What does the word culture means - Word и Excel - помощь в работе с программами

Religion and expressive art are important aspects of human culture.

Culture () is an umbrella term which encompasses the social behavior, institutions, and norms found in human societies, as well as the knowledge, beliefs, arts, laws, customs, capabilities, and habits of the individuals in these groups.^[1] Culture is often originated from or attributed to a specific region or location.

Humans acquire culture through the learning processes of enculturation and socialization, which is shown by the diversity of cultures across societies.

A cultural norm codifies acceptable conduct in society; it serves as a guideline for behavior, dress, language, and demeanor in a situation, which serves as a template for expectations in a social group.
Accepting only a monoculture in a social group can bear risks, just as a single species can wither in the face of environmental change, for lack of functional responses to the change.^[2]
Thus in military culture, valor is counted a typical behavior for an individual and duty, honor, and loyalty to the social group are counted as virtues or functional responses in the continuum of conflict. In the practice of religion, analogous attributes can be identified in a social group.

Cultural change, or repositioning, is the reconstruction of a cultural concept of a society.^[3] Cultures are internally affected by both forces encouraging change and forces resisting change. Cultures are externally affected via contact between societies.

Organizations like UNESCO attempt to preserve culture and cultural heritage.

Description

Pygmy music has been polyphonic well before their discovery by non-African explorers of the Baka, Aka, Efe, and other foragers of the Central African forests, in the 1200s, which is at least 200 years before polyphony developed in Europe. Note the multiple lines of singers and dancers. The motifs are independent, with theme and variation interweaving.^[4] This type of music is thought to be the first expression of polyphony in world music.

Culture is considered a central concept in anthropology, encompassing the range of phenomena that are transmitted through social learning in human societies. Cultural universals are found in all human societies. These include expressive forms like art, music, dance, ritual, religion, and technologies like tool usage, cooking, shelter, and clothing. The concept of material culture covers the physical expressions of culture, such as technology, architecture and art, whereas the immaterial aspects of culture such as principles of social organization (including practices of political organization and social institutions), mythology, philosophy, literature (both written and oral), and science comprise the intangible cultural heritage of a society.^[5]

In the humanities, one sense of culture as an attribute of the individual has been the degree to which they have cultivated a particular level of sophistication in the arts, sciences, education, or manners. The level of cultural sophistication has also sometimes been used to distinguish civilizations from less complex societies. Such hierarchical perspectives on culture are also found in class-based distinctions between a high culture of the social elite and a low culture, popular culture, or folk culture of the lower classes, distinguished by the stratified access to cultural capital. In common parlance, culture is often used to refer specifically to the symbolic markers used by ethnic groups to distinguish themselves visibly from each other such as body modification, clothing or jewelry. Mass culture refers to the mass-produced and mass mediated forms of consumer culture that emerged in the 20th century. Some schools of philosophy, such as Marxism and critical theory, have argued that culture is often used politically as a tool of the elites to manipulate the proletariat and create a false consciousness. Such perspectives are common in the discipline of cultural studies. In the wider social sciences, the theoretical perspective of cultural materialism holds that human symbolic culture arises from the material conditions of human life, as humans create the conditions for physical survival, and that the basis of culture is found in evolved biological dispositions.

When used as a count noun, a «culture» is the set of customs, traditions, and values of a society or community, such as an ethnic group or nation. Culture is the set of knowledge acquired over time. In this sense, multiculturalism values the peaceful coexistence and mutual respect between different cultures inhabiting the same planet. Sometimes «culture» is also used to describe specific practices within a subgroup of a society, a subculture (e.g. «bro culture»), or a counterculture. Within cultural anthropology, the ideology and analytical stance of cultural relativism hold that cultures cannot easily be objectively ranked or evaluated because any evaluation is necessarily situated within the value system of a given culture.

Etymology

The modern term «culture» is based on a term used by the ancient Roman orator Cicero in his Tusculanae Disputationes, where he wrote of a cultivation of the soul or «cultura animi,»^[6] using an agricultural metaphor for the development of a philosophical soul, understood teleologically as the highest possible ideal for human development. Samuel Pufendorf took over this metaphor in a modern context, meaning something similar, but no longer assuming that philosophy was man’s natural perfection. His use, and that of many writers after him, «refers to all the ways in which human beings overcome their original barbarism, and through artifice, become fully human.»^[7]

In 1986, philosopher Edward S. Casey wrote, «The very word culture meant ‘place tilled’ in Middle English, and the same word goes back to Latin colere, ‘to inhabit, care for, till, worship’ and cultus, ‘A cult, especially a religious one.’ To be cultural, to have a culture, is to inhabit a place sufficiently intensely to cultivate it—to be responsible for it, to respond to it, to attend to it caringly.»^[8]

Culture described by Richard Velkley:^[7]

… originally meant the cultivation of the soul or mind, acquires most of its later modern meaning in the writings of the 18th-century German thinkers, who were on various levels developing Rousseau’s criticism of «modern liberalism and Enlightenment.» Thus a contrast between «culture» and «civilization» is usually implied in these authors, even when not expressed as such.

In the words of anthropologist E.B. Tylor, it is «that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.»^[9] Alternatively, in a contemporary variant, «Culture is defined as a social domain that emphasizes the practices, discourses and material expressions, which, over time, express the continuities and discontinuities of social meaning of a life held in common.^[10]

The Cambridge English Dictionary states that culture is «the way of life, especially the general customs and beliefs, of a particular group of people at a particular time.»^[11] Terror management theory posits that culture is a series of activities and worldviews that provide humans with the basis for perceiving themselves as «person[s] of worth within the world of meaning»—raising themselves above the merely physical aspects of existence, in order to deny the animal insignificance and death that Homo sapiens became aware of when they acquired a larger brain.^[12]^[13]

The word is used in a general sense as the evolved ability to categorize and represent experiences with symbols and to act imaginatively and creatively. This ability arose with the evolution of behavioral modernity in humans around 50,000 years ago and is often thought to be unique to humans. However, some other species have demonstrated similar, though much less complicated, abilities for social learning. It is also used to denote the complex networks of practices and accumulated knowledge and ideas that are transmitted through social interaction and exist in specific human groups, or cultures, using the plural form.^{[citation needed]}

Change

The Beatles exemplified changing cultural dynamics, not only in music, but fashion and lifestyle. Over a half century after their emergence, they continue to have a worldwide cultural impact.

Raimon Panikkar identified 29 ways in which cultural change can be brought about, including growth, development, evolution, involution, renovation, reconception, reform, innovation, revivalism, revolution, mutation, progress, diffusion, osmosis, borrowing, eclecticism, syncretism, modernization, indigenization, and transformation.^[14] In this context, modernization could be viewed as adoption of Enlightenment era beliefs and practices, such as science, rationalism, industry, commerce, democracy, and the notion of progress. Rein Raud, building on the work of Umberto Eco, Pierre Bourdieu and Jeffrey C. Alexander, has proposed a model of cultural change based on claims and bids, which are judged by their cognitive adequacy and endorsed or not endorsed by the symbolic authority of the cultural community in question.^[15]

Cultural invention has come to mean any innovation that is new and found to be useful to a group of people and expressed in their behavior but which does not exist as a physical object. Humanity is in a global «accelerating culture change period,» driven by the expansion of international commerce, the mass media, and above all, the human population explosion, among other factors. Culture repositioning means the reconstruction of the cultural concept of a society.^[16]

Full-length profile portrait of a Turkmen woman, standing on a carpet at the entrance to a yurt, dressed in traditional clothing and jewelry

Cultures are internally affected by both forces encouraging change and forces resisting change. These forces are related to both social structures and natural events, and are involved in the perpetuation of cultural ideas and practices within current structures, which themselves are subject to change.^[17]

Social conflict and the development of technologies can produce changes within a society by altering social dynamics and promoting new cultural models, and spurring or enabling generative action. These social shifts may accompany ideological shifts and other types of cultural change. For example, the U.S. feminist movement involved new practices that produced a shift in gender relations, altering both gender and economic structures. Environmental conditions may also enter as factors. For example, after tropical forests returned at the end of the last ice age, plants suitable for domestication were available, leading to the invention of agriculture, which in turn brought about many cultural innovations and shifts in social dynamics.^[18]

Cultures are externally affected via contact between societies, which may also produce—or inhibit—social shifts and changes in cultural practices. War or competition over resources may impact technological development or social dynamics. Additionally, cultural ideas may transfer from one society to another, through diffusion or acculturation. In diffusion, the form of something (though not necessarily its meaning) moves from one culture to another. For example, Western restaurant chains and culinary brands sparked curiosity and fascination to the Chinese as China opened its economy to international trade in the late 20th-century.^[19] «Stimulus diffusion» (the sharing of ideas) refers to an element of one culture leading to an invention or propagation in another. «Direct borrowing,» on the other hand, tends to refer to technological or tangible diffusion from one culture to another. Diffusion of innovations theory presents a research-based model of why and when individuals and cultures adopt new ideas, practices, and products.^[20]

Acculturation has different meanings. Still, in this context, it refers to the replacement of traits of one culture with another, such as what happened to certain Native American tribes and many indigenous peoples across the globe during the process of colonization. Related processes on an individual level include assimilation (adoption of a different culture by an individual) and transculturation. The transnational flow of culture has played a major role in merging different cultures and sharing thoughts, ideas, and beliefs.

Early modern discourses

German Romanticism

Immanuel Kant (1724–1804) formulated an individualist definition of «enlightenment» similar to the concept of bildung: «Enlightenment is man’s emergence from his self-incurred immaturity.»^[21] He argued that this immaturity comes not from a lack of understanding, but from a lack of courage to think independently. Against this intellectual cowardice, Kant urged: «Sapere Aude» («Dare to be wise!»). In reaction to Kant, German scholars such as Johann Gottfried Herder (1744–1803) argued that human creativity, which necessarily takes unpredictable and highly diverse forms, is as important as human rationality. Moreover, Herder proposed a collective form of Bildung: «For Herder, Bildung was the totality of experiences that provide a coherent identity, and sense of common destiny, to a people.»^[22]

In 1795, the Prussian linguist and philosopher Wilhelm von Humboldt (1767–1835) called for an anthropology that would synthesize Kant’s and Herder’s interests. During the Romantic era, scholars in Germany, especially those concerned with nationalist movements—such as the nationalist struggle to create a «Germany» out of diverse principalities, and the nationalist struggles by ethnic minorities against the Austro-Hungarian Empire—developed a more inclusive notion of culture as «worldview» (Weltanschauung).^[23] According to this school of thought, each ethnic group has a distinct worldview that is incommensurable with the worldviews of other groups. Although more inclusive than earlier views, this approach to culture still allowed for distinctions between «civilized» and «primitive» or «tribal» cultures.

In 1860, Adolf Bastian (1826–1905) argued for «the psychic unity of mankind.»^[24] He proposed that a scientific comparison of all human societies would reveal that distinct worldviews consisted of the same basic elements. According to Bastian, all human societies share a set of «elementary ideas» (Elementargedanken); different cultures, or different «folk ideas» (Völkergedanken), are local modifications of the elementary ideas.^[25] This view paved the way for the modern understanding of culture. Franz Boas (1858–1942) was trained in this tradition, and he brought it with him when he left Germany for the United States.^[26]

English Romanticism

British poet and critic Matthew Arnold viewed «culture» as the cultivation of the humanist ideal.

In the 19th century, humanists such as English poet and essayist Matthew Arnold (1822–1888) used the word «culture» to refer to an ideal of individual human refinement, of «the best that has been thought and said in the world.»^[27] This concept of culture is also comparable to the German concept of bildung: «…culture being a pursuit of our total perfection by means of getting to know, on all the matters which most concern us, the best which has been thought and said in the world.»^[27]

In practice, culture referred to an elite ideal and was associated with such activities as art, classical music, and haute cuisine.^[28] As these forms were associated with urban life, «culture» was identified with «civilization» (from Latin: civitas, lit. ‘city’). Another facet of the Romantic movement was an interest in folklore, which led to identifying a «culture» among non-elites. This distinction is often characterized as that between high culture, namely that of the ruling social group, and low culture. In other words, the idea of «culture» that developed in Europe during the 18th and early 19th centuries reflected inequalities within European societies.^[29]

British anthropologist Edward Tylor was one of the first English-speaking scholars to use the term culture in an inclusive and universal sense.

Matthew Arnold contrasted «culture» with anarchy; other Europeans, following philosophers Thomas Hobbes and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, contrasted «culture» with «the state of nature.» According to Hobbes and Rousseau, the Native Americans who were being conquered by Europeans from the 16th centuries on were living in a state of nature; this opposition was expressed through the contrast between «civilized» and «uncivilized.»^[30] According to this way of thinking, one could classify some countries and nations as more civilized than others and some people as more cultured than others. This contrast led to Herbert Spencer’s theory of Social Darwinism and Lewis Henry Morgan’s theory of cultural evolution. Just as some critics have argued that the distinction between high and low cultures is an expression of the conflict between European elites and non-elites, other critics have argued that the distinction between civilized and uncivilized people is an expression of the conflict between European colonial powers and their colonial subjects.

Other 19th-century critics, following Rousseau, have accepted this differentiation between higher and lower culture, but have seen the refinement and sophistication of high culture as corrupting and unnatural developments that obscure and distort people’s essential nature. These critics considered folk music (as produced by «the folk,» i.e., rural, illiterate, peasants) to honestly express a natural way of life, while classical music seemed superficial and decadent. Equally, this view often portrayed indigenous peoples as «noble savages» living authentic and unblemished lives, uncomplicated and uncorrupted by the highly stratified capitalist systems of the West.

In 1870 the anthropologist Edward Tylor (1832–1917) applied these ideas of higher versus lower culture to propose a theory of the evolution of religion. According to this theory, religion evolves from more polytheistic to more monotheistic forms.^[31] In the process, he redefined culture as a diverse set of activities characteristic of all human societies. This view paved the way for the modern understanding of religion.

Anthropology

Petroglyphs in modern-day Gobustan, Azerbaijan, dating back to 10,000 BCE and indicating a thriving culture

Although anthropologists worldwide refer to Tylor’s definition of culture,^[32] in the 20th century «culture» emerged as the central and unifying concept of American anthropology, where it most commonly refers to the universal human capacity to classify and encode human experiences symbolically, and to communicate symbolically encoded experiences socially.^[33] American anthropology is organized into four fields, each of which plays an important role in research on culture: biological anthropology, linguistic anthropology, cultural anthropology, and in the United States and Canada, archaeology.^[34]^[35]^[36]^[37] The term Kulturbrille, or «culture glasses,» coined by German American anthropologist Franz Boas, refers to the «lenses» through which a person sees their own culture. Martin Lindstrom asserts that Kulturbrille, which allow a person to make sense of the culture they inhabit, «can blind us to things outsiders pick up immediately.»^[38]

Sociology

An example of folkloric dancing in Colombia

The sociology of culture concerns culture as manifested in society. For sociologist Georg Simmel (1858–1918), culture referred to «the cultivation of individuals through the agency of external forms which have been objectified in the course of history.»^[39] As such, culture in the sociological field can be defined as the ways of thinking, the ways of acting, and the material objects that together shape a people’s way of life. Culture can be either of two types, non-material culture or material culture.^[5] Non-material culture refers to the non-physical ideas that individuals have about their culture, including values, belief systems, rules, norms, morals, language, organizations, and institutions, while material culture is the physical evidence of a culture in the objects and architecture they make or have made. The term tends to be relevant only in archeological and anthropological studies, but it specifically means all material evidence which can be attributed to culture, past or present.

Cultural sociology first emerged in Weimar Germany (1918–1933), where sociologists such as Alfred Weber used the term Kultursoziologie (‘cultural sociology’). Cultural sociology was then reinvented in the English-speaking world as a product of the cultural turn of the 1960s, which ushered in structuralist and postmodern approaches to social science. This type of cultural sociology may be loosely regarded as an approach incorporating cultural analysis and critical theory. Cultural sociologists tend to reject scientific methods, instead hermeneutically focusing on words, artifacts and symbols.^[40] Culture has since become an important concept across many branches of sociology, including resolutely scientific fields like social stratification and social network analysis. As a result, there has been a recent influx of quantitative sociologists to the field. Thus, there is now a growing group of sociologists of culture who are, confusingly, not cultural sociologists. These scholars reject the abstracted postmodern aspects of cultural sociology, and instead, look for a theoretical backing in the more scientific vein of social psychology and cognitive science.^[41]

Nowruz is a good sample of popular and folklore culture that is celebrated by people in more than 22 countries with different nations and religions, at the 1st day of spring. It has been celebrated by diverse communities for over 7,000 years.

Early researchers and development of cultural sociology

The sociology of culture grew from the intersection between sociology (as shaped by early theorists like Marx,^[42] Durkheim, and Weber) with the growing discipline of anthropology, wherein researchers pioneered ethnographic strategies for describing and analyzing a variety of cultures around the world. Part of the legacy of the early development of the field lingers in the methods (much of cultural, sociological research is qualitative), in the theories (a variety of critical approaches to sociology are central to current research communities), and in the substantive focus of the field. For instance, relationships between popular culture, political control, and social class were early and lasting concerns in the field.

Cultural studies

In the United Kingdom, sociologists and other scholars influenced by Marxism such as Stuart Hall (1932–2014) and Raymond Williams (1921–1988) developed cultural studies. Following nineteenth-century Romantics, they identified culture with consumption goods and leisure activities (such as art, music, film, food, sports, and clothing). They saw patterns of consumption and leisure as determined by relations of production, which led them to focus on class relations and the organization of production.^[43]^[44]

In the United Kingdom, cultural studies focuses largely on the study of popular culture; that is, on the social meanings of mass-produced consumer and leisure goods. Richard Hoggart coined the term in 1964 when he founded the Birmingham Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies or CCCS.^[45] It has since become strongly associated with Stuart Hall,^[46] who succeeded Hoggart as Director.^[47] Cultural studies in this sense, then, can be viewed as a limited concentration scoped on the intricacies of consumerism, which belongs to a wider culture sometimes referred to as Western civilization or globalism.

From the 1970s onward, Stuart Hall’s pioneering work, along with that of his colleagues Paul Willis, Dick Hebdige, Tony Jefferson, and Angela McRobbie, created an international intellectual movement. As the field developed, it began to combine political economy, communication, sociology, social theory, literary theory, media theory, film/video studies, cultural anthropology, philosophy, museum studies, and art history to study cultural phenomena or cultural texts. In this field researchers often concentrate on how particular phenomena relate to matters of ideology, nationality, ethnicity, social class, and/or gender.^[48] Cultural studies is concerned with the meaning and practices of everyday life. These practices comprise the ways people do particular things (such as watching television or eating out) in a given culture. It also studies the meanings and uses people attribute to various objects and practices. Specifically, culture involves those meanings and practices held independently of reason. Watching television to view a public perspective on a historical event should not be thought of as culture unless referring to the medium of television itself, which may have been selected culturally; however, schoolchildren watching television after school with their friends to «fit in» certainly qualifies since there is no grounded reason for one’s participation in this practice.

In the context of cultural studies, a text includes not only written language, but also films, photographs, fashion or hairstyles: the texts of cultural studies comprise all the meaningful artifacts of culture.^[49] Similarly, the discipline widens the concept of culture. Culture, for a cultural-studies researcher, not only includes traditional high culture (the culture of ruling social groups)^[50] and popular culture, but also everyday meanings and practices. The last two, in fact, have become the main focus of cultural studies. A further and recent approach is comparative cultural studies, based on the disciplines of comparative literature and cultural studies.^[51]

Scholars in the United Kingdom and the United States developed somewhat different versions of cultural studies after the late 1970s. The British version of cultural studies had originated in the 1950s and 1960s, mainly under the influence of Richard Hoggart, E.P. Thompson, and Raymond Williams, and later that of Stuart Hall and others at the Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies at the University of Birmingham. This included overtly political, left-wing views, and criticisms of popular culture as «capitalist» mass culture; it absorbed some of the ideas of the Frankfurt School critique of the «culture industry» (i.e. mass culture). This emerges in the writings of early British cultural-studies scholars and their influences: see the work of (for example) Raymond Williams, Stuart Hall, Paul Willis, and Paul Gilroy.

In the United States, Lindlof and Taylor write, «cultural studies [were] grounded in a pragmatic, liberal-pluralist tradition.»^[52] The American version of cultural studies initially concerned itself more with understanding the subjective and appropriative side of audience reactions to, and uses of, mass culture; for example, American cultural-studies advocates wrote about the liberatory aspects of fandom.^{[citation needed]} The distinction between American and British strands, however, has faded.^{[citation needed]} Some researchers, especially in early British cultural studies, apply a Marxist model to the field. This strain of thinking has some influence from the Frankfurt School, but especially from the structuralist Marxism of Louis Althusser and others. The main focus of an orthodox Marxist approach concentrates on the production of meaning. This model assumes a mass production of culture and identifies power as residing with those producing cultural artifacts. In a Marxist view, the mode and relations of production form the economic base of society, which constantly interacts and influences superstructures, such as culture.^[53] Other approaches to cultural studies, such as feminist cultural studies and later American developments of the field, distance themselves from this view. They criticize the Marxist assumption of a single, dominant meaning, shared by all, for any cultural product. The non-Marxist approaches suggest that different ways of consuming cultural artifacts affect the meaning of the product. This view comes through in the book Doing Cultural Studies: The Story of the Sony Walkman (by Paul du Gay et al.),^[54] which seeks to challenge the notion that those who produce commodities control the meanings that people attribute to them. Feminist cultural analyst, theorist, and art historian Griselda Pollock contributed to cultural studies from viewpoints of art history and psychoanalysis. The writer Julia Kristeva is among influential voices at the turn of the century, contributing to cultural studies from the field of art and psychoanalytical French feminism.^[55]

Petrakis and Kostis (2013) divide cultural background variables into two main groups:^[56]

The first group covers the variables that represent the «efficiency orientation» of the societies: performance orientation, future orientation, assertiveness, power distance, and uncertainty avoidance.
The second covers the variables that represent the «social orientation» of societies, i.e., the attitudes and lifestyles of their members. These variables include gender egalitarianism, institutional collectivism, in-group collectivism, and human orientation.

In 2016, a new approach to culture was suggested by Rein Raud,^[15] who defines culture as the sum of resources available to human beings for making sense of their world and proposes a two-tiered approach, combining the study of texts (all reified meanings in circulation) and cultural practices (all repeatable actions that involve the production, dissemination or transmission of purposes), thus making it possible to re-link anthropological and sociological study of culture with the tradition of textual theory.

Psychology

Cognitive tools suggest a way for people from certain culture to deal with real-life problems, like Suanpan for Chinese to perform mathematical calculation.

Starting in the 1990s,^[57]^: 31 psychological research on culture influence began to grow and challenge the universality assumed in general psychology.^[58]^{: 158–168}^[59] Culture psychologists began to try to explore the relationship between emotions and culture, and answer whether the human mind is independent from culture. For example, people from collectivistic cultures, such as the Japanese, suppress their positive emotions more than their American counterparts.^[60] Culture may affect the way that people experience and express emotions. On the other hand, some researchers try to look for differences between people’s personalities across cultures.^[61]^[62] As different cultures dictate distinctive norms, culture shock is also studied to understand how people react when they are confronted with other cultures. Cognitive tools may not be accessible or they may function differently cross culture.^[57]^: 19 For example, people who are raised in a culture with an abacus are trained with distinctive reasoning style.^[63] Cultural lenses may also make people view the same outcome of events differently. Westerners are more motivated by their successes than their failures, while East Asians are better motivated by the avoidance of failure.^[64] Culture is important for psychologists to consider when understanding the human mental operation.

Protection of culture

There are a number of international agreements and national laws relating to the protection of culture and cultural heritage. UNESCO and its partner organizations such as Blue Shield International coordinate international protection and local implementation.^[65]^[66]
Basically, the Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict and the UNESCO Convention for the Protection of Cultural Diversity deal with the protection of culture. Article 27 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights deals with cultural heritage in two ways: it gives people the right to participate in cultural life on the one hand and the right to the protection of their contributions to cultural life on the other.^[67]

The protection of culture and cultural goods is increasingly taking up a large area nationally and internationally. Under international law, the UN and UNESCO try to set up and enforce rules for this. The aim is not to protect a person’s property, but rather to preserve the cultural heritage of humanity, especially in the event of war and armed conflict. According to Karl von Habsburg, President of Blue Shield International, the destruction of cultural assets is also part of psychological warfare. The target of the attack is the identity of the opponent, which is why symbolic cultural assets become a main target. It is also intended to affect the particularly sensitive cultural memory, the growing cultural diversity and the economic basis (such as tourism) of a state, region or municipality.^[68]^[69]^[70]

Another important issue today is the impact of tourism on the various forms of culture. On the one hand, this can be physical impact on individual objects or the destruction caused by increasing environmental pollution and, on the other hand, socio-cultural effects on society.^[71]^[72]^[73]

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^
Williams (1983), p. 90. Cited in Roy, Shuker (1997). Understanding popular music. Routledge. p. 5. ISBN 978-0-415-10723-5. OCLC 245910934. argues that contemporary definitions of culture fall into three possibilities or mixture of the following three:
- «a general process of intellectual, spiritual, and aesthetic development.»
- «a particular way of life, whether of a people, period or a group.»
- «the works and practices of intellectual and especially artistic activity.»
^ Bakhtin 1981, p. 4
^ Dunne, Timothy; Reus-Smit, Christian (2017). The globalization of international society. Oxford. pp. 102–121. ISBN 978-0-19-251193-5.
^ McClenon, pp. 528–29
^ Angioni, Giulio (1973). Tre saggi sull’antropologia dell’età coloniale (in Italian). OCLC 641869481.
^ Teslow, Tracy (March 10, 2016). Constructing race: the science of bodies and cultures in American anthropology. ISBN 978-1-316-60338-3. OCLC 980557304. Archived from the original on September 1, 2021. Retrieved July 10, 2021.
^ «anthropology». Lexico UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on January 22, 2020.
^ Fernandez, James W.; Hanchett, Suzanne L.; Jeganathan, Pradeep; Nicholas, Ralph W.; Robotham, Donald Keith; Smith, Eric A. (August 31, 2015). «anthropology | Britannica.com». Britannica.com. Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on October 30, 2016. Retrieved October 30, 2016.
^ «What is Anthropology? – Advance Your Career». American Anthropological Association. Archived from the original on October 26, 2016. Retrieved October 30, 2016.
^ Haviland, William A.; McBride, Bunny; Prins, Harald E.L.; Walrath, Dana (2011). Cultural Anthropology: The Human Challenge. Wadsworth/Cengage Learning. ISBN 978-0-495-81082-7. OCLC 731048150.
^ Lindström, Martin (2016). Small data: the tiny clues that uncover huge trends. London: St. Martin’s Press. ISBN 978-1-250-08068-4. OCLC 921994909.
^ Simmel, Georg (1971). Levine, Donald N (ed.). Georg Simmel on individuality and social forms: selected writings. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. xix. ISBN 978-0-226-75776-6. OCLC 951272809. Archived from the original on September 12, 2017. Retrieved May 29, 2017.
^ Sokal, Alan D. (June 5, 1996). «A Physicist Experiments with Cultural Studies». Lingua Franca. Archived from the original on March 26, 2007. Retrieved October 28, 2016. Physicist Alan Sokal published a paper in a journal of cultural sociology stating that gravity was a social construct that should be examined hermeneutically. See Sokal affair for further details.
^ Griswold, Wendy (1987). «A Methodological Framework for the Sociology of Culture». Sociological Methodology. 17: 1–35. doi:10.2307/271027. ISSN 0081-1750. JSTOR 271027.
^ Berlin, Isaiah; Ryan, Alan (2002). Karl Marx: His Life and Environment. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 130. ISBN 978-0-19-510326-7. OCLC 611127754.
^ Williams, Raymond (1983), Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society, New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 87–93, 236–38, OCLC 906396817
^ Berger, John (1972). Ways of seeing. Peter Smithn. ISBN 978-0-563-12244-9. OCLC 780459348.
^ «Studying Culture – Reflections and Assessment: An Interview with Richard Hoggart». Media, Culture & Society. 13.
^ Adams, Tim (September 23, 2007). «Cultural hallmark». The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on October 31, 2016. Retrieved October 30, 2016.
^ James, Procter (2004). Stuart Hall. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-26267-5. OCLC 318376213.
^ Sardar, Ziauddin; Van Loon, Borin; Appignanesi, Richard (1994). Introducing Cultural Studies. New York: Totem Books. ISBN 978-1-84046-587-7. OCLC 937991291.
^ Fiske, John; Turner, Graeme; Hodge, Robert Ian Vere (1987). Myths of Oz: reading Australian popular culture. London: Allen and Unwin. ISBN 978-0-04-330391-7. OCLC 883364628.
^ Bakhtin, Mikhail Mikhaĭlovich; Holquist, Michael (1981). The dialogic imagination four essays. Austin: University of Texas Press. p. 4. OCLC 872436352. Archived from the original on September 1, 2021. Retrieved September 1, 2021.
^ «Comparative Cultural Studies». Purdue University Press. 2015. Archived from the original on August 5, 2012. Retrieved October 30, 2016.
^ Lindlof, Thomas R; Taylor, Bryan C (2002). Qualitative Communication Research Methods (2nd ed.). Sage. p. 60. ISBN 978-0-7619-2493-7. OCLC 780825710.
^ Gonick, Cy (February 7, 2006). «Marxism». The Canadian Encyclopedia. Historica Canada. Archived from the original on October 7, 2019. Retrieved October 7, 2019.
^ du Gay, Paul, ed. (1997). Doing Cultural Studies: The Story of the Sony Walkman. Sage. ISBN 978-0-7619-5402-6. OCLC 949857570. Archived from the original on September 26, 2015. Retrieved July 2, 2015.
^ MacKenzie, Gina (August 21, 2018). «Julia Kristeva». Oxford Bibliographies. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on July 12, 2019. Retrieved September 29, 2019.
^ Petrakis, Panagiotis; Kostis, Pantelis (December 1, 2013). «Economic growth and cultural change». The Journal of Socio-Economics. 47: 147–57. doi:10.1016/j.socec.2013.02.011.
^ ^a ^b Heine, Steven J. (2015). Cultural psychology. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews. Cognitive Science. Vol. 1 (Third ed.). New York, NY. pp. 254–266. doi:10.1002/wcs.7. ISBN 9780393263985. OCLC 911004797. PMID 26271239.
^ Myers, David G. (2010). Social psychology (Tenth ed.). New York, NY. ISBN 9780073370668. OCLC 667213323.
^ Norenzayan, Ara; Heine, Steven J. (September 2005). «Psychological universals: what are they and how can we know?». Psychological Bulletin. 131 (5): 763–784. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.131.5.763. ISSN 0033-2909. PMID 16187859.
^ Miyahara, Akira. «Toward Theorizing Japanese Communication Competence from a Non-Western Perspective». American Communication Journal. 3 (3).
^ McCrae, Robert R.; Costa, Paul T.; de Lima, Margarida Pedroso; Simões, António; Ostendorf, Fritz; Angleitner, Alois; Marušić, Iris; Bratko, Denis; Caprara, Gian Vittorio; Barbaranelli, Claudio; Chae, Joon-Ho; Piedmont, Ralph L. (1999). «Age differences in personality across the adult life span: Parallels in five cultures». Developmental Psychology. American Psychological Association (APA). 35 (2): 466–477. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.35.2.466. ISSN 1939-0599. PMID 10082017.
^ Cheung, F. M.; Leung, K.; Fan, R. M.; Song, W.S.; Zhang, J. X.; Zhang, H. P. (March 1996). «Development of the Chinese Personality Assessment Inventory». Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology. 27 (2): 181–199. doi:10.1177/0022022196272003. S2CID 145134209.
^ Baillargeon, Rene (2002), «The Acquisition of Physical Knowledge in Infancy: A Summary in Eight Lessons», Blackwell Handbook of Childhood Cognitive Development, Blackwell Publishers Ltd, pp. 47–83, doi:10.1002/9780470996652.ch3, ISBN 9780470996652
^ Heine, Steven J.; Kitayama, Shinobu; Lehman, Darrin R. (2001). «Cultural Differences in Self-Evaluation». Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology. 32 (4): 434–443. doi:10.1177/0022022101032004004. ISSN 0022-0221. S2CID 40475406.
^ Roger O’Keefe, Camille Péron, Tofig Musayev, Gianluca Ferrari «Protection of Cultural Property. Military Manual.» UNESCO, 2016, p 73.
^ UNESCO Director-General calls for stronger cooperation for heritage protection at the Blue Shield International General Assembly. UNESCO, September 13, 2017.
^ «UNESCO Legal Instruments: Second Protocol to the Hague Convention of 1954 for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict 1999». Archived from the original on August 25, 2021. Retrieved September 1, 2021.
^ Gerold Keusch «Kulturschutz in der Ära der Identitätskriege» In: Truppendienst — Magazin des Österreichischen Bundesheeres, October 24, 2018.
^ «Karl von Habsburg auf Mission im Libanon» (in German). April 28, 2019. Archived from the original on May 26, 2020. Retrieved December 13, 2020.
^ Corine Wegener; Marjan Otter (Spring 2008), «Cultural Property at War: Protecting Heritage during Armed Conflict», The Getty Conservation Institute Newsletter, The Getty Conservation Institute, vol. 23, no. 1;
Eden Stiffman (May 11, 2015), «Cultural Preservation in Disasters, War Zones. Presents Big Challenges», The Chronicle Of Philanthropy;
Hans Haider (June 29, 2012), «Missbrauch von Kulturgütern ist strafbar», Wiener Zeitung
^ Shepard, Robert (August 2002). «Commodification, culture and tourism». Tourist Studies. 2 (2): 183–201. doi:10.1177/146879702761936653. S2CID 55744323.
^ Coye, N. dir. (2011), Lascaux et la conservation en milieu souterrain: actes du symposium international (Paris, 26-27 fév. 2009) = Lascaux and Preservation Issues in Subterranean Environments: Proceedings of the International Symposium (Paris, February 26 and 27), Éditions de la Maison des sciences de l’homme, 360 p.
^ Jaafar, Mastura; Rasoolimanesh, S Mostafa; Ismail, Safura (2017). «Perceived sociocultural impacts of tourism and community participation: A case study of Langkawi Island». Tourism and Hospitality Research. 17 (2): 123–134. doi:10.1177/1467358415610373. S2CID 157784805.

External links

Cultura: International Journal of Philosophy of Culture and Axiology
What is Culture?

Источник

Contents

1 Definition of CULTURE
2 What Is Culture?
- 2.1 Western culture
- 2.2 Eastern culture
- 2.3 Latin culture
- 2.4 Middle Eastern culture
- 2.5 African culture
- 2.6 What is cultural appropriation?
- 2.7 Constant change
3 Definition of culture
4 Origin ofculture
5 synonym study for culture
6 Words nearbyculture
7 Where doesculturecome from?
8 How iscultureused in real life?
9 Words related toculture
10 How to useculturein a sentence
11 British Dictionary definitions forculture
12 Derived forms of culture
13 Word Origin forculture
14 Medical definitions forculture
15 Scientific definitions forculture
16 Cultural definitions forculture
17 notes for culture
18 notes for culture
19 Culture definition
20 What is Culture?
21 culture
22 Culture Examples & Types
23 Table of Contents
24 What Does Culture Mean?
25 Different Types of Culture
26 Elements of Culture
27 Examples of Culture
28 Prompts About Culture:
- - 28.0.1 Graphic Organizer Prompt 1:
  - 28.0.2 Graphic Organizer Prompt 2:
  - 28.0.3 Essay Prompt:
  - 28.0.4 Reflection Prompt:
  - 28.0.5 What is culture and its examples?
  - 28.0.6 What are some examples of culture?
  - 28.0.7 What are the 4 types of culture?

Definition of CULTURE

Cul·ture|ˈkəl-chər first and foremost, the beliefs, practices, arts, and so on of a specific civilization or group of people, region, or period a research project on the Greek language and culture youth culture in today’s world Her work demonstrates the impact of popular culture on her. A unique society that has its own beliefs, methods of life, and artistic expressions, for example, is referred to as an ancientculture. It is critical to become familiar with various cultures. an approach of thinking, acting, or functioning that is prevalent in a particular location or organization (such as a business) The corporate/business culture of the organization is geared at increasing revenues.

2:the traditional beliefs, social structures, and material characteristics of a certain race, religion, or social group also: the distinctive characteristics of everyday existence (such as diversions or a style of life) that individuals in a certain location or period share popularculture Southernculture the collection of common attitudes, beliefs, objectives, and activities that distinguishes a certain institution or organization a business culture that is concerned with the bottom line in-depth investigation into the impact of computers on print culture c:the collection of values, norms or social practices connected with a specific field, activity, or societal trait It will take time to transform the materialistic society.

Human knowledge, belief, and action are all linked into a pattern that is dependent on the ability to learn and transfer information to following generations.

the process of developing one’s intellectual and moral faculties, particularly via education 6.

The image is courtesy of Getty Images/Saha Entertainment. Culture is defined as the features and knowledge of a certain group of people, and it includes language, religion, food, social behaviors, music, and the arts, among other things. Cultural patterns, interactions, cognitive constructs, and comprehension are defined by theCenter for Advanced Research on Language Acquisition as common patterns of behavior and interaction that are learnt via socialization, according to the Center for Advanced Research on Language Acquisition As a result, culture may be defined as the development of a group identity that is influenced by social patterns that are exclusive to the group.

The anthropologist Cristina De Rossi of Barnet and Southgate College in London told Live Science that culture encompasses “religion, food, what we wear, how we wear it, our language, marriage, music, what we believe is right or wrong, how we sit at the table, how we greet visitors, how we behave with loved ones, and a million other things.” “Culture encompasses religion, food,” she said.

According to Arthur Asa Berger, the word “culture” comes from a French phrase that, in turn, comes from the Latin word “colere,” which meaning to tend to the ground and flourish, or to cultivate and nourish, or to cultivate and nurture.

As De Rossi explained, “it shares its origin with a number of other terms that are associated with actively supporting development.”

Western culture

The fall of the Roman Empire had a significant impact on Western civilization. The image is courtesy of Chase Dekker Wild-Life Images/Getty Images. ) In recent years, according to Khan University, the phrase “Western culture” has come to refer to the cultures of European nations as well as those countries that have been extensively impacted by European immigration, such as the United States. Western culture may be traced back to the Classical Period of the Greco-Roman era (the fourth and fifth centuries B.C.) and the development of Christianity in the fourteenth century as its origins.

Throughout the past 2,500 years, a slew of historical events have contributed to the development of Western culture.
476, paved the way for the development of a succession of often-warring nations in Europe, each with its own culture, after which the Middle Ages began.
According to Ohio State University historian John L.
As a result of elites being compelled to pay more for scarce labor, survivors in the working class have gained more influence.
Today, Western culture can be found in practically every country on the planet, and its influences may be traced back to its origins.

Eastern culture

Buddhism has a significant role in the civilizations of various Eastern countries. Three Buddhist monks are seen here on their way to the Angkor Wat temple. The image is courtesy of Getty Images/Saha Entertainment. Far East Asian culture (which includes China, Japan, Vietnam, North Korea, and South Korea) and the Indian subcontinent are commonly referred to as Eastern culture in general. When compared to Western culture, Eastern culture was highly impacted by religion throughout its early history, but the cultivation and harvesting of rice had a significant impact on its evolution as well, according to a study report published in the journal Rice in 2012.

This umbrella term, on the other hand, encompasses a vast array of traditions and histories.

Thus, Hinduism rose to prominence as a significant force in Indian culture, while Buddhism continued to have an impact on the cultures of both China and Japan.

In the case of Chinese Buddhism, for example, according to Jiahe Liu and Dongfang Shao, the philosophy of Taoism, which stresses compassion, frugality, and humility, was taken.

During the period 1876 to 1945, for example, Japan ruled or occupied Korea in various forms. A large number of Koreans were coerced or compelled to change their surnames to Japanese ones during this period according to History.com, which describes the situation as follows:

Latin culture

Da de los Muertos costumes for children in traditional attire (Image courtesy of Getty/Sollina Images.). The geographical territory that encompasses “Latin culture” is large and diverse. For the sake of this definition, Latin America is comprised of the regions of Central America, South America and Mexico where Spanish or Portuguese is the main language. Beginning in the 1400s, Spain and Portugal colonized or influenced a number of locations across the world, including those listed above. Some historians (such as Michael Gobat, “The Invention of Latin America: A Transnational History of Anti-Imperialism, Democracy, and Race,” American Historical Review, Vol.

Because of this, Latin cultures are extremely diverse, and many of them combine indigenous customs with the Spanish language and Catholicism brought by Spanish and Portuguese invaders to form hybrid cultures.
These impacts are particularly evident in Brazil and the countries of the Western Hemisphere’s Caribbean region.
A notable example is Da de los Muertos, also known as Day of the Dead, which is a celebration dedicated to commemorating the fallen that is observed on November 1st and 2nd.
According to the Smithsonian American Art Museum, Mexican immigrants to the United States carried the festival with them, and in the 1970s, artists and events focused attention on Da de los Muertos as a way of expressing their Chicano (Mexican-American) ancestry.

Middle Eastern culture

A family from the Middle East sits down to supper together (Photo courtesy of Getty/Jasmin Merdan). The Middle East is roughly defined as the area including the Arabian peninsula as well as the eastern Mediterranean region. According to the Encyclopedia Britannica, the North African countries of Libya, Egypt, and Sudan are also occasionally mentioned. The word “Middle Eastern culture” is another umbrella term that incorporates a wide range of cultural customs, religious beliefs, and everyday routines from all around the Middle East and North Africa.

Despite the fact that there is tremendous religious variety in the Middle East, Islam is the religion with the greatest number of adherents, and Islam has played a key part in the cultural development of the region.
According to the Metropoliton Museum, the death of the religion’s founder, Muhammad, in 632, was a watershed event in the development of Middle Eastern culture and civilization.
Consequently, a split developed between Shia Muslims, who held the value of bloodline in high regard, and Sunni Muslims, who held that leadership should not be passed down through the familial lineage.
Their rites and customs differ somewhat from one another, and the divisions that exist between the two groups frequently lead to conflict.

Areas that were once part of the Ottoman Empire are known for distinctive architecture that is influenced by Persian and Islamic styles.

African culture

African woman from the Maasai tribe, sitting with her infant close to her home in the African country of Kenya (Photo courtesy of hadynyah/Getty Images.) ) Africa has the longest history of human habitation of any continent: it has been inhabited since the beginning of time. According to the Natural History Museum in London, humans started there approximately 400,000 years ago and began to spread to other parts of the world around the same time period. Researchers led by Dr. Tom White, who works as a Senior Curator of Non-Insect Invertebrates at the Smithsonian Institution, were able to find this by analyzing Africa’s ancient lakes and the species that lived in them.

African culture differs not just across and within country borders, but also inside those borders.
According to Culture Trip, Nigeria alone has more than 300 tribes, which is a significant number.
Because of this, large urban centers sprung up along the Eastern coast, which were frequently linked together by the transportation of raw resources and commerce from landlocked portions of the continent.
According to Britannica, Northwest Africa has significant linkages to the Middle East, whereas Sub-Saharan Africa shares historical, geographical, and social traits with North Africa that are considerably distinct from those of the former.
The traditions of these cultures developed in a variety of contexts that were vastly diverse.
Maasai herders, on the other hand, herd their sheep and goats on broad pastures and rangelands.

What is cultural appropriation?

Cultural appropriation, according to the Oxford Reference dictionary, is defined as follows: “A phrase used to describe the taking over of creative or artistic forms, concepts, or practices by one cultural group from another.” A non-Native American wearing a Native American headdress as a fashion item would be one example of this practice. The fashion house Victoria’s Secret was highly condemned in 2012 after a model was dressed in a headdress that looked like a Lakota war bonnet, according to the newspaper USA Today.

As well as jewelry influenced by Zuni, Navajo, and Hopi styles from the desert Southwest, the model wore turquoise, demonstrating how cultural appropriation can group tribes with vastly distinct cultures and histories into a single stereotypical image through the usage of turquoise.

Sikh restaurateur and social media influencer Harjinder Singh Kukreja responded to Gucci on Twitter, noting that the Sikh Turban is “not a hip new accessory for white models, but rather an object of religion for practicing Sikhs.” Turbans have been worn as ‘hats’ by your models, although practicing Sikhs knot their turbans properly fold-by-fold.

“Using imitation Sikh turbans and turbans is as bad as selling fake Gucci merchandise.”

Constant change

One thing is clear about cultures, no matter how they appear on the surface: they change. According to De Rossi, “Culture appears to have become important in our linked globe, which is made up of so many ethnically different nations, but which is also rife with conflicts related with religion, ethnicity, ethical values, and, fundamentally, the aspects that make up culture.” “Culture, on the other hand, is no longer set, if it ever was. In its essence, it is fluid and in perpetual motion.” Consequently, it is impossible to characterize any culture in a singular manner.

A body known as the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) has been established by the United Nations to identify cultural and natural heritage as well as to conserve and safeguard it.
It was signed by UNESCO in 1972 and has been in force since since.
Stephanie Pappas is a contributing writer for Live Science, where she writes on a variety of subjects ranging from geology to archaeology to the human brain and psychology.
Her undergraduate degree in psychology came from the University of South Carolina, and her graduate certificate in scientific communication came from the University of California, Santa Cruz.

Definition of culture

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Cultural

This indicates the grade level of the word based on its difficulty. /kl tr/ (pronounced /kl tr/) This indicates the grade level of the word based on its difficulty. The concern for what is considered to be excellent in the arts, literature, manners, intellectual pursuits, and so on manifests itself as a characteristic in a person or community. that which is considered to be excellent in the arts, manners, and so on. civilisation in a specific form or stage, such as that of a certain nation or time period The culture of the Greeks.

behavior and views that are distinctive of a certain group of individuals, such as a social, ethnic, professional, or age group (which is frequently used in conjunction with other terms): The drug culture, as well as the youth culture A specific feature of society is represented by the common ideas, practices, or social environment associated with that aspect.

Anthropology. an accumulation of ways of living developed by a group of human beings and passed down from one generation to the next Biology.

Bacterial or tissue culture for the purpose of scientific investigation, medical use, or other purposes
The product or growth that results from such cultivation

Tillage is defined as the act or practice of cultivating the soil. the practice of cultivating plants or animals, especially with a view to improving their quality the product or growth that results as a result of this cultivation the verb (when used with an object),culturized,culturizing to expose to cultural influence; to cultivate Biology.

A regulated or defined media in which to grow (microorganisms, tissues, etc. )
To introduce (living material) into a culture medium

EVALUATE YOUR KNOWLEDGE OF AFFECT AND EFFECT VERSUS AFFECT! In effect, this exam will determine whether or not you possess the necessary abilities to distinguish between the terms “affect” and “effect.” Despite the wet weather, I was in high spirits on the day of my graduation celebrations.

Origin ofculture

First recorded in 1400–50; late Middle English: “tilling, place tilled,” from Anglo-French, Middle French, from Latincultra “cultivation, agriculture, tillage, care,” first recorded in 1400–50; late Middle English: “tilling, place tilled,” first recorded in 1400–50; first recorded in 1400–50; first recorded in 1400–50; first recorded in 1400–50; first recorded in 1400–50 Seecult,-ure

synonym study for culture

An·ti·cul·ture,nounin·ter·cul·ture,adjectivein·ter·cul·ture,nounmul·ti·cul·ture,nounnon·cul·ture,nounpre·cul·ture,nounsu·per·cul·ture,noun

Words nearbyculture

Cultural Revolution,Cultural Revolution, Great Proletarian, cultural sociology, cultural universal,culturati, culture, culture area, culture center, culture clash, culture complex,culturedDictionary.com Cultural Revolution,Cultural Revolution, Great Proletarian, cultural sociology, cultural universal,culturati, culture, culture area, culture center, culture clash, culture complex,culturedDictionary.com Unabridged Random House, Inc.

2022, based on the Random House Unabridged Dictionary, Random House, Inc.
Furthermore, culture is a trait of a person or group of people that results from valuing excellence in the arts, dress, etiquette, or other qualities of a society, such as in the case of aristocratic culture.
The act of exposing someone to culture, particularly a culture that is not their own, is known as culturization.
To cultivate a group of organisms in this manner is related to the concept of culture.

Where doesculturecome from?

The term “culture” was first used in the early 1400s, according to historical documents. It derives from the Latin cultra, which means “cultivation, agriculture, tillage, and care” in its most basic sense. Because culture is frequently associated with a certain sort of art or experience, it is sometimes used in conjunction with a term that characterizes that experience or art, such asGreek culture or Punk culture.

Ethnicities, faiths, races, and a range of social and personal aspects are sometimes combined together to characterize someone’s heritage, and this is known as cultural hegemony.

How iscultureused in real life?

Culture is a commonly used term that refers to the actions and beliefs that are connected with a certain group of people. It’s wonderful to be back in Tokyo again. This site holds a special place in my heart. The people, the cuisine, and the culture are all fantastic! Niall Horan (@NiallOfficial) on Twitter: 14th of June, 2018 I’m unable to stop and will not stop! They were OUTRAGED and TERRIFIED. Nothing will stand in the way of this movement and culture in our country.

Please accept my apologies.
The 6th of August, 2019 Chelsea.
The Velvet Underground was founded in this city.
Mainland (@mainland) is a Twitter user.
Scientists who research cell cultures spend a significant amount of time looking at them using sophisticated microscopes.

Ability,art,civilization,experience,fashion,perception,practice,science,skill,development,folklore,habit,knowledge,lifestyle,society,agriculture,accomplishment,address,capacity,class

How to useculturein a sentence

Ability,art,civilization,experience,fashion,perception,practice,science,skill,development,folklore,habit,knowledge,lifestyle,society,agriculture,accomplishment,address,capacity,class

Dropculture, according to Fitzgibbons, works because people prefer to buy into the apparent rarity of an object and to be able to brag about being one of the few individuals who were able to acquire that particular thing. The fact that Charlie made fun of my faith, culture, and heritage is why I died protecting his right to do so. I’m not sure why or who is doing it, but it’s part of the heritage. and it’s a legacy that’s extremely valuable to the community
A large portion of the culture around films in the science fiction/fantasy genre is devoted to analyzing them ad nauseam
It remains to be seen whether he receives the recognition he deserves in popular culture. Shooters would be the perfect spot to represent the much-discussed college “hook-up culture,” if such a thing could exist. Its cultivation began in Cuba around 1580, and vast amounts of the crop were sent to Europe from this and other Caribbean islands. In comparison to the artistic replication of indicators of emotion and intent, cultureofexpression might be defined as follows: While growing up, a youngster who is exposed to the humanizing impacts of culture quickly moves away from his or her barbaric origins. This was reflected in Charles II’s attitude toward its culture, which was also negative. It would be a safe bet to say that Accadianculture experienced a period of expansion of at least ten thousand years.

British Dictionary definitions forculture

The reason why dropculture works, according to Fitzgibbons, is because people prefer to buy into the perceived exclusivity of an object and be able to brag about being one of the few individuals who were able to acquire it; The fact that Charlie mocked my faith, culture, and heritage is why I died protecting his right to do so. Whatever the reason or who is responsible, it is the legacy. has a heritage that is extremely significant to the culture; Deconstructing sci-fi/fantasy films to the point of exhaustion is a common theme in the culture that surrounds them.

If there was a venue that represented the much-discussed college “hook-upculture,” it would be Shooters.

In comparison to the artistic replication of indicators of sentiment and intent, cultureofexpression can be distinguished as follows: While growing up, a youngster who is exposed to the humanizing impacts of culture quickly moves away from his or her barbaric roots.

The Accadian civilisation, it would be reasonable to assume, had been in existence for at least ten thousand years.

The regulated development of microorganisms, such as bacteria and fungus, in a nutritional material (culture medium), generally under controlled conditions, is referred to as microbiologic culture. See alsoculture medium
A collection of microorganisms that have been cultured in this manner

To cultivate (plants or animals) or to develop (microorganisms) in a culture medium is the verb(tr) of cultivation.

Derived forms of culture

Culturist,nouncultureless,adjective

Word Origin forculture

In the 15th century, it was derived from Old Frenchcultraa cultivating, fromcolereto till; seecult.

2012 Digital Edition of the Collins English Dictionary – Complete Unabridged Edition (William Collins SonsCo. Ltd. 1979, 1986) In 1998, HarperCollinsPublishers published the following books: 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, and 2012.

Medical definitions forculture

N.The cultivation of bacteria, tissue cells, or other living materials in a nutritional media that has been properly produced. Bacterial growth or colony of this nature is one example. v.To cultivate bacteria or other living things in a nutrient media that has been carefully prepared. To make use of a drug as a medium for cultural expression. The Stedman’s Medical Dictionary, published by American Heritage® Houghton Mifflin Company owns the copyright for the years 2002, 2001, and 1995. Houghton Mifflin Company is the publisher of this book.

Scientific definitions forculture

Noun a controlled development of bacteria or viruses, or a proliferation of tissue cells, in a specifically prepared nutritional medium under controlled conditions a comprehensive term that includes all socially transmitted behavior patterns as well as arts, ideas, institutions, and all other results of human labor and thinking Culture is learnt and shared within social groupings, and it is passed down through nongenetic mechanisms from generation to generation.

Verb In a nutritional media, bacteria, viruses, or tissue cells can be grown to maturity.

The year 2011 is the year of the copyright.

All intellectual property rights are retained.

Cultural definitions forculture

Noun In a specifically prepared nutritive medium under monitored circumstances, growth of bacteria, viruses, or tissue cells takes place. a comprehensive term that includes all socially transmitted behavior patterns as well as arts, ideas, organizations, and any other results of human labor and thinking Throughout social groupings, culture is taught and shared, and it is passed on without the need of genetics. Verb Using a nutritional media to support the growth of bacteria, viruses, and tissue cells The American Heritage® Science Dictionary is a reference work that provides information on science topics from a historical perspective.

Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company is the publisher of this title.

notes for culture

Noun In a specifically prepared nutritive media under monitored circumstances, development of bacteria, viruses, or tissue cells can occur. The entirety of socially transmitted behavior patterns, arts, beliefs, institutions, and all other results of human labour and thinking. In social groupings, culture is learnt and shared, and it is passed down through nongenetic mechanisms. Verb In a nutritional media, microbes, viruses, or tissue cells can be grown. The American Heritage® Science Dictionary is a resource for those interested in science and technology.

Originally published by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company in New York.

notes for culture

Besides sophisticated music, art, and literary works, the term “culture” also refers to a person who is well-versed in these disciplines.

The Third Edition of The New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy is now available. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company acquired the copyright in 2005. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company is the publisher of this book. All intellectual property rights are retained.

Culture definition

Individual and group striving over generations has resulted in a group of people accumulating a vast store of knowledge and experience, as well as beliefs and values, attitudes, and meanings. Culture includes hierarchies, religion, notions of time, roles, spatial relationships, concepts of the universe, as well as material objects and possessions. In general, culture refers to the systems of knowledge that are shared by a reasonably significant number of individuals. Cultural expressions are communicated, and cultural expressions are communicated
Culture, in its broadest meaning, is cultivated behavior
That is, it is the sum of a person’s learned, collected experience that is passed down through social transmission, or, to put it another way, it is conduct acquired through social learning. A culture is a way of life for a group of people-the behaviors, beliefs, values, and symbols that they accept, typically without questioning them, and that are passed down from one generation to the next through communication and imitation. Culture is a means of communicating symbolically. Skills, knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and motivations of a group are just a few of the symbols that may be used. The meanings of symbols are taught and purposefully preserved in a culture through the institutions of that society
And Culture consists of patterns of and for behavior acquired and transmitted by symbols, which constitute the distinctive achievement of human groups, including their embodiment in artifacts
The essential core of culture consists of traditional ideas and especially their attached values
Culture systems may be considered on the one hand as products of action, and on the other hand as conditioning influences upon further action
As defined by the United Nations, culture is “the sum total of the learned behaviors by a group of people that are widely recognized to be the tradition of that group of people and are transferred from generation to generation.” In other words, culture is a collective programming of the mind that separates the members of one group or category of people from the members of another group or category of people.

Human nature, according to this viewpoint, is determined by the ideas, meanings, beliefs, and values that people learn as members of society. People are defined by the lessons they have learned. Optimistic versions of cultural determinism believe that human beings have the ability to accomplish and be whatever they desire regardless of their environment. According to some anthropologists, there is no universally acceptable “correct way” to be a human being. While the “right method” is usually always “our way,” it is virtually never the case that “our way” in one civilization will be the same as “our way” in any other society. It is only through tolerance that a well-informed human being can maintain a proper attitude. The optimistic version of this theory holds that human nature is infinitely malleable and that human beings can choose the ways of life that they prefer
The pessimistic version holds that people are what they have been conditioned to be and that they have no control over this. Human beings are passive animals that do whatever their culture instructs them to do, regardless of their actions. In response to this theory, behaviorism is developed, which places the reasons of human behavior in a world that is completely beyond human control.

Different cultural groupings have distinct ways of thinking, feeling, and acting. There are no scientific standards that can be used to determine whether one group is essentially superior or inferior in comparison to another. The study of cultural variations across people and cultures implies the acceptance of a cultural relativism viewpoint. Neither for oneself nor for one’s society does it represent a return to normalcy. If one is interacting with groups or communities that are not similar to one’s own, it is necessary to exercise caution. Information regarding the nature of cultural differences across cultures, their origins, and effects should be obtained before making any decisions or taking any action. Parties that grasp the causes for their differences in opinions have a better chance of achieving a successful outcome in negotiations

In ethnocentrism, the conviction that one’s own culture is superior than that of other civilizations is asserted over time. It is a type of reductionism in which one lowers the “other way” of living to a distorted version of one’s own way of existence. This is especially significant in the case of international business transactions, when a corporation or a person may be under the impression that techniques, materials, or ideas that worked in the home country will likewise work in the foreign country. Consequently, environmental variations are not taken into consideration. Ethnocentrism may be classified into the following categories when it comes to international business transactions:

A preoccupation with specific cause-and-effect correlations in one’s own nation causes important elements in business to be disregarded. In order to ensure that all major factors have been at least considered while working abroad, it is always a good idea to consult checklists of human variables. Even though one may be aware of the environmental differences and problems associated with change, one’s primary focus may be on achieving objectives that are specific to one’s home country. A corporation or an individual’s efficacy in terms of worldwide competitiveness may be diminished as a result of this. The objectives defined for global operations should likewise be global in scope
While it is acknowledged that there are differences, it is expected that the accompanying modifications are so fundamental that they can be accomplished without difficulty. An examination of the costs and benefits of the planned modifications is always a good idea before proceeding. A change may cause significant disruption to essential values, and as a result, it may encounter opposition when it is attempted to be implemented. Depending on the change, the costs of implementing the change may outweigh the advantages received from implementing the change.

EXAMPLES OF CULTURAL MANIFESTATIONS Cultural differences present themselves in a variety of ways and to varying degrees of depth in different contexts. Symbols are the most surface representations of culture, while ideals represent the most profound manifestations of culture, with heroes and rituals filling in the gaps.

Symbols are words, actions, pictures, or things that convey a specific meaning that can only be understood by people who are familiar with a certain culture or tradition. New symbols are readily created, but old symbols are quickly demolished. Symbols from one particular group are frequently imitated by other groups as well. This is why symbols are considered to be the most superficial layer of a society
Heroes are individuals, whether historical or contemporary, real or imaginary, who exemplify attributes that are highly regarded in a community. They also serve as examples for appropriate behavior
Rituals are group activities that, while often redundant in terms of achieving intended results, are thought to be socially necessary in order to maintain social order. Therefore, they are carried out most of the time just for their own sake (as in ways of greeting others, showing respect to others, religious and social rites, etc.)
Values serve as the foundation of a society’s culture. They are broad inclinations for preferring one state of affairs above another in comparison to other states of affairs (good-evil, right-wrong, natural-unnatural). Many values are held by people who are completely unaware of them. As a result, they are frequently unable to be addressed, nor can they be immediately viewed by others. It is only through seeing how people behave in different situations that we may deduce their values. Symbols, heroes, and rituals are the physical or visual parts of a culture’s activities that are visible to the general public. When practices are understood by insiders, the real cultural meaning of the practices is disclosed
Otherwise, the practices remain intangible and remain hidden.

The manifestation of culture at various levels of depth is seen in Figure 1: LAYERS OF CULTURE Within oneself, even people from the same culture, there are multiple levels of mental conditioning to contend with. At the following levels of development, several layers of culture may be found:

The national level is one that is associated with the entire nation
On the regional level: This refers to the disparities that exist between ethnic, linguistic, and religious groups within a country. When it comes to gender disparities (male vs. female), the gender level is associated with these differences. It is associated with the disparities between grandparents and parents, as well as between parents and children at the generational level. It is associated with educational chances as well as inequalities in occupational prospects. The corporate level: This level is associated with the specific culture of a given organization. Those who are employed are covered by this provision.

MOUNTING CULTURAL DIFFERENCESA variable can be operationalized using either single-measure or multivariate methodologies, depending on the situation. After the domain of a concept has been empirically sampled, a single-measure technique is used to measure its domain; a composite-measure technique is used to construct an index for the concept after several indicators have been used to measure its domain after the concept has been empirically sampled. According to Hofstede (1997), a composite-measure approach has been developed to quantify cultural differences across various societies:

It assesses the degree of inequality that occurs in a society using a power distance index. UCAI (Uncertainty Avoidance Index): This index evaluates the extent to which a society perceives itself to be threatened by uncertain or ambiguous situations. Individualism index: The index measures how individualistic a society is in comparison to other societies. Individuals are expected to look for themselves and their immediate families exclusively, which is what individualism is all about in a society where people are expected to look after themselves and their immediate families only. In contrast, collectivism is a social structure in which individuals discriminate between in-groups and out-groups, and they expect their in-groups (relatives, clans, organizations, etc.) to care after them in exchange for their complete commitment. Specifically, the index assesses the amount to which the major values are assertiveness, money, and things (success), and that the dominating values are not caring for others or for the quality of life. Womanhood (in a romantic relationship) would be on the other end of the scale.

CULTURAL DIFFERENCES ARE BEING RECONCILIATED Consciousness of one’s cultural heritage:

Before embarking on a worldwide assignment, it is likely that it will be important to ascertain any cultural differences that may exist between one’s own nation and the country in which the business will be conducted or conducted. Where there are differences, it is necessary to determine whether and to what extent the practices of one’s native nation can be adapted to the foreign setting. The majority of the time, the alterations are not immediately noticeable or palpable. Certain features of a culture may be learnt consciously (for example, different ways of greeting people), while other differences may be learned unconsciously (for example, different ways of dressing) (e.g. methods of problem solving). The development of cultural awareness may not be a simple process, but once completed, it will unquestionably aid in the completion of a work efficiently in a foreign setting. Discussions and reading about different cultures absolutely aid in the development of cultural awareness, but the perspectives expressed must be carefully weighed before they are shared. Sometimes they represent incorrect prejudices, a judgment of merely a subset of a certain group of individuals, or a circumstance that has since experienced significant changes. It’s usually a good idea to obtain a variety of perspectives on a single culture.

Cultures grouped together:

Some nations may have many characteristics in common that contribute to the formation of their cultures (the modifiers may be language, religion, geographical location, etc.). Based on the information gathered from previous cross-cultural research, nations can be classified according to their shared values and attitudes. When travelling inside a cluster, less changes are likely to be observed than when going from one cluster to another.

Determine the amount of global participation by asking the following questions:

It is not necessary for all businesses operating on a global scale to have the same level of cultural knowledge. Figure 2 depicts the extent to which a company’s understanding of global cultures is required at various levels of participation. The further a firm progresses away from its primary duty of conducting domestic business, the greater the need it has for cultural awareness and understanding. The necessity of increasing cultural awareness as a result of expanding outward on more than one axis at the same time becomes even more apparent.

Figure 2: Cultural Awareness and the Degree to Which the World Is Involved G. Hofstede is cited as a source (1997). Cultures and organizations are like software for the human brain. McGraw-Hill Education, New York. Here are a few recent publications. Firms Considering Expanding Into New Markets Face Culture Shock. However, the temptation of reconstruction contracts in locations such as Afghanistan and Iraq may tempt some corporations to take on more risk than they are prepared to take on in the United States.

However, the tremendous rehabilitation of countries damaged by conflict has the potential to trip up even the most experienced among them.
Language and cultural differences must also be taken into consideration.
The United States government’s conference on reconstructing Afghanistan, held in Chicago last week, went a long way toward identifying prospects in the country.
The first lesson is to abandon ethnocentric beliefs that the world should adjust to our style of doing business rather than the other way around, as is commonly done.
Chinese representatives provided a wealth of information to U.S.
The qualities of patience, attention, and sensitivity are not commonly associated with building, but they may be beneficial in cultures that are different from our own.
[ENR (2003).
No.
[New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education.] Do We See Things the Same Way?
These studies show that taking cultural variations into account when utilizing observation techniques in cross-cultural research, as well as in practical contexts such as performance assessment and international management, is crucial.
Culture has an important role in research and management, according to the findings of this study.

[Karakowsky, LiKarakowsky] (2001). Do We See Things the Same Way? The Implications of Cultural Differences for Research and Practice in Cross-Cultural Management The Journal of Psychology, volume 135 number 5, pages 501-517.]

What is Culture?

‘Culture is the learned information that individuals draw on to understand their experiences and create behavior,’ says the author. an anthropologist named James Spradley Understanding culture necessitates not just a grasp of linguistic distinctions, but also of differences in knowledge, perceptions, beliefs, attitudes, and actions among people from different cultures. Culture (derived from the Latincultura, which is from colere, which means “to cultivate”) is a generic term that refers to patterns of human behavior as well as the symbolic structures that provide meaning and significance to these patterns of activity.

When it comes to culture, it may be described as the entire set of ways of life of a people that are passed down from one generation to the next, including arts, beliefs, and institutions.

Let’s have a listen to what our panelists have to say.

culture

Every queen, no matter what genre she belongs to, finds a way to connect with and respond to the contemporary society she is a part of in some manner. And, on the other hand, how do you satiate your curiosity about foreign cultures, and what are your recommendations for those who wish to give it a shot? We are seeing a transition in the city, as well as in culture, from ours to everyone’s. However, the majority of current novels are concerned with other topics such as deindustrialization, culture, and gender, the splitting of intellectual life, racism, and civil rights, among others.

And the solutions are all found within the context of culture.
Racism has long been considered a heinous sin in the literary world; it is, without a doubt, even worse in practice.
Furthermore, human people have elevated culture to an entirely new level.
This “learning center” serves to reinforce a culture of education in the community.
As a result, what is unobjectionable to one person or culture may be blatantly repugnant to someone or something else.

These samples are drawn from corpora as well as from other online sources. Any viewpoints expressed in the examples do not necessarily reflect the views of the Cambridge Dictionary editors, Cambridge University Press, or its licensors, who are not represented by the examples.

Culture Examples & Types

Tiffany Schank, Christopher Muscato, and Lesley Chapel are among the stars of the show.

Tiffany Schank is a model and actress. Tiffany Schank has been a humanities instructor at a community college for more than five years. They hold a Master of Liberal Studies in art from Fort Hays State University, as well as a Ph.D. in humanities, which they are currently working on. An Associates of Arts in Fine Art from Western Nebraska Community College and a Bachelor of Arts in Fine Art from Chadron State College have been earned by Tiffany, who is also a professional artist. Instructor’s bio may be found here. Christopher Muscato is a writer and musician who lives in New York City. His master’s degree is in history, and he is a history professor at the University of Northern Colorado. See my bio
Contributor with Expertise Lesley Chapel is a woman who lives in the town of Lesley Chapel in the town of Lesley Chapel. Lesley has been a history professor at the university level for the past seven years, specializing in American and world history. She holds a Master’s degree in History from Columbia University. See my bio

Discover what culture is all about. Explore the meaning of culture, gain an understanding of the numerous sorts of cultural groupings, and witness various categories and instances of culture in action. The most recent update was on September 30, 2021.

How to Define Culture
Different Types of Culture
Elements of Culture
Examples of Culture
Categories of Culture
Summary of the Lesson

What Does Culture Mean?

Despite the fact that many people are unaware of it, everyone is a member of a culture of some form. There are examples of culture all around us since culture is defined as the groupings of art, beliefs, knowledge, rituals, and habits that people adhere to in their daily lives. It is frequently something we do not consider since it has been ingrained in us as a result of the culture in which we live. In the context of a community, culture may be described as the cultural norms that people experience.

For example, many Muslim people consider it appropriate for women to be seen wearing a Hijab, or head covering, as part of their cultural identity.

Because human conduct is mostly learnt, the cultural standards that one adheres to throughout one’s life are also learned, for the most part.

Different Types of Culture

Material culture and immaterial culture are the two sorts of culture that exist in contrast to one another.

Technological, artistic, and architectural items are examples of material culture. Literary, philosophical, mythological, and spiritual activities are examples of immaterial culture, as are values, beliefs, and spiritual practices. Non-physical objects that are not dependent on the physical objects of this world are referred to as “non-physical objects.” It is the beliefs and ideologies that individuals embrace as facts in their life that are the real problem.

Culture-specific norms may be separated into two groups, which are formally defined as follows: formal rules and informal rules. Formal norms are things such as laws that are essential to the operation of a society’s institutions. They are the rules that individuals are required to obey inside a culture, and they might vary from one culture to another. It is possible that the formal norms of Canada will not be applicable in the United Kingdom, for example. Unwritten rules are practices or traditions that exist within a community or even a family.

One example of these standards is the customs surrounding the figure of Santa Claus: in the United States, it is customary for children to leave a cup of milk out for Santa Claus on December 24th, although in other countries, this is not the case.

Elements of Culture

The aspects of culture are as follows:

Cultural Norms – As previously discussed, cultural norms are the “rules” of society that define what is acceptable and unacceptable behavior within the culture in which they reside. Norms can differ from one society to the next in several cases. For example, in the United States, it is typical to tip servers at restaurants, but in China, it is not customary to tip servers at restaurants. A society’s values are the belief system that governs what is good and bad in a society, or even what is acceptable and unacceptable among the people who live within that society. Example: A culture’s ideas on the importance of family are considered a value within that culture. Cultural elements such as language play an important role in a society’s development. To be efficient in social relationships, as well as to comprehend and interpret items, language and the capacity to communicate with other people are essential skills. Symbols – Many different symbols or signs can be found in different cultures, and they are frequently used to elicit a specific feeling or emotion. In the cancer treatment culture, for example, ribbons are used to represent cancer treatment and to raise awareness about cancer battles, with different colors of ribbon representing different types of cancers. Artifacts – Artifacts are tangible things that are unique to a particular culture. These artifacts might be artefacts that demonstrate the progress or changes that have occurred in society. In the case of the Mona Lisa by Leonardo da Vinci, a well-known artwork that depicts the society, dress, and common sitting of a person in 1503, in the context of da Vinci’s cultural surroundings

This Mycenaean stirrup vase is an artifact from Syria that was created between the years 1400 – 1300 BCE.

Examples of Culture

Here are a few instances of culture:

Prompts About Culture:

Create a definition for the topic of culture that is at least three to four sentences long. As an illustration, culture comprises a wide range of aspects, including the way in which individuals perceive symbols.

Graphic Organizer Prompt 1:

Create a poster, chart, or other sort of visual organizer that identifies and depicts the different types of culture—material culture and nonmaterial culture—and how they differ from one another.

Remember to include at least three examples of each kind in your essay. You can refer back to the lesson, but make an effort to recollect as many instances as you can from memory. For example, pottery is considered to be a part of material culture.

Graphic Organizer Prompt 2:

Create a poster, chart, or some other sort of visual organizer that identifies and quickly discusses the aspects of culture—social structure, traditions, religion, language, government, economics, and the arts—and why they are important. For example, you may sketch a church or a synagogue to represent religion.

Essay Prompt:

Produce an article of one to two pages in length that describes subgroups of cultural expression and history. Consider include an examination of subcultures, countercultures, high culture, and low culture in your paper. For example, low culture tends to be more inclusive than high culture in terms of inclusion.

Reflection Prompt:

Produce an essay of at least one to two pages in length in which you reflect on your own personal experiences with cultural diversity. Make careful to think about the different types, components, and subgroups of culture, and to provide instances of each. Consider the following scenario: As a child, you were immersed in high culture, thanks to your parents’ regular excursions to opera performances and museums.

What is culture and its examples?

A group of people’s culture is defined by the cultural norms, values, and beliefs that they adhere to. For example, the culture of working long hours is one that most Americans adhere to, although many other cultures do not share this belief system.

What are some examples of culture?

Different religious and moral views and values that a person identifies with are examples of culture. The contrast between Christian and Buddhist culture is striking. Another example would be the contrast between American and Korean cultures.

What are the 4 types of culture?

Cultural norms are divided into four categories: formal and informal, material and immaterial, and artifact-based. Create an account to get started with this course right away. Try it risk-free for a full month! Create a user profile.

Источник

Culture is one of the most important creations from human beings. One of the primary ways that humans are separated from the rest of living creatures is based on the fact that we have enough organization and awareness to develop unique cultures and communities.

Even if culture isn’t something that you think about often, it’s something that you interact with every single day. Virtually every person is in a specific social group or a particular group of people, influencing their preferences, tastes, and decisions. Knowing how to appreciate and differentiate between these cultures is both tricky and incredibly important.

If you want to live the most fruitful life possible in the world today, learning how to integrate and interact with culture is one of the most important steps you can take. This is what culture is, where the word itself comes from, and how it works in the world today.

What Is Culture?

The definition of culture (ˈ k ʌ l tʃ ər) in the English dictionary is the arts, customs, achievements, and collective attitudes of a specific social group or location. While there may be similarities between cultures, each culture has its own aspects, quirks, and elements.

One of the most common ways that cultures are created is through people who share the same ethnicity or physical location. For example, American culture will be different from African or European culture, and New York culture will be different from Chicago culture. Similarly, cultures can differ depending on personal factors, including race, age, religion, and even musical preference.

Culture is also found inside different organizations and companies. This is typically referred to as corporate culture. At the end of the day, you will have a different set of written or unwritten rules virtually anywhere that need to be followed. These rules can dictate peoples’ attitudes toward life and the rest of the world.

Anthropologists are the people that study the different aspects of cultures. But you don’t need to get a college degree to look into culture — just looking at the popular culture around you can help you understand what culture is and how it works. Just remember that while your own culture is unique, other cultures are just as valid as your own!

What Is the Etymology of Culture?

The word culture is fascinating because it comes from many words in other languages, but all of those words came from the same word. It’s the epitome of a romance language word, and it goes to show that language at large is both deeply interconnected and constantly shifting.

The word culture began with the Latin colere, which means to tend to or cultivate something. This word was used in the context of farmers tending to their crops and farming the land. As time went on, the term shifted into the Medieval Latin cultura or cultus, which retained essentially the same meaning.

Over the centuries, this word entered many languages in various forms, including French and English. Around the time Middle English was starting to take shape, the word cultivate was becoming more and more common regarding food and farming. However, as discussions around anthropology and psychology became more and more prominent, the word culture started to be used in its modern contexts.

Synonyms for Culture

If you looked into a thesaurus for word lists of synonyms for the word culture, you would likely find words including:

Civilization
Society
Lifestyle
Customs
Traditions
Heritage
Values
Habits
Way of life
Ways

How Culture Is Used Today

In the modern world, the ideas and thoughts of culture are incredibly relevant. As the world is slowly getting more and more interconnected, it’s becoming critically important to understand that different cultures are worth understanding.

If you ever move from one location, organization, or social group to another, you will experience a culture change. It’s important to remember that that isn’t a bad thing — it’s just how the world works! Even if some aspects of life seem different at first, you can get used to them over time.

Example Sentences Using the Word Culture

One of the best ways to learn how to use a word is by seeing it in real-world use. That’s how everyone learns how to speak and communicate, and that specific kind of learning continues throughout a person’s entire life! Here are some examples of the word culture in a sentence:

Based on the first world fascination with material objects, most people from poorer countries think we have a material culture.

When I changed jobs last year, I had to go through several weeks of culture shock before figuring out how things worked in my new place!

The biology department based almost their entire culture on their fervent passion for microorganisms.

I learned the hard way that when a meeting is set for a particular time at this new job, arriving any later is seen as disrespectful in this culture.

The gym culture here is intensely focused on ensuring that everyone gets the right amount of nutrients every day.

Conclusion

If you want to learn more about the English language and how it works, check out our blog here at The Word Counter! We’re constantly creating new articles and posts to help inform people about best practices surrounding complicated grammar, confusing words, and strange phrases.

If you want to learn more about how you can make your communication as successful as possible, look at some of our latest articles and posts right here!

Sources:

Culture Definition & Meaning | Britannica Dictionary
CULTURE | Cambridge English Dictionary
Culture Definition & Meaning | Dictionary.com

Kevin Miller is a growth marketer with an extensive background in Search Engine Optimization, paid acquisition and email marketing. He is also an online editor and writer based out of Los Angeles, CA. He studied at Georgetown University, worked at Google and became infatuated with English Grammar and for years has been diving into the language, demystifying the do’s and don’ts for all who share the same passion! He can be found online here.

Источник

Culture is defined as the collective values, customs, norms, arts, social institutions, and intellectual achievements of a particular society.

Table of Content

1 What is Culture?
2 Definition of culture
3 Characteristics of culture
- 3.1 Functional
- 3.2 Socialization
- 3.3 Prescriptive
- 3.4 Learnable
- 3.5 Arbitrariness
- 3.6 Evaluative
- 3.7 Cumulative
- 3.8 Adaptive
4 Components of culture
- 4.1 Cognitive
- 4.2 Material components are the artifacts
- 4.3 Normative components are the values
5 Types of cultures
6 Other Concepts of Culture
- 6.1 Cultural symbolism
- 6.2 Culture relativism
- 6.3 Cultural change
- 6.4 Culture and marketing

Culture influences consumers through the norms and values established by the society in which they live. It is the broadest environmental factor that influences you as consumer. Cultural values are enduring and any attempts to change them generally fail.

The study of culture is concerned with a comprehensive examination of factors such as language, religion, knowledge, laws, art, music, work patterns, social customs, festivals and food etc. of a society. The impact of culture is automatic and almost invisible and its influence on behaviour is usually taken for granted.

Definition of culture

The collective values, customs, norms, arts, social institutions, and intellectual achievements of a particular society.

Culture is the complex whole that includes knowledge, art, law, morals, customs, belief and any other capabilities and habits acquired by human as members of society.
Learned behavior and results of behavior whose component elements are shared and transmitted by members of a particular society. It is learned as opposed to genetically inherited behavior.
It is a (shaped) configuration of behaviors rather than fragmented isolated behavioral elements. It also implies that culture is interactive and passed from one generation to another.

Characteristics of culture

There are following characteristics of culture:

Functional
Socialization
Prescriptive
Learnable
Arbitrariness
Evaluative
Cumulative
Adaptive

Functional

The culture of every society has specific functions that it performs. It offers stability, dependability framework of common values, traditions, beliefs, practices and facilitative behavior for societal interaction.

It is a social process which arises out of human interaction and is human making; it is created by the society for the society, presented by the society and transmitted through social means.

Prescriptive

Acceptable norms and behaviors are defined and prescribed by the society through the culture. The cultural norm provides the range of desired or acceptable behaviors. Behaviors that fall outside these ranges are frowned at or ignored.

Learnable

Culture is not inherited, nor is it a flexible behavior. It is rather the result of learning it was handed down through formal teaching from parents or teachers. It is also learned through imitation or observation.

Arbitrariness

What is acceptable in one culture may be rejected or frowned at in another. In India, most of the states have banned eating Beef but few states are there those do not have any rules related to eating Beef.

Evaluative

Cultural concepts consist of those things we should or ought to do; we should respect our elders, we should as parents love our children, we should respect the title members of the society, and we should respect authority.

Cumulative

Cultures are an accumulation of years of experience and knowledge. Each generation adds its own to the one it inherited from the previous generation.

Adaptive

As the society changes, so do value, goals, standards and culture, but cultural changes take a long period of time.

Components of culture

Three principal components of culture are:

Cognitive
Material components are the artifacts
Normative components are the values

Cognitive

This refers to knowledge or idea that is relevant in observable factual evidence. It includes ideas about gods, supernatural phenomenon and concepts of life after death.

Material components are the artifacts

They vary among cultures; in some areas are bronze sculptures, others, high rise Palace, e.g. Taj Mahal.

Normative components are the values

Rules and codes of conduct those serve as the guide and regulator of behavior.

Types of cultures

Cultural values are enduring beliefs that a given behavior or outcome is desirable or good (Milton J. Rokeach). Our values, as enduring beliefs, serve as standards that guide our behavior across situations and over time. Values are so ingrained that most of us are not really consciously aware of them and individuals often have difficulty describing them.

Social values represent “normal” behavior for a society or group. Personal values define “normal” behavior for an individual. Personal values mirror the individual’s choices made from the variety of social values to which that individual gets exposed. Our value systems refer to the total set of values and the relative importance cultures place on them.

7 Types of cultures are:

Maturity
Security
Pro-social behavior (doing nice things to others)
Restrictive conformity
Enjoyment in life
Achievement
Self-direction

Other Concepts of Culture

Cultural symbolism
Culture relativism
Cultural change
Culture and marketing

Cultural symbolism

A symbol is anything that stands for or suggests something else by association such as words, numbers or illustrations, symbols which could be either referential from one generation to another or expressive.

Expensive symbolisms are subject to interpretation, meanings are inferred to them to get the desired message across to the recipient. Symbols could make a product cheap, or prestigious. Car designers make extensive use of expressive symbols.

Culture relativism

This is the tendency of judging any behavior from the context of its own environment and cultural context. For a grown up first son of the father to die before the father is unacceptable in Ibo Land despite the fact that death is not negotiable.

To each culture, there is doubt that each will tend to uphold and defend the values and standards of its own. That is why ethnocentrism concludes that the day we do things is right and the way others do things is right and the way others do things is wrong because we are judging them from the context and standards of our own cultural setting.

Cultural change

Culture must be adaptive to survive. Cultural change therefore must be a continuous process to accommodate the technological and cultural diffusion. When a technological innovation occurs, the culture must change to accommodate it.

To clean one’s teeth is the first thing in the morning in may culture. That could be done with the chewing stick (Stick of Neem, Babool and other medicinal trees). Today, the culture has not changed but the exercise is predominantly done with the tooth brush and paste.

Culture and marketing

To succeed as an effective marketing manager, one must subscribe to the culture, its values, accept its symbols and reflect the appropriate behaviors and norms at the appropriate times.

To market same product with same promotional ideas are not successful every time and in every culture/country. Only a few products such as Coca-Cola and Limca enjoy such cross-cultural acceptance.

The same product could be marketed with different options because of the relativity and symbolism of culture. To an American, refrigerator is a kitchen appliance and should be in the kitchen. In another culture, it could be just any furniture displayed in the sitting room.

Different products and different promotions could be a strategy when the cultural way of life and the individual lifestyles are divergent in any market.

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Thai people floating a lamp in Yee Peng festival in Chiang Mai,Thailand.
(Image credit: Natnan Srisuwan via Getty Images)

Culture is the characteristics and knowledge of a particular group of people, encompassing language, religion, cuisine, social habits, music and arts.

The Center for Advanced Research on Language Acquisition (opens in new tab) goes a step further, defining culture as shared patterns of behaviors and interactions, cognitive constructs and understanding that are learned by socialization. Thus, culture can be seen as the growth of a group identity fostered by social patterns unique to the group.

«Culture encompasses religion, food, what we wear, how we wear it, our language, marriage, music, what we believe is right or wrong, how we sit at the table, how we greet visitors, how we behave with loved ones and a million other things,» Cristina De Rossi, an anthropologist at Barnet and Southgate College in London (opens in new tab), told Live Science.

Many countries, such as France, Italy, Germany, the US, India, Russia and China are noted for their rich cultures, the customs, traditions, music, art and food being a continual draw for tourists.

The word «culture» derives from a French term, which in turn derives from the Latin «colere,» which means to tend to the earth and grow, or cultivation and nurture, according to Arthur Asa Berger (opens in new tab). «It shares its etymology with a number of other words related to actively fostering growth,» De Rossi said.

Western culture

The fall of the Roman Empire helped shape Western culture. (Image credit: Harald Nachtmann via Getty Images)

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The term «Western culture» has come to define the culture of European countries as well as those that have been heavily influenced by European immigration, such as the United States, according to Khan University (opens in new tab). Western culture has its roots in the Classical Period of the Greco-Roman era (the fourth and fifth centuries B.C.) and the rise of Christianity in the 14th century. Other drivers of Western culture include Latin, Celtic, Germanic and Hellenic ethnic and linguistic groups.

Any number of historical events have helped shape Western culture during the past 2,500 years. The fall of Rome, often pegged to A.D. 476, cleared the way for the establishment of a series of often-warring states in Europe, according to Stanford University (opens in new tab) historian Walter Scheidel, each with their own cultures. The Black Death of the 1300s cut the population of Europe by one-third to one-half, rapidly remaking society. As a result of the plague, writes Ohio State University (opens in new tab) historian John L. Brooke, Christianity became stronger in Europe, with more focus on apocalyptic themes. Survivors in the working class gained more power, as elites were forced to pay more for scarce labor. And the disruption of trade routes between East and West set off new exploration, and ultimately, the incursion of Europeans into North and South America.

Today, the influences of Western culture can be seen in almost every country in the world.

Eastern culture

Buddhism is a big part of some Eastern cultures. Here is the Buddhist temple Seigantoji at Nachi Falls, Japan. (Image credit: Getty/ Saha Entertainment)

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Eastern culture generally refers to the societal norms of countries in Far East Asia (including China, Japan, Vietnam, North Korea and South Korea) and the Indian subcontinent. Like the West, Eastern culture was heavily influenced by religion during its early development, but it was also heavily influenced by the growth and harvesting of rice, according to a research article published in the journal Rice (opens in new tab) in 2012. In general, in Eastern culture there is less of a distinction between secular society and religious philosophy than there is in the West.

However, this umbrella covers an enormous range of traditions and histories. For example, Buddhism originated in India, but it was largely overtaken by Hinduism after the 12th century, according to

Britannica

(opens in new tab).

As a result, Hinduism became a major driver of culture in India, while Buddhism continued to exert influence in China and Japan. The preexisting cultural ideas in these areas also influenced religion. For example, according to

Jiahe Liu and Dongfang Shao

(opens in new tab), Chinese Buddhism borrowed from the philosophy of Taoism, which emphasizes compassion, frugality and humility.

Centuries of interactions — both peaceful and aggressive — in this region also led to these cultures influencing each other. Japan, for example, controlled or occupied Korea in some form between 1876 and 1945. During this time, many Koreans were pressured or forced into giving up their names for Japanese surnames, according to History.com (opens in new tab).

Latin culture

People dressed up for Dia de los Muertos (Image credit: Harald Nachtmann via Getty Images)

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The geographic region encompassing «Latin culture» is widespread. Latin America is typically defined as those parts of Central America, South America and Mexico where Spanish or Portuguese are the dominant languages. These are all places that were colonized by or influenced by Spain or Portugal starting in the 1400s. It is thought that French geographers used the term «Latin America» to differentiate between Anglo and Romance (Latin-based) languages, though some historians, such as Michael Gobat, author of «The Invention of Latin America: A Transnational History of Anti-Imperialism, Democracy and Race» (opens in new tab) (American Historical Review, Voll 118, Issue 5, 2013), dispute this.

Latin cultures are thus incredibly diverse, and many blend Indigenous traditions with the Spanish language and Catholicism brought by Spanish and Portuguese colonizers. Many of these cultures were also influenced by African cultures due to enslaved Africans being brought to the Americas starting in the 1600s, according to the African American Registery (opens in new tab). These influences are particularly strong in Brazil and in Caribbean nations.

Latin culture continues to evolve and spread. A good example is Día de los Muertos, or Day of the Dead, a holiday dedicated to remembering the departed that is celebrated on Nov. 1 and Nov. 2. Day of the Dead dates back to before Christopher Columbus landed in North America, but was moved to its current celebration date by Spanish colonizers, who merged it with the Catholic All Saints Day.

Mexican immigrants to the United States brought the holiday with them, and in the 1970s, artists and activities brought focus to Día de los Muertos as a way of celebrating their Chicano (Mexican-American) heritage, according to the Smithsonian American Art Museum (opens in new tab). The holiday is now well-known in the United States.

Middle Eastern culture

A Middle Eastern family eats dinner together. (Image credit: Getty/ Jasmin Merdan)

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Roughly speaking, the Middle East encompasses the Arabian peninsula as well as the eastern Mediterranean. The North African countries of Libya, Egypt and Sudan are also sometimes included, according to Britannica (opens in new tab). The term «Middle Eastern culture» is another umbrella that encompasses a huge diversity of cultural practices, religious beliefs and daily habits. The region is the birthplace of Judaism, Christianity and Islam and is home to dozens of languages, from Arabic to Hebrew to Turkish to Pashto.

While there is significant religious diversity in the Middle East, the predominant religion by numbers is Islam, and Islam has played a large role in the cultural development of the region. Islam originated in what is today Saudi Arabia in the early seventh century. An influential moment for the culture and development of the Middle East came after the death of the religion’s founder, Muhammad, in 632, according to the Metropoliton Museum (opens in new tab).

Some followers believed the next leader should be one of Muhammad’s friends and confidants; others believed leadership must be passed through Muhammad’s bloodline. This led to a schism between Shia Muslims, those who believed in the importance of the bloodline, and Sunni Muslims, who believed leadership should not pass through the family. Today, about 85% of Muslims are Sunni, according to the Council on Foreign Relations (opens in new tab). Their rituals and traditions vary somewhat, and divisions between the two groups often fuel conflict.

Middle Eastern culture has also been shaped by the Ottoman Empire, which ruled a U-shaped ring around the eastern Mediterranean between the 14th and early 20th centuries, according to Britannica. Areas that were part of the Ottoman Empire are known for distinctive architecture drawn from Persian and Islamic influences.

African culture

An African mother from a Maasai tribe sits with her baby next to her dwelling in Kenya, Africa. (Image credit: hadynyah/Getty Images)

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Africa has the longest history of human habitation of any continent: Humans originated there and began to migrate to other areas of the world around 400,000 years ago, according to the Natural History Museum (opens in new tab) in London. Tom White, who serves as the museum’s senior curator of non-insect invertebrates, and his team were able to discover this by studying Africa’s ancient lakes and the animals that lived in them. As of the time of this article, this research provides the oldest evidence for hominin species in the Arabian peninsula.

African culture varies not only between national boundaries, but within them. One of the key features of this culture is the large number of ethnic groups throughout the 54 countries on the continent. For example, Nigeria alone has more than 300 tribes, according to Culture Trip (opens in new tab). Africa has imported and exported its culture for centuries; East African trading ports were a crucial link between East and West as early as the seventh century, according to The Field Museum (opens in new tab). This led to complex urban centers along the eastern coast, often connected by the movement of raw materials and goods from landlocked parts of the continent.

It would be impossible to characterize all of African culture with one description. Northwest Africa has strong ties to the Middle East, while Sub-Saharan Africa shares historical, physical and social characteristics that are very different from North Africa, according to Britannica (opens in new tab) .

Some traditional Sub-Saharan African cultures include the Maasai of Tanzania and Kenya, the Zulu of South Africa and the Batwa of Central Africa. The traditions of these cultures evolved in very different environments. The Batwa, for example, are one of a group of ethnicities that traditionally live a forager lifestyle in the rainforest. The Maasai, on the other hand, herd sheep and goats on the open range.

What is cultural appropriation?

Oxford Reference (opens in new tab) describes cultural appropriation as: «A term used to describe the taking over of creative or artistic forms, themes, or practices by one cultural group from another.»

An example might be a person who is not Native American wearing a Native American headdress as a fashion accessory. For example, Victoria’s Secret was heavily criticized in 2012 after putting a model in a headdress reminiscent of a Lakota war bonnet, according to USA Today (opens in new tab). These headdresses are laden with meaningful symbolism, and wearing one was a privilege earned by chieftains or warriors through acts of bravery, according to the Khan Academy (opens in new tab). The model also wore turquoise jewelry inspired by designs used by Zuni, Navajo and Hopi tribes in the desert Southwest, illustrating how cultural appropriation can lump together tribes with very different cultures and histories into one stereotyped image.

More recently, in 2019, Gucci faced a similar backlash for selling an item named «the indy full turban» which caused considerable anger from the Sikh community, according to Esquire (opens in new tab). Harjinder Singh Kukreja, a Sikh restaurateur and influencer, wrote to Gucci on Twitter (opens in new tab), stating: «the Sikh Turban is not a hot new accessory for white models but an article of faith for practising Sikhs. Your models have used Turbans as ‘hats’ whereas practising Sikhs tie them neatly fold-by-fold. Using fake Sikhs/Turbans is worse than selling fake Gucci products.»

Constant change

No matter what a culture looks like, one thing is for certain: Cultures change. «Culture appears to have become key in our interconnected world, which is made up of so many ethnically diverse societies, but also riddled by conflicts associated with religion, ethnicity, ethical beliefs, and, essentially, the elements which make up culture,» De Rossi said. «But culture is no longer fixed, if it ever was. It is essentially fluid and constantly in motion.»

This makes it difficult to define any culture in only one way. While change is inevitable, most people see value in respecting and preserving the past. The United Nations has created a group called The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (opens in new tab) (UNESCO) to identify cultural and natural heritage and to conserve and protect it. Monuments, buildings and sites are covered by the group’s protection, according to the international treaty, the Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage (opens in new tab). This treaty was adopted by UNESCO in 1972.

Additional reporting by Live Science Contributors Alina Bradford, Stephanie Pappas and Callum McKelvie.

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Description

Etymology

Change

Early modern discourses

German Romanticism

English Romanticism

Anthropology

Sociology

Early researchers and development of cultural sociology

Cultural studies

Psychology

Protection of culture

See also

References

Further reading

Books

Articles

External links

Definition of CULTURE

Western culture

Eastern culture

Latin culture

Middle Eastern culture

African culture

What is cultural appropriation?

Constant change

Definition of culture

Origin ofculture

synonym study for culture

Words nearbyculture

Where doesculturecome from?

How iscultureused in real life?

How to useculturein a sentence

British Dictionary definitions forculture

Derived forms of culture

Word Origin forculture

Medical definitions forculture

Scientific definitions forculture

Cultural definitions forculture

notes for culture

notes for culture

Culture definition

What is Culture?

culture

Culture Examples & Types

Table of Contents

What Does Culture Mean?

Different Types of Culture

Elements of Culture

Examples of Culture

Prompts About Culture:

Graphic Organizer Prompt 1:

Graphic Organizer Prompt 2:

Essay Prompt:

Reflection Prompt:

What is culture and its examples?

What are some examples of culture?

What are the 4 types of culture?

What Is Culture?

What Is the Etymology of Culture?

Synonyms for Culture

How Culture Is Used Today

Example Sentences Using the Word Culture

Conclusion

Sources:

Definition of culture

Characteristics of culture

Functional

Prescriptive

Learnable

Arbitrariness

Evaluative

Cumulative

Adaptive

Components of culture

Cognitive

Material components are the artifacts

Normative components are the values

Types of cultures

Other Concepts of Culture