What does the word kremlin mean in russian

1. ^ Paul, Michael C. (January 2004). «The Military Revolution in Russia 1550–1682». The Journal of Military History. 68 (1): 31. doi:10.1353/jmh.2003.0401. S2CID 159954818.
2. ^ «Moscow Kremlin Museums: ABOUT THE MUSEUM».
3. ^ «Кремль» [Kremlin]. Vasmer Etymological dictionary.
4. ^ «Moscow Kremlin Museums: VISIT US». kreml.ru. Retrieved 14 October 2020.
5. ^ «Exposition of Russian wooden sculpture and carvings». kreml.ru. Retrieved 14 October 2020.
6. ^ Agrawal, Premendra (4 February 2012). Silent Assassins Jan 11, 1966. Agrawal Overseas. p. 184. ISBN 9789350878453. Retrieved 13 August 2015.
7. ^ Фасмера, Макс. «Этимологический Словарь Фасмера» [Vasmer’s Etymological Dictionary] (in Russian). p. 321.
8. ^ ^{a b c} Paul, Michael C. (January 2004). «The Military Revolution in Russia 1550–1682». The Journal of Military History. 68 (1): 31. doi:10.1353/jmh.2003.0401. S2CID 159954818.
9. ^ Rowland, Daniel B. (2020). God, Tsar, and people : the political culture of early modern Russia. Ithaca. ISBN 978-1-5017-5211-7. OCLC 1145926960.
10. ^ Semenko, Xenia (25 November 2013). «Почему кремлевские стены красили в белый цвет» [Why the Kremlin walls painted white]. Rossiyskaya Gazeta (in Russian). Retrieved 18 May 2017.
11. ^ MANAEV, GEORGY (9 May 2019). «How the Russians made the Kremlin ‘disappear’ during». Russia Beyond. Retrieved 16 January 2022.
12. ^ Константин Михайлов: Уничтоженный Кремль
13. ^ Doronina NV; Li TsD; Ivanova EG; Trotsenko IuA. (2005). «Methylophaga murata sp. nov.: a haloalkaliphilic aerobic methylotroph from deteriorating marble». Mikrobiologiia. 74 (4): 511–9. PMID 16211855.
14. ^ Rosenberg, Steve (27 May 2013). «Vladimir Putin gets Kremlin helipad to ease congestion» (Embedded video). BBC News. Retrieved 18 May 2017.

Fortress country

In a narrow sense, the Kremlin is just a fortress. Or even a city. The two words used to be synonymous. In Ancient Rus’, any settlement surrounded by a fortress wall was traditionally considered a city, and there were a lot of such settlements, because everyone, from the ruler of the city to the head of the rural community, wanted to protect himself from the attacks of enemies and dashing people. The trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks attracted not only peaceful and respectable merchants. In addition, the local nobility willingly captured prisoners who could be sold to passing merchants. According to some theories, in many languages ​​the word “slave” comes from the ancient Greek name for the Slavic tribes “sklavins” – so many representatives of these tribes were sold and resold in slave markets. And therefore, to protect the settlements, the Slavs built many fortresses-cities. The Scandinavians even called our land Gardarika, and this beautiful word literally translates as a country of fortresses. The fame that the Slavs are so fond of building fortresses even reached Spain, where in the 11th century the Arab geographer Al-Bakri described the construction process in his Book of Ways and Countries:

“And in this way the Slavs build most of their fortresses: they go to meadows, abundant in water and reeds, and designate a round or square place there, depending on the shape that they want to give to the fortress, and by its size they dig a ditch around it, and dump the excavated earth into the shaft, strengthening it with boards and piles like beaten earth, until the wall reaches the desired height. And then the door is measured, from which side they want, and they approach it along a wooden bridge.

Sounds pretty unrepresentative, but it’s a fact. For the most part, these fortresses were a banal fortified palisade on top of an earthen rampart. And this was more than enough: siege machines were almost never used in Rus’, and the primary task of the fortresses was to prevent the city from being captured by “exile”. That is, a quick and unexpected attack, because nomads, Lithuanian tribes, and the Slavs themselves did not know how to conduct a siege. In addition, the communities were very few in number, and they simply would not have pulled any large-scale construction.

The heart of the Russian city

However, trade gradually developed in Rus’ and the nobility became isolated, which concentrated significant wealth in its hands. Communities are a thing of the past, now the cities were owned by influential and wealthy people. In the center of the city, behind the strong walls of the fortress, or, as it was then called, the citadel, the main religious buildings were built – temples and cathedrals, and the prince himself settled there. And attracted by the growth and wealth of the city, the alien population settled around the citadel, building up new streets and entire neighborhoods. In order to protect their new subjects, this “roundabout city” that arose around the citadel was protected by another wall, albeit not so strong.

Reconstruction of the Golden Gate

Photo: George Chernilevsky / Wikipedia / C0

The increased wealth of the central government made it possible to significantly complicate the construction techniques. For example, a rampart from the 12th century is not just compacted earth. First, log cabins were set up, and the logs of neighboring log cabins overlapped, and only then the earth was stuffed into the log cabins themselves and around. In the ancient ramparts of Kyiv, oak log cabins rose to a height of 12 to 16 meters. And the wooden walls of the city, which were also built from log cabins, seemed to grow out of an earthen rampart.

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Architect’s house. How stone construction was born and flourished in Rus’

At the same time, with the exception of the Novgorod and Pskov lands, where there was a lot of available limestone, the walls in Rus’ were exclusively wooden. Modern brick began to be used only in the XIV century, and it was very expensive to extract sufficient volumes of limestone and bring it back. Therefore, only the most important section of the wall was made of stone – the gate, but only the richest cities could afford such a decision: Kyiv, Vladimir and Novgorod. In the first two, the main gates still stand to this day in varying degrees of preservation. Both there and there they were called the “Golden Gate”, and the Vladimir ones got their name in imitation of the Kyiv ones. In turn, the Kyiv gates became “golden” after the gates of Constantinople, preserving continuity. The name symbolically personified the wealth and grandeur of the city. By the 12th century, the system of defensive structures in Kyiv had already protected more than 100 hectares. For comparison: at the end of the X century – only 10-12 hectares.

In general, by the 12th century, the Old Russian state already fully justified its Varangian name. To protect against the constant raids of nomads from the great steppe, the Kyiv princes built many fortified settlements that did not allow the land to be devastated. The more cities there were, the “stronger” the land was, the more safe life was there. By the middle of the 13th century, the number of fortresses reached 300. However, when the Mongols came to Rus’ in 1247, it turned out that this whole system of fortresses, sufficient to protect against the Polovtsians, was completely unable to stop Batu’s troops. The capitals of the largest eastern principalities, Vladimir and Ryazan, fell on the fifth and sixth day of the siege. And the famous seven-week defense of Kozelsk happened due to the dispersal of Batu’s forces, the exceptionally advantageous position of the city and its general insignificance. After all, the smaller the fortress and the more inaccessible places it is located, the easier it is to defend. The invasion of the horde led to many sad results, and one of them – the development of cities in the conquered territory stopped for many years. Only in the XIV century, with the beginning of the process of unification of Russian lands around Moscow, the growth of cities resumed.

The most famous Kremlin in the world

The rapid changes in the boundaries of the Moscow principality greatly complicated the construction of defensive lines. Therefore, the Grand Dukes did not strengthen the borders themselves, but fortresses on the main routes to Moscow. It was at this time that the word “Kremlin” appears, which gradually replaces the old Russian “detinets”. Its etymology is still not clearly defined. Researchers derive this word from a variety of sources. Old Russian “krem”, Greek “kremnos”, Balto-Lithuanian “kramsit”, Mongolian “kerem” and Turkic “kermen” – many options for every taste. But no matter where the word came from, by the beginning of the 16th century, many kremlins had been built in the Moscow principality. Mozhaisky, Serpukhov, Tula, Kolomna, Nizhny Novgorod and a large number of others, the main of which was, of course, Moscow.

For the first time, Moscow acquired a stone Kremlin in 1367-1368. Moreover, the walls were built in the first year, and then they only completed and built on the fortifications. In total, about 2,000 people were employed in the construction. By the way, the Kremlin was erected by the forces of the peasants, and this duty was one of the most difficult. The white color of the new limestone walls gave the name to the whole city – it was from that time that Moscow began to be called white-stone. In this form, the fortress existed for a little over a hundred years. During this time, it fell into disrepair and ceased to meet the requirements of modern military engineering science. But Moscow grew stronger and grew every year. By the end of the 15th century, it had become the capital of a huge and powerful centralized state. Both military importance and political prestige required the creation of new, modern fortifications, and in the late 15th and early 16th centuries, the Kremlin was completely rebuilt.

In 1472, Prince Ivan III of Moscow marries Sophia Palaiologos, the niece of the last Byzantine emperor. The double-headed eagle becomes the coat of arms of the country, the idea of ​​Moscow as the Third Rome takes shape and begins to spread, and Ivan III starts large-scale construction. Under the influence of his wife, for the first time in Rus’, the tsar invites Italian architects who, together with Russian masters, will create a unique ensemble in a few decades: the Assumption, Annunciation and Archangel Cathedrals, the Ivan the Great Bell Tower, the Faceted Chamber. And the magnificent Kremlin, on the construction of which many craftsmen worked, became the face of the city and struck the imagination of compatriots and foreigners. The Austrian diplomat Sigismund von Herberstein wrote in his Notes on Muscovy at the beginning of the 16th century:

“The fortress is so large that, in addition to the very extensive and superbly built of stone choir of the sovereign, it contains the mansions of the metropolitan, as well as brothers of the sovereign, nobles and other highly revered persons. In addition, there are many churches in the fortress, so that with its vastness it almost seems to resemble the view of the city.

But, of course, what Herberstein saw was very different from the current appearance of the Kremlin. In the 17th century, all the towers were built on with decorative towers, and most of the loopholes were closed up. The Kremlin suffered several times quite severely from enemy invasions, and most of all from the fire of 1812. Destroyed and blown up towers were rebuilt, gradually changing their appearance.

And by the way, about changes. Many people know that the Kremlin used to be whitewashed, but not everyone knows when it started and when it ended. It would never have occurred to the Italian masters to whitewash the walls, because during the shelling, the fallen off plaster will tell you the weak spot where you need to shoot. On the icon of Simon Ushakov, 1668, the Kremlin is completely red. However, this is not for long. In a memorandum dated July 7, 1680, filed in the name of the tsar, it is said that the Kremlin fortifications were “not whitewashed”, and the Spassky Gates “were registered with ink and whitewash in brick.” The note asked: whitewash the walls of the Kremlin, leave them as they are, or paint them “in brick” like the Spassky Gates? The tsar ordered the Kremlin to be whitewashed with lime…” From that time on, all paintings and photographs show us the already whitewashed Kremlin. As for the red color of the Kremlin, the legends according to which the Bolsheviks or Stalin painted it are not true. Time did it for them. In order for the Kremlin to keep its white color, it needs to be tinted regularly, and if this is not done, then it will gradually turn red. Already at the end of the 19th – beginning of the 20th century, in the paintings of Nesterov, Yuon and Korovin, the Kremlin is distinctly red. But that’s not all. Even when the walls were still white, some towers, such as Troitskaya and Nikolskaya, were painted red. And Spasskaya was always red in general, and only for the coronation of Alexander II in 1856 was she whitened along with the entire ensemble.

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Moscow Kremlin

Moscow Kremlin wall, the Saviour tower

View of 17th-century Moscow Kremlin, Apollinary Vasnetsov

«The Kremlin deserved a journey to Moscow» is the truism penned by French traveler Marquis de Custine in the 19th century, and it is still relevant today. Don’t miss your opportunity to book the tour of the Moscow Kremlin.

While planning your visit you need to think of what would you like to see. You may book different types of tickets: Kremlin grounds with cathedrals, Armory Museum, Diamond Fund, Ivan the Great Bell Tower, Archeological exhibition.

Did you know that Kremlin is the largest fortress in Europe? Walking around its vast territory of 28 hectares you’ll discover ancient churches, gardens, and unusual monuments. During your walk around the Kremlin Grounds, you will see:

• Cathedral Square with oldest Moscow churches
• Ivan the Great’s Bell Tower (outside only)
• Patriarch chamber museum with restored 17th-century interiors and a curious collection of patriarch’s treasures
• Three main cathedrals of the late 15th — early 16th century and a Church of the Deposition of the Robe
• The biggest cannon in the world known as Tsar’s cannon
• The biggest bell in the world referred to  as Tsar’s bell
• Peaceful Taynitsky Garden that offers impressive views on the Cathedral Square, Moscow River, and a helipad constructed for the use of Vladimir Putin. Here you can find an oak tree planted by Yuri Gagarin and
• The view (from outside!) on the presidential offices

It’s important to remember that a part of the Kremlin is not accessible and is occupied by the president’s offices and the barracks of the president’s regiment. You can admire Kremlin walls and towers only from the outside but climbing or walking along the Kremlin wall is not allowed.

Kremlin churches

• The Assumption Cathedral (1479) was the main place of worship for Moscow and the place of coronation for all the Tsars.
• The gilded Cathedral of the Annunciation was a domestic royal church; it has several unique icons by Andrey Rublev.
• The Cathedral of the Archangel Michael is the final resting place of the first Russian princes and tsars. You can find tombs of the first Russian rulers.

• The Church of the Deposition of the Robe is a private church of the metropolitans and patriarchs. The church is surprisingly small and quiet. Among the interesting exhibits is a rare collection of wooden sculptures.
• The Church of the 12 Apostles is a part of the Patriarch’s Chambers. Here you’ll discover a gorgeous 17th-century iconostasis and a remarkable collection of icons.

Other Museums in Moscow Kremlin

In addition to visiting the Kremlin grounds, you might also visit the following sights:
 

•  The Armoury Museum is a royal treasury. Among the must-sees are 10 Faberge Easter Eggs, Royal crowns and thrones,  Coronation dresses, and the second largest in the world collection of Royal carriages. The museum is open daily except for Thursday. You need to book your visit in advance and choose a convenient session: 10 am, 12 pm, 2.30 pm, or 4.30 pm. The visit lasts 1,5 hours, but sometimes they allow you to stay a bit longer.
• The Diamond Fund is a separate museum located in the same building as the Armoury. It boasts unique diamonds, rare precious stones, masterpieces of jewelry of the 18th-20th centuries, and gold and platinum nuggets. The museum is open daily except for Thursday from 10 am till 6 pm with a break from noon to 1 pm.  You may book your visit online http://www.gokhran.ru/en/ however are they usually sold out quickly. You might also get tickets on the day of the tour; your chances depend on visitors’ flow on the day of your visit.  The museum is easy to navigate as they give you a free audio guide in English.
• The Grand Kremlin Palace is the Official Residence of the Russian Federation President, which is not open to the general public. On specific dates, we organize group tours of the palace. The palace interior is impressive: you can explore the luxurious ceremonial halls of St. George. St. Andrew, St. Vladimir, as well as ancient Terem Palace and Faceted Chamber.
•  Ivan the Great bell tower offers amazing views of the Kremlin, but the tickets are not available in advance. You may purchase the ticket only on the day of your visit. The museum is open  every day, except Thursday, with sessions at : 10:15, 11:15, 13:00, 14:00, 15:00, 16:00, 17:00 from May 15 to 30 September. Considering that the group size is limited to 5 people, your chances to visit the bell tower are not very high.  

Visiting the Kremlin

The Kremlin is included in our classic tours with our Moscow tour guide.

The Kremlin is closed on Thursdays.

The Kremlin grounds are open from 9:30 a.m. to 6 p.m in summer (May 15 to Sept 30) and from 1om am to 5 pm in the low season (Oct 1 to May 14).

The Armoury Museum is open from 10 a.m. to 6 p.m. with four sessions starting at 10 a.m., 12 p.m., 2:30 p.m., and 4:30 p.m.

Please note that a ticket purchased online or at the Kremlin ticket office doesn’t allow you to explore Kremlin with a guide. If you are willing to have a  guided tour of the Kremlin, we’ll need to book a visit including permission to guide.

On average a visit to the Kremlin grounds lasts 1,5 hours. Armory museum tour lasts 1 — 2 hours.

What is typical Russian food?

Pelmeni is considered the national dish of Russia. They are pastry dumplings are typically filled with minced meat and wrapped in a thin, pasta-like dough. They can be served alone, slathered in butter and topped with sour cream, or in a soup broth.

Who is the first czar of Russia?

Ivan the Terrible was the first tsar of all Russia. During his reign, he acquired vast amounts of land through ruthless means, creating a centrally controlled government.

How old is Red Square?

Its origins date to the late 15th century, when the Muscovite prince Ivan III (Ivan the Great) expanded the Kremlin to reflect Moscow’s growing power and influence. An important public marketplace and meeting place for centuries, Red Square houses the ornate 16th-century St.

How much does it cost to visit the Kremlin?

You can visit both the grounds of the Kremlin as well as the Cathedral Square. The ticket costs 700 rubles (free for visitors under the age of 16). The most important elements on the Kremlin grounds are: The Cathedral Square, a spectacular collection of 4 cathedrals in the same plaza.

Who designed the red square?

The building’s architect was Roman Klein, who also designed numerous other well-known Moscow structures in the late 19th century, including the Pushkin Museum. After the Bolsheviks came to power, the building was no longer used as a trading house, but became the headquarters of various public bodies.

What Czar means?

1 : emperor specifically : the ruler of Russia until the 1917 revolution. 2 : one having great power or authority a banking czar.

What is the meaning of Crimea?

Crimea. / (kraɪˈmɪə) / noun. a peninsula and autonomous region in Ukraine between the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov: a former autonomous republic of the Soviet Union (1921–45), part of the Ukrainian SSR from 1945 until 1991Russian name: Krym.

What is the meaning of Hippocrates?

Definitions of Hippocrates. medical practitioner who is regarded as the father of medicine; author of the Hippocratic oath (circa 460-377 BC) example of: medical man, medical practitioner. someone who practices medicine.

Is Moscow safe?

While there is a history of violent crime against foreign journalists and aid personnel in Russia, a trip to Moscow is usually safe for mainstream travelers. Most tourists in Moscow only face potential issues with petty crime, though terrorism is also a concern.

Who made the Kremlin the Centre of government?

In 1922, when the Soviet Union was created, it became the center of power of that entity. Stalin tore down the original entrance to Red Square and an 18th century chapel there so that tanks could drive into the square for parades.

Is Russia on Europe?

Russia (Russian: Россия, Rossiya, Russian pronunciation: [rɐˈsʲijə]), or the Russian Federation, is a country spanning Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. … It has a population of 146.2 million; and is the most populous country in Europe, and the ninth-most populous country in the world.

Are people allowed inside the Kremlin?

The Moscow Kremlin is generally open for visits daily, except Thursday (which is the day-off), from 10am to 5pm. … Objects and substances not allowed on the Moscow Kremlin grounds, the necropolis and Lenin’s Mausoleum, can be left by visitors in the storage room located in the Alexander Garden.

Is Moscow expensive?

Moscow is certainly one of the world’s great cities from a historical standpoint, but for tourists it’s still largely undiscovered. … Another difficulty the city has is that Moscow is very expensive, even by most European standards. Hotels in the lower categories can be affordable, but standards tend to be equally low.

Is the Kremlin free?

The Kremlin offers free entry for anyone under the age of 16, which includes entry to the Armory Chamber and Cathedral Square. However, free-entry tickets can’t be purchased online and need to be collected at the ticket booths of the Kremlin.

Why is Red Square called Red?

Moscow’s Red Square (Krasnaya Ploshchad) is known for its political symbolism, but was actually named for its loveliness: Krasnaya, or “red,” meant “beautiful” in old Russian. The plaza has drawn crowds since it was a 1400s shantytown.

What does a red square on a house mean?

When you see a Red “X” on a vacant building, it indicates to “first responders”-police officers, fire department staff and building department staff – that the building is considered unsafe for emergency personnel. … The Red “X” does not show that the building is to be demolished or rehabbed or otherwise.

What is special about Red Square?

Red Square is the largest and most famous square in Russia. It has a magnetic pull for all visitors to Moscow. Standing in Red Square, you can see the most significant buildings in the capital: the Kremlin, GUM department store, the State History Museum, Lenin’s Mausoleum, and of course, St Basil’s Cathedral.

What is a female czar called?

tsar, also spelled tzar or czar, English feminine tsarina, tzarina, or czarina, title associated primarily with rulers of Russia.

Are the Romanovs still rich?

The Romanovs’ wealth was like no other family that has lived since, with a net worth in today’s terms of 250–300 billion dollars – making Tsar Nicholas richer than the top twenty Russian billionaires of the 21st century combined.