meet
встречать, знакомиться memory
память
memorial
мемориал memorial
памятный memorise
заучивать наизусть misery
нищета miserable
нищенский, ничтожный month
месяц monthly
ежемесячный monthly
ежемесячно motion
движение motionless
неподвижный motion
показывать жестом mystery
тайна, загадка mysterious
таинственный, загадочный mysteriously
таинственно, загадочно necessity
необходимость necessary
необходимый
unnecessary
ненужный necessarily
необходимо nerve
нерв nervous
нервный ennerve
нервировать nervously
нервно number
число; количество numerous
многочисленный
numerate
умеющий считать
innumerate
неумеющий считать number
обозначать цифрами object
объект, предмет
objective
цель; возражение objective
объективный object
возражать objectively
объективно obstinate
упрямый obstinately
упрямо occurrence
случай, происшествие occur
происходить operation
операция; оперирование, приведение в действие operate
управлять, действовать opportunity
возможность
opportunist
оппортунист opportune
своевременный, подходящий opposition
оппозиция, противостояние
opponent
оппонент, противник opposite
напротив
opposed
противоположный oppose
противопосталять owner
владелец, хозяин own
собственный own
владеть pain
боль painful
болезненный
painless
безболезненный painfully
болезненно
painlessly
безболезненно patience
терпение
impatience
нетерпение
patient
пациент patient
терпеливый
impatient
нетерпеливый patiently
терпеливо
impatiently
нетерпеливо participant
участник
participation
участие participating
участвующий participate
принимать участие particulars
подробности particular
особенный particularly
особенно perfection
совершенство perfect
совершенный, идеальный
imperfect
несовершенный perfect
совершенствовать, улучшать perfectly
отлично, безупречно period
период, срок periodical
периодический periodically
периодически performance
представление; исполнение
performer
исполнитель perform
исполнять, выполнять, совершать peace
мир, спокойствие peaceful
мирный peacefully
мирно permission
разрешение
permissiveness
вседозволенность
permit
пропуск permissive
позволяющий permit
позволять permissively
с позволением pleasure
удовольствие pleasant
приятный
pleased
довольный
displeased
недовольный please
доставлять удовольствие pleasantly
приятно point
точка; пункт pointed
остроконечный, нацеленный
pointful
уместный, удачный
pointless
бесцельный point
указывать, направлять pointedly
остро, по существу politeness
вежливость polite
вежливый
impolite
невежливый politely
вежливо popularity
популярность popular
популярный
unpopular
непопулярный popularise
популяризировать possession
владение, собственность
possessor
обладатель, владелец possessive
собственнический possess
владеть, обладать possibility
вероятность, возможность possible
возможный
impossible
невозможный possibly
возможно power
сила, мощь powerful
мощный
powerless
бессильный empower
уполномочивать preference
предпочтение preferable
предпочтительный
preferential
пользующийся препочтением prefer
предпочитать preferably
предпочтительно preparation
подготовка prepared
подготовленный
unprepared
неподготовленный prepare
подготовить preparedly
с готовностью prestige
престиж prestigious
престижный prestigiously
престижно profession
профессия professional
профессиональный professionally
профессионально profit
выгода profitable
выгодный
unprofitable
не приносящий выгоды profit
получать выгоду profitably
выгодно progress
прогресс, продвижение progressive
прогрессивный progress
продвигаться вперед progressively
постепенно, продвигаясь вперед proposal
предложение proposed
предложенный propose
делать предложение prosperity
процветание prosperous
процветающий prosper
процветать prosperously
процветающе public
общественность public
общественный publicise
разглашать publicly
открыто, публично quickness
быстрота quick
быстрый quicken
убыстрять quickly
быстро reality
реальность
realization
реализация, осуществление real
реальный, настоящий
unreal
нереальный realize
реализовать, осуществлять really
действительно, в самом деле recognition
признание, узнавание recognised
признанный recognise
узнавать; признавать reduction
снижение, понижение reduced
уменьшенный; сниженный reduce
снижать; сбавлять relaxation
отдых, расслабление relaxed
расслабленный
relaxing
отдыхающий; расслабляющий relax
отдыхать, расслабляться relaxedly
расслабленно reliability
надежность reliable
надежный
unreliable
ненадежный rely
доверять, полагаться reliably
надежно religion
религия religious
религиозный reluctance
нежелание, неохота reluctant
неохотный reluctantly
неохотно regularity
регулярность
irregularity
нерегулярность regular
регулярный, правильный
irregular
неправильный; нестандартный regulate
регулировать regularly
регулярно remark
замечание remarkable
замечательный remark
замечать, отмечать remarkably
замечательно representation
представление
representative
представитель representative
представительный represent
представлять reproach
упрек irreproachable
безупречный reproach
упрекать reproachingly
с упреком reputation
репутация reputated
имеющий хорошую репутацию, почтенный
disreputable
имеющий плохую репутацию repute
давать репутацию
disrepute
компрометироватъ resistance
сопротивление resistible
ударопрочный;
irresistible
неотразимый
resistant
прочный resist
сопротивляться irresistibly
неотразимо respect
уважение respectful
уважительный respect
уважать respectfully
с уважением rest
отдых restless
беспокойный rest
отдыхать restlessly
беспокойно reward
награда rewarding
стоящий награды
unrewarded
невознагражденный reward
награждать riches
богатства
richness
богатство rich
богатый enrich
обогащать richly
богато risk
риск risky
рискованный risk
рисковать sadness
грусть sad
грустный sadden
огорчать sadly
грустно safe
сейф
safety
безопасность safe
безопасный
unsafe
опасный save
спасать; экономить safely
безопасно satisfaction
удовлетворение
dissatisfaction
неудовлетворенность; недовольство satisfied
довольный
dissatisfied
недовольный
satisfactory
удовлетворительный
unsatisfactory
неудовлетворительный satisfy
удовлетворять
dissatisfy
разочаровывать; огорчать research
исследование search
искать, осуществлять поиск security
безопасность secure
безопасный
insecure
находящийся в опасности secure
охранять, гарантировать securely
безопасно seriousness
серьезность serious
серьезный seriously
серьезно science
наука
scientist
ученый scientific
научный scientifically
научно sense
чувство
insensibility
отсутствие чувствительности sensitive
чувствительный
insensitive
несочувствующий
sensible
разумный
insensible
нечувствительный, неосознающий sense
ощущать sensitively
чувствительно
sensibly
разумно service
услуга, обслуживание
servant
слуга served
обслуженный; поданный на стол serve
служить, обслуживать, подавать на стол significant
значительный
insignificant
незначительный signify
иметь значение significantly
значительно similarity
сходство, похожесть similar
похожий, подобный similarly
похоже, подобно sincerity
искренность sincere
искренний
insincere
неискренний sincerely
искренне shorts
шорты short
короткий shorten
укорачивать shortly
кратко sleep
сон
sleeper
спящий; спальный вагон sleeping
спящий
sleepless
бессонный sleep
спать sleeplessly
без сна solution
решение; раствор solved
решенный; растворенный solve
решать; находить выход; растворять speciality
специальность; фирменное блюдо
specialty
особенность special
особенный; специальный
specific
специфический specify
точно определять
specialize
специализировать(ся) specially
специально
specifically
специфично strength
сила strong
сильный strengthen
укреплять strongly
сильно stress
стресс stressful
стрессовый stress
ударять, ставить ударение stressfully
в состоянии стресса success
успех successful
успешный
unsuccessful
безуспешный succeed
преуспевать successfully
успешно sufñcience
достаточность
insufñcience
недостаточность sufficient
достаточный
insufficient
недостаточный suffice
быть достаточным sufficiently
достаточно suitable
подходящий
unsuitable
неподходящий suit
подходить, устраивать suggestion
предложение suggest
предлагать suspect
подозреваемый suspicious
подозрительный suspect
подозревать suspiciously
подозрительно swimmer
пловец
swimming
плавание swimming
плавающий, плавательный swim
плавать sympathy
сочувствие, понимание sympathetic
сочувствующий sympathize
сочувствовать sympathetically
с пониманием; сочувственно sureness
уверенность sure
уверенный
unsure
неуверенный
assured
обеспеченный; уверенный
self-assured
уверенный в себе ensure
обеспечивать; гарантировать
assure
уверять, обеспечивать surely
конечно; уверенно
assuredly
с уверенностью surrounding
окружение surrounded
окруженный surround
окружать talk
беседа, разговор talkative
разговорчивый talk
беседовать taste
вкус
distaste
отсуствие вкуса tasteful
сделанный со вкусом; обладающий вкусом
tasteless
безвкусный taste
пробовать tastefully
со вкусом
tastelessly
без вкуса terror
террор
terrorist
террорист terrible
ужасный
terrific
потрясающий
terrifying
ужасающий
terrified
напуганный terrify
ужасать terribly
ужасно
terrifically
потрясающе thirst
жажда thirsty
испытывать жажду tights
колготки tight
плотный, тесный tighten
сжимать, натягивать tightly
тесно, плотно thought
мысль thoughtful
задумчивый
thoughtless
бездумный think
думать, иметь мнение thoughtfully
задумчиво tragedy
трагедия tragic
трагичный
tragical
трагический tragically
трагично travelling
путешествие
traveller
путешественник travelling
путешествующий travel
путешествовать truth
правда
untruth
неправда true
правильный; настоящий
untrue
неверный, не соответствующий действительности
truthful
правдивый truly
по-настоящему, искренне
truthfully
правдиво value
ценность valued
ценимый
valuable
ценный value
ценить, оценивать variety
разнообразие
variability
изменчивость, непостоянство variable
изменяемый
invariable
неизменный vary
менять, разнообразить invariably
неизменно year
год yearly
ежегодный yearly
ежегодно understanding
понимание
misunderstanding
непонимание; недоразумение understandable
понятный understand
понимать use
польза
misuse
неправильное использование;
usage
использование useful
полезный
useless
бесполезный
used
использованный
unused
неиспользованный use
использовать, пользоваться usefully
полезно
uselessly
бесполезно week
неделя weekly
еженедельный weekly
еженедельно width
ширина wide
широкий widen
расширять widely
широко will
воля, желание; завещание willing
жаждущий, желающий
unwilling
не желающий will
проявлять волю, желать willingly
охотно, с удовольствием
unwillingly
неохотно wind
ветер windy
ветренный
windless
безветренный wisdom
мудрость wise
мудрый
unwise
неблагоразумный wisely
мудро
unwisely
неблагоразумно worth
стоимость, ценность worthy
достойный
worthless
не имеющий ценности

Источник

Number words are the alphabetical form of numbers. As the name suggests, these are numbers written in words. Word form is writing the numerical/number as you would say it in words.

‘Number words’ or ‘number names’ are simply the names assigned to numbers so that we can identify each number uniquely. When we talk about “math,” what is the first thing that comes to your mind? Numbers! Are you aware that numbers also have names called number names? Yes, like everything else in the world, numbers have names. Let us know the number name definition and the rules to write them.

Related Games

Number Words: Definition

A number word or number name is a way to express numbers in their word form. We can express numbers using their number name form. The spelling of numbers in English is something we should focus on while writing the numbers in word form.

For example, we can write 1 as “one.” So, the number name for 1 is “one.”

Similarly, we can express the number 2 as “two” in its word form.

The number 3 as “three” in its word form, and so on.

For example:

With the help of the number words from one to ten, we can make number words of higher value.

It is important to learn every number word from One to Twenty to learn other number words. Also, the number words from eleven to twenty are very different from other number words.

After learning the number words up to twenty, it is important to learn the number words such as thirty, forty, fifty, sixty until hundred.

Once you know these number words, it is easy to make number words for higher value numbers.

For example:

The above two number words are made from learning the basic number words from one to ten, and the number words for tens value, like sixty, seventy and eighty.

As the numbers increase in value and become larger with three, four, five, six, seven and more digits, the names start to change.

Related Worksheets

Rules to Write Numbers in Word Form

While writing numbers in their number words form, we have to follow certain rules. These rules are as follows:

Rule 1

Always consider place values while writing numbers in the word form.

For example, the digit 2 at the ones place is read as 2. The same digit at the tens place has the value “twenty.” So, 22 can be written as “twenty-two.”

Rule 2

To write numbers between 1–20, refer to the number names chart.

To express numbers beyond 20 in words, you must follow a certain pattern. As per this pattern, the multiples of 10 up to 90 are written as thirty, forty, fifty, sixty, seventy, eighty, and ninety.

Rule 3

For writing multiples of 100 in word form, you can write the digit in the word form and add the word hundred after it.

For example, you can express 200 as two hundred in the word form, 600 as six hundred, and so on.

You can follow the same rule while writing multiples of 1000 in word form. The only difference is that you have to add the word thousand instead of hundred. For example, you can write 3000 as three thousand in the word form.

Rule 4

For writing two-digit or three-digit numbers in word form, you have to write them in their expanded form. Ensure that you take the position of 0 in account.

For example, you can write 107 (expanded into $100 + 0 + 7$) as one hundred seven.

The word form of 125 (expanded into $100 + 20 + 5$) is one hundred twenty-five.

Number Words or Number Names from 1 to 100

Here’s a table containing numbers 1 to 100 and their corresponding word forms:

The Number Words for Higher Values

It becomes easy to convert numbers to number words and number words to number if we know the number words.

For example:

Write the given numbers in words.

Write the given numbers in numerals.

Number Names as per the International Number System

In the international system, the numbers are organized into periods and groups. The periods are categorized as ones, thousands, millions, etc. Each period is grouped into three place values. While writing numbers in this system, we insert a comma or separator after every three digits from the right.

The place value names in the international system are as follows:

Ones
Tens
Hundreds
Thousands
Ten Thousands
Hundred Thousands
Millions
Ten Millions
Hundred Millions
Billions
Ten Billions
Hundred Billions
Trillions, and so on

Example: Suppose you have to write the word form of the number 6,342,715 in the international system.

6,342,715 is Six Million Three Hundred Forty-two Thousand Seven Hundred Fifteen.

Place Value Chart for International System

Here is the place value chart for the international system:

From this place value chart, we understand:

1 million $= 1000$ thousand
1 billion $= 1000$ million

Tips and Tricks to Learn Numbers Names

Here are a few tips to help you learn and write numbers in their word forms:

Write down 1 to 20 as numbers and their spellings.

Write down the multiples of 10 up to 90 and their spellings.

For example, 10: Ten, 20: Twenty, 30: Thirty, and so on.

Write down the multiples of 100 and their spellings.

For example, 100: Three hundred, 200: Two hundred, and so on.

For two-digit numbers beyond 20, expand them and write them in words in their expanded form. For example, you can expand 32 as $30 + 2$ and write “thirty-two.”

Follow the same technique for large numbers.

For example, you can expand 471 as “$400 + 70 + 1$” and write “four hundred seventy-one” or “four hundred and seventy-one.”

Number Names as per the Ordinal System

An ordinal number expresses the rank or position of something. That is why they are also known as ranking or positioning numbers.

Ordinal numbers are written as 1^st, 2^nd, 3^rd, 4^th, and so on.

Here is a chart of the first 50 ordinal numbers and their number names:

Fun Facts

When writing ordinal numbers in their word form, we use the suffix -th for the numbers 11, 12, and 13; but for all other numbers ending with 1, 2, or 3, we use the suffixes -st, -nd, and -rd, respectively. For example, we express 51 as fifty-first, 52 as fifty-second, and 53 as fifty-third.

The word form of the number 40 is forty and not fourty.

When writing numbers between 21 and 99, we use a hyphen $(-)$ in between.
To write number words, we can write the word form of the numbers as we say them.

Conclusion

Number names offer an easy way to identify and learn numbers. They can help us to understand how the number system functions. Knowing to read and write numbers in words can enable us to identify how numbers relate to one another.

Solved Examples

Write the number 7575 in words.

Solution:

We can expand 7575 as $7000 + 500 + 70 + 5$.

7575 in word form is “seven thousand five hundred seventy-five.”

What comes after the given number name: twenty-nine?

Solution:

Twenty-nine $= 29$

The number after 29 is $29 + 1 = 30$

30 in the word form is Thirty.

So, thirty comes after twenty-nine.

Count the emojis in the given image and write the number in words.

Solution:

$5 + 4 + 3 + 2 + 1 = 15$

The given image has fifteen or 15 smileys.

Express 2022 in words and also in the ordinal system.

Solution:

$2022 = 2000 + 0 + 20 + 2$

In words, we write it as “two thousand twenty-two.”

Also, 2022 is written as “two thousand twenty-second” in the ordinal system.

Write the word form of 404.

Solution:

$404 = 400 + 0 + 4$

404 is four hundred four.

Practice Problmes

Fifty-seven

Five & seven

Seventy five

None of the above

Correct answer is: Fifty-seven
We expand 57 as $50 + 7$. So, it would be written as “fifty-seven.”

Sixty-tenth

Seventieth

Seventy

None of the above

Correct answer is: Seventieth
As per the ordinal system, “seventieth” comes after “sixty-ninth.”

4040 is four thousand forty

4004 is four thousand four

4400 is four thousand four hundred

4440 is four thousand forty-four

Correct answer is: 4440 is four thousand forty-four
4440 is four thousand four hundred forty.

$gt$

$=$

$lt$

None of the above

Correct answer is: $lt$
Four hundred sixty-three is 463. Thus, $436 lt 463$.

Fifth and eighth

Fifth and seventh

Fourth and seventh

Sixth and eighth

Correct answer is: Fifth and seventh
By counting the letters in the word “PLACEMENT,” we can see that the letter E appears in the fifth and seventh positions.

Frequently Asked Questions

Do we have to use commas when writing a number in its word form?

No, we don’t use commas when writing a number in its word form.

Does the word zero appear in any number name?

No, we don’t use the word “zero” when writing a number in words.

Can we write decimal numbers in words?

Yes, we can write decimal numbers in words. For example, we can write 42.35 as forty-two point three five.

Are there any real-life applications of writing numbers in words?

Yes, there are real-life applications of writing numbers in words. For example, it is mandatory to write the amount in both figures and words in a bank cheque.

Why is place value important for writing numbers in words?

The place value helps to determine the place of a digit in a number. This is important for reading a number and writing it in words.

Word Form
Natural Number
Number Words

Источник

It’s
a process of creating new words from material available in the
language after a certain structural and semantic formulas and
pattern, forming words by combining root & affix morphemes.

2 Types of word formation:

1)
Compounding (словосложение)

2)
Word – derivation

Within
the types further distinction may be made between the ways of forming
words. The basic way of forming words is word-derivation affixation
and conversion apart from this shortening and a number of minor ways
of formal words such as back-forming, blending, sound imitation are
traditionally referred to formation.

Different types of word
formation:

Affixation
is
the formation of new words by means of suffixes and prefixes to
stemsbasis.

Affixes may be grouped

1) according to their
linguistic origin. We distinguish affixes of Germanic origin (full,
less), of Romanic origin (ion), of Greek origin (ise, izm);

2) according to the parts of
speech. We distinguish noun forming, adj. forming and verb forming
affixes;

3)
according to semantic functions. They may denote persons, quality,
negation. Many suffixes originated from separate words: hood
originated for the noun hood, which meant state or condition; full –
полный
(adj. In O.E) now it is suffix. Suffixes may change the part of
speech: critic (al).

All
suffixes are divided into lexical
and grammatical.

Lexical
suffixes build new word. Productive
affixes. For
ex: read-readable, happy-happiness, act-actor.

Grammatical
suffixes change the grammatical form of a word. Often used to create
neologisms and nonce-words (I
don’t like Sunday evenings: I feel so mondayish).

For ex: finish-finished, say-says, rose-roses.

Some
productive suffixes:

Noun
forming – er,
ing, is, ist, ance

Adj
– forming – y,
ish, ed, able, less

Adv
– forming – ly

Verb – forming — Ize, /ise,
ate

Prefixies
—
Un, die, re

Conversion
(zero derivation) it is one of the major ways of enriching EV &
referrers to the numerous cases of phonetic identity of word forms of
2 words belonging to different part of speech.. The new word has a
meaning which differs from that of original one though it can ><
be associated with it. nurse
(noun) to nurse – to feed

A certain stem is used for the
formation of a categorically different word without a derivative
element being added.

Bag
– to bag, Back – to back , Bottle – to bottle This
specific pattern is very productive in English

The
most popular types are noun →verb or verb→noun To
take off – a take off

Conversion
can be total
or partial.
Partial: the then
president (тогдашний).
An adverb is used as an adjective, only in this particular context.
Total: work
– to work

Conversion
may be the result of shading of English endings. The historical
changes may be briefly outlined as follows: in O.E. a verb and a noun
of the same root were distinguished by their endings. For ex: the
verb ‘to love’ had a form (Old Eng.) ‘lufian’. This verb had
personal conjunctions. The noun ‘love’ had the form ‘lufu’
with different case endings. But in the course of time, the personal
and case endings were lost. There are numerous pairs of words (e. g.
love, n. — to love, v.; work, n. — to work, v.; drink, n. — to
drink, v., etc.) which did, not occur due to conversion but coincided
as a result of certain historical processes (dropping of endings,
simplification of stems) when before that they had different forms
(e. g. O. E. lufu, n. — lufian, v.).

The
two categories of parts of speech especially affected by conversion
are nouns and verbs. Verbs made from nouns are the most numerous
amongst the words produced by conversion: e. g. to
hand, to back, to face, to eye, to mouth, to nose, to dog, to wolf,
to monkey, to can, to coal, to stage, to screen, to room, to floor,
to blackmail, to blacklist, to honeymoon,
and very many others.

Nouns
are frequently made from verbs: do (e. g. This
is the queerest do I»ve ever come across.
Do — event, incident), go (e. g. He
has still plenty of go at his age.
Go — energy), make,
run, find, catch, cut, walk, worry, show, move,
etc. Verbs can also be made from adjectives: to
pale, to yellow, to cool, to grey, to rough
(e. g. We
decided to rough it in the tents as the weather was warm),
etc.

Other
parts of speech are not entirely unsusceptible to conversion as the
following examples show: to
down, to out (as in a newspaper heading Diplomatist Outed from
Budapest), the ups and downs, the ins and outs, like, n, (as in the
like of me and the like of you).

Compounding
& word comparison. Compound
words are made of 2 derivational stems. The types of structure of CW:
neutral,
morphological &syntactic.

In
neutral
compound
the process is released without any linking elements sunflower.
There
are three types of neutral compounds simple compounds went a compound
consist of a simple affixes stems.

Derivate/
derivational compound
— has affixes babysitter.

Contracted
–
has a shorten stems. TV-set

Morphological
C –
few
in number. This type is non productive. Represented by words, where 2
stems are combined by a linking vowel/ consonant Anglo-Saxon,
statesman, craftsmanship.

Syntactic
C
– formed of segments of speech preserving articles, prepositions,
adverbs. Mother-in-law

Reduplication.
New
word are made by stem ether without any phonetic changes Bye-Bye
or variation of a root vowel or consonant ping-pong

Shortening.
There
are 2 ways of producing them:

1.
The word is formed from the syllable of the original word which in
term may loose its beginning –phone,
its ending vac
(vacation) or
both
fridge.

2.
The word is formed from the initial letter of a word group BB,
bf – boyfriend. Acronyms are
shorten words but read as one UNO
[ju:nou]

TYPES OF WF

Sound
imitation – words
are made by imitating different links of sounds that may be produced
by animals, birds…bark
– лаять,
mew – мяукать…some
names of animals, birds & insects are made by SI coo-coo
– кукушка,
crow – ворона.

To
glide, to slip are
supposed to convey the very sound of the smooth easy movement over a
slippery surface.

Back
formation a
verb is produced from a noun by subtraction (вычитание)
bagger
– to bag, babysitter – to babysit

Blending
— Is
blending part of two words to form one word (merging into one word),
combining letters/sounds they have in common as a connecting element.
Smoke
+ fog = smog, Breakfast + lunch = brunch, Smoke + haze = smaze
(дымка)

—
addictive type: they are transformable into a phrase consisting of
two words combined by a conjunction “and” smog
→ smoke & fog

—
blending of restrictive type: transformable into an attributive
phrase, where the first element serves as modifier of a second.
Positron
– positive electron,
Medicare
– medical care

Borrowings.
Contemporary
English is a unique mixture of Germanic & Romanic elements. This
mixing has resulted in the international character of the vocabulary.
In the comparison with other languages English possesses great
richness of vocabulary.

All languages are mixtures to
a greater or lesser extent, but the present day English vocabulary is
unique in this respect.

A brief look on various
historical strata of the English vocabulary:

1) through cultural contacts
with Romans partly already on the continent and all through the
influence of Christianity a very early stratum of Latin-Greek words
entered the language.

Their origin is no longer felt
by the normal speaker today in such word: pound, mint, mustard,
school, dish, chin, cleric, cheese, devil, pepper, street, gospel,
bishop.

The
same can be said about some Scandinavian words (from about the 10^th
century) that today belong to the central core of the vocabulary.

It
means that their frequency is very high. They,
their, them, sky, skin, skill, skirt, ill, dies, take… They
partly supersede the number of OE words OE
heofon – heaven (sky) Niman – take
Steorfan – die

A
more radical change & profound influence on the English
vocabulary occurred on 1066 (Norman Conquest). Until the 15^th
cent., a great number of French words were adopted. They belong to
the areas of court,
church, law, state.

Virtue, religion,
parliament, justice, noble, beauty, preach, honour…

The
influx of the words was the strongest up to the 15^th
cent., but continued up to the 17^th
cent.

Many French borrowings
retained their original pronunciation & stress

Champagne,
ballet, machine, garage…

Separate, attitude,
constitute, introduce…

Adjectives in English –
arrogant, important, patient

Sometimes with their
derivatives:

Demonstrative –
demonstration

Separate – separation

17-18 cc. due to the
establishing of cultural, trade relations many words were borrowed
from Italian, Spanish, Dutch, French.

Italian:
libretto,
violin, opera

Spanish:
hurricane, tomato, tobacco

Dutch:
yacht,
dog, landscape

French:
bouquet,
buffet

From the point of view of
their etymology formal words are normally of classical Romanic
origin, informal – Anglo-Saxon.

Nowadays many Americanisms
become familiar due to the increase of transatlantic travel & the
influence of broadcast media.

Even
in London (Heathrow airport) “baggage”
instead of “luggage”

The present day English
vocabulary is from being homogeneous.

6.
Neologisms new
word expressions are created for new things irrespective of their
scale of importance. They may be all important and concern some
social relationships (new form/ state)
People’s republic. Or
smth threatening the very existence of humanity nuclear
war
or the thing may be short lived. N
is
a newly coined word, phrase/ a new meaning for an existing word / a
word borrowed from another language.

The
development of science and industry technology: black
hole, internet, supermarket.

The
adaptive lexical system isn’t only adding new units but readjust
the ways & means of word formation radio
detection and ranging – RADAR

The
lex. System may adopt itself by combining several word-building
processes face-out
(noun) – the radioactive dust descending through the air after an
anatomic explosion. This
word was coined by composition/ compounding & conversion.

Teach
–in (n) –a student conference/ series of seminars on some burning
issue of the day, meaning some demonstration on protest. This
pattern is very frequent lis–in
, due-in
means protest demonstration when fluking traffic. Bionies
– the
combination of bio & electron.

Back
formation:
air-condion
– air-conditioner – air-conditioning

Semi-affixes
(могут
быть
как
самостоятельные
слова)
chairman
used
to be not numerous and might be treated as exceptions now, evolving
into separate set.

Some
N abscessed with smth and containing the elements mad
& happy: powermad, moneymad, auto-happy.

Conversion, composition,
semantic change are in constant use when coining N

The
change of meaning rather an introduction of a new additional meaning
may be illustrated by the word NETWORK
– stations for simultaneous broadcast of the same program.

Once
accepted N may become a basis for further word formation. ZIP
– to zip – zipper –
zippy.

The
lex. System is unadaptive system, developing for many centuries and
reflecting the changing needs, servicing only in special context.
Archaism
& historisms.

Archaism
–
once common but are now replaced by synonyms. Mostly they are poetic:
morn
– arch, morning – new word, hapless – arch, unlucky – modern.

Historism
– when
the causes of the word’s disappearance are extralinguistic, eg. The
thing named is no longer used. They are very numerous as names for
social relations, institutions, objects of material culture of the
past, eg. many types of sailing craft belong to the past: caravels,
galleons.A
great many of
H
denotes various types of weapons in historical novels: blunderbuss
— мушкетер,
breastplate. Many
of them are in Voc in some figurative meaning: shiel
– щит,
sword. – меч.

7.
Homonymy.
Different
in meaning, but identical in sound or spelling form

Sources:

1.
The result of split of polysemy capital
– столица,
заглавная
буква

Homonymy
differs from polysemy because there is no semantic bond (связь)
between homonyms; it has been lost & doesn’t exist.

2.
as the result of leveling of grammar in flections, when different
parts of speech become identical in their forms. Care
(in OE) — caru(n), care (OE) – carian (v)

3.
By conversion
slim – to slim, water – to water

4.
With the help of the same suffix fro the same stem. Reader
– the person who reads/a book for reading.

5.
Accidentally. Native words can coincide in their form beran
– to bear, bera (animal) – to bear

6.
Shortening of different words. Cab
(cabriolet, cabbage, cabin)

Homonyms can be of 3 kinds:

1.
Homonyms proper (the sound & the spelling are identical)
bat – bat
— flying
animal (летучая
мышь)
— cricket bat (бита,
back — part of body, away from the front, go to back

2.
Homophones (the same sound form but different spelling)
flower – flour, sole – soul, rain – reign, bye-by-buy

3.
Homographs (the same spelling)
tear [iə] – tear [εə, lead [i:] – lead [e]

Homonyms in English are very
numerous. Oxford English Dictionary registers 2540 homonyms, of which
89% are monosyllabic words and 9,1% are two-syllable words.

So,
most homonyms are monosyllabic words. The trend towards
monosyllabism, greatly increased by the loss of inflections and
shortening, must have contributed much toward increasing the number
of homonyms in English.

Among the other ways of
creating homonyms the following processes must be mentioned:

From
the viewpoint of their origin homonyms are sometimes divided into
historical and etymological. Historical
homonyms are those which result from the breaking up of polysemy;
then one polysemantic word will split up into two or more separate
words. Etymo1ogiсal
homonyms are words of different origin which come to be alike in
sound or in spelling (and may be both written and pronounced alike).

Borrowed
and native words can coincide in form, thus producing homonyms (as in
the above given examples). In other cases homonyms are a result of
borrowing when several different words become identical in sound or
spelling. E.g. the Latin vitim — «wrong», «an immoral
habit» has given the English vice — вада
«evil conduct»; the Latin vitis -«spiral» has
given the English »vice» — тиски
«apparatus with strong jaws in which things can be hold
tightly»; the Latin vice — «instead of», «in
place of» will be found in vice — president.

8.
Synonymy.

A
synonym – a word of similar or identical meaning to one or more
words in the same language. All languages contain synonyms but in
English they exist in superabundance. There no two absolutely
identical words because connotations, ways of usage, frequency of an
occurrence are different. Senses of synonyms are identical in respect
of central semantic trades (denotational meaning) but differ in
respect of minor semantic trades (connotational). In each group of S
there’s a word with the most general meaning, with can substitute
any word of the group. TO
LOOK AT — to glance – to stare

Classification:

Weather the different in
denotational/ connotational component

1.
Ideographic
synonyms. They
bear the same idea but not identical in their referential content,
different shades of meaning or degree. BEAUTIFUL
– fine, handsome – pretty,
to
ascent – to mount – to climb.

2.
Stylistic
synonyms. Different
in emotive and stylistic sphere.

child

girl

happiness

Infant

maid

bliss

Kid

neutral

elevated

colloquial

To
die

To
kick the bucket

Eat
— Devour (degradation),
Face
— muzzle
(морда)

Synonymic condensation is
typical of the English language.

It
refers to situations when writers or speakers bring together several
words with one & the same meaning to add more conviction, to
description more vivid. Ex.:
Lord & master, First & foremost, Safe & secure,
Stress & strain, by force & violence

Among
synonyms there’s a special group of words –
euphemism used
to substitute some unpleasant or offensive words. Drunk
– marry

According to interchangability
context S are classified

3.
Total
synonyms
An extremely rare occurrence. Ulman: “a luxury that language
can hardly afford.” M. Breal spoke about a law of distribution in
the language (words should be synonyms, were synonyms in the past
usually acquire different meanings and are no longer
interchangeable). Ex.: fatherland
— motherland

4.
Contextual
synonyms.
Context can emphasize some certain semantic trades & suppress
other semantic trades; words with different meaning can become
synonyms in a certain context. Ex.: tasteless
– dull, Active – curious, Curious – responsive

Synonyms can reflect social
conventions.

Ex.:

clever

bright

brainy

intelligent

Dever-clever

neutral

Only speaking about younger
people by older people

Is not used by the higher
educated people

Positive connotation

Stylistically

remarked

5.
Dialectical
synonyms.
Ex.:
lift – elevator, Queue – line, autumn – fall

6.
Relative
some
authors classify group like:
like – love – adore, famous- celebrated – eminentthey
denote different degree of the same notion or different shades of
meanings and can be substituted only in some context.

Antonymy.
Words
belonging to the same part of speech identical in speech expressing
contrary or contradictory notion.

Комиссаров
В.Н.
classify them into absolute/
root (late/early)they
have different roots
,
derivational (to
please-to
displease) the
same root but different affixes. In most cases “-“ prefixes from
antonyms an,
dis, non.
Sometimes they are formed by suffixes full
& less.
But they do not always substitute each other selfless
– selfish, successful – unsuccessful .the
same with “-“ prefixes
to appoint – to disappoint.

The
difference is not only in structure but in semantic. The DA
express
contradictory notions, one of then excludes the other active
– inactive. The
AA
express
contrary notion: ugly
–
plain – good-looking – pretty –
beautiful

Antonimy
is
distinguished from complementarily
by being based on different logical relationshipd for pairs of
antonyms like
good – bad, big – small.
He
is good (not bad). He is not good (doesn’t imply he is bad).
The negation (отрицание)
of one term doesn’t implies the assertion of the other.

John
Lines suggests proper
hot-warm
– tapped – cold &
complementary antonyms only
2 words negative and assertion not
male — female.

There’s
also one type of semantic opposition conversives
words
denote one reference as viewed from different points of view that of
the subject & that of the object.
Bye
– sell, give — receive

Conversness
is
minor image relations of functions husband
– wife, pupil – teacher, above – below, before — after

9.
Phraseology.
Phrasiological units/ idioms – motivated word group. They are
reproduced as readymade units. Express a singe notion, used in
sentence as one part of it.

Idiomaticy
—
PU when the meaning of the whole
is
not deducible from the sum of the meanings of the parts. Stability
of PU implies that it exist as a readymade linguistic unit, which
doesn’t allow of any variability of its lexical component of gr.
Structure.

In
ling. literature the term
Phraseology is
used for the expressions where the meaning of one element is depended
on the other. Vinogradov: “irrespective of structure and properties
of the units”. Smernitsky: “it denotes only such set expressions
which do not possess expressiveness or emotional coloring”. Arnold:
“it says that only denotes such set expressions that are
imaginative, expressive and emotional”. Ammosova call them fixed
context units – we
can’t substitute an element without changing the meaning of the
whole. Ahmanova insists on the semantic intearity of such phrases:
“prevailing over the structural separates of their element”.
Kuning lays stress on the structural separatness of the elements in
the PU on the change of meaning in the whole as compared with its
elements taken separately with its elements and on a certain minimum
stability.

Phraseology
(Webster’s
dictionary) mode of expression peculiarities of diction. That is
choice and arrangement of words and phrases characteristic of some
author.there are difficult terms. Idioms word equivalents & these
difficult units or terminology reflects certain differences in the
main criteria used to distinguish.

The
features: 1.
lack of semantic motivation 2. Lexical & grammatical stability

Semantic
classification:2
criteria: 1). The degree of semantic isolation 2). The degree of
disinformation

1.
Opaque in meaning (трудный
для
понимания)
the meaning of the individual words can’t be summed together to
produce the meaning of the whole.to
kick the bucket = to die It
contains no clue to the idiomatic meaning of this expression.The
degree of semantic isolation is the highest.

The 3 typesof PU:

1.
Phraseological fusions. The degree of motivation is very low. one
component preserves its direct meaning Ex.:
to pass the buck = to pass responsibility – свалить
ответственность,

2.
Phraseological unities. Clearly motivated. Transparent both
components in their direct meaning but the combination acquires
figurative sense to
see the light = to understand, old salt — морской
волк

3.
Phraseological combinations. There is a component used in its
direct meaning. There are lots of idioms (proverbs, saying). To
be good at smth.:
Curiosity
killed the cat, but satisfaction brought it back
Idioms institutionalized formulas of politeness:How
do you do?Good-bye (God be with you) How about a drink?

Structural classification
of PU

Prof. A.I. Smirnitsky worked
out structural classification of phraseological units, comparing them
with words. He points out one-top units which he compares with
derived words because derived words have only one root morpheme. He
points out two-top units which he compares with compound words
because in compound words we usually have two root morphemes.

Among
one-top units he
points out three structural types;

a)
units of the type «to give up» (verb + postposition type), e.g. to
art up, to back up, to drop out, to nose out, to buy into, to
sandwich in etc.;

b)
units of the type «to be tired» . Some of these units remind the
Passive Voice in their structure but they have different prepositions
with them, while in the Passive Voice we can have only prepositions
«by» or «with», e.g. to
be tired of, to be interested in, to be surprised at etc.
There are also units in this type which remind free word-groups of
the type «to be young», e.g. to be akin to, to be aware of etc.
The difference between them is that the adjective «young» can be
used as an attribute and as a predicative in a sentence, while the
nominal component in such units can act only as a predicative. In
these units the verb is the grammar centre and the second component
is the semantic centre;

c)
Prepositional- nominal phraseological units. These units are
equivalents of unchangeable words: prepositions, conjunctions,
adverbs, that is why they have no grammar centre, their semantic
centre is the nominal part, e.g.
On the doorstep (quite near), on the nose (exactly), in the course
of, on the stroke of, in time, on the point of
etc. In the course of time such units can become words, e.g.
tomorrow,
instead etc.

Among
two-top units
A.I. Smirnitsky points out the following structural types:

a) attributive-nominal such
as: a month of Sundays, grey matter, a millstone round one’s neck
and many others. Units of this type are noun equivalents and can be
partly or perfectly idiomatic. In partly idiomatic units (phrasisms)
sometimes the first component is idiomatic, e.g. high road, in other
cases the second component is idiomatic, e.g. first night. In many
cases both components are idiomatic, e.g. red tape, blind alley, bed
of nail, shot in the arm and many others.

b) verb-nominal phraseological
units, e.g. to read between the lines , to speak BBC, to sweep under
the carpet etc. The grammar centre of such units is the verb, the
semantic centre in many cases is the nominal component, e.g. to fall
in love. In some units the verb is both the grammar and the semantic
centre, e.g. not to know the ropes. These units can be perfectly
idiomatic as well, e.g. to burn one’s boats,to vote with one’s
feet, to take to the cleaners’ etc.

Very close to such units are
word-groups of the type to have a glance, to have a smoke. These
units are not idiomatic and are treated in grammar as a special
syntactical combination, a kind of aspect.

c) phraseological repetitions,
such as : now or never, part and parcel , country and western etc.
Such units can be built on antonyms, e.g. ups and downs , back and
forth; often they are formed by means of alliteration, e.g cakes and
ale, as busy as a bee. Components in repetitions are joined by means
of conjunctions. These units are equivalents of adverbs or adjectives
and have no grammar centre. They can also be partly or perfectly
idiomatic, e.g. cool as a cucumber (partly), bread and butter
(perfectly).

Phraseological units the same
as compound words can have more than two tops (stems in compound
words), e.g. to take a back seat, a peg to hang a thing on, lock,
stock and barrel, to be a shaddow of one’s own self, at one’s own
sweet will.

Syntactical classification
of PU

Phraseological
units can be classified as parts of speech. This classification was
suggested by I.V. Arnold. Here we have the following groups:

a) noun phraseologisms
denoting an object, a person, a living being, e.g. bullet train,
latchkey child, redbrick university, Green Berets,

b) verb phraseologisms
denoting an action, a state, a feeling, e.g. to break the log-jam, to
get on somebody’s coattails, to be on the beam, to nose out , to
make headlines,

c) adjective phraseologisms
denoting a quality, e.g. loose as a goose, dull as lead ,

d) adverb phraseological
units, such as : with a bump, in the soup, like a dream , like a dog
with two tails,

e) preposition phraseological
units, e.g. in the course of, on the stroke of ,

f) interjection phraseological
units, e.g. «Catch me!», «Well, I never!» etc.

In I.V.Arnold’s
classification there are also sentence equivalents, proverbs, sayings
and quatations, e.g. «The sky is the limit», «What makes him
tick», » I am easy». Proverbs are usually metaphorical, e.g. «Too
many cooks spoil the broth», while sayings are as a rule
non-metaphorical, e.g. «Where there is a will there is a way».

Источник

People in general have no difficulty coping the new words. We can very quickly understand a new word in our language (a neologism) and accept the use of different forms of that new word. This ability must derive in part from the fact that there is a lot of regularity in the word-formation process in our language.

In some aspects the study of the processes whereby new words come into being language like English seems relatively straightforward. This apparent simplicity however masks a number of controversial issues. Despite the disagreement of scholars in the area, there don´t seem to be a regular process involved.

These processes have been at work in the language for some time and many words in daily use today were, at one time, considered barbaric misuses of the language.

What is Coinage?

Coinage is a common process of word-formation in English and it is the invention of totally new terms. The most typical sources are invented trade names for one company´s product which become general terms (without initial capital letters) for any version of that product.

For example: aspirin, nylon, zipper and the more recent examples kleenex, teflon.

This words tend to become everyday words in our language.

What is Borrowing?

Borrowing is one of the most common sources of getting new words in English. That is the taking over of words from other languages. Throughout history the English language has adopted a vast number of loan words from other languages. For example:

Alcohol (Arabic)
Boss (Dutch)
Croissant (French)
Piano (Italian)
Pretzel (German)
Robot (Czech)
Zebra (Bantu)

Etc…

A special type of borrowing is the loan translation or calque. In this process, there is a direct translation of the elements of a word into the borrowing language. For example: Superman, Loan Translation of Übermensch, German.

What is Compounding?

The combining process of words is technically known as compounding, which is very common in English and German. Obvious English examples would be:

Bookcase
Fingerprint
Sunburn
Wallpaper
Textbook
Wastebasket
Waterbed

What is Blending?

The combining separate forms to produce a single new term, is also present in the process of blending. Blending, takes only the beginning of one word and joining it to the end of the other word. For instance, if you wish to refer to the combined effects of smoke and fog, there´s the term smog. The recent phenomenon of fund rising on television that feels like a marathon, is typically called a telethon, and if you´re extremely crazy about video, you may be called a videot.

What is Clipping?

Clipping is the process in which the element of reduction which is noticeable in blending is even more apparent. This occurs when a word of more than one syllable is reduced to a shorter form, often in casual speech. For example, the term gasoline is still in use but the term gas, the clipped form is used more frequently. Examples

Chem.
Gym
Math
Prof
Typo

What is Backformation?

Backformation is a very specialized type of reduction process. Typically a word of one type, usually noun, is reduced to form another word of a different type, usually verb. A good example of backformation is the process whereby the noun television first came into ude and then the term televise is created form it.

More examples:

Donation – Donate
Option – Opt
Emotion – Emote
Enthusiasm – Enthuse
Babysit – Babysitter

What is Conversion?

Conversion is a change in the function of a word, as for example, when a noun comes to be used as a verb without any reduction. Other labels of this very common process are “category change” and “functional shift”. A number of nouns such as paper, butter, bottle, vacation and so on, can via the process of conversion come to be used as verbs as in the following examples:

My brother is papering my bedroom.
Did you buttered this toast?
We bottled the home brew last night.

What is an Acronym?

Some new words known as acronyms are formed with the initial letters of a set of other words. Examples:

Compact Disk – CD
Video Cassette Recorder – VCR
National Aeronautics and Space Administration – NASA
The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization – UNESCO
Personal Identification Number –PIN
Women against rape – WAR

What is Derivation?

Derivation is the most common word formation process and it accomplished by means of a large number of small bits of the English language which are not usually given separate listings in dictionaries. These small bits are called affixes. Examples:

Unhappy
Misrepresent
Prejudge
Joyful
Careless
Happiness

Prefixes and Suffixes

In the preceding group of words, it should be obvious that some affixes have to be added to the beginning of a word. These are called prefixes: unreliable. The other affix forms are called suffixes and are added at the end of the word: foolishness.

Infixes

One of the characteristics of English words is that any modifications to them occur at the beginning or the end; mix can have something added at the beginning re-mix or at the end, mixes, mixer, but never in the middle, called infixes.

Activities – WORDS AND WORD FORMATION PROCESSES

Activity 1

Identify the word formation process involved in the following sentences:

My little cousin wants to be a footballer
Rebecca parties every weekend
I will have a croissant for breakfast.
Does somebody know where is my bra?
My family is vacationing in New Zealand
I will babysit my little sister this weekend
Would you give me your blackberry PIN?
She seems really unhappy about her parents’ decision.
I always have kleenex in my car.

10. A carjacking was reported this evening.

(To check your answers, please go to home and check the link: Activities Keyword)

*You may require checking other sources

Источник

Related Games

Number Words: Definition

Related Worksheets

Rules to Write Numbers in Word Form

Number Words or Number Names from 1 to 100

The Number Words for Higher Values

Number Names as per the International Number System

Place Value Chart for International System

Tips and Tricks to Learn Numbers Names

Number Names as per the Ordinal System

Fun Facts

Conclusion

Solved Examples

Practice Problmes

Frequently Asked Questions

Related Articles

2 Types of word formation:

What is Coinage?

What is Borrowing?

What is Compounding?

What is Blending?

What is Clipping?

What is Backformation?

What is Conversion?

What is an Acronym?

What is Derivation?

Prefixes and Suffixes

Infixes

Activities – WORDS AND WORD FORMATION PROCESSES

Activity 1