From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Multi-word verbs are verbs that consist of more than one word.[1] This term may cover both periphrasis as in combinations involving modal or semi-modal auxiliaries with an additional verbal or other lexeme, e.g. had better, used to, be going to, ought to, phrasal verbs, as in combinations of verbs and particles,[2] and compound verbs as in light-verb constructions, e.g. take a shower, have a meal.
References[edit]
- ^ «Multi-word verbs». British Council. Archived from the original on 2011-11-30. Retrieved 2011-11-24.
- ^ Beate Haba (2011), Between Heads and Phrases: Particles in English Phrasal Verbs, GRIN Verlag, pp. 6–10, ISBN 978-3-640-83275-0
External links[edit]
- Phrasal Verbs and other multi-word verbs
- Multi-word verbs (phrasal verbs)
- Home
- Types of Verbs
- Multi-word Verbs
Multi-word verbs are verbs that consist of more than one word. They fall into three types:
- prepositional verbs
- phrasal verbs
- phrasal-prepositional verbs
Before we look at each one, we’ll examine more generally what multi-word verbs are.
What are Multi-word Verbs?
Multi-word verbs are made up of a verb and a particle. Particles are words that we use as prepositions and / or adverbs in other contexts. Here are examples of some of these words:
Verbs
- give
- come
- look
- take
- bring
- put
- made
Particles (Prepositions and Adverbs)
- into
- on
- away
- over
- to
- up
- out
When we combine a verb with a particle to make a multi-word verb, it has a different meaning to the meaning of those words when used on their own.
For instance, here are two common meanings of one word taken from each list:
- give = transfer the possession of something to someone else e.g. I gave him my passport.
- up = towards a higher place or position e.g. he went up the stairs
However, we can put these two words together to make a multi-verb word, creating a completely different meaning:
- He wants to give up smoking = stop
So give up is a multi-verb word we have created by placing together a verb and a particle. Neither give nor up have the same meaning as when they are used on their own.
Where do they come in sentences?
Multi-word verbs are no different to other verbs in that they can be used as a main verb (i.e. after a subject and taking a tense) or in other positions, such as acting as an infinitive:
- Main Verb: He gave up smoking last week (used after a subject and in the past tense)
- Infinitive: It is important to give up smoking (base form of the verb used after an adjective)
Some multi-word verbs can be split up, while others cannot:
- Cannot be separated: She looks after the children on Saturdays
- Can be separated: He looked up the word in the dictionary / He looked the word up in the dictionary
Multi-verb words as idiomatic expressions
Given that multi-word verbs have different meanings to the individual words, they tend to be idiomatic expressions.
Some will make sense as you see them but others may look confusing if you are not already aware of what they mean.
For example, in the first two, we can probably guess the meaning, but the others are more difficult:
- The plane took off at 5pm (= became airborne)
- He got up early this morning (= rise to a standing position)
- She put him up for the week (= provided temporary accommodation)
- She let him off (=forgave)
So with these types of verbs you often have to learn them and their meanings as it can be difficult to guess the meanings from context.
Types of Multi-word Verbs
There are three types of multi-word verbs:
- prepositional verbs
- phrasal verbs
- phrasal-prepositional verbs
1. Prepositional Verbs
A prepositional verb is a multi-word verb made up of a verb plus a preposition. These are the key factors which make these multi-word verb prepositional verbs:
- They must have a direct object
- They are transitive (because they have a direct object)
- The main verb and preposition are inseparable (i.e. the object must go after the preposition)
Structure of Prepositional Verbs
Main Verb + Preposition + Direct Object
Here are some examples of prepositional verbs:
Prepositional Verb Examples
- I sailed through my speaking test
- Their house was broken into
- He can’t do without his car
- She really gets into her music
- I will deal with the problems
- I looked after her cat
In none of these cases can we move the direct object to between the verb and particle, or in other words separate them. For instance we can’t say I sailed my speaking test through or He can’t do his car without.
You may have thought that Their house was broken into does not fit because there appears to be no direct object after ‘into’.
But remember that as prepositional verbs are transitive, they can usually be turned into the passive voice. This example has been turned from active to passive:
- The burglars broke into their house (active)
- Their house was broken into (passive)
2. Phrasal Verbs
A phrasal verb is a multi-word verb made up of a verb plus an adverb. There are two types of phrasal verb:
- Type 1: No object (intransitive) i.e. they don’t take an object
- Type 2: Object (transitive) separable i.e. they need an object and this can go between the verb and particle
Structure of Phrasal Verbs
Type 1
Main Verb + Adverb
Type 2
Main Verb + Direct Object + Adverb
or
Main Verb + Adverb + Direct Object
Some of the most common adverb particles used with Phrasal Verbs are: around, at, away, down, in, off, on, out, over, round, up.
Phrasal Verb Examples
Type 1:
- The plane took off late
- She got up before him
- The film came out in 1979
- I can’t make out what she is saying
- The meeting went on for several hours
Type 2:
- I can put up your friend for the weekend
- I can put your friend up for the weekend
- She brought up many issues at the meeting
- She brought many issues up at the meeting
Phrasal Verbs and Pronouns
Something to note with Phrasal Verbs in type 2 constructions is that if the object is a pronoun, then it must go between the verb and adverb particle. It cannot go after it.
So it has to be like this:
- I can put him up for the weekend
- She brought it up at the meeting
2. Phrasal-Prepositional Verbs
The key distinguishing factors of these types of multi-word verbs are:
- They take an object (so are transitive)
- They have two particles
- The particles are inseparable
Structure of Phrasal-Prepositional Verbs
Main Verb + Particle + Particle
Phrasal-Prepositional Verb Examples
- I look up to my uncle
- You must get on with your work
- He couldn’t face up to his problems
- I always look out for her
- Let’s catch up with John next week
- I always look forward to seeing her
It is possible though with certain phrases to put a direct object after the verb. So in this case there will be a direct object and object of the preposition:
Examples with Verb + Object
- She fixed me up with her freind
- I let Jane in on the secret
- He put me up to it
- I put the problem down to them
Some difficulties for learners
Understanding what multi-word verbs mean
Some learners of English find multi-word verbs difficult because they may take the literal meanings of the individual words. For example, with this sentence:
- I was looking forward to seeing her
It actually means to await eagerly, in this case to meet someone at a later date, but taken literally a person could think it means looking in a particular direction, such as looking ahead at someone.
Misunderstanding Multi-word verbs with two meanings
Some verbs can have two meanings, which confuses some people if they only know one. For example:
- I dropped her off at school (= give someone a lift somewhere)
- I dropped off several times during the class (= falling asleep unintentionally)
Only noticing the verb if separated from the particle
If as a learner, you only notice the verb, then this can make you misunderstand the sentence and again take the verb with it’s literal meaning. This can often happen when they are split up with several words between them:
- He put all of the problems that we have been having down to the hot weather
In such a case the phrasal verb may not be recognised.
Understanding the difference between Phrasal Verbs and Prepositional Verbs
This can be unclear; however, it is not really important to know the differences. As long as you understand that multi-word verbs are verbs plus a preposition or adverb (or both) and that they have a differing meaning to the words on their own, that is enough for most purposes.
But the key difference is that an object can go before or after an adverb, but it can only go after a preposition. In other words:
- Prepositional verbs must not be seperated
- Phrasal Verbs can be separated
Of course type 1 Phrasal Verbs would not be separated because they do not have an object at all.
Incorrect Word order
It is often the case that a speaker or writer may get the the word order of the multi-word verb wrong, with the pronoun placed in the wrong place:
- I don’t have the space to put up him (should be put him up)
Differing grammatical explanations
It can sometimes be confusing when you search on ‘multi-word verbs’ or ‘Phrasal Verbs’ as differing sites or books categorise them differently.
For instance, in some cases, all verbs + preposition or / and adverbs are labelled as multi-word verbs, regardless of whether they create a different meaning. For instance:
- He went into the room
- They are waiting for her
- He is suffering from heatstroke
- I agree with you
In these cases, the phrases have their literal meaning and have not been changed. However, these could be seen simply as words that commonly collate together rather than multi-word verbs.
In some cases, all those that have a different meaning are labelled ‘Phrasal Verbs’, with no reference to prepositional verbs.
This should not really concern you though. The main thing to know is the differing structures with regards to whether words can be separated or not and to understand that with multi-word verbs with different meanings (i.e. what some people just call phrasal verbs) you will probably have to gradually learn there differing meanings.
Here you can find a useful phrasal verb list with examples to start leaning some of the words.
Summary
- Multi-word verbs are a verb plus one or two particles
- It is a word combination that changes the meaning from the individual words
- Prepositional verbs must not be seperated
- Phrasal Verbs can be separated
- They are sometimes all simply known as Phrasal Verbs
New! Comments
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Post your comment here.
Asked by: Mr. Nathaniel Greenfelder
Score: 4.1/5
(67 votes)
Multi-word verbs are verbs that consist of more than one word. There are three types of multi- word verbs: prepositional verbs, phrasal verbs, and phrasal-prepositional verbs. … You will have to memorize the idiomatic meanings of most multi-word verbs in order to learn how to use them.
What is multipart verb?
WHAT IS A MULTI-PART (PHRASAL VERB)? It is a verb which consists of two or more parts: a verb + a preposition.
What is the difference between single and multi-word?
Single-word verbs are often considered stronger than phrasal verbs (sometimes called multi-word verbs) because single-word verbs allow you to be more direct and concise in your writing. Most phrasal verbs are informal and conversational, but some are academic (e.g., lead to, result in, followed by).
Содержание
1. Чем обычные глаголы отличаются от multi-word verbs?
1.1. Multi-word verbs: prepositional verbs
1.2. Multi-word verbs: phrasal verbs
1.2.1. Transitive and intransitive phrasal verbs
1.3. Multi-word verbs: phrasal-prepositional verbs
2. Multi-word verbs: формальная или неформальная речь?
Чем обычные глаголы отличаются от multi-word verbs?
Между английским и русским языками есть много отличий в произношении, лексике и грамматике. Особенностью русского языка является то, что он характеризуется большим количеством суффиксов и приставок, позволяющих образовывать новые лексические единицы. Например, от слова «ходить» таким образом можно образовать производные слова «выходить», «отходить», «входить», «заходить», «переходить», «подходить», «сходить». А каким же будет ответ английского языка в этом морфологическом баттле? Здесь он продемонстрирует так называемые фразовые глаголы, входящие в группу multi-word verbs. В этой статье мы рассмотрим, какие типы многословных глаголов есть и какие особенности их употребления.
Итак, multi-word verbs включают:
- prepositional verbs (предложные глаголы);
- phrasal verbs (фразовые глаголы);
- phrasal-prepositional verbs (фразово-предложные глаголы).
Обычно они состоят из двух, а иногда из трех слов. Если prepositional verbs не вызывают затруднений с переводом, то фразовые глаголы могут вводить в заблуждение. Их особенность в том, что они могут иметь много значений, а изменение частицы или предлога может существенно изменить значение в контексте. Поэтому преподаватели рекомендуют изучать такие слова группами и в контексте, а не методом сухого заучивания.
Для примера рассмотрим несколько интересных multi-word verbs, образованных от простых глаголов put (класть), let (разрешать), pass (передавать), которые тебе точно известны.
-
You shouldn’t have to put up with this nonsense. – Ты не должен мириться с этой чепухой.
-
Don’t let me down. – Не подведи меня.
-
It was so stuffy inside that she passed out. – Внутри было так душно, что она потеряла сознание.
Иногда трудно сказать, сколько значений имеет конкретный фразовый глагол, и запомнить все возможные переводы. Ведь кроме того, что сам глагол может иметь разные значения, его сочетание с частицами и предлогами образует множество новых фраз. Ярким примером могут служить такие глаголы как get и set.
-
The film is about a government investigator determined to get at the truth when his friend disappears. – Фильм рассказывает о государственном следователе, который намерен докопаться до правды, когда его друг исчезает.
-
I’ll get you back for this. – Я отомщу тебе за это.
-
This situation is getting me down. – Эта ситуация меня удручает.
-
Get in the car. – Садись в машину.
-
Let’s get down to work. – Приступаем к работе.
-
We’ve finally got over the problem. – Наконец-то мы преодолели проблему.
-
Cars pulled into the side of the road to let the ambulance get by. – Машины останавливались на обочинах, чтобы дать проехать карете скорой помощи.
Как видим, значения простого глагола и этого же глагола с предлогом значительно отличаются. Поэтому нужно обязательно ознакомиться с целым предложением или ситуацией, чтобы сделать правильный перевод выражения.
Multi-word verbs: prepositional verbs
Prepositional verbs или предложные глаголы состоят из глагола и предлога, который присоединяет существительное, выполняющее функцию приложения. При переводе на русский здесь нет особых проблем, часто здесь предлоги переводятся буквально. Рассмотрим примеры таких multi-word verbs.
agree with |
соглашаться с |
I agree with you. |
apologise for |
извиняться за |
He apologised for being late. |
believe in |
верить в |
She doesn’t believe in herself. |
deal with |
иметь дело с, решать |
I have to deal with this problem immediately. |
insist on |
настаивать на |
I insist on consulting a lawyer. |
look after |
ухаживать за |
I’m currently looking after my niece. |
pay for |
платить за |
How much did you pay for your phone? |
Однако в английском языке есть некоторые глаголы, которые употребляются вообще без предлога или частицы, но на русский мы переведем их именно с предлогом.
-
Do TV programs influence children’s behaviour? – Телепрограммы оказывают влияние на поведение детей?
-
The economy has entered a period of recession. – Экономика вошла в период рецессии.
А может быть и наоборот:
-
I love listening to music. – Я люблю слушать музыку.
Multi-word verbs: phrasal verbs
Phrasal verbs или фразовые глаголы состоят из главного глагола и частицы, изменяющей его значение.
-
Children grow up very quickly. – Дети растут очень быстро.
-
We woke up early in the morning. – Мы проснулись рано утром.
-
Why are you bringing that argument up now? – Почему вы приводите этот аргумент сейчас?
-
I’ve decided to call off the meeting. – Я решил отменить встречу.
На примере глагола come рассмотрим, как частица может менять его значение.
come across |
казаться, производить впечатлени |
He comes across as a confident person. |
come down |
снизиться |
House prices have come down recently. |
come in |
зайти |
Do you want to come in for a cup of tea? |
come out |
выйти |
Would you like to come out for a drink sometime? |
come up |
подойти |
A beggar came up to me and asked for money. |
Следует обратить внимание, что у одного и того же фразового глагола может быть разный перевод. К примеру, глагол come up может употребляться в следующих контекстах:
-
A lot of people came up to her and started asking questions. – Многие подошли к ней и начали задавать вопросы.
-
If the subject of payment comes up, try to change the subject. – Если зайдет вопрос об оплате, попробуйте сменить тему.
-
A position has come up in the HR department. – Появилась вакансия в отделе кадров.
-
The sun has come up. – Солнце взошло.
Или глагол take off:
-
The prices took off last month. – Цены взлетели в прошлом месяце.
-
The plane took off at 5:15. – Самолет взлетел в 5:15.
-
I came in and took off my coat. – Я вошел и снял пальто.
Или, к примеру, глагол go off:
-
I used to enjoy tennis, but I’ve gone off it a bit now. – Раньше я любил теннис, но сейчас немного отошел от него.
-
The lights went off in several villages because of the storm. – Из-за непогоды в нескольких селах исчез свет.
-
The bomb went off at midday. – Бомба сработала в полдень.
-
That meat looks like it’s gone off. – Кажется, мясо испортилось.
-
She really went off on Richard as soon as he got home. – Она действительно набросилась на Ричарда, как только он вернулся домой.
Transitive and intransitive phrasal verbs
Фразовые глаголы в свою очередь делятся на переходные (transitive) и непереходные (intransitive).
Переходные глаголы принимают приложение, которое может идти между глаголом и частицей или после частицы.
-
We had put off the meeting for a week (put off – фразовый глагол, the meeting – приложение).
-
I gave up smoking three years ago (gave up – фразовый глагол, smoking – приложение).
-
He turned down the offer (turned down – фразовый глагол, the offer – приложение).
Также переходные глаголы можно разделить на еще одну условную подкатегорию. В зависимости от того, можно ли поставить приложение между глаголом и частицей, фразовый глагол может быть separable или inseparable. В нижеприведенном сравнении глагол turn off – separable или разделенный:
- Please turn off the air conditioning.
- Please turn the air conditioning off.
Интересно, что приложение, функцию которого выполняет местоимение, может быть только между глаголом и частицей. Например:
✓ Throw away these toys.
✓ Throw these toys away.
✓ Throw them away.
Х Throw away them.
Непереходные фразовые глаголы используются без приложения. Вот несколько примеров с переводом таких multi-word verbs.
-
The computer broke down. – Компьютер сломался.
-
The company has closed down. – Компания закрылась.
-
Suddenly, I passed out. – Вдруг я потерял сознание.
-
Can you speak up, please? – Пожалуйста, вы можете говорить погромче?
-
I’m going back next month. – Я возвращаюсь в следующем месяце.
Некоторые фразовые глаголы могут быть одновременно и переходными, и непереходными. Например, фразовый глагол look up в первом примере непереходной и не требует приложения, а во втором предложении – переходной, после него должно идти приложение и его значение отличается.
- Don’t look up! – Не смотри вверх!
- I’ve always looked up to my uncle! – Я всегда восхищался своим дядей!
Multi-word verbs: phrasal-prepositional verbs
Фразово-предложные глаголы состоят из главного глагола, частицы и предлога. Рассмотрим такой пример.
-
We’ve run out of petrol. – У нас закончился бензин.
В этом предложении run – главный глагол, out – частица, образующая новое значение глагола, of – предлог, присоединяющий приложение.
И еще несколько примеров наиболее распространенных multi-word verbs с переводом.
come up with |
придумывать |
He’s come up with an interesting idea. – У него появилась интересная идея. |
cut down on |
снизить, уменьшить |
I’m trying to cut down on sugar. – Я пытаюсь снизить потребление сахара. |
get down to |
приступать |
Let’s get down to work. – Приступим к работе. |
grow out of |
вырасти из |
Kids grow out of shoes within three or six months. – Дети вырастают из обуви в течение трех-шести месяцев. |
get on with |
ладить |
I get on well with my colleagues. – У меня хорошие отношения с коллегами. |
look down on |
смотреть свысока |
She looks down on others. – Она смотрит свысока на других. |
look up to |
уважать, восхищаться |
I’ve always looked up to my father. – Я всегда восхищался своим отцом. |
look forward to |
ждать |
I’m looking forward to your answer. – Я жду вашего ответа. |
put up with |
мириться с |
I will never put up with this kind of behaviour. – Я никогда не смирюсь с таким поведением. |
talk out of |
отговорить |
In the end, I talked them out of leaving. – В конце концов я отговорил их уходить. |
Не всегда глагол, за которым следует предлог, является фразово-предложным. В приведенном ниже примере wake up – это просто фразовый глагол, предлог at используется для обозначения времени, а предлог about переводится как «приблизительно», «примерно».
-
I usually wake up at about 9 o’clock. – Я обычно просыпаюсь примерно в 9 часов.
-
I grew up in a small town. – Я вырос в маленьком городе.
Multi-word verbs: формальная или неформальная речь?
Самый распространенный запрос в изучении английского – это овладение именно разговорным языком. И поэтому на курсах обойти тему multi-word verbs не удастся, они очень распространены именно в неформальном общении. Если же ты готовишься к экзамену, пишешь научную работу или официальное письмо потенциальному работодателю, то лучше проверить регистр того или иного фразового глагола.
-
More informal for ‘do it’:
– Can I ask you a question?
– Yeah, sure. Fire away!
– Могу ли я задать вопрос?
– Да, конечно. Давай! -
More informal for ‘invite’:
You should ask her out sometime. – Ты должен пригласить ее как-нибудь. -
More informal for ‘interrupting’:
He kept on butting in with silly comments. – Он продолжал вмешиваться со своими глупыми комментариями. -
More informal for ‘spend time’:
Do you want to hang out at my place? – Ты хочешь потусить / зависнуть у меня? -
More informal for ‘criticise’:
Why did you have to put me down in front of everybody like that? – Тебе действительно надо было так унижать меня перед всеми? -
More informal for ‘talk non-stop’:
He’s always harping on about how much money he earns. – Он постоянно подчеркивает, сколько денег зарабатывает. -
More informal for ‘makes me’:
Every time I think about it, it sets me off laughing. – Каждый раз, когда я думаю об этом, у меня начинается смех.
Contents
- 1 Advanced Grammar for IELTS: Multi-word verbs – Diagnose Test, Grammar Explanation & Practice Exercises
- 1.1 Diagnostic Test
- 1.1.1 Multi-word Verbs
- 1.2 Grammar Explanation: Multi-word Verbs
- 1.2.1 Form and Use
- 1.2.2 Phrasal Verbs
- 1.2.3 Prepositional Verbs
- 1.2.4 Phrasal-Prepositional Verbs
- 1.2.5 Word List: Common Multi-word Verbs
- 1.3 Practice Exercise
- 1.4 Answer Key for Diagnostic Test
- 1.5 Answer Key for Practice Test
- 1.1 Diagnostic Test
Advanced Grammar for IELTS: Multi-word verbs – Diagnose Test, Grammar Explanation & Practice Exercises
Diagnostic Test
Multi-word Verbs
Rewrite these sentences replacing the underlined words with the words in brackets. Make any necessary changes to word order.
Example:
- She repaid the debt punctually. (on time/paid/back/it)
- ==> __She paid it back on time__
- The whole story was invented by Suzy’s brother. (by/him/made/was/up)
- Maintain the good work. (up/it/keep)
- Make sure you carefully follow the guidelines. (strictly/to/stick)
- This tie doesn’t match that shirt ___(it/with/go)
- We met my wife’s cousin by chance at the museum. (into/him/ran)
- These are the beliefs our movement upholds. (stands/which/for/our movement)
- The company won’t tolerate this kind of behaviour. (with/it/put/up)
- I revealed the secret to Elizabeth. (it/her/in/let/on)
Eight of the following sentences contain grammatical mistakes or an inappropriate verb or multi-word verb. Tick (✓) the correct sentences and correct the others.
Examples:
- They’re a company with which we’ve been dealing for many years. ✓
- Her Majesty turned up at the ceremony in the dazzling Imperial State Coach. ==> arrived
- That division was taken by head office over.
- The very first breakout of the disease was reported in Namibia.
- Steve was left by his ex-girlfriend out from her wedding invitation list.
- It is a condition of receiving this Internet account that you do not give away your confidential PIN number to any third party.
- Could you activate the kettle, darling? I’m dying for a cup of tea.
- He fell down the floor and hurt himself.
- Come on! We’re going to be late!
- The plane took off the ground at incredible speed.
- The government brought recently in some legislation to deal with the problem.
- There are few people for whom he cares so deeply.
- They took Clive up on his invitation.
- We look forward eagerly to your wedding.
Grammar Explanation: Multi-word Verbs
A common feature of English is the combination of verbs with prepositions and/or adverbs to create multi-word verbs, e.g. to put off, to put out, to put up with. These verbs can be difficult for learners because the meanings often cannot be worked out from the individual words, and there are special rules about the position of objects with these verbs. We sometimes refer to all multi-word verbs as ‘phrasal verbs’, although there are several different types.
Form and Use
Overview
Multi-word verbs are formed from a verb, e.g. grow, plus an adverbial particle, e.g. away, back, out, or a prepositional particle, e.g. on, off, up. There are four types of multi-word verb and each type has different rules, for example about the use or position of the object:
Type 1 | intransitive phrasal verbs
e.g. take off:
|
Type 2 | transitive phrasal verbs
e.g. put something off :
(The noun object can go before or after the particle.) |
Type 3 | prepositional verbs
e.g. cope with something :
|
Type 4 | phrasal-prepositional verbs
e.g. look forward to something :
|
Learner dictionaries indicate which type a verb is by showing a noun object with the verb:
put sb/ sth off phr v [T] to arrange to do something at a later time or date, especially because there is a problem, difficulty etc:
- They’ve put the meeting off till next week.
Multi-word verbs form tenses, and are used in questions and negatives and in the passive voice, in the same way as other verbs:
- Will you be putting the party off? (future continuous question)
- The party has been put off until next month. (present perfect passive)
We never separate the verb and particle in the passive form:
X That story was made by a resentful employee up
✓ That story was made up by a resentful employee.
We can sometimes form nouns from multi-word verbs.
- The car broke down five kilometres from home. (multi-word verb)
- The breakdown happened five kilometres from home. (noun)
In some cases the order of the verb and particle is reversed in the noun derived from them:
- The epidemic first broke out in Namibia. (multi-word verb)
- The first outbreak of the epidemic was in Zaire. (noun)
Formal and Informal Use
Where a multi-word verb has no exact synonym, e.g. grow up, we can use it in formal and informal contexts. However, when there is a single verb with an equivalent meaning, e.g. think about (= consider), the multi-word verb tends to be used in informal contexts while the single verb is more formal. Compare these examples:
- [The bank will think about your application in due course.]
- The bank will consider your application in due course. (formal)
- [Honestly, how can you consider money at a time like this!]
- Honestly, how can you think about money at a time like this! (informal)
Meaning
It is sometimes possible to get an idea of the meaning of a multi-word verb from its particle, because some particles are associated with areas of meaning, for example:
on – starting/continuing/progressing, e.g. carry on, take on, get on |
out – thoroughness, e.g. work out, see out, mark out |
up – completion/finality, e.g. give up, break up, eat up |
Note: However, these areas of meaning can be abstract and may not cover all cases.
Phrasal Verbs
Intransitive Verbs
Intransitive phrasal verbs (type 1) consist of a verb plus an adverb. Phrasal verbs usually have a meaning which is different from the meaning of the separate parts:
- Getting by on my salary isn’t easy! (= managing)
- Rollerblading never really caught on in England. (= became popular)
As intransitive phrasal verbs have no direct object, they cannot be made passive:
X My car broke down the engine.
✓ My car broke down
Intransitive phrasal verbs are sometimes used in imperatives:
- Watch out. That floor’s not very solid.
- Come on! I can’t wait all day!
Transitive Verbs
Transitive phrasal verbs (type 2) consist of a verb + adverb and have a direct object (either a pronoun or a noun):
- It isn’t true, I made it up. I made up that story.
If the object is a noun, it can either be between the verb and particle, or after the particle:
- I made a story up. I made up a story.
If the object is a pronoun, we put it between the verb and particle, but not after the particle:
X I made up it.
✓ I made it up.
Note: We can’t put an adverb between the verb and particle or between the particle and object:
X I paid early back the loan.
X I paid back early the loan.
✓ I paid the loan back early.
Note: We can’t put a relative pronoun immediately before or after the particle.
X That’s the room which up I did.
X That’s the room up which I did.
✓ That’s the room which I did up.
Some phrasal verbs have a transitive use with one meaning, and an intransitive use with a different meaning. Compare:
- The plane took off on time. (take off, intransitive = become airborne)
- The man took off his coat. (take something off, transitive = remove)
Prepositional Verbs
Form and Use
Prepositional verbs (type 3) consist of a verb, e.g. look, plus a preposition, e.g. into, at. for. The combination of the verb and preposition creates a new meaning which can sometimes, but not always, be worked out from the parts:
- She looked for her missing passport. (= searched, tried to find)
- Would you mind looking into his complaint? (= investigating, researching)
These verbs are transitive. We put the noun or pronoun object after the preposition, and not between the verb and preposition:
X We didn’t fall his story for.
X We didn’t fall it for.
✓ We didn’t fall for it/his story
With prepositional verbs (but not phrasal verbs above) we can put an adverb between the verb and preposition. But we cannot put an adverb between the preposition and object:
X She parted with reluctantly her money.
✓ She parted reluctantly with her money.
Special Uses
In formal English we sometimes prefer to avoid a preposition at the end of a sentence. With prepositional verbs (but not phrasal verbs above) we can put the preposition in front of the relative pronouns whom or which:
- These are the principles (which) our party stands for.
- ==>These are the principles for which our party stands.
- That’s the type of client (whom) I’m dealing with.
- ==> That’s the type of client with whom I’m dealing.
Note: But we cannot put the preposition after whom or which:
X These are the principles which for our party stands.
Some prepositional verbs are mainly used in the passive form , especially in written English:
- The marketing strategy is aimed at a target audience of 18 to 25 year olds.
Phrasal-Prepositional Verbs
Form and Use
These verbs (type 4) are formed by combining a verb with an adverb and Form and preposition. The combination creates a new meaning which cannot usually be use understood from the meanings of the individual parts:
- We look forward to hearing from you. (= anticipate with pleasure)
They are transitive and can be made passive:
- All her employees looked up to her. (active)
- She was looked up to by all her employees. (passive)
We can never use a noun or pronoun object between the particles:
X I can’t put up this treatment/it with any longer.
We cannot usually put a noun or pronoun object immediately after the verb:
X I can’t put this treatment /it up with any longer.
✓ I can’t put up with this treatment/ it any longer.
The exception is when the verb has two objects, e.g. let somebody in on something, take somebody up on something:
- We let James in on the plan.
- We took her up on her offer.
Note: We cannot put an adverb before the first particle or after the final particle, but we can use an adverb between the two particles:
X He stands strongly up for his principles. (verb + adverb + particle)
X He stands up for strongly his principle.(particle + particle + adverb)
✓ He stands up strongly for his principles. (particle + adverb+ particle)
Word List: Common Multi-word Verbs
These tables include all multi-word verbs which occur at least ten times per million words in the Longman Corpus Network. (Below, sb = somebody and sth = something.)
Type 1: Intransitive Phrasal Verbs
break down (= stop working), catch on (= understand/become popular), come back (= return), come in, come on. fall out (= quarrel), fall through, fit in, get by (= manage/cope), get up, go away, go on (= continue), go out, grow up, look out, pass out (= faint), shut up. sit down, stand up, stay on (= remain), take off, turn up (= arrive), wake up, watch out.
Type 2: Transitive Phrasal Verbs
act sth out {= perform/demonstrate), bottle sth up {= not allow a feeling to show), bring sth in (= introduce), bring sb up (= rear), bring sth up (= mention sth/introduce a topic), carry sth out (= perform/undertake). do sth up (= restore/redecorate). fill sth in/out (= complete in writing), find sth out (= discover), fix sth up (= arrange), give sth away (= reveal), give sth up (= stop), hold sth up (= delay), keep sth up (= maintain), leave sth/sb out, let sth out (= release), look sth up. make sth up (= invent), pay sb back, pick sth up (= collect), point sth out (= highlight/explain), pull sth/sb down (= demolish, demote), put sth away, put sth off (= postpone), put sth on, put sb up (= accommodate), run sb down (= criticise), set sth up (= establish/implement/organise), take sth over, take sth up, throw sth away, turn sthlsb down (= refuse), turn sth/sb out.
Type 3: Prepositional Verbs
call for sb, care for sb, come across sth (= encounter), cope with sth, deal with sth (= manage, handle), fall for sth (= be tricked), feel like sth, get at sb/sth, get over sth (= recover from), get through {= finish successfully), go into sth, go with sth (= match), ead to sth, look after sb/sth, look at sth (= observe), look into sth (= investigate), look like sth (= resemble), look round sth (= visit, etc.), part with sth, pay for sth, rely on sth/sb, run into sb (= meet by chance), see to sth (= organise/manage), send for sb, stand for sth (= represent/mean/tolerate), stick to sth (= persevere/follow), take after sb, talk about sth, think about sth (= consider).
The following prepositional verbs are usually used in the passive:
be aimed at (= intended for), be applied to, be considered as, be derived from, be known as, be regarded as, be used as, be used in
Type 4: Phrasal-Prepositional Verbs
back out of sth, break in on sth, catch up on sth/sb, catch up with sb, check up on sth / sb, come across as sth (= appear to be), come down to sth (= be essentially), come up with sth (= invent), cut down on sth (= reduce), do away with sth, drop in on sb, face up to sth (= confront), get away with sth, get back to sth (= return), get down to sth, get on with sth, get out of sth, give in to sth, go out for sth, go up to sb (= approach), keep away from sb/sth (= avoid), keep up with sb. look down on sb, look forward to sth (= anticipate), look out for sblsth, look up to sb (= admire/respect), make away with sth, move on to sth, put up with sth/sb (= tolerate), run away with sb, run off with sth, stand up for sth (= defend), turn away from sth, walk out on sth/sb
The following phrasal-prepositional verbs are usually used in the passive:
be cut off from, be made up of, be set out in
Also check:
- Grammar for IELTS
- IELTS Grammar books
- English Pronunciation in use Intermediate pdf
Practice Exercise
Q 1.
Underline the most suitable verb in bold in each of these sentences.
- Don’t stop now Liz. Continue/ Go on, I’m dying to hear the end of the story!
- In a bid to improve diplomatic relations, the Foreign Office has arranged/fixed up a visit by senior embassy staff.
- The court sentences you to life imprisonment, with the recommendation that you not be released /let out for a minimum period of twenty years.
- Owing to a lack of military support, the United Nations feels unable to maintain /keep up its presence in the war-torn province.
- I don’t think your dad trusts me – he’s always observing / looking at me.
- You’ve got to make an effort, darling. You’ll never lose weight unless you reduce / cut down on the amount of fatty food you eat.
- The government have announced plans to abolish/ do away with the disabled person’s vehicle allowance in the next budget.
- My little brother’s always getting bullied at school. He just won’t confront/ face up to the other kids.
- The presidential party will arrive / turn up at the palace shortly before luncheon.
- My best friend always exaggerates – half the things he says are just invented/ made up!
Q 2.
Rewrite these sentences using an appropriate multi-word verb. You must use a pronoun ( it, him, her, them) to replace the underlined object. In some cases you may have to change the word order. The exercise begins with an example (0).
- (0) They’ve postponed the housewarming party until Friday.
- ==> They’ve put it off until Friday
- Would you mind organising the removal yourself?
- I met Steve and Terri quite by chance at the supermarket this morning.
- I’ve arranged the meeting for ten o’clock tomorrow.
- You’re always criticising your colleagues.
- I’m sure the police will investigate the burglary.
- The builders undertook the job very professionally.
- Could you collect the children from school tonight?
- Has Perry recovered from the flu yet?
- She really resembles her parents, doesn’t she?
- Would you highlight the advantages for me?
Q 3.
What are the people saying in the pictures on the next page? Write a short sentence for each situation using multi-word verbs and a suitable pronoun (it, them, you, etc.). All the multi-word verbs you need can be formed from the verbs in brackets and the particles in the box. The first one has been done as an example (0).
with | after | at | down | off | out | up (x2) |
Q 4.
Rewrite the parts of the sentences in brackets with the words in the correct order.
- (0) Don’t (tomorrow/put/until/off/it); do it now.
- ==> Don’t put it off until tomorrow
1. Thanks for the invitation; (looking/to/I’m/it/forward).
2. The evil witch (frog/prince/the/into/turned/handsome/a).
3. I won’t have any sugar thank you; (it/I’ve/up/given).
4.There isn’t a death penalty any longer; (away/they’ve/it/done/with).
5. He’s the footballer (million/a/team/manager/for/the/paid/whom/dollars).
6. I have a small trust fund; (by/it/my/was/set/grandfather/up).
Q 5.
Read the magazine article below. Then use the information in the text to complete the informal summary on the next page. Use no more than three words for each gap (1-18), including the word in brackets. The words you need are all multi-word verbs and do not occur in the newspaper article. The exercise begins with an example (0).
When Anger is Healthy
Everyone knows that not allowing oneself to show feelings of anger and resentment can be very unhealthy, leading to stress and long-term feelings of inadequacy and powerlessness. But how do we release our anger without looking foolish or petulant?
The first thing to learn is that expressing your anger and losing your temper arc not the same thing at all. One is natural and healthy, the other is destructive and dangerous. We usually admire those who can express their anger calmly, and see them as ‘firm but fair’ or mature and self-confident. While those who lose their temper appear to be immature, childish, selfish and aggressive.
Mandy Dickson is a psychologist who has established a successful one-day anger workshop that helps ordinary people to learn about and manage their anger. The seminar is not intended for criminals or the mentally ill, but for those ordinary people who feel powerless to control their own tempers.
The first thing Mandy explains is that anger is a natural and normal feeling, and that feeling angry about something is nothing to be ashamed of. But we need to recognise anger when we feel it, and to investigate its true causes. Once we know the real cause of anger we can confront it and begin to do something positive about it. Mandy asks participants to complete a questionnaire about things that make them angry. By comparing these ‘triggers’ people often discover that the true causes of anger are other feelings, especially fear, disappointment and grief. But because it is not socially acceptable in our culture to openly demonstrate these feelings, we express them as anger. This is particularly true for men who, even in these enlightened times, are expected to hide any feelings of inadequacy or fear and be strong and stoical in all situations.
Having recognised the causes of anger, the first step is to learn how to avoid anger-inducing situations. The next step is to learn how to express one’s feelings calmly and firmly. Mandy believes that when we are angry we want other people to understand our anger and sympathise with it. But we often fall into the trap of expressing anger by criticising those around us, when what we really want is their support and empathy. One of the most common causes of anger is when other people fail to behave in a way you expect them to. But as Mandy explains, human beings are not telepathic, they cannot be expected to automatically anticipate other people’s desires and wishes. So an essential tool in reducing the occurrence of anger-inducing situations is to always explain exactly what you want and expect from those around you. It is all essentially a question of communication.
We know (0)_bottling up_(bottle) anger can be unhealthy. But how do we (1)__(let) our anger without seeming foolish? Expressing anger and losing your temper are different things. One is healthy, the other dangerous. We (2)___(look) people who express anger calmly, but those who lose their temper (3)__(come) immature and aggressive. Mandy Dickson has (4)___(set) a one-day anger workshop which helps people learn about and (5)___(deal) their anger. It is (6)__(aim) ordinary people who don’t feel able to control their tempers. She (7)___(point) that anger is natural and nothing to be ashamed of, but we should recognise it and (8)___(look) its true causes. Then we can (9)___(face) it, and begin to do something positive. Participants (10)___(fill) a questionnaire about things that make them angry. They compare their responses and often (11)____(find) that the causes are other feelings such as fear or grief. But in our culture it isn’t acceptable to (12)___(act) these feelings in public. Men, in particular, are supposed to (13)____(cover) these feelings.
Once we know the causes of anger, we must learn how to (14)___(keep) situations which will induce them. When we are angry we want other people to understand us, but we often make the mistake of (15) ___(run) those around us. Anger is often caused by the feeling that you have been (16)___(let) by other people. But we can’t always expect other people to know our feelings. So the most important way to (17) ____(cut) the number of anger-producing situations is to tell people exactly how we feel. It really all (18)____(come) communication.
Q 6.
Rewrite John’s half of this unnatural telephone conversation in a more natural, informal style. Use the multi-word verbs in the box to replace the underlined verbs and phrases. Replace nouns with pronouns where possible and make any other necessary changes, as in this example:
JOHN: (0) I’ve just demolished the conservatory. ==> …. I’ve just pulled it down…..
do sth up | take sth off |
put up with sb | look forward to sth |
stay up | sit down |
get on with sb | take sth up |
put sb up | finish sth off |
turn sth into sth | sort sth out |
look down on sb | turn sth down |
put sth up | pull sth down |
DAVE: John, it’s Dave. How are things?
JOHN: Sorry, I can’t hear you. (1) I’ll just reduce the volume on the radio. That’s better.
DAVE: How are things? Still working on the house?
JOHN: Yes. (2) We’ve completed the work on the kitchen and (3) we’re renovating the dining room. (4) We’re transforming the room into a second bedroom. (5) I’ve just mounted the wallpaper but I’ve been having trouble getting it (6) to remain vertically attached.
DAVE: I know what you mean. I hate wallpapering.
JOHN: (7) And it’s all got to be organised and ready by Saturday. Jane’s mother is coming and we’re (8) providing accommodation for her for a few days.
DAVE: I thought you didn’t like her.
JOHN: (9) We don’t interact in a friendly way with each other but (10) I can tolerate her for a few days.
DAVE: Why do you dislike her so much?
JOHN: (11) I’m sure she regards me as inferior to her. And she’s so lazy, I mean she comes in, (12) removes her coat, (13) assumes a seated position and expects us to wait on her hand and foot!
DAVE: I see what you mean. Sounds like a nightmare.
JOHN: (14) Mm. I think I might commence gardening as a hobby – just to get me out of the house!
DAVE: Good idea. Well, I’d better let you get on. And don’t forget about our party on Friday.
JOHN: (15) Of course not. I’m anticipating the party with pleasure.
Answer Key for Diagnostic Test
- was made up by him.
- Keep it up.
- stick strictly to
- go with it.
- ran into him
- which our movement stands for./ for which our movement stands.
- put up with it.
- let her in on it.
- by head office over ==> over by head office
- breakout ==> outbreak
- left by his ex- girlfriend out ==> left out by his ex-girlfriend
- not give away ==> not reveal (give away is an inappropriate verb in a formal context)
- activate ==> turn on/switch on (activate is an inappropriate verb in an informal context)
- down the floor and ==> down (on the floor) and
- ✓
- took off the ground at incredible speed ==> took off (from the ground) at incredible speed.
- brought recently in ==> recently brought in
- ✓
- ✓
- ✓
Answer Key for Practice Test
Q 1.
- Go on
- arranged
- released
- maintain
- looking at
- cut down on
- abolish
- face up to
- arrive
- made up
Q 2.
- Would you mind seeing to it/sorting it out yourself?
- I ran into them at the supermarket this morning.
- I’ve fixed it up for ten o’clock tomorrow.
- You’re always running them down.
- I’m sure the police will look into it.
- The builders carried it out very professionally.
- Could you pick them up from school tonight?
- Has Perry got over it yet?
- She really looks like them/takes after them, doesn’t she?
- Would you point them out for me?
Q 3. (Suggested Answers)
- He takes after you.
- Put it down!
- Please take it off.
- It doesn’t go with it.
- Pick it up!
- Drink it up.
- Look at them!
Q 4.
- I’m looking forward to it
- turned the handsome prince into a frog/turned the frog into a handsome prince
- I’ve given it up
- they’ve done away with it
- for whom the team manager paid a million dollars
- it was set up by my grandfather
Q 5.
- let out
- look up to
- come across as
- set up
- deal with
- aimed at
- points out
- look into
- face up to
- fill in/fill out
- find out
- act out
- cover up
- keep away from
- running down
- let down
- cut down
- comes down to
Q 6.
- I’ll just turn the radio down
- We’ve finished off the kitchen
- We’re doing up the dining room
- We’re turning it into a second bedroom
- I’ve just put the wallpaper up
- stay up
- sorted out
- putting her up
- get on with each other
- put up with her
- looks down on me
- takes her coat off
- sits down
- I think I might take up gardening
- looking forward to it
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A multi-word verb (MWV) is a verb phrase that consists of a verb plus one or two particles;[1] contrast single-word verb. A MWV may have a adverb as a particle; it may have a preposition or it can have both an adverb and a preposition.
Modern grammar identifies three types of MWVs
Without preposition | With preposition | |
---|---|---|
Without adverb | Single-word verb | Prepositional verb (transitive and inseparable) e.g. «to look after something» |
With adverb | True phrasal verb verb+adverb (intransitive or transitive and separable) e.g.
|
phrasal-prepositional verb verb+adverb (always transitive) e.g. «to look forward to something» |
References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ http://www.teachingenglish.org.uk/knowledge-database/multi-word-verbs-mwvs
Retrieved from «https://teflpedia.com/index.php?title=Multi-word_verb&oldid=119115»
Phrasal Verbs present problems for many learners. One initial problem is that writers on the subject disagree as to exactly what a phrasal verb is: others use different names for different types. For example, some differentiate between phrasal verbs and prepositional verbs and present both as sub-classes of multi-word verbs; some consider prepositional verbs to be a sub-class of phrasal verbs; and some use different terminology altogether. However, whatever the name, the concept of what we may neutrally call multi-word verbs is useful. It helps you see that there is a real difference in the meaning of the underlined words in:
1. He looked up the stairwell in the old house.
2. He looked up ‘stairwell’ in the dictionary
In #1, look is a verb with a meaning similar to turn one’s eyes in a particular direction, and up is a preposition conveying the idea of to or in a higher position somewhere. Each word can be used naturally with these meanings in thousands of other sentences, as for example:
1a. If you look carefully, you can just see the old house.
2a. She pushed the pram up the hill.
In #2, however, the words look and up together make up a unit with a meaning similar to seek information about; this meaning cannot easily be inferred from the core meaning of the two parts. A further difference between the sentences is that it is possible to re-position up in #2 but not in #1:
2b. He looked the word up in the dictionary.
1b. *He looked the stairwell up in the old house.
It is useful, therefore, to consider the two parts of the ‘unit’ of look up (=seek information about) as a single multi-word verb (called by some writers a phrasal verb). The name is not important, though understanding how the verb groups are used is. It is also important for you not to worry if examples such as look for are given different names by different writers. For example, a phrasal verb, a prepositional verb or a verb followed by a preposition. Look for still means something like seek or try to find, whatever we call it, and #3 is always unacceptable:
3. *I have told Luke to look the missing file for.
In the following sections we examine the ways in which multi-word verbs are used. We shall see that the verbs fall into distinct types. For the sake of easy reference, each type has been given a name but, as noted above, the name is not important; what we are examining is how each type is used.
1. Types of Multi-word verbs
1.1. Verbs followed by a preposition
4. Emma went into the room. (from, past, through, etc)
5. The cat got over the hedge (under, through, etc)
In both these sentences the word in bold is a preposition, and can be replaced by other prepositions such as those in brackets, changing the meaning of the sentence as the meaning of the preposition changes. The meaning of the underlined word, an intransitive verb, does not change. We are not dealing with multi-word verbs here, any more than we are with:
6. The cat sat on the mat.
7. I am in Prague.
The fact that some of these verb + preposition groups can be replaced by a nearly synonymous verb without a preposition (e.g., enter = go into) is irrelevant.
For verbs followed by a preposition two pattern are normally possible:
a. verb+preposition+noun object: 6. The cat sat on the mat.
b. verb+preposition+single pronoun object: 6a. The cat sat on it.
A third pattern is possible, but not common:
c. verb+preposition+pronoun object
coordinated with a noun or another pronoun: 6b. The cat sat on it and the table.
Two patterns are not possible:
d. verb+noun object+preposition: 6c. *The cat sat the mat on.
e. verb+pronoun object+preposition : 6d. *The cat sat it on.
1.2. Prepositional verbs
Now consider these:
8. The manager went into the matter thoroughly.
9. She can’t get over her shyness.
Here, the underlined word-pairs take on a meaning beyond the literal meanings of the original verb and preposition, (though it may be possible to see the meaning as metaphorical extensions of those literal meanings). It can be useful to consider such verb + preposition groups as multi-word verbs. Some writers call this type of multi-word verbs (inseparable) phrasal verbs – inseparable because the two parts cannot be separated by their object; #8a and #9a are not possible:
8a. * The manager went the matter into thoroughly.
9a. * She can’t get her shyness over.
However, as they differ in usage from other types of ‘phrasal verbs’, and because they are used in the same patterns as verbs followed by a preposition (1.1 above) it is more useful to call them prepositional verbs.
Other verbs are extremely restricted in respect to the number of possible prepositions that can follow them. Some writers consider such verb + preposition groups as look at, look for, approve of, cope with as prepositional verbs, but it is more useful to consider them to be simply verbs which collocate frequently with specific prepositions. This is not important; the grammar of cope + with is the same whether we think of it as a prepositional verb or a verb followed by a preposition. (It is important, of course, that you to learn the appropriate preposition.)
By grammar we understand here the way in which the words can be used. For prepositional verbs the possible word order patterns are the same as for verbs followed by a preposition. Two are normal:
a. verb+preposition+noun object: 8. The manager went into the matter thoroughly.
b. verb+preposition+single pronoun object: 8b. The manager went into it thoroughly.
A third pattern is possible, but not common:
b. verb+preposition+pronoun object
coordinated with a noun or another pronoun: 8a. The manager went into it and other matters thoroughly.
Two word-order patterns are not possible:
d. verb+noun object+preposition: 8d. *The manager went the matter into thoroughly.
e. verb+pronoun object+preposition: 8e. *The manager went it into thoroughly.
1.3. Phrasal verbs
Now consider this sentence:
10. The terrorists blew up the police headquarters.
Once again, the underlined word-pair takes on a meaning (explode) beyond the original dictionary definitions of its parts However, the word up is not being used as a preposition here, but as an adverb or, as some writers refer to a word used in this way, a particle. In this paper we use the term phrasal verb for such combinations of verb+adverb/particle. Others call them (separable) phrasal verbs — separable because the two parts can be separated by their object; #10a is possible:
10a. The terrorists blew the police headquarters up.
Some writers regard such groups as those italicised in #11 and #12 as phrasal verbs:
11. He put down his book. 11a. He put his book down.
12. You can throw away that old radio. 12a. You can throw that radio away.
However, verb and adverb/particle are used here with their core meanings, and there is little point in considering them as phrasal verbs. Once again, this is not important. Whether we think of them as phrasal verbs or as verbs plus adverb/particle, the grammar is the same.
For both phrasal verbs and verbs followed by a particle used transitively, i.e., with a direct object. three patterns are possible:
a. verb+particle+ noun object:
10. The terrorists blew up the police headquarters.
11. He put down his book.
b. verb+noun object+particle: 10a. The terrorists blew the police headquarters up.
11a. He put his book down.
c. verb+ pronoun object+ particle 10b. The terrorist blewit up.
11b. He put it and his glasses down.
A fourth pattern is possible, if not very common:
d. verb+particle+pronoun object coordinated
with a noun or another pronoun: 10c The terrorists blew upit and the nearby mill.
11c. He put it and his glasses down.
One pattern is not possible:
e. verb+particle+single pronoun object: 10d * The terrorists blew upit.
11d * He put down it.
Thus we have a difference in word-order patterns between what we have called prepositional verbs and verbs followed by a preposition on the one hand, and phrasal verbs and verbs followed by a particle/adverb on the other, as we can see on the following table:
Verb + Preposition |
Verb + particle |
√ He went into the room. √ He went into it. √ He went into it and other things. * He went the room into. * He went it into. |
√ He put down the book. * He put down it. √ He put down it and his glasses √ He put the book down. √ He put it down. |
Prepositional Verb |
Phrasal Verb |
√ She got over her illness. √ She got over it. √ She got over it and losing her job. * She got her illness over. * She got itover. |
√ They blew up the house. * They blew up it. √ They blew up it and the nearby factory. √ They blew the house up. √ They blew it up. |
With blow up in #10 we see the dangers of labeling combinations without taking context into consideration. In #10-10d it is used transitively (meaning explode), and it is used as a phrasal verb (so * he blew up it is not acceptable). However, we can use blow as a simple intransitive verb and follow it with the preposition up. Think of an organist testing for blockages in a pipe: he pursed his lips, he put them to the end of the pipe and
13. He blew up the pipe.
Here we have a simple verb blew (for which we could substitute other verbs such as called, shouted) and a preposition up (for which we could substitute other prepositions such as down, through). In this sense it is possible to say: he blew up it.
The phrasal verb blow up can itself be used intransitively (1.5, below).
1.4. Intransitive verbs followed by a particle/adverb.
14. as I opened the door, Mike walked past. (away, by, in. past, over, up, etc)
15. Margaret looked away, (down, round, up, etc)
In both these sentences the word in bold is a particle/adverb, and can be replaced by others such as those in brackets, changing the meaning of the sentence as the meaning of the particle/adverb changes. The meaning of the underlined word, the verb, does not change. We are not dealing with multi-word verbs here, though some writers class such verbs as the following as phrasal verbs;
bend over come round fall over get up/ away go away
lie down look up/down/round sit down/up stand up wake up
Three patterns are possible:
a. Verb + particle: 14a. As I opened the door, Mike walked past.
b. Verb + adverb of manner + particle: 14b. As I opened the door, Mike walked quickly past.
c. Verb + particle + adverb of manner: 14c. As I opened the door, Mike walked past quickly.
1.5. Intransitive phrasal verbs
Now consider this sentence:
16. We fell out over the incident.
Here, the italicised word-pair takes on a meaning (disagreed, argued) beyond the original dictionary definitions of the two parts. In this paper we use the term (intransitive) phrasal verb for such combinations of verb+adverb/particle.
Note that many phrasal verbs can be used both transitively and intransitively.
10. The terrorists blew up the police headquarters.
17. A passer-by was killed when the car blew up.
Two patterns are possible with intransitive phrasal verbs:
a. Verb + particle:
18a. The plane took off.
b. Verb + particle + adverb of manner:
18b. The plane took off slowly.
One pattern is not common:
c. Verb + adverb of manner+ particle:
18c. *The plane took slowly off.
Thus we have a difference in word-order patterns and intransitive phrasal verbs as we can see on the following table:
Intransitive verbs followed by a particle/adverb |
Intransitive phrasal verbs |
√ Mike walked past. √ Mike walked quickly past. √ Mike walked past quickly. |
√ He The plane took off. *The plane took slowly off. √ The plane took off slowly. |
1.6. Phrasal-prepositional verbs
These consist of a phrasal verb followed by a preposition.
19 He caught up with his brothers in Brno.
Noun and pronoun objects must follow all three parts of phrasal-prepositional verbs, and the word order patterns are therefore:
Possible |
Not Possible |
√ He caught up with Jim (and us). √ He caught up with him. |
* He caught Jim (and us) up with.* He caught up Jim(and us) with. * He caught up Jim and us with. * He caught Jim and us up with. * He caught him up with. * He caught up him with. |
Once learners have mastered the basic idea of phrasal verbs, phrasal-prepositional verbs present few additional difficulties.
One problem is that learners sometimes do not find it easy to accept to as a preposition in such phrasal-prepositional verbs as look forward to, be/get used to, be/get accustomed to. A common mistake is:
20. * I look forward to see you.
Here, learners need to be aware that we are not dealing with the to-infinitive form to see, but with the phrasal prepositional verb look forward to, which is followed by a noun phrase (eg your visit) or by a verb-noun form, traditionally known as the gerund (= verb + ING).
A second problem is that not all sentences containing a verb and two prepositions/ particles necessarily involve phrasal-prepositional verbs. They may contain multi-word prepositions see 2.1 below).
2. Further Problems
The preceding section has examined most of what teachers and learners need to know about how multi-word verbs are used. In section 2 we examine a number of further problems that can be encountered, usually with more advanced learners. These are often best dealt with as they arise, but beginning teachers need to be aware of them in order not to fall into the trap of misleading learners by giving incorrect explanations.
2.1. Multi-word prepositions
21. John sat next to his sister.
There is no multi-word verb here. Sat is the verb, and next to is a preposition consisting of two words; near-synonyms might be: by, alongside, beside.
Some common multi-word prepositions are:
ahead of all over apart from away from close by close to
In back of in between In front of inside of near to next to
on top of out of outside of prior to up against up to
2.2. Particles and prepositions occurring together
22. I hung the picture up in my room.
23. Andrea looked up from her book.
There are no phrasal-prepositional verbs here. In #22 and #23 we have what in this paper are considered as verbs collocating with an adverb/particle, hang up (here used transitively). and look up (here used intransitively), followed by a preposition + noun. Some authorities may call hang up and look up phrasal verbs, but that does not change how they are used
2.3. An uncommon pattern
24. I shut George up when he began moaning about the conditions.
A number of phrasal verbs are not normally used with the 1.3. a. pattern verb + particle + noun object, unless the object consists of several words. Thus, #24a would be possible, though #24b is very unlikely.
24a. I shut up the representatives from the union.
24b. ? I shut up George.
Many of these verbs normally take a human object. Some more common verbs of this type are:
answer back brush off call back catch out hear out
Invite in/out/over play along push around stand up tell apart
2.4. Which pattern?
Some verbs can be used in different patterns, sometimes with different meanings. We have already noted blow up:
10. The terrorists blew up the police headquarters.
Here, meaning explode, the verb is used transitively, with four possible word-order patterns (see section 1.3). The verb, still with the meaning of explode, can also be used intransitively (section 1.5):
17. A passer-by was killed when the car blew up.
With the pattern of an intransitive verb followed by a preposition (section 1.3), the two words have a literal meaning in:
13. He blew up the pipe.
The two words can be used with other meanings. The entry for blow up in the Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary reads:
blow up: 1 to explode, be destroyed by… 2 to start suddenly and with force.
blow sth…up: 1 to destroy sth by an explosion… 2. to fill sth with air or gas so that it becomes firm…
3 to make a photograph bigger… 4 to make sth more important, better, worse, etc than it really is…
blow up (at sb): get angry with sb
Phrasal verbs are no different from any other word or word-group in English in having different meanings and different possible word order patterns. The example of blow up has been given simply to illustrate the risks beginning teachers take if they introduce the expression with some such explanation as, “Blow up is a separable phrasal verb meaning explode.”
2.5. Differences in British and American usage
British teachers using American materials and Americans using British materials should be aware that phrasal verbs can have very different meanings in the two dialects.
A British friend of mine was staying with an American colleague. The American looked a little taken aback when my friend, after saying goodnight, asked him to knock her up at seven next morning. The expression on his face caused my friend to explain that she had no alarm clock and wanted him to knock on her door to wake her; the American was relieved that she had not been asking him to make her pregnant.
When working with materials from the other side of the Atlantic, it is a good idea to use a dictionary to check the meanings of what appear to be phrasal verbs.
English C2
Summary
You’ll learn:
— You will learn the definition of a multi-word verb.
— You will learn the three types of multi-word verbs.
— You will know the different examples of multi-word verbs.
Lesson
In this course, you will learn the definition of a multi-word verb and identify its three types. You will encounter different examples to help you further understand the topic.
What is a multi-word verb? Based on the definition, it’s a verb that is made of more than one word. It could be a combination of a preposition, an adverb or particle. Learning multi-word verbs will help you express yourself easily.
There are three types of multi-word verbs. These are prepositional, phrasal and phrasal-prepositional verbs. Each type plays a different role in a sentence.
A prepositional verb is a combination of a verb and preposition. In the example, we have «talk about» as the prepositional verb. The verb is «talk», while «about» is the preposition.
The second type is a phrasal verb. It’s a combination of a verb + a preposition or verb + adverb. The preposition and adverb are defined as particles because both don’t have any meaning when used in a phrasal verb. We have the example «broke down».
The third type is the phrasal-prepositional verb. Unlike the other types, the phrasal-prepositional verb contains the verb, particle, and preposition. The particle and the preposition cannot be separated.
Check the words listed below, these might help you improve your vocabulary skills. Knowing more words helps you widen your English vocabulary.
Reflect on the goals! Did you learn the definition of a multi-word verb and its types? If yes, take the short quiz and let’s see how many correct answers you will get.
Quiz
Question 1 of 10
These are composed of more than one word and mostly function as idiomatic expressions.
Verb
Multi-word verbs
Preposition
Adverb
Courses
Beginner A1
Hi, I’m Jennifer
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Basic English Greetings, Introduce Yourself, and Simple Sentence
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Time of the Day, Days of the Week, and Months of the Year
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What is your hobby?
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Shopping with friends
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Eat together
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Elementary A2
I have a big family
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Preposition of Time and Preposition of Place
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Best friend
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Noun and Different Types of Noun
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Inside the house
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Daily exercise
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Watch a movie
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Picnic time
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What do we have for lunch?
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The weather
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Intermediate B1
Verbs and Basic Forms of Verbs
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Can you cook?
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Let’s buy groceries
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Adjectives and Degrees of Comparison
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He is a good artist
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Coffee break
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The top employee
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Work schedule
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The best boss
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At the clinic
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Upper-Intermediate B2
What do you do for a living?
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Subject Pronouns
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About savings
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Homographs and Homophones
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What is your talent?
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— Common words used to describe a person’s talent
— Common phrases used
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I will pay the bill
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Ask directions
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Meet an old friend
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I have a pet
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— About a pet
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Flowers for you
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Advanced C1
I want to go abroad
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Idiomatic Expressions You can Use in Daily Conversations
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Work environment
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— Work environment
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Adverbial Phrases
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Let’s talk about business
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— About business
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Relationship status
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— About relationship
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Evolution of cell phones
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— Words used at the airport
— Common phrases
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Tourist spots
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— Words used when visiting tourist spots
— Common phrases
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Try local food
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— About local food
— Words commonly used
— Common conversations
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Express your feelings
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— How to express your feelings
— Words commonly used
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Proficiency C2
My lifestyle
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— Definition of lifestyle
— Common human lifestyles
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Music is my life
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— About music
— Types of music
— Common phrases
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Compound Adjectives
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— You will learn the definition of a compound adjective
— You will learn the common types of a compound adjective.
— You will be exposed to different examples of compound adjectives.
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Gadgets everywhere
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— Definition of gadgets
— Common gadgets
— Phrases commonly used
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The world of business
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— Definition of business
— About business
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Mental health issue
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— Mental health definition
— Common phrases
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Physical health
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— Definition of physical health
— Common idioms about physical health
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Idioms about success
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— Common idioms about success
— Common phrases
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What is your goal?
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— About goals
— Common words
— Common Phrases
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