What does the word transport means

Transport (in British English), or transportation (in American English), is the intentional movement of humans, animals, and goods from one location to another. Modes of transport include air, land (rail and road), water, cable, pipeline, and space. The field can be divided into infrastructure, vehicles, and operations. Transport enables human trade, which is essential for the development of civilizations.

Transport infrastructure consists of both fixed installations, including roads, railways, airways, waterways, canals, and pipelines, and terminals such as airports, railway stations, bus stations, warehouses, trucking terminals, refueling depots (including fueling docks and fuel stations), and seaports. Terminals may be used both for interchange of passengers and cargo and for maintenance.

Means of transport are any of the different kinds of transport facilities used to carry people or cargo. They may include vehicles, riding animals, and pack animals. Vehicles may include wagons, automobiles, bicycles, buses, trains, trucks, helicopters, watercraft, spacecraft, and aircraft.

Modes[edit]

A mode of transport is a solution that makes use of a certain type of vehicle, infrastructure, and operation. The transport of a person or of cargo may involve one mode or several of the modes, with the latter case being called inter-modal or multi-modal transport. Each mode has its own advantages and disadvantages, and will be chosen on the basis of cost, capability, and route.

Governments deal with the way the vehicles are operated, and the procedures set for this purpose, including financing, legalities, and policies. In the transport industry, operations and ownership of infrastructure can be either public or private, depending on the country and mode.

Passenger transport may be public, where operators provide scheduled services, or private. Freight transport has become focused on containerization, although bulk transport is used for large volumes of durable items. Transport plays an important part in economic growth and globalization, but most types cause air pollution and use large amounts of land. While it is heavily subsidized by governments, good planning of transport is essential to make traffic flow and restrain urban sprawl.

Human-powered[edit]

Human-powered transport, a form of sustainable transport, is the transport of people and/or goods using human muscle-power, in the form of walking, running, and swimming. Modern technology has allowed machines to enhance human power. Human-powered transport remains popular for reasons of cost-saving, leisure, physical exercise, and environmentalism; it is sometimes the only type available, especially in underdeveloped or inaccessible regions.

Although humans are able to walk without infrastructure, the transport can be enhanced through the use of roads, especially when using the human power with vehicles, such as bicycles and inline skates. Human-powered vehicles have also been developed for difficult environments, such as snow and water, by watercraft rowing and skiing; even the air can be entered with human-powered aircraft.

Animal-powered[edit]

Animal-powered transport is the use of working animals for the movement of people and commodities. Humans may ride some of the animals directly, use them as pack animals for carrying goods, or harness them, alone or in teams, to pull sleds or wheeled vehicles.

Air[edit]

A fixed-wing aircraft, commonly called an airplane, is a heavier-than-air craft where movement of the air in relation to the wings is used to generate lift. The term is used to distinguish this from rotary-wing aircraft, where the movement of the lift surfaces relative to the air generates lift. A gyroplane is both fixed-wing and rotary wing. Fixed-wing aircraft range from small trainers and recreational aircraft to large airliners and military cargo aircraft.

Two things necessary for aircraft are air flow over the wings for lift and an area for landing. The majority of aircraft also need an airport with the infrastructure for maintenance, restocking, and refueling and for the loading and unloading of crew, cargo, and passengers.^[1] While the vast majority of aircraft land and take off on land, some are capable of take-off and landing on ice, snow, and calm water.

The aircraft is the second fastest method of transport, after the rocket. Commercial jets can reach up to 955 kilometres per hour (593 mph), single-engine aircraft 555 kilometres per hour (345 mph). Aviation is able to quickly transport people and limited amounts of cargo over longer distances, but incurs high costs and energy use; for short distances or in inaccessible places, helicopters can be used.^[2] As of April 28, 2009, The Guardian article notes that «the WHO estimates that up to 500,000 people are on planes at any time.»^[3]

Land[edit]

Land transport covers all land-based transport systems that provide for the movement of people, goods, and services. Land transport plays a vital role in linking communities to each other. Land transport is a key factor in urban planning. It consists of two kinds, rail and road.

Rail[edit]

Rail transport is where a train runs along a set of two parallel steel rails, known as a railway or railroad. The rails are anchored perpendicular to ties (or sleepers) of timber, concrete, or steel, to maintain a consistent distance apart, or gauge. The rails and perpendicular beams are placed on a foundation made of concrete or compressed earth and gravel in a bed of ballast. Alternative methods include monorail and maglev.

A train consists of one or more connected vehicles that operate on the rails. Propulsion is commonly provided by a locomotive, that hauls a series of unpowered cars, that can carry passengers or freight. The locomotive can be powered by steam, by diesel, or by electricity supplied by trackside systems. Alternatively, some or all the cars can be powered, known as a multiple unit. Also, a train can be powered by horses, cables, gravity, pneumatics, and gas turbines. Railed vehicles move with much less friction than rubber tires on paved roads, making trains more energy efficient, though not as efficient as ships.

Intercity trains are long-haul services connecting cities;^[4] modern high-speed rail is capable of speeds up to 350 km/h (220 mph), but this requires specially built track. Regional and commuter trains feed cities from suburbs and surrounding areas, while intra-urban transport is performed by high-capacity tramways and rapid transits, often making up the backbone of a city’s public transport. Freight trains traditionally used box cars, requiring manual loading and unloading of the cargo. Since the 1960s, container trains have become the dominant solution for general freight, while large quantities of bulk are transported by dedicated trains.

Road[edit]

A road is an identifiable route, way, or path between two or more places.^[5] Roads are typically smoothed, paved, or otherwise prepared to allow easy travel;^[6] though they need not be, and historically many roads were simply recognizable routes without any formal construction or maintenance.^[7] In urban areas, roads may pass through a city or village and be named as streets, serving a dual function as urban space easement and route.^[8]

The most common road vehicle is the automobile; a wheeled passenger vehicle that carries its own motor. Other users of roads include buses, trucks, motorcycles, bicycles, and pedestrians. As of 2010, there were 1.015 billion automobiles worldwide.
Road transport offers complete freedom to road users to transfer the vehicle from one lane to the other and from one road to another according to the need and convenience. This flexibility of changes in location, direction, speed, and timings of travel is not available to other modes of transport. It is possible to provide door-to-door service only by road transport.

Automobiles provide high flexibility with low capacity, but require high energy and area use, and are the main source of harmful noise and air pollution in cities;^[9] buses allow for more efficient travel at the cost of reduced flexibility.^[4] Road transport by truck is often the initial and final stage of freight transport.

Water[edit]

Water transport is movement by means of a watercraft—such as a barge, boat, ship, or sailboat—over a body of water, such as a sea, ocean, lake, canal, or river. The need for buoyancy is common to watercraft, making the hull a dominant aspect of its construction, maintenance, and appearance.

In the 19th century, the first steam ships were developed, using a steam engine to drive a paddle wheel or propeller to move the ship. The steam was produced in a boiler using wood or coal and fed through a steam external combustion engine. Now most ships have an internal combustion engine using a slightly refined type of petroleum called bunker fuel. Some ships, such as submarines, use nuclear power to produce the steam. Recreational or educational craft still use wind power, while some smaller craft use internal combustion engines to drive one or more propellers or, in the case of jet boats, an inboard water jet. In shallow draft areas, hovercraft are propelled by large pusher-prop fans. (See Marine propulsion.)

Although it is slow compared to other transport, modern sea transport is a highly efficient method of transporting large quantities of goods. Commercial vessels, nearly 35,000 in number, carried 7.4 billion tons of cargo in 2007.^[10] Transport by water is significantly less costly than air transport for transcontinental shipping;^[11] short sea shipping and ferries remain viable in coastal areas.^[12][13]

Other modes[edit]

Pipeline transport sends goods through a pipe; most commonly liquid and gases are sent, but pneumatic tubes can also send solid capsules using compressed air. For liquids/gases, any chemically stable liquid or gas can be sent through a pipeline. Short-distance systems exist for sewage, slurry, water, and beer, while long-distance networks are used for petroleum and natural gas.

Cable transport is a broad mode where vehicles are pulled by cables instead of an internal power source. It is most commonly used at steep gradient. Typical solutions include aerial tramways, elevators, and ski lifts; some of these are also categorized as conveyor transport.

Spaceflight is transport out of Earth’s atmosphere into outer space by means of a spacecraft. While large amounts of research have gone into technology, it is rarely used except to put satellites into orbit and conduct scientific experiments. However, man has landed on the moon, and probes have been sent to all the planets of the Solar System.

Suborbital spaceflight is the fastest of the existing and planned transport systems from a place on Earth to a distant «other place» on Earth. Faster transport could be achieved through part of a low Earth orbit or by following that trajectory even faster, using the propulsion of the rocket to steer it.

Elements[edit]

Infrastructure[edit]

Infrastructure is the fixed installations that allow a vehicle to operate. It consists of a roadway, a terminal, and facilities for parking and maintenance. For rail, pipeline, road, and cable transport, the entire way the vehicle travels must be constructed. Air and watercraft are able to avoid this, since the airway and seaway do not need to be constructed. However, they require fixed infrastructure at terminals.

Terminals such as airports, ports, and stations, are locations where passengers and freight can be transferred from one vehicle or mode to another. For passenger transport, terminals are integrating different modes to allow riders, who are interchanging between modes, to take advantage of each mode’s benefits. For instance, airport rail links connect airports to the city centres and suburbs. The terminals for automobiles are parking lots, while buses and coaches can operate from simple stops.^[14] For freight, terminals act as transshipment points, though some cargo is transported directly from the point of production to the point of use.

The financing of infrastructure can either be public or private. Transport is often a natural monopoly and a necessity for the public; roads, and in some countries railways and airports, are funded through taxation. New infrastructure projects can have high costs and are often financed through debt. Many infrastructure owners, therefore, impose usage fees, such as landing fees at airports or toll plazas on roads. Independent of this, authorities may impose taxes on the purchase or use of vehicles. Because of poor forecasting and overestimation of passenger numbers by planners, there is frequently a benefits shortfall for transport infrastructure projects.^[15]

Means of transport[edit]

Animals[edit]

Animals used in transportation include pack animals and riding animals.

Vehicles[edit]

A vehicle is a non-living device that is used to move people and goods. Unlike the infrastructure, the vehicle moves along with the cargo and riders. Unless being pulled/pushed by a cable or muscle-power, the vehicle must provide its own propulsion; this is most commonly done through a steam engine, combustion engine, electric motor, jet engine, or rocket, though other means of propulsion also exist. Vehicles also need a system of converting the energy into movement; this is most commonly done through wheels, propellers, and pressure.

Vehicles are most commonly staffed by a driver. However, some systems, such as people movers and some rapid transits, are fully automated. For passenger transport, the vehicle must have a compartment, seat, or platform for the passengers. Simple vehicles, such as automobiles, bicycles, or simple aircraft, may have one of the passengers as a driver. Recently, the progress related to the Fourth Industrial Revolution has brought a lot of new emerging technologies for transportation and automotive fields such as Connected Vehicles and Autonomous Driving. These innovations are said to form future mobility, but concerns remain on safety and cybersecurity, particularly concerning connected and autonomous mobility. ^[16]

Operation[edit]

Private transport is only subject to the owner of the vehicle, who operates the vehicle themselves. For public transport and freight transport, operations are done through private enterprise or by governments. The infrastructure and vehicles may be owned and operated by the same company, or they may be operated by different entities. Traditionally, many countries have had a national airline and national railway. Since the 1980s, many of these have been privatized. International shipping remains a highly competitive industry with little regulation,^[17] but ports can be public-owned.^[18]

Policy[edit]

This section is missing information about most of what constitutes official traffic management and planning, how it integrates with other fields of politics and how it is enforced. Please expand the section to include this information. Further details may exist on the talk page. (December 2021)

As the population of the world increases, cities grow in size and population—according to the United Nations, 55% of the world’s population live in cities, and by 2050 this number is expected to rise to 68%.^[19] Public transport policy must evolve to meet the changing priorities of the urban world.^[20] The institution of policy enforces order in transport, which is by nature chaotic as people attempt to travel from one place to another as fast as possible. This policy helps to reduce accidents and save lives.

Functions[edit]

Relocation of travelers and cargo are the most common uses of transport. However, other uses exist, such as the strategic and tactical relocation of armed forces during warfare, or the civilian mobility construction or emergency equipment.

Passenger[edit]

Passenger transport, or travel, is divided into public and private transport. Public transport is scheduled services on fixed routes, while private is vehicles that provide ad hoc services at the riders desire. The latter offers better flexibility, but has lower capacity and a higher environmental impact. Travel may be as part of daily commuting or for business, leisure, or migration.

Short-haul transport is dominated by the automobile and mass transit. The latter consists of buses in rural and small cities, supplemented with commuter rail, trams, and rapid transit in larger cities. Long-haul transport involves the use of the automobile, trains, coaches, and aircraft, the last of which have become predominantly used for the longest, including intercontinental, travel. Intermodal passenger transport is where a journey is performed through the use of several modes of transport; since all human transport normally starts and ends with walking, all passenger transport can be considered intermodal. Public transport may also involve the intermediate change of vehicle, within or across modes, at a transport hub, such as a bus or railway station.

Taxis and buses can be found on both ends of the public transport spectrum. Buses are the cheapest mode of transport but are not necessarily flexible, and taxis are very flexible but more expensive. In the middle is demand-responsive transport, offering flexibility whilst remaining affordable.

International travel may be restricted for some individuals due to legislation and visa requirements.

Medical[edit]

An ambulance is a vehicle used to transport people from or between places of treatment,^[21] and in some instances will also provide out-of-hospital medical care to the patient. The word is often associated with road-going «emergency ambulances», which form part of emergency medical services, administering emergency care to those with acute medical problems.

Air medical services is a comprehensive term covering the use of air transport to move patients to and from healthcare facilities and accident scenes. Personnel provide comprehensive prehospital and emergency and critical care to all types of patients during aeromedical evacuation or rescue operations, aboard helicopters, propeller aircraft, or jet aircraft.^[22][23]

Freight[edit]

Freight transport, or shipping, is a key in the value chain in manufacturing.^[24] With increased specialization and globalization, production is being located further away from consumption, rapidly increasing the demand for transport.^[25] Transport creates place utility by moving the goods from the place of production to the place of consumption.^[26] While all modes of transport are used for cargo transport, there is high differentiation between the nature of the cargo transport, in which mode is chosen.^[27] Logistics refers to the entire process of transferring products from producer to consumer, including storage, transport, transshipment, warehousing, material-handling, and packaging, with associated exchange of information.^[28] Incoterm deals with the handling of payment and responsibility of risk during transport.^[29]

Containerization, with the standardization of ISO containers on all vehicles and at all ports, has revolutionized international and domestic trade, offering a huge reduction in transshipment costs. Traditionally, all cargo had to be manually loaded and unloaded into the haul of any ship or car; containerization allows for automated handling and transfer between modes, and the standardized sizes allow for gains in economy of scale in vehicle operation. This has been one of the key driving factors in international trade and globalization since the 1950s.^[30]

Bulk transport is common with cargo that can be handled roughly without deterioration; typical examples are ore, coal, cereals, and petroleum. Because of the uniformity of the product, mechanical handling can allow enormous quantities to be handled quickly and efficiently. The low value of the cargo combined with high volume also means that economies of scale become essential in transport, and gigantic ships and whole trains are commonly used to transport bulk. Liquid products with sufficient volume may also be transported by pipeline.

Air freight has become more common for products of high value; while less than one percent of world transport by volume is by airline, it amounts to forty percent of the value. Time has become especially important in regards to principles such as postponement and just-in-time within the value chain, resulting in a high willingness to pay for quick delivery of key components or items of high value-to-weight ratio.^[31] In addition to mail, common items sent by air include electronics and fashion clothing.

Industry[edit]

Impact[edit]

Economic[edit]

Transport is a key necessity for specialization—allowing production and consumption of products to occur at different locations. Throughout history, transport has been a spur to expansion; better transport allows more trade and a greater spread of people. Economic growth has always been dependent on increasing the capacity and rationality of transport.^[32] But the infrastructure and operation of transport have a great impact on the land, and transport is the largest drainer of energy, making transport sustainability a major issue.

Due to the way modern cities and communities are planned and operated, a physical distinction between home and work is usually created, forcing people to transport themselves to places of work, study, or leisure, as well as to temporarily relocate for other daily activities. Passenger transport is also the essence of tourism, a major part of recreational transport. Commerce requires the transport of people to conduct business, either to allow face-to-face communication for important decisions or to move specialists from their regular place of work to sites where they are needed.

In lean thinking, transporting materials or work in process from one location to another is seen as one of the seven wastes (Japanese term: muda) which do not add value to a product.^[33]

Planning[edit]

Transport planning allows for high utilization and less impact regarding new infrastructure. Using models of transport forecasting, planners are able to predict future transport patterns. On the operative level, logistics allows owners of cargo to plan transport as part of the supply chain. Transport as a field is also studied through transport economics, a component for the creation of regulation policy by authorities. Transport engineering, a sub-discipline of civil engineering, must take into account trip generation, trip distribution, mode choice, and route assignment, while the operative level is handled through traffic engineering.

Because of the negative impacts incurred, transport often becomes the subject of controversy related to choice of mode, as well as increased capacity. Automotive transport can be seen as a tragedy of the commons, where the flexibility and comfort for the individual deteriorate the natural and urban environment for all. Density of development depends on mode of transport, with public transport allowing for better spatial utilization. Good land use keeps common activities close to people’s homes and places higher-density development closer to transport lines and hubs, to minimize the need for transport. There are economies of agglomeration. Beyond transport, some land uses are more efficient when clustered. Transport facilities consume land, and in cities pavement (devoted to streets and parking) can easily exceed 20 percent of the total land use. An efficient transport system can reduce land waste.

Too much infrastructure and too much smoothing for maximum vehicle throughput mean that in many cities there is too much traffic and many—if not all—of the negative impacts that come with it. It is only in recent years that traditional practices have started to be questioned in many places; as a result of new types of analysis which bring in a much broader range of skills than those traditionally relied on—spanning such areas as environmental impact analysis, public health, sociology, and economics—the viability of the old mobility solutions is increasingly being questioned.

Environment[edit]

Transport is a major use of energy and burns most of the world’s petroleum. This creates air pollution, including nitrous oxides and particulates, and is a significant contributor to global warming through emission of carbon dioxide,^[35] for which transport is the fastest-growing emission sector.^[36] By sub-sector, road transport is the largest contributor to global warming.^[37] Environmental regulations in developed countries have reduced individual vehicles’ emissions; however, this has been offset by increases in the numbers of vehicles and in the use of each vehicle.^[35] Some pathways to reduce the carbon emissions of road vehicles considerably have been studied.^[38][39] Energy use and emissions vary largely between modes, causing environmentalists to call for a transition from air and road to rail and human-powered transport, as well as increased transport electrification and energy efficiency.

Other environmental impacts of transport systems include traffic congestion and automobile-oriented urban sprawl, which can consume natural habitat and agricultural lands. By reducing transport emissions globally, it is predicted that there will be significant positive effects on Earth’s air quality, acid rain, smog, and climate change.^[40]

While electric cars are being built to cut down CO2 emission at the point of use, an approach that is becoming popular among cities worldwide is to prioritize public transport, bicycles, and pedestrian movement. Redirecting vehicle movement to create 20-minute neighbourhoods^[41] that promotes exercise while greatly reducing vehicle dependency and pollution. Some policies are levying a congestion charge^[42] to cars for travelling within congested areas during peak time.

Sustainable development[edit]

The United Nations first formally recognized the role of transport in sustainable development in the 1992 United Nations Earth summit. In the 2012 United Nations World Conference, global leaders unanimously recognized that transport and mobility are central to achieving the sustainability targets. In recent years, data has been collected to show that the transport sector contributes to a quarter of the global greenhouse gas emissions, and therefore sustainable transport has been mainstreamed across several of the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals, especially those related to food, security, health, energy, economic growth, infrastructure, and cities and human settlements. Meeting sustainable transport targets is said to be particularly important to achieving the Paris Agreement.^[43]

There are various Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) that are promoting sustainable transport in order to meet the defined goals. These include SDG 3 on health (increased road safety), SDG 7 on energy, SDG 8 on decent work and economic growth, SDG 9 on resilient infrastructure, SDG 11 on sustainable cities (access to transport and expanded public transport), SDG 12 on sustainable consumption and production (ending fossil fuel subsidies), and SDG 14 on oceans, seas, and marine resources.^[44]

History[edit]

Natural[edit]

Humans’ first ways to move included walking, running, and swimming. The domestication of animals introduced a new way to lay the burden of transport on more powerful creatures, allowing the hauling of heavier loads, or humans riding animals for greater speed and duration. Inventions such as the wheel and the sled (U.K. sledge) helped make animal transport more efficient through the introduction of vehicles.

The first forms of road transport involved animals, such as horses (domesticated in the 4th or the 3rd millennium BCE), oxen (from about 8000 BCE),^[45] or humans carrying goods over dirt tracks that often followed game trails.

Infrastructure[edit]

Many early civilizations, including those in Mesopotamia and the Indus Valley, constructed paved roads. In classical antiquity, the Persian and Roman empires built stone-paved roads to allow armies to travel quickly. Deep roadbeds of crushed stone underneath kept such roads dry. The medieval Caliphate later built tar-paved roads.

Water transport[edit]

Water transport, including rowed and sailed vessels, dates back to time immemorial and was the only efficient way to transport large quantities or over large distances prior to the Industrial Revolution. The first watercraft were canoes cut out from tree trunks. Early water transport was accomplished with ships that were either rowed or used the wind for propulsion, or a combination of the two. The importance of water has led to most cities that grew up as sites for trading being located on rivers or on the sea-shore, often at the intersection of two bodies of water.

Mechanical[edit]

Until the Industrial Revolution, transport remained slow and costly, and production and consumption gravitated as close to each other as feasible.^{[citation needed]} The Industrial Revolution in the 19th century saw several inventions fundamentally change transport. With telegraphy, communication became instant and independent of the transport of physical objects. The invention of the steam engine, closely followed by its application in rail transport, made land transport independent of human or animal muscles. Both speed and capacity increased, allowing specialization through manufacturing being located independently of natural resources. The 19th century also saw the development of the steam ship, which sped up global transport.

With the development of the combustion engine and the automobile around 1900, road transport became more competitive again, and mechanical private transport originated. The first «modern» highways were constructed during the 19th century^{[citation needed]} with macadam. Later, tarmac and concrete became the dominant paving materials.

In 1903 the Wright brothers demonstrated the first successful controllable airplane, and after World War I (1914–1918) aircraft became a fast way to transport people and express goods over long distances.^[46]

After World War II (1939–1945) the automobile and airlines took higher shares of transport, reducing rail and water to freight and short-haul passenger services.^[47] Scientific spaceflight began in the 1950s, with rapid growth until the 1970s, when interest dwindled. In the 1950s the introduction of containerization gave massive efficiency gains in freight transport, fostering globalization.^[30] International air travel became much more accessible in the 1960s with the commercialization of the jet engine. Along with the growth in automobiles and motorways, rail and water transport declined in relative importance. After the introduction of the Shinkansen in Japan in 1964, high-speed rail in Asia and Europe started attracting passengers on long-haul routes away from the airlines.^[47]

Early in U.S. history,^[when?] private joint-stock corporations owned most aqueducts, bridges, canals, railroads, roads, and tunnels. Most such transport infrastructure came under government control in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, culminating in the nationalization of inter-city passenger rail-service with the establishment of Amtrak. Recently,^[when?] however, a movement to privatize roads and other infrastructure has gained some^[quantify] ground and adherents.^[48]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

Bibliography[edit]

• Bardi, Edward; Coyle, John & Novack, Robert (2006). Management of Transportation. Australia: Thomson South-Western. ISBN 0-324-31443-4. OCLC 62259402.
• Chopra, Sunil & Meindl, Peter (2007). Supply chain management : strategy, planning, and operation (3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-13-208608-0. OCLC 63808135.
• Cooper, Christopher P.; Shepherd, Rebecca (1998). Tourism: Principles and Practice (2nd ed.). Harlow, England: Financial Times Prent. Int. ISBN 978-0-582-31273-9. OCLC 39945061. Retrieved 22 December 2012.
• Lay, Maxwell G (1992). Ways of the World: A History of the World’s Roads and of the Vehicles that Used Them. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press. ISBN 0-8135-2691-4. OCLC 804297312.
• Stopford, Martin (1997). Maritime Economics (2nd ed.). London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-15310-7. OCLC 36824728.

External links[edit]

• Transportation from UCB Libraries GovPubs
• Transportation at Curlie
• America On the Move An online transportation exhibition from the National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution
• World Transportation Organization The world transportation organization (The Non-Profit Advisory Organization)

The
word ‘transport’ (or ‘transportation’) means to carry people
or goods from place to place. Henry
Ford,
the
American motor-car manufacturer, said that
“transportation is civilization”.

The
history of transport is divided into two stages. The first stage is
that in which all modes of transport depended directly on the power
of men or animals, or on natural forces such
as wind and current. The second stage began with the development of
the steam engine. Do you know who invented it? It
is sometimes said that James Watt got the idea for a steam engine
while still a boy, watching steam lift the lid of his mother’s tea
kettle. The truth is that J. Watt did not invent the steam engine;
however, he made major improvements on the inefficient steam engine
patented in 1705 by Thomas Newcomen, John Cawley, and Thomas Savery.
J.Watt installed his engine in a machine which was used at a large
coal mine for pumping out the water.
Soon this invention was widely used at nearly every large enterprise.
The revolution in industry made by this machine was extremely great.

One of the
first attempts to put a steam engine on wheels was made by Richard
Trevithick, a British mining engineer. In 1804 he demonstrated the
first successful railroad
steam
locomotive. His engine pulled a short train of cars uphill on a
coal-mine railway in Wales. In the years after Trevithick’s
locomotive, several others were built for use on various British
coal-mine railways.

The world’s
first common carrier railroad*
to
use steam power was the Stockton-Darlington railway in England. It
was designed and built by George Stephenson and opened for public
service in 1825. On the day when it was opened, a man on a horse went
in front of the engine and shouted that the train was coming. People
on horses and in carriages were driving near the train. When they had
gone for some time, Stephenson,
who was running his locomotive, asked the horseman to go away. He put
steam on and ran his locomotive at a speed of 12 miles per hour
(about 20 km per hour). It was a success.

But the
British Parliament did not want to construct railways. The members of
the parliament did not believe that steam engines could run against a
strong wind. Then Stephenson built a new locomotive and called it the
Rocket.
This locomotive was faster and stronger than the first one; it could
draw a 13-ton train at an “unheard-of speed” of 29 miles per hour
(46 km per hour). In 1829 the
Liverpool-Manchester Railway
was built, and the railway company offered a prize of £500 for the
best steam loco. The prize was won by George
Stephenson
with his famous train. Though not the first such locomotive, it was
the beginning of the effective use of steam power for passenger and
freight transportation. At first many people were afraid of the
railways; nevertheless in 1842 the steam-powered railways were
already in wide use in Britain.

Part
2

Railroads were born in
England, a country of dense population, short distances, and large
financial resources. In England problems were very different from
those in America, which in the early 1800s was a country of great
distances, sparse population, and limited capital. Americans had to
learn to build railroads for their own country by actual experience;
they could not copy English methods.

In the USA the first railroads
were built in mines for carrying stone or coal. In 1804 Oliver Evans
(who had built an amphibious steam-powered scow with wheels) declared
that he could “make a steam carriage that will run at a speed of 15
miles per hour on good, level railways.” As early as 1812 Colonel
John Stevens, of Hoboken, N.J., began to speak for a new kind of
railway. He wanted one that would provide long-distance
transportation, linking distant areas of the country. In 1815 Stevens
obtained the first charter to build a railroad across New
Jersey, but he was unable to raise the money needed to build it. The
first common carrier railroad to be built in the United States was
the Baltimore and Ohio. It was chartered in 1827 and construction
started on July 4, 1828.

The first steam locomotive to
run in the United States, the English-built Stourbridge Lion,
made a trial trip over the tracks of the Delaware and Hudson
Canal Company in Pennsylvania in 1829. On the day of a test trip a
lot of people came from miles around the small Pennsylvania town to
see the first run of the steam locomotive. The engineer**
refused to let anyone ride with him – perhaps because the engine
had not been tested before. As the signal to start was given, there
was a moment of suspense… Then, slowly, the wheels began to turn.
Cheers went up as engineer Allen opened the throttle wide and began
his historic trip. All along the route, men were waving their hats,
small boys were shouting, and women were looking in amazement as the
Lionthundered past at the fantastic speed of ten miles per hour.
Who would have believed that anything so big could move so fast
without a horse to pull it! But the engine was too heavy for the
track and the trip was not repeated.

In the summer of 1830 service
began on the Baltimore and Ohio line, with horses providing the
power. Finally, in December 1830 an American-built locomotive, the
Best Friend of Charleston, hauled a train of cars on
the tracks of the South Carolina Railroad. The railroad had come to
America.

Railroads spread rapidly in
the eastern and southern United States, with short lines being merged
to form through routes. By the mid-1850s, railways linked the
Atlantic seaboard and the Midwest. In 1869 the first transcontinental
route was completed to the Pacific coast. Railroads became the
dominant mode of overland transportation in the last half of the 19^thcentury. Faster and more powerful locomotives and larger freight and
passenger cars were built. Standardization of track gauges and the
adoption of standard time zones aided efficiency. The invention of
air brakes****, automatic signaling, and the automatic coupler*****
increased safety. Sleeping cars and dining cars increased passenger
comfort and convenience.

Notes:
*common carrier railroad – железная
дорога общего пользования

**engineer – зд:
машинист

***throttle
– дроссель, дроссельная заслонка

****air brake – воздушный
тормоз

*****automatic coupler – автосцепка

Ex.25.
Answer
the following questions.

1) What
does the word ‘transport’ mean? 2) Who said that “transportation
is civilization”? 3) How many stages is the history of transport
divided into? 4) Did the second stage in the history of transport
begin with the invention of the wheel? 5) Whom was the first steam
engine invented by? 6) Did Thomas Savery improve the inefficient
steam engine designed by Thomas Newcomen? 7) Where did James Watt
install his engine? Who made one of the first attempts to put a
steam engine on wheels? 9) Where was the
world’s first common carrier railroad
to
use steam power built? 10) Did Robert Stephenson design and built the
first common carrier railway in Britain? 11) Why didn’t the British
Parliament want to build railways? 12) When was the
Liverpool-Manchester Railway put into operation? 13) What can you say
about the locomotive called the Rocket?

Ex.26.
True or false? Correct the statements which do not correspond to the
contents of the text (part 2).

1) In the
early 1800s America was a country of great
distances, dense population, and large capital. 2) Americans learnt
to build railroads by coping English methods of construction. 3) The
first American railroads were built in large cities for carrying
passengers. 4) In 1812 John Stevens obtained the first charter to
build a railroad
across
New Jersey, but he was unable to raise the money needed for its
building. 5) The first common carrier railroad
to
be built in the United States was the Baltimore and Ohio line. 6) The
Baltimore-Ohio railroad opened for traffic in the summer of 1830 was
horse-powered. 7) The
first steam locomotive to run in the United States was the
English-built Rocket.

In 1829 the American-built locomotive called the Stourbridge
Lion made
a trial trip in Pennsylvania. 9) The
engineer of the Lion
refused to let anyone ride with him. 10) The speed of the Stourbridge
Lion was
twenty miles per hour. 11) 11) The first American-built locomotive
called the Best
Friend of Charleston
was put into operation on the tracks of the South Carolina Railroad.

Ex.27.
Choose the correct word combination to complete each of the following
sentences corresponding to the contents of the text.

1) The
remark “transportation is civilization” was made by… .

a)
George Washington b) Henry Ford c) James Watt

2)
One
of the mankind’s greatest inventions of the 18^th
century was… .

a) the
steam engine b) the jet engine c) the internal combustion engine

3) The
first stationary steam engines were installed… .

a) at
large farms b) at various industrial enterprises c) at coal mines

4) One
of the first attempts to put a steam engine on wheels was made by…
.

a)
Richard Trevithick b) Thomas Newcomen c) George Stephenson

5) The
first common carrier railway in Britain was laid down between…
.

a)
Manchester and Liverpool b) Stockton and London c) Darlington and
Stockton

6) The
famous steam locomotive called the Rocket
moved
at a speed of… .

a)
46
miles per hour b) 12 miles per hour c) 29 miles per hour

7) The
British
Parliament objected to constructing railways because… .

a)
people were afraid of railways b) the members of the British
Parliament
did
not believe that locomotives could run against a strong wind c)
there were no materials for the construction of railroads

John
Stevens failed to build a railroad across New Jersey (the USA)
because… .

a)
he couldn’t find railway workers b) he was unable to raise the
money

c)
people of the state objected to constructing

10) The
construction of the Baltimore-Ohio railroad lasted… .

a)
ten years b) one year c) three years

11) The
first American-built steam locomotive was called… .

a) the
Stourbridge Lion b) the Best Friend of Charleston c) the Rocket

12)
Railroads became the dominant means of overland transportation in the
United States… .

a)
in the 18^th
century b) in the first half of the 19^th
century

c)
in the last half of the 19^th
century

Ex.28.
You know that there are various types of engines, such as: the
water-powered
engine, the wind-powered engine, the steam engine, the internal
combustion engine
(diesel, petrol, electric, jet). Read
the following sentences and say which type of the engine
is described.

1) In this engine fuel ignites
and burns inside the engine itself and not in a furnace.

2)
This engine is very economical; it doesn’t need fuel to function. But
it is dependent on the weather.

3)
In this engine there is a furnace and a boiler. The furnace is filled
with wood or coal
and then lit. The fire heats the water in the boiler and when it
boils, it turns into steam.

4)
It was a wheel but a very small one. Long wide wooden blades were
attached to it.
The wheel was driven by the wind.

5)
This engine is too large and heavy; it needs too much
fuel.

6) This engine is an ordinary
wheel with blades fixed to it and the current of a river turned it.
It was used for irrigating fields.

7)
This engine is lighter and smaller than a steam
engine because it doesn’t have a boiler. It is more powerful than a
steam engine because
it uses better-quality fuel: petrol or kerosene.

The power of this engine depends on
the quantity of coal. The more coal is put into the furnace, the
stronger the fire is burning.
The more steam there is the faster a train is moving.

9)
This engine is the most ecologically
friendly one, because it doesn’t pollute environment with exhausted
gases.

10) This engine is now used in
automobiles, diesel locos and motor ships.

11)
This engine is the
most powerful, because the gases in it reach the temperature of over
a thousand degrees.

Ex.29.
Translate the following texts: (a)
from
Russian into English
and (b)
from
English into Russian (do
it in written
form).

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This transport is also something the railroad has no competition!. ❋ Unknown (2010)

For all the housewives of the years before 1950, modern conveniences would likely seem the ultimate optimistic convenience, and long-distance modern transport is definitely far better and more optimistic than sailing ships and horse-drawn wagons. ❋ Unknown (2010)

But do not for one minute assume that public transport is always a hub of communication and felicity. ❋ Hisham Wyne (2010)

• The cost of destination parking for alternative transport is not considered. ❋ Unknown (2010)

He will confirm the government will create a Green Investment Bank and will safeguard investment in transport programs, medical research and the U. K.’s communications network. ❋ Laurence Norman (2010)

Even if the price Walmart pays for local produce is slightly higher than what it would pay large growers, savings in transport and the ability to order smaller quantities at a time can make up the difference. ❋ Unknown (2010)

Ergo — public transport is a bad goal, and should only be applied in places where the pop density is adequate to make personal transport much less effective. ❋ Unknown (2009)

Congestion pricing, which could address crowded freeways while funding better urban transport, is a good place to start. ❋ Unknown (2009)

The easiest to access by public transport is probably that of El Rosario, reached from either Angangueo or Ocampo, both relatively close to Zitacuaro. ❋ Unknown (2009)

Public transport is best avoided around start and finish times. ❋ Unknown (2010)

Many schemes fell victim to a 15% drop in transport funding over four years, with infrastructure expenditure falling 11% over the same period. ❋ James Meikle (2010)

The lunar lander resembles the ‘Eagle’ transport from the series Space 1999. ❋ Unknown (2009)

The gallery is borrowing the massive transport from the Mariner’s Museum in Newport News, Va. ❋ Post (2010)

The broad array of lysosomal storage diseases and peroxisomal disorders are presented along with the defects in transport, vitamin cofactor and metal metabolism. ❋ Unknown (2010)

Passenger and cargo transport is way down — one-sixth of what it was just 20 years ago. ❋ Unknown (2010)

Compare to the effect and equal investment in transport safety would have had. ❋ Unknown (2010)

A distinct argument for shifting rapidly to primarily electric forms of transport is that the oil is fortunately running out. ❋ Unknown (2009)

Jimmy had 20 [shots] of [tequila] and [his ass] got transported last night ❋ Kuceinator (2021)

Look at how much food [Connie] has on her [plate] now all [thanks] to transportion! ❋ Somerandompeople (2006)

Get a [Ferrari]?! I can [barely] [afford] this transportation! ❋ Cocomonkilla (2009)

I will [transport] this [box] by [boat]. ❋ Kafulla (2012)

[Guy1]: That dude over there probably has all the girls [druling] at his feet
Guy2: Worry not [my good] man, he’s only a transporter. ❋ TaffelDoek (2016)

Welcome [aboard], I will be your transportator today. [Please no] screaming, though [fainting] is alright. ❋ Luna Kora (2021)

I [engaged in] transportation yesterday. The [transsexual] I [ported] yesterday was sweet and lovely. ❋ New Brunswick Station (subchat) (2006)

«I’m [gonna] go transportate [over there] to get a [drink]» ❋ Fecklespeckle (2008)

«[Boy], that was a great [movie]! I could really [go for some] transportation after that!» ❋ Alex Quantashassle (2005)

[My car] was [made] to [transportate] me to places/locations ❋ BlackHatGamez (2019)

What does the word transport mean in a sentence?

Definition of Transport. to use a vehicle to take people or goods from one place or another. Examples of Transport in a sentence. 1. We use large ships to transport large amounts of goods and supplies across the ocean, because it is more cost effective than using planes.

What is transport answer in one sentence?

Transport is a system for taking people or goods from one place to another, for example using buses or trains. The extra money could be spent on improving public transport.

What is transportation and example?

Transport is defined as a way to move things from one place to another. An example of transport is a city bus. Transport means to move something from one place to another. An example of transport is to put fruit on a truck to take it to the grocery store.

What is the meaning of Meaned?

Lacking in kindness; unkind: The teacher was not being mean in asking you to be quiet. b. Cruel, spiteful, or malicious: a mean boy who liked to make fun of others. c. Expressing spite or malice: gave me a mean look.

What does meaning mean in English?

1a : the thing one intends to convey especially by language : purport Do not mistake my meaning. b : the thing that is conveyed especially by language : import Many words have more than one meaning. 2 : something meant or intended : aim a mischievous meaning was apparent.

What are the two meanings of mean?

The adjective mean can describe someone who’s stingy or ungenerous, but it also means “unkind or unfair,” which is what a little kid intends to convey when she yells at her mother, “You’re mean!” In the sentence, “She lived in a mean little house,” mean has yet another meaning, this time being “shabby or poor.”

What is meant by crush?

countable ​informala feeling of love and admiration for someone, often someone you know you cannot have a relationship with. It wasn’t really love, just a schoolgirl crush. have a crush on someone: I used to have a massive crush on my geography teacher. Synonyms and related words.

Who is the National crush?

Actress Rashmika Mandanna who has carved a niche for herself in the South Indian film industry is all set to make her Bollywood debut soon. The actress has been recognized as the National Crush of India. As the actress celebrates her 25th birthday today, let’s have a look at her beautiful pictures.

Is crush and love same?

Love can be described as a feeling towards a person depending upon the relationship shared between two people. It can be love towards children, parents, a partner, or God. A crush is infatuation; it refers only to the concept of being physically attracted to a person.

What means to have a crush on someone?

“To have a crush (on someone)” is a light-hearted and slightly juvenile way to express a strong affection for someone. It is mostly used to talk about young people’s feelings, and does not normally describe adult emotions. If applied to adults it can be an insult to imply the person is or acts immature.

How can you tell if someone likes you?

There are a few nonverbal cues that instantly let you know if someone is interested in you:

• Mutual Eye Contact. People look at people they like and avoid looking at people they don’t like.
• A Light Touch. People often touch the person they like.
• Inward Leaning.
• Mirroring.
• Barriers.

Can you actually feel when someone likes you?

The person you’re into could be dropping subtle hints that they’re feeling the same way, and like you, they might be nervous to have that conversation. Silva explains that when you’re crushing on someone, your brain releases feel-good chemicals like adrenaline, dopamine, and serotonin.

Can you tell if someone likes you online?

A guy who likes you online will often make time to talk and message with you. For instance, he might message you frequently even when you are offline. You may also find that you spend hours messaging back and forth throughout the day and even into the night.

How do you know if someone likes you secretly?

Top 30 Ways To Know For Sure A Guy Secretly Likes You

1. Eye Contact.
2. Watch your guy’s body language.
3. His interaction with other girls.
4. Your guy tries to be funny if he likes you.
5. Will respond over text immediately if he likes you.
6. Interested in Your Personal Life.
7. Gets nervous around you.
8. Stares at you a lot.

How do you tell if someone is flirting with you?

12 Clear Signs Someone Is Flirting With You (And Not Just Being Friendly)

1. They make it clear they’re single.
2. They’re getting deep with you.
3. They make a lot of eye contact.
4. Their body language gives it away.
5. They give you lots of attention.
6. They’re chasing you.
7. They act differently around you than others.

Is it normal to have a crush on someone online?

Sure. It is very easy to have a crush on an online friend. And yes, it is totally normal. For one thing, most people post only flattering pictures and stories of themselves, so you are seeing them at their best.

Can I have a crush on someone I never met?

A person cannot fall in love with someone he or she has never met in person. You can chat for hours, days, even months or years online, and that includes Facetiming. You can really, really, really get to know someone, and the potential for real love can certainly be present.

What is an online relationship called?

An internet relationship is a relationship between people who have met online, and in many cases know each other only via the Internet. An internet relationship (or online relationship) is generally sustained for a certain amount of time before being titled a relationship, just as in-person relationships.

What is online flirting?

Flirting online is exactly the same as kissing or sleeping around with someone other than your significant other. It’s just flirty words, and words are cheap, but most relationships are built off of a few exchanged words and flirtations that lead to something more.