What does the word employment

Employment is a relationship between two parties regulating the provision of paid labour services. Usually based on a contract, one party, the employer, which might be a corporation, a not-for-profit organization, a co-operative, or any other entity, pays the other, the employee, in return for carrying out assigned work.^[1] Employees work in return for wages, which can be paid on the basis of an hourly rate, by piecework or an annual salary, depending on the type of work an employee does, the prevailing conditions of the sector and the bargaining power between the parties. Employees in some sectors may receive gratuities, bonus payments or stock options. In some types of employment, employees may receive benefits in addition to payment. Benefits may include health insurance, housing, disability insurance. Employment is typically governed by employment laws, organisation or legal contracts.

Employees and employers[edit]

An employee contributes labour and expertise to an endeavor of an employer or of a person conducting a business or undertaking (PCB)^[2] and is usually hired to perform specific duties which are packaged into a job. In a corporate context, an employee is a person who is hired to provide services to a company on a regular basis in exchange for compensation and who does not provide these services as part of an independent business.^[3]

Independent contractor[edit]

An issue that arises in most companies, especially the ones that are in the gig economy, is the classification of workers. A lot of workers that fulfill gigs are often hired as independent contractors.

To categorize a worker as an independent contractor rather than an employee, an independent contractor must agree with the client on what the finished work product will be and then the contractor controls the means and manner of achieving the desired outcome. Secondly, an independent contractor offers services to the public at large, not just to one business, and is responsible for disbursing payments from the client, paying unreimbursed expenses, and providing his or her own tools to complete the job. Third, the relationship of the parties is often evidenced by a written agreement that specifies that the worker is an independent contractor and is not entitled to employee benefits; the services provided by the worker are not key to the business; and the relationship is not permanent.

As a general principle of employment law, in the United States, there is a difference between an agent and an independent contractor. The default status of a worker is an employee unless specific guidelines are met, which can be determined by the ABC test.^[5][6] Thus, clarifying whether someone who performs work is an independent contractor or an employee from the beginning, and treating them accordingly, can save a company from trouble later on.

Provided key circumstances, including ones such as that the worker is paid regularly, follows set hours of work, is supplied with tools from the employer, is closely monitored by the employer, acting on behalf of the employer, only works for one employer at a time, they are considered an employee,^[7] and the employer will generally be liable for their actions and be obliged to give them benefits.^[8] Similarly, the employer is the owner of any invention created by an employee “hired to invent,” even in the absence of an assignment of inventions. In contrast, a company commissioning a work by an independent contractor will not own the copyright unless the company secures either a written contract stating that it is a “work made for hire” or a written assignment of the copyright. In order to stay protected and avoid lawsuits, an employer has to be aware of that distinction.^[4]

Employer–worker relationship[edit]

Employer and managerial control within an organization rests at many levels and has important implications for staff and productivity alike, with control forming the fundamental link between desired outcomes and actual processes. Employers must balance interests such as decreasing wage constraints with a maximization of labor productivity in order to achieve a profitable and productive employment relationship.

Labor acquisition / hiring[edit]

The main ways for employers to find workers and for people to find employers are via jobs listings in newspapers (via classified advertising) and online, also called job boards. Employers and job seekers also often find each other via professional recruitment consultants which receive a commission from the employer to find, screen and select suitable candidates. However, a study has shown that such consultants may not be reliable when they fail to use established principles in selecting employees.^[1] A more traditional approach is with a «Help Wanted» sign in the establishment (usually hung on a window or door^[9] or placed on a store counter).^[3] Evaluating different employees can be quite laborious but setting up different techniques to analyze their skills to measure their talents within the field can be best through assessments. Employer and potential employee commonly take the additional step of getting to know each other through the process of a job interview.

Training and development[edit]

Training and development refers to the employer’s effort to equip a newly hired employee with the necessary skills to perform at the job, and to help the employee grow within the organization. An appropriate level of training and development helps to improve employee’s job satisfaction.^[10]

Remuneration[edit]

There are many ways that employees are paid, including by hourly wages, by piecework, by yearly salary, or by gratuities (with the latter often being combined with another form of payment). In sales jobs and real estate positions, the employee may be paid a commission, a percentage of the value of the goods or services that they have sold. In some fields and professions (e.g., executive jobs), employees may be eligible for a bonus if they meet certain targets. Some executives and employees may be paid in shares or stock options, a compensation approach that has the added benefit, from the company’s point of view, of helping to align the interests of the compensated individual with the performance of the company.

Under the faithless servant doctrine, a doctrine under the laws of a number of states in the United States, and most notably New York State law, an employee who acts unfaithfully towards his employer must forfeit all of the compensation he received during the period of his disloyalty.^{[11][12][13][14][15]}

Employee benefits[edit]

Employee benefits are various non-wage compensation provided to employees in addition to their wages or salaries. The benefits can include: housing (employer-provided or employer-paid), group insurance (health, dental, life etc.), disability income protection, retirement benefits, daycare, tuition reimbursement, sick leave, vacation (paid and non-paid), social security, profit sharing, funding of education, and other specialized benefits. In some cases, such as with workers employed in remote or isolated regions, the benefits may include meals. Employee benefits can improve the relationship between employee and employer and lowers staff turnover.^[16]

Organizational justice[edit]

Organizational justice is an employee’s perception and judgement of employer’s treatment in the context of fairness or justice. The resulting actions to influence the employee-employer relationship is also a part of organizational justice.^[16]

Workforce organizing[edit]

Employees can organize into trade or labor unions, which represent the workforce to collectively bargain with the management of organizations about working, and contractual conditions and services.^[17]

Ending employment[edit]

Usually, either an employee or employer may end the relationship at any time, often subject to a certain notice period. This is referred to as at-will employment. The contract between the two parties specifies the responsibilities of each when ending the relationship and may include requirements such as notice periods, severance pay, and security measures.^[17] A contract forbidding an employee from leaving their employment, under penalty of a surety bond, is referred to as an employment bond. In some professions, notably teaching, civil servants, university professors, and some orchestra jobs, some employees may have tenure, which means that they cannot be dismissed at will. Another type of termination is a layoff.

Wage labor[edit]

Wage labor is the socioeconomic relationship between a worker and an employer, where the worker sells their labor under a formal or informal employment contract. These transactions usually occur in a labor market where wages are market-determined.^[10][16] In exchange for the wages paid, the work product generally becomes the undifferentiated property of the employer, except for special cases such as the vesting of intellectual property patents in the United States where patent rights are usually vested in the original personal inventor. A wage laborer is a person whose primary means of income is from the selling of his or her labor in this way.^[17]

In modern mixed economies such as that of the OECD countries, it is currently the dominant form of work arrangement. Although most work occurs following this structure, the wage work arrangements of CEOs, professional employees, and professional contract workers are sometimes conflated with class assignments, so that «wage labor» is considered to apply only to unskilled, semi-skilled or manual labor.^[18]

Wage slavery[edit]

Wage labor, as institutionalized under today’s market economic systems, has been criticized,^[17] especially by socialists,^{[18][19][20][21]} using the pejorative term wage slavery.^[22][23] Socialists draw parallels between the trade of labor as a commodity and slavery. Cicero is also known to have suggested such parallels.^[24]

The American philosopher John Dewey posited that until «industrial feudalism» is replaced by «industrial democracy», politics will be «the shadow cast on society by big business».^[25] Thomas Ferguson has postulated in his investment theory of party competition that the undemocratic nature of economic institutions under capitalism causes elections to become occasions when blocs of investors coalesce and compete to control the state plus cities.^[26]

Employment contract[edit]

Australia[edit]

Australian employment has been governed by the Fair Work Act since 2009.^[27]

Bangladesh[edit]

Bangladesh Association of International Recruiting Agencies (BAIRA) is an association of national level with its international reputation of co-operation and welfare of the migrant workforce as well as its approximately 1200 members agencies in collaboration with and support from the Government of Bangladesh.^[18]

Canada[edit]

In the Canadian province of Ontario, formal complaints can be brought to the Ministry of Labour. In the province of Quebec, grievances can be filed with the Commission des normes du travail.^[21]

Germany[edit]

Two of the prominent examples of work and employment contracts in Germany are the Werksvertrag^[28][29] or the Arbeitsvertrag,^{[30][31][32][33]} which is a form of Dienstleistungsvertrag (service-oriented contract). An Arbeitsvertrag can also be temporary,^[34] whereas a temporary worker is working under Zeitarbeit^[35] or Leiharbeit.^[36] Another employment setting is Arbeitnehmerüberlassung (ANÜ).^[37][38][39]

India[edit]

India has options for a fixed term contract or a permanent contract. Both contracts are entitled to minimum wages, fixed working hours and social security contributions.^[21]

Pakistan[edit]

Pakistan has no contract Labor, Minimum Wage and Provident Funds Acts. Contract labor in Pakistan must be paid minimum wage and certain facilities are to be provided to labor. However, the Acts are not yet fully implemented.^[18]

Philippines[edit]

In the Philippines, employment is regulated by the Department of Labor and Employment.^[40]

Sweden[edit]

According to Swedish law,^[41] there are three types of employment.

• Test employment (swe: Provanställning), where the employer hires a person for a test period of 6 months maximum. The employment can be ended at any time without giving any reason. This type of employment can be offered only once per employer and in employee combination. Usually, a time limited or normal employment is offered after a test employment.^[42]
• Time limited employment (swe: Tidsbegränsad anställning). The employer hires a person for a specified time. Usually, they are extended for a new period. Total maximum two years per employer and employee combination, then it automatically counts as a normal employment.
• Normal employment (swe: Tillsvidareanställning / Fast anställning), which has no time limit (except for retirement etc.). It can still be ended for two reasons: personal reason, immediate end of employment only for strong reasons such as crime, or lack of work tasks (swe: Arbetsbrist), cancellation of employment, usually because of bad income for the company. There is a cancellation period of 1–6 months, and rules for how to select employees, basically those with shortest employment time shall be cancelled first.^[42]

There are no laws about minimum salary in Sweden. Instead, there are agreements between employer organizations and trade unions about minimum salaries, and other employment conditions.

There is a type of employment contract which is common but not regulated in law, and that is Hour employment (swe: Timanställning), which can be Normal employment (unlimited), but the work time is unregulated and decided per immediate need basis. The employee is expected to be answering the phone and come to work when needed, e.g. when someone is ill and absent from work. They will receive salary only for actual work time and can in reality be fired for no reason by not being called anymore. This type of contract is common in the public sector.^[42]

United Kingdom[edit]

In the United Kingdom, employment contracts are categorized by the government into the following types:^[43]

• Fixed-term contract: last for a certain length of time, are set in advance, end when a specific task is completed, ends when a specific event takes place.
• Full-time or part-time contract: has no defined length of time, can be terminated by either party, is to accomplish a specific task, specified number of hours.^[40]
• Agency staff
• Freelancers, Consultants and Contractors
• Zero-hour contracts

United States[edit]

For purposes of U.S. federal income tax withholding, 26 U.S.C. § 3401(c) provides a definition for the term «employee» specific to chapter 24 of the Internal Revenue Code:

«For purposes of this chapter, the term «employee» includes an officer, employee, or elected official of the United States, a State, or any political subdivision thereof, or the District of Columbia, or any agency or instrumentality of any one or more of the foregoing. The term «employee» also includes an officer of a corporation.»^[44] This definition does not exclude all those who are commonly known as ’employees’. «Similarly, Latham’s instruction which indicated that under 26 U.S.C. § 3401(c) the category of ‘employee’ does not include privately employed wage earners is a preposterous reading of the statute. It is obvious that within the context of both statutes the word ‘includes’ is a term of enlargement not of limitation, and the reference to certain entities or categories is not intended to exclude all others.»^[45]

Employees are often contrasted with independent contractors, especially when there is dispute as to the worker’s entitlement to have matching taxes paid, workers compensation, and unemployment insurance benefits. However, in September 2009, the court case of Brown v. J. Kaz, Inc. ruled that independent contractors are regarded as employees for the purpose of discrimination laws if they work for the employer on a regular basis, and said employer directs the time, place, and manner of employment.^[40]

In non-union work environments, in the United States, unjust termination complaints can be brought to the United States Department of Labor.^[46]

Labor unions are legally recognized as representatives of workers in many industries in the United States. Their activity today centers on collective bargaining over wages, benefits, and working conditions for their membership, and on representing their members in disputes with management over violations of contract provisions. Larger unions also typically engage in lobbying activities and electioneering at the state and federal level.^[40]

Most unions in America are aligned with one of two larger umbrella organizations: the AFL–CIO created in 1955, and the Change to Win Federation which split from the AFL–CIO in 2005. Both advocate policies and legislation on behalf of workers in the United States and Canada, and take an active role in politics. The AFL–CIO is especially concerned with global trade issues.^[26]

American business theorist Jeffrey Pfeffer posits that contemporary employment practices and employer commonalities in the United States, including toxic working environments, job insecurity, long hours and increased performance pressure from management, are responsible for 120,000 excess deaths annually, making the workplace the fifth leading cause of death in the United States.^[47]

[edit]

Younger age workers[edit]

Young workers are at higher risk for occupational injury and face certain occupational hazards at a higher rate; this is generally due to their employment in high-risk industries. For example, in the United States, young people are injured at work at twice the rate of their older counterparts.^[49] These workers are also at higher risk for motor vehicle accidents at work, due to less work experience, a lower use of seat belts, and higher rates of distracted driving.^[50][51] To mitigate this risk, those under the age of 17 are restricted from certain types of driving, including transporting people and goods under certain circumstances.^[50]

High-risk industries for young workers include agriculture, restaurants, waste management, and mining.^[49][50] In the United States, those under the age of 18 are restricted from certain jobs that are deemed dangerous under the Fair Labor Standards Act.^[50]

Youth employment programs are most effective when they include both theoretical classroom training and hands-on training with work placements.^[52]

In the conversation of employment among younger aged workers, youth unemployment has also been monitored. Youth unemployment rates tend to be higher than the adult rates in every country in the world.^{[citation needed]}

Older age workers[edit]

Those older than the statutory defined retirement age may continue to work, either out of enjoyment or necessity. However, depending on the nature of the job, older workers may need to transition into less-physical forms of work to avoid injury. Working past retirement age also has positive effects, because it gives a sense of purpose and allows people to maintain social networks and activity levels.^[53] Older workers are often found to be discriminated against by employers.^[54]

Working poor[edit]

Employment is no guarantee of escaping poverty, the International Labour Organization (ILO) estimates that as many as 40% of workers are poor, not earning enough to keep their families above the $2 a day poverty line.^[42] For instance, in India most of the chronically poor are wage earners in formal employment, because their jobs are insecure and low paid and offer no chance to accumulate wealth to avoid risks.^[42] According to the UNRISD, increasing labor productivity appears to have a negative impact on job creation: in the 1960s, a 1% increase in output per worker was associated with a reduction in employment growth of 0.07%, by the first decade of this century the same productivity increase implies reduced employment growth by 0.54%.^[42] Both increased employment opportunities and increased labor productivity (as long as it also translates into higher wages) are needed to tackle poverty. Increases in employment without increases in productivity leads to a rise in the number of «working poor», which is why some experts are now promoting the creation of «quality» and not «quantity» in labor market policies.^[42] This approach does highlight how higher productivity has helped reduce poverty in East Asia, but the negative impact is beginning to show.^[42] In Vietnam, for example, employment growth has slowed while productivity growth has continued.^[42] Furthermore, productivity increases do not always lead to increased wages, as can be seen in the United States, where the gap between productivity and wages has been rising since the 1980s.^[42]

Researchers at the Overseas Development Institute argue that there are differences across economic sectors in creating employment that reduces poverty.^[42] 24 instances of growth were examined, in which 18 reduced poverty. This study showed that other sectors were just as important in reducing unemployment, such as manufacturing.^[42] The services sector is most effective at translating productivity growth into employment growth. Agriculture provides a safety net for jobs and economic buffer when other sectors are struggling.^[42]

Growth, employment and poverty[42]
	Number of episodes	Rising agricultural employment	Rising industrial employment	Rising services employment
Growth episodes associated with falling poverty rates	18	6	10	15
Growth episodes associated with no fall in poverty rates	6	2	3	1

Models of the employment relationship[edit]

Scholars conceptualize the employment relationship in various ways.^[55] A key assumption is the extent to which the employment relationship necessarily includes conflicts of interests between employers and employees, and the form of such conflicts.^[56] In economic theorizing, the labor market mediates all such conflicts such that employers and employees who enter into an employment relationship are assumed to find this arrangement in their own self-interest. In human resource management theorizing, employers and employees are assumed to have shared interests (or a unity of interests, hence the label “unitarism”). Any conflicts that exist are seen as a manifestation of poor human resource management policies or interpersonal clashes such as personality conflicts, both of which can and should be managed away. From the perspective of pluralist industrial relations, the employment relationship is characterized by a plurality of stakeholders with legitimate interests (hence the label “pluralism), and some conflicts of interests are seen as inherent in the employment relationship (e.g., wages v. profits). Lastly, the critical paradigm emphasizes antagonistic conflicts of interests between various groups (e.g., the competing capitalist and working classes in a Marxist framework) that are part of a deeper social conflict of unequal power relations. As a result, there are four common models of employment:^[57]

1. Mainstream economics: employment is seen as a mutually advantageous transaction in a free market between self-interested legal and economic equals
2. Human resource management (unitarism): employment is a long-term partnership of employees and employers with common interests
3. Pluralist industrial relations: employment is a bargained exchange between stakeholders with some common and some competing economic interests and unequal bargaining power due to imperfect labor markets^[42]
4. Critical industrial relations: employment is an unequal power relation between competing groups that is embedded in and inseparable from systemic inequalities throughout the socio-politico-economic system.

These models are important because they help reveal why individuals hold differing perspectives on human resource management policies, labor unions, and employment regulation.^[58] For example, human resource management policies are seen as dictated by the market in the first view, as essential mechanisms for aligning the interests of employees and employers and thereby creating profitable companies in the second view, as insufficient for looking out for workers’ interests in the third view, and as manipulative managerial tools for shaping the ideology and structure of the workplace in the fourth view.^[59]

Academic literature[edit]

Literature on the employment impact of economic growth and on how growth is associated with employment at a macro, sector and industry level was aggregated in 2013.^[60]

Researchers found evidence to suggest growth in manufacturing and services have good impact on employment. They found GDP growth on employment in agriculture to be limited, but that value-added growth had a relatively larger impact.^[42] The impact on job creation by industries/economic activities as well as the extent of the body of evidence and the key studies. For extractives, they again found extensive evidence suggesting growth in the sector has limited impact on employment. In textiles, however, although evidence was low, studies suggest growth there positively contributed to job creation. In agri-business and food processing, they found impact growth to be positive.^[60]

They found that most available literature focuses on OECD and middle-income countries somewhat, where economic growth impact has been shown to be positive on employment. The researchers didn’t find sufficient evidence to conclude any impact of growth on employment in LDCs despite some pointing to the positive impact, others point to limitations. They recommended that complementary policies are necessary to ensure economic growth’s positive impact on LDC employment. With trade, industry and investment, they only found limited evidence of positive impact on employment from industrial and investment policies and for others, while large bodies of evidence does exist, the exact impact remains contested.^[60]

Researchers have also explored the relationship between employment and illicit activities. Using evidence from Africa, a research team found that a program for Liberian ex-fighters reduced work hours on illicit activities. The employment program also reduced interest in mercenary work in nearby wars. The study concludes that while the use of capital inputs or cash payments for peaceful work created a reduction in illicit activities, the impact of training alone is rather low.^[61]

Globalization and employment relations[edit]

The balance of economic efficiency and social equity is the ultimate debate in the field of employment relations.^[62] By meeting the needs of the employer; generating profits to establish and maintain economic efficiency; whilst maintaining a balance with the employee and creating social equity that benefits the worker so that he/she can fund and enjoy healthy living; proves to be a continuous revolving issue in westernized societies.^[62]

Globalization has affected these issues by creating certain economic factors that disallow or allow various employment issues. Economist Edward Lee (1996) studies the effects of globalization and summarizes the four major points of concern that affect employment relations:

1. International competition, from the newly industrialized countries, will cause unemployment growth and increased wage disparity for unskilled workers in industrialized countries. Imports from low-wage countries exert pressure on the manufacturing sector in industrialized countries and foreign direct investment (FDI) is attracted away from the industrialized nations, towards low-waged countries.^[62]
2. Economic liberalization will result in unemployment and wage inequality in developing countries. This happens as job losses in uncompetitive industries outstrip job opportunities in new industries.
3. Workers will be forced to accept worsening wages and conditions, as a global labor market results in a “race to the bottom”. Increased international competition creates a pressure to reduce the wages and conditions of workers.^[62]
4. Globalization reduces the autonomy of the nation state. Capital is increasingly mobile and the ability of the state to regulate economic activity is reduced.

What also results from Lee’s (1996) findings is that in industrialized countries an average of almost 70 per cent of workers are employed in the service sector, most of which consists of non-tradable activities. As a result, workers are forced to become more skilled and develop sought after trades, or find other means of survival. Ultimately this is a result of changes and trends of employment, an evolving workforce, and globalization that is represented by a more skilled and increasing highly diverse labor force, that are growing in non standard forms of employment (Markey, R. et al. 2006).^[62]

Alternatives[edit]

Subcultures[edit]

Various youth subcultures have been associated with not working, such as the hippie subculture in the 1960s and 1970s (which endorsed the idea of «dropping out» of society) and the punk subculture.

Post-secondary education[edit]

One of the alternatives to work is engaging in post-secondary education at a college, university or professional school. One of the major costs of obtaining a post-secondary education is the opportunity cost of forgone wages due to not working. At times when jobs are hard to find, such as during recessions, unemployed individuals may decide to get post-secondary education, because there is less of an opportunity cost.

[edit]

In some countries, individuals who are not working can receive social assistance support (e.g., welfare or food stamps) to enable them to rent housing, buy food, repair or replace household goods, maintenance of children and observe social customs that require financial expenditure.

Volunteerism[edit]

Workers who are not paid wages, such as volunteers who perform tasks for charities, hospitals or not-for-profit organizations, are generally not considered employed. One exception to this is an internship, an employment situation in which the worker receives training or experience (and possibly college credit) as the chief form of compensation.^[63]

Indentured servitude and slavery[edit]

Those who work under obligation for the purpose of fulfilling a debt, such as indentured servants, or as property of the person or entity they work for, such as slaves, do not receive pay for their services and are not considered employed. Some historians^[which?] suggest that slavery is older than employment, but both arrangements have existed for all recorded history.^{[citation needed]} Indentured servitude and slavery are not considered^{[by whom?]} compatible with human rights or with democracy.^[63]

Self-employment[edit]

See also[edit]

Notes and references[edit]

General bibliography[edit]

• Acocella, Nicola (2007). Social pacts, employment and growth: a reappraisal of Ezio Tarantelli’s thought. Heidelberg: Springer Verlag. ISBN 978-3-7908-1915-1.
• Anderson, Elizabeth (2017). Private Government: How Employers Rule Our Lives (and Why We Don’t Talk about It). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-17651-2.
• Dubin, Robert (1958). The World of Work: Industrial Society and Human Relations. Englewood Cliffs, N.J: Prentice-Hall. p. 213. OCLC 964691.
• Ellerman, David P. (1992). Property and Contract in Economics: The Case for Economic Democracy. Blackwell. ISBN 1557863091.
• Freeman, Richard B.; Goroff, Daniel L. (2009). Science and Engineering Careers in the United States: An Analysis of Markets and Employment. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-26189-8.
• Ferguson, Thomas (1995). Golden Rule : The Investment Theory of Party Competition and the Logic of Money-Driven Political Systems. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0226243176. Retrieved January 26, 2023.
• Lee, Eddy (January 1996). «Globalization and Employment: Is Anxiety Justified?». International Labour Review. 135 (5): 485–98. Archived from the original on 2013-05-16. Retrieved 2017-08-27.
• Markey, Raymond; Hodgkinson, Ann; Kowalczyk, Jo (2002). «Gender, part-time employment and employee participation in Australian workplaces». Employee Relations. 24 (2): 129–50. doi:10.1108/01425450210420884.
• Ostergaard, Geoffrey (1997). The Tradition of Workers’ Control. London: Freedom Press. ISBN 978-0-900384-91-2.
• Stone, Raymond J. (2005). Human Resource Management (5th ed.). Milton, Qld: John Wiley. pp. 412–14. ISBN 978-0-470-80403-2.
• Thompson, E. P. (1966) [1963]. The Making of the English Working Class. New York, NY: Vintage. ISBN 978-0-394-70322-0.
• Wood, Jack M. (2004). Organisational Behaviour: A Global Perspective (3rd ed.). Milton, Qld: Wiley. pp. 355–57. ISBN 978-0-470-80262-5.

External links[edit]

• Business Link (archived from the original on 29 September 2012)
• «Labor and Employment». Government Information Library. University of Colorado at Boulder. Archived from the original on 2009-06-12. Retrieved 2009-08-05.
• «Overview and topics of labour statistics». Statistics and databases. International Labour Organization.

занятие, работа, применение, использование, наем, служба

существительное ↓

Словосочетания

unskilled workers trying to find paid employment — неквалифицированные работники, которые пытаются найти оплачиваемую работу  
the right conditions for a maximal increase in employment — благоприятные условия для максимального увеличения занятости  
employment discrimination — дискриминация при найме на работу  
out of employment — без работы  
to give / provide employment — давать работу  
to find employment / seek employment — искать работу  
employment is down — количество рабочих мест уменьшается  
employment is up — количество рабочих мест увеличивается  
employment service — служба найма  
seasonal employment — сезонная работа  
steady employment — постоянная работа  
employment book — расчётная книжка  

Примеры с переводом

Примеры, ожидающие перевода

Возможные однокоренные слова

overemployment  — сверхзанятость, чрезмерная занятость
underemployment  — неполная занятость, неполный рабочий день
unemployment  — безработица
misemployment  — неправильное или плохое использование, неэффективное, неправильное использование

• 1
  employment
  
  

  employment [ɪmˊplɔɪment]

  n

  1) слу́жба; заня́тие; рабо́та;

  2) примене́ние, испо́льзование

  Англо-русский словарь Мюллера > employment

• 2
  employment
  
  

  Англо-русский словарь строительных терминов > employment

• 3
  employment
  
  

  Персональный Сократ > employment

• 4
  employment
  
  

  [ɪmˈplɔɪmənt]

  atypical employment нетипичная занятость (неполный рабочий день, временное трудоустройство, прерывающаяся занятость, сезонная работа, работа на дому и выполнение субконтрактов) clandestine employment подпольная занятость (в нарушение законодательных положений) competitive employment конкурентная занятость (вид трудового найма, при котором инвалиды нанимаются на работу на тех же условиях, что и другие работники) converted into full-time employment переведенный на работу в течение полного рабочего дня designed employment предназначенная занятость (рабочие места для национальных или социальных меньшинств, инвалидов) employment занятие employment занятость; работа по найму employment занятость employment использование employment личный дом employment наем работников employment прием на работу employment применение, использование; employment of industrial capacity использование производственных мощностей employment применение employment профессия employment работа, занятие employment работа по найму employment служба; занятие, работа; out of employment без работы; full employment эк. полная занятость employment служба employment agent агент по найму; employment book расчетная книжка employment attr.: employment bureau бюро найма (рабочих и служащих); employment exchange биржа труда и страховая касса employment agent агент по найму; employment book расчетная книжка employment attr.: employment bureau бюро найма (рабочих и служащих); employment exchange биржа труда и страховая касса employment attr.: employment bureau бюро найма (рабочих и служащих); employment exchange биржа труда и страховая касса exchange: employment employment биржа труда employment применение, использование; employment of industrial capacity использование производственных мощностей exemplary employment типичное рабочее место (наиболее точно отражающее характер работы, оплату и т. д.); типовое (стандартное) рабочее место; образцовое трудоустройство (как пример работы бюро по трудоустройству) fixed-term employment прием на работу на определенный срок employment служба; занятие, работа; out of employment без работы; full employment эк. полная занятость full employment полная занятость full-time employment занятость в течение полного рабочего дня gainful employment доходная работа gainful employment доходное занятие have double employment рын.тр. быть занятым на двух работах have secondary employment рын.тр. иметь вторую работу in active employment при большой занятости income from employment доход от труда independent employment самостоятельная занятость industrial employment занятость в промышленности informal employment неформальная занятость, нерегулярная занятость, случайная работа level of employment уровень занятости level: employment of employment уровень занятости non-farm employment занятость на несельскохозяйственной работе в сельской местности open employment получение работы на открытом рынке труда (т. е. на основе конкуренции) employment служба; занятие, работа; out of employment без работы; full employment эк. полная занятость overfull employment нехватка рабочей силы overfull: employment чрезмерно повышенный; overfull employment эк. чрезмерно высокий уровень занятости part-time employment занятость неполное рабочее время part-time employment занятость неполный рабочий день permanent employment постоянная занятость permanent employment постоянная работа probationary employment наем на работу с испытательным сроком probationary employment принятие на работу с испытательным сроком productive employment производительное применение труда promotion of employment содействие занятости protected employment защищенная занятость retire from employment увольняться с работы salaried employment работа на твердом окладе seasonal employment сезонная занятость seek employment искать работу sheltered employment защищенная (законом) занятость (инвалидов) temporary employment временная занятость youth employment занятость молодежи

  English-Russian short dictionary > employment

• 5
  employment
  
  

  English-russian dctionary of contemporary Economics > employment

• 6
  employment
  
  

  сущ.

  1)

  общ.

  применение, использование, задействование

  Syn:

  а) занятие, дело, работа

  See:

  б) наем, прием на работу, трудоустройство

  Syn:

  See:

  employment agent, employment manager, employment market, employment supervisor, employee, employer, job, compensation, employment agency, employment exchange, job training

  employment creation — создание дополнительных рабочих мест, содействие занятости

  Syn:

  See:

  , unemployment, self-employment, employment rate, Employment and Labour Market Committee, employment effect, employment market, employment pattern, employment pool, employment protection, employment status, employment structure

  4)

  стат.

  доля занятых (среди населения); численность занятых (среди населения)

  See:

  * * *
  
  занятость, работа:
  1) работа, выполняемая за плату; занятие, профессия;
  2) работа, состояние наличия работы;
  3) процент работающего трудоспособного населения;

  unemployment;
  4) процесс найма на работу.

  * * *

  Англо-русский экономический словарь > employment

• 7
  employment
  
  

  1) занятие; служба; работа по найму

  2) занятость; занятие; использование; применение

  Англо-русский словарь по экономике и финансам > employment

• 8
  employment
  
  

  Politics english-russian dictionary > employment

• 9
  employment
  
  

  1) работа по найму, служба

  2) занятие, профессия

  •

  English-russian dctionary of diplomacy > employment

• 10
  employment
  
  

  1. n работа, служба

  2. n занятие, работа

  3. n занятие, профессия

  4. n занятость

  5. n приём; наём

  6. n применение, использование

  Синонимический ряд:

  1. engaging (noun) calling; commissioning; employ; engagement; engaging; hire; hiring; using

  2. use (noun) appliance; application; duty; exercise; exercising; exertion; implementation; operation; play; service; usage; usance; use; utilisation

  3. work (noun) business; job; line; occupation; profession; pursuit; trade; vocation; work

  Антонимический ряд:

  idleness; inactivity; laziness; unemployment

  English-Russian base dictionary > employment

• 11
  employment
  
  

  [ɪm’plɔɪmənt], [em-]

  сущ.

  1) служба; занятие; работа

  to give / provide employment — давать работу

  to find employment / seek employment — искать работу

  Syn:

  full-time / full employment — полная занятость, работа полный рабочий день или на полную ставку

  part-time employment — частичная занятость, работа неполный рабочий день или не на полную ставку

  employment agency — бюро по трудоустройству, агентство по трудоустройству

  Syn:

  3) занятие; ремесло; род занятий, профессия

  Syn:

  4) использование, применение, употребление

  Syn:

  Англо-русский современный словарь > employment

• 12
  employment
  
  

  n

  2) применение, использование

  •

  English-russian dctionary of diplomacy > employment

• 13
  employment
  
  

  ɪmˈplɔɪmənt работа( по найму), служба — to begin * начать работу — to terminate * уволить с работы, прекратить трудовые отношения — to obtain * as stenographer in a newspaper office получить работу в качестве стенографистки в редакции газеты — a large proportion of the population is engaged in industrial * большая часть населения работает /занята/ в промышленности занятие, работа — knitting is a comforting * вязание — успокаивающее занятие, вязание успокаивает нервы занятие, профессия занятость( рабочей силы) — full * полная занятость, отсутствие безработицы — * figures статистика занятиости — those in and out of * работающие и безработные прием( на работу) ;
  наем( работников) — in the * of the staff при приеме на службу применение, использование — * of modern machinery применение современной техники — * of children использование детского труда
  atypical ~ нетипичная занятость (неполный рабочий день, временное трудоустройство, прерывающаяся занятость, сезонная работа, работа на дому и выполнение субконтрактов)
  clandestine ~ подпольная занятость (в нарушение законодательных положений)
  competitive ~ конкурентная занятость (вид трудового найма, при котором инвалиды нанимаются на работу на тех же условиях, что и другие работники)
  converted into full-time ~ переведенный на работу в течение полного рабочего дня
  designed ~ предназначенная занятость (рабочие места для национальных или социальных меньшинств, инвалидов)
  employment занятие ~ занятость;
  работа по найму ~ занятость ~ использование ~ личный дом ~ наем работников ~ прием на работу ~ применение, использование;
  employment of industrial capacity использование производственных мощностей ~ применение ~ профессия ~ работа, занятие ~ работа по найму ~ служба;
  занятие, работа;
  out of employment без работы;
  full employment эк. полная занятость ~ служба
  ~ agent агент по найму;
  employment book расчетная книжка
  ~ attr.: ~ bureau бюро найма( рабочих и служащих) ;
  employment exchange биржа труда и страховая касса
  ~ agent агент по найму;
  employment book расчетная книжка
  ~ attr.: ~ bureau бюро найма (рабочих и служащих) ;
  employment exchange биржа труда и страховая касса
  ~ attr.: ~ bureau бюро найма (рабочих и служащих) ;
  employment exchange биржа труда и страховая касса exchange: employment ~ биржа труда
  ~ применение, использование;
  employment of industrial capacity использование производственных мощностей
  exemplary ~ типичное рабочее место (наиболее точно отражающее характер работы, оплату и т. д.) ;
  типовое (стандартное) рабочее место;
  образцовое трудоустройство (как пример работы бюро по трудоустройству)
  fixed-term ~ прием на работу на определенный срок
  ~ служба;
  занятие, работа;
  out of employment без работы;
  full employment эк. полная занятость full ~ полная занятость
  full-time ~ занятость в течение полного рабочего дня
  gainful ~ доходная работа gainful ~ доходное занятие
  have double ~ рын.тр. быть занятым на двух работах
  have secondary ~ рын.тр. иметь вторую работу
  in active ~ при большой занятости
  income from ~ доход от труда
  independent ~ самостоятельная занятость
  industrial ~ занятость в промышленности
  informal ~ неформальная занятость, нерегулярная занятость, случайная работа
  level of ~ уровень занятости level: ~ of employment уровень занятости
  non-farm ~ занятость на несельскохозяйственной работе в сельской местности
  open ~ получение работы на открытом рынке труда (т. е. на основе конкуренции)
  ~ служба;
  занятие, работа;
  out of employment без работы;
  full employment эк. полная занятость
  overfull ~ нехватка рабочей силы overfull: ~ чрезмерно повышенный;
  overfull employment эк. чрезмерно высокий уровень занятости
  part-time ~ занятость неполное рабочее время part-time ~ занятость неполный рабочий день
  permanent ~ постоянная занятость permanent ~ постоянная работа
  probationary ~ наем на работу с испытательным сроком probationary ~ принятие на работу с испытательным сроком
  productive ~ производительное применение труда
  promotion of ~ содействие занятости
  protected ~ защищенная занятость
  retire from ~ увольняться с работы
  salaried ~ работа на твердом окладе
  seasonal ~ сезонная занятость
  seek ~ искать работу
  sheltered ~ защищенная (законом) занятость (инвалидов)
  temporary ~ временная занятость
  youth ~ занятость молодежи

  Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > employment

• 14
  employment
  
  

  применение; использование

  English-Russian military dictionary > employment

• 15
  employment
  
  

  [ɪm’plɔɪmənt]

  n

  занятие, занятость, работа по найму, служба

  Many students are seeking employment after college. — Многие студенты после окончания колледжа ищут работу.

  This letter outlines the terms and conditions of employment. — В этом письме изложены условия и требования найма.

  
  — industrial employment
  — employment problem

  — employment exchange

  
  — employment manager
  — employment agreement
  — employment contract
  — employment sheet

  USAGE:

  English-Russian combinatory dictionary > employment

• 16
  employment
  
  

  [ımʹplɔımənt]

  to terminate employment — уволить с работы, прекратить трудовые отношения

  to obtain employment as stenographer in a newspaper office — получить работу в качестве стенографистки в редакции газеты

  a large proportion of the population is engaged in industrial employment — большая часть населения работает /занята/ в промышленности

  2) занятие, работа

  knitting is a comforting employment — вязание — успокаивающее занятие, вязание успокаивает нервы

  3) занятие, профессия

  full employment — полная занятость, отсутствие безработицы

  4. применение, использование

  НБАРС > employment

• 17
  employment
  
  

  noun

  1) служба; занятие, работа; out of employment без работы; full employment econ. полная занятость

  2) применение, использование; employment of industrial capacity использование производственных мощностей

  3) (

  attr.

  ) employment bureau бюро найма (рабочих и служащих); employment exchange биржа труда и страховая касса; employment agent агент по найму; employment book расчетная книжка

  * * *

  (n) занятие; занятость; служба; трудоустройство

  * * *

  1) служба; занятие; работа 2) занятость

  * * *

  [em·ploy·ment || ɪm’plɔɪmənt]
  работа, служба, занятие, наем, применение, использование

  * * *

  деятельность

  занятие

  занятость

  использование

  предприятие

  применение

  работа

  робота

  служба

  трудоустройства

  трудоустройство

  * * *

  1) служба; занятие; работа (по найму)
  2) занятость

  Новый англо-русский словарь > employment

• 18
  employment
  
  

  1. занятость; деятельность индивидов, связанная с удовлетворением личных и общественных потребностей;

  2. занятость в сфере хозяйственной, профессиональной деятельности;

  employment, absolute — максимальная (полная) занятость;

  employment, relative — относительная занятость;

  employment status — статус занятости.

  * * *

  сущ.

  1) занятость; деятельность индивидов, связанная с удовлетворением личных и общественных потребностей;

  2) занятость в сфере хозяйственной, профессиональной деятельности;

  Англо-русский словарь по социологии > employment

• 19
  employment
  
  

  Англо-русский юридический словарь > employment

• 20
  employment
  
  

  Англо-русский синонимический словарь > employment

They do not stop to reflect that so much wealth has been wiped out of the world, and that _instead of the destruction furnishing so much additional employment, it has only changed the direction of the employment_. ❋ Charles Whiting Baker (N/A)

April 13th, 2009 at 4: 57 pm “Mooney was hoping his attack would result in employment from a security firm†¦ ” well sure, they still need a junior janitor they can piss on all day. kevin Says: ❋ Unknown (2009)

Mooney was hoping his attack would result in employment from a security firm, rather than prosecution, says PC Magazine. ❋ Unknown (2009)

“Mooney was hoping his attack would result in employment from a security firm …” ❋ Unknown (2009)

“Mooney was hoping his attack would result in employment from a security firm, rather than prosecution, says PC Magazine.” ❋ Unknown (2009)

Growth in employment is pretty much all immigrants and Public sector sinecures. ❋ Newmania (2008)

In Rochester that racial discrimination in employment is wrong, even where its ostensible goal is to help minorities? ❋ Unknown (2007)

Moreover, shutting down their ability to gain employment is dangerous. ❋ Unknown (2007)

The current rise in employment can therefore be at least partially attributed to the Bush tax cuts of several years ago (employment is a very lagging indicator – almost the last thing to show results from economic policy changes). ❋ Unknown (2006)

But more women will have to become much more aggressive than they are at present if equal opportunity in employment is to be achieved. ❋ Unknown (1970)

The improvement in employment is probably the most significant indicator of better times. ❋ Unknown (1933)

Do not misunderstand me; I do not say there shall not be discrimination in employment, for rational selection in employment is the foundation of success, just as is discrimination in life, in the selection of everything; but I mean there shall be no arbitrary discrimination against men because of their economic faith. ❋ Unknown (1921)

The Complaint alleges that positive statements made by the Company were materially false and misleading when made, and were known to be false and misleading because the Company failed to disclose that the Company’s purported Placement rates were achieved through an improper course of conduct and a manipulative use of the term «employment.»

The term employment, unless the context otherwise requires, shall not apply to — (1) Employment as a farm laborer; ❋ Unknown (1663)

Low level minions are damm well aware that their employment is at will. ❋ Unknown (2009)

Unfortunately, some of those cuts came in employment, which is why the unemployment numbers shot up so drastically. ❋ Unknown (2009)

This extended absence from work, which I call an «employment gap,» is an indication of a job seeker’s significant comfort level with collecting unemployment benefits. ❋ Unknown (2011)

Employer to female employee: «Would you be able to move that [lounge].»
Female Employee thinks: OMG!!!!!
Employer: «Would you be able to put [the umbrella] up?» (Cafe style umbrella- weights a fuckin’ [tonne])
If you want it done, do it your fuckin’ self! ❋ Trittrott (2010)

John is not in [employment]. He is a [lazy] [tosser]. ❋ Moosaidthedog (2005)

To remain employable, individuals must [learn] new [skills] [regularly]. ❋ UrbanDic??! (2015)

[annie] and [i are] going to see the employer this [thursday] ❋ Michael Foolsley (2009)

You request a specific set of skills and an alotted amount of time from me to accomplish a task/project. Therefore, upon my [employment], you give me whatever I want or [I accept] whatever you’re offering in return; proir to or upon [completion] of the task/project. ❋ TyvekNomex (2013)

«wow, [Ryan] your such an [employer]!!»
«[Thanks Bro]» ❋ Ballinbeinme (2012)

At varying times in my ultra-successful life I have been called The Great Employer since all of my ultra-successful businesses have [steadily] [employed] so many undocumented [immigrants] that you probably would be unable to count them since they are in fact not documented! ❋ Dr Bunnygirl (2020)

[Melissa] is always late, her works sucks, she’s [dumber than shit] and the other workers find her [annoying as hell]. But, she has been able to keep her job by performing a lot of employment fellatio. ❋ 23rd Chromosome (2015)

‘Hello i’m Sam; i’m your [Employment] Officer’
‘My your [stuby] [fingers] look like sausages’ ❋ Venom_of_Oswestry (2009)

I hate my [job], it’s so [boring] I’ve [contracted] Employment HIV. ❋ TheSparky04 (2011)

1 : use, purpose. 2a : activity in which one engages or is employed seeking gainful employment. b : an instance of such activity.

What is considered a regular employee?

Related Definitions Regular employee means an employee whose employment is reasonably expected to continue for longer than two years, although such employment may be terminated earlier by action on the part of the Company or the employee. Sample 2. Based on 34 documents. 34. ＋ New List.

How many months is a contractual employee?

six month

How many months is a regular employee?

Depending on the company, you may need to spend three to six months working as a probationary employee before being conferred your regular status.

Does salary increase after probation period?

In general – you shouldn’t expect much after probation period is complete. Certain allowances may not be available during probation period – that will be given after probation. Thus this may be reflected as salary increment. Certain benefits are not available in probation period like training allowance etc.

What are the benefits of regular employee?

Benefits are any perks offered to employees in addition to salary. The most common benefits are medical, disability, and life insurance; retirement benefits; paid time off; and fringe benefits. Benefits can be quite valuable.

What types of benefits do employers offer?

What are the four major types of employee benefits?

• Medical insurance.
• Life insurance.
• Retirement plans.
• Disability insurance.

What is the most common type of employee benefit answers?

1. Medical. The most common (and often most essential) type of benefits employers can offer is medical coverage. The costs of health insurance, doctors and hospital visits, dental work, vision care, and prescriptions are rapidly increasing and employees are finding it more and more difficult to deal.