Asked by: Jaquelin Lueilwitz
Score: 5/5
(4 votes)
Hindi cinema, often known as Bollywood and formerly as Bombay cinema, is the Indian Hindi-language film industry based in Mumbai (formerly Bombay). The term is a portmanteau of «Bombay» and «Hollywood».
What does Bollywood mean?
Bollywood is used to refer to Hindi cinema originating in Mumbai, formerly Bombay. Over time, the word has come to refer to not only the Hindi cinema but also to the entire Indian film industry. The word is a takeoff on Hollywood, the B being derived from Bombay, the earlier name of Mumbai.
What is the full meaning of Bollywood?
Bollywood is the common name for the Indian film industry. … The name Bollywood is a portmanteau (a blend of two words), combining Bombay and Hollywood. The city of Bombay, which is known as Mumbai today, is where the Hindi-language Indian film industry is based — in other words, it’s the Hollywood of India.
Who created the term Bollywood?
But, his most significant contribution is how this industry is known across the world. Khanna is the man who had coined the term Bollywood much to the chagrin of Amitabh Bachchan. During the event, Khanna recalled, «Mr Bachchan called me up one day, and very angrily he asked, ‘Why are you calling this Bollywood?
What is meant by Bollywood and Hollywood?
Bollywood refers to the Hindi-language motion picture industry of India. Hollywood is the American motion picture industry, named after the district near Los Angeles California. Bollywood derives its name from the words Bombay (presently known as Mumbai) and Hollywood. … Hollywood is the highest grossing film industry.
29 related questions found
In which country Bollywood is famous?
India’s Bollywood
Bollywood, a neologism of ‘Bombay’ and ‘Hollywood [the home of American film industry]’, traditionally referred to the popular Hindi film industry and the movies made in the city of Mumbai, earlier known as Bombay (Gokulsing et al., 2005).
Where is Lollywood?
Lollywood is a combined term for both Urdu and Punjabi cinema because since 1947, Lahore has been the center of Pakistani cinema, producing films in both languages. In 1971 after the independence of Bangladesh it was fully shifted to Lahore.
Who is the owner of Bollywood?
Rohit Shetty — CEO — Bollywood | LinkedIn.
Is Hollywood bigger than Bollywood?
In terms of the number of movies per year and worldwide audience, Bollywood is clearly bigger, producing 1,000 movies in a typical year watched by a worldwide audience of 3 billion, compared to Hollywood’s 500 movies annually watched by 2.6 billion viewers worldwide. … $1.75 billion for Bollywood.
Why is Bollywood so popular?
Bollywood has long influenced Indian society and culture as the biggest entertainment industry; many of the country’s musical, dancing, wedding and fashion trends are Bollywood-inspired.
What type of word is Bollywood?
What type of word is ‘bollywood’? Bollywood is a proper noun — Word Type.
Who is the most famous Bollywood actor?
Shah Rukh Khan frequently appears among the top three wealthiest actors in the world, while Aamir Khan has been the only Eastern actor to be ranked first in the world’s highest-earning actors in films, and Salman Khan has been the highest paid celebrity in South Asia several times.
What are Bollywood movies like?
In general, Bollywood movies are like musicals. The audience expects to hear music. There are usually song-and-dance numbers as a part of the script. Often, the success of a movie depends on the quality of these musical numbers.
What came first Hollywood or Bollywood?
Fact Seven: Here’s a shocking fact—Bollywood was born 11 years before Hollywood! Bollywood’s first production was an 1899 short film, whereas Hollywood’s first film came out in 1910.
Do Bollywood actors really kiss?
In a nutshell, kisses can also cause big uproars in Bollywood. … Well to answer your question is “YES” technically they do kiss but they make it look like they are in a passionate embrace. You will be surprised to know that most of the actors who do these scenes are often married and do not mean a thing actually!
Who is the richest in Bollywood?
Here’s a list of the top seven richest actors.
- Shah Rukh Khan. Our Bollywood’s Badshah is the richest actor in the film industry and has a total net worth of $690 million. …
- Amitabh Bachchan. Our Bollywood Big B is the second richest actor in the industry. …
- Salman Khan. …
- Akshay Kumar. …
- Aamir Khan. …
- Saif Ali Khan. …
- Hritik Roshan.
Which city is called Hollywood of India?
Bollywood, the informal term for the Hindi language film business in Mumbai (previously Bombay), India, is the most well-known Hollywood-inspired moniker.
Who is the richest Indian actress?
Top 10 Richest Bollywood Actresses In 2021
- Kareena Kapoor Khan-$60 million. …
- Priyanka Chopra -$45 million. …
- Deepika Padukone-More than $45 million. …
- Anushka Sharma-$40 million. …
- Madhuri Dixit Nene-$35 million. …
- Aishwarya Rai Bacchan-$35 million. …
- Katrina Kaif-$32 million. …
- Alia Bhatt-$25 million.
Who is the best businessman in Bollywood?
Shah Rukh Khan
He is reportedly Bollywood’s most successful businessman. He runs a production house, Red Chillies, which produces and distributes most of his movies and he is also the co-owner of IPL team, Kolkata Knight Riders along with Juhi Chawla and her spouse Jay Mehta.
In which country Bollywood is famous except India?
Germany has always loved Bollywood but their craze for Indian movies increased after Shahrukh’s ‘Kabhie Khushi Kabhi Gham’. If there’s one man who needs to be given the credit for Bollywood’s popularity in Germany, it is Shah Rukh Khan.
Which is biggest film industry in the world?
HOLLYWOOD. Hollywood is the largest major film industry in the world. In 2016, the movie industry in the United States and Canada generated $11.4 billion, making it the most profitable movie industry on the planet.
Is Punjab in India or Pakistan?
Punjab, state of India, located in the northwestern part of the subcontinent. It is bounded by Jammu and Kashmir union territory to the north, Himachal Pradesh state to the northeast, Haryana state to the south and southeast, and Rajasthan state to the southwest and by the country of Pakistan to the west.
Is Bollywood is banned in Australia?
We have decided not to schedule film shooting in Australia till things get back to normal. … While we don’t say Australia is a racist country, the inaction on the part of the government has forced us to stay away from them,” said FWICE general secretary Dinesh Chaturvedi.
What does the word Bollywood mean?
Hindi cinema, often known as Bollywood and formerly as Bombay cinema, is the Indian Hindi-language film industry based in Mumbai (formerly Bombay). The term is a portmanteau of “Bombay” and “Hollywood”.
What two words make up Bollywood?
The name Bollywood is a portmanteau (a blend of two words), combining Bombay and Hollywood.
What kind of word is Bollywood?
The Indian film industry located in Mumbai.
Is Bollywood an offensive term?
IANS. LONDON: The word ‘Bollywood’, coined initially by the Western media to refer to Hindi cinema, is derogatory and humiliating, according to reputed Indian actors Naseeruddin Shah and Om Puri.
Who is best heroine in India?
Deepika Padukone was chosen as India’s Heroine No. 1 by 16 per cent those polled in the recent MOTN. Priyanka Chopra is close at second spot with 14 per cent votes, while Katrina Kaif takes the third rank with 13 per cent votes. Aishwarya Bachchan ranks fourth in the list with 10 per cent votes.
Is Hollywood bigger than Bollywood?
In terms of the number of movies per year and worldwide audience, Bollywood is clearly bigger, producing 1,000 movies in a typical year watched by a worldwide audience of 3 billion, compared to Hollywood’s 500 movies annually watched by 2.6 billion viewers worldwide.
Do Bollywood actors really kiss?
Technically the answer is Yes. Actors and actress kiss each other if the script demands kissing scene between both. Some of bollywood actor refuse to do kissing scene on screen like Salman Khan, Shah Rukh Khan and many other actresses. They just perform soft intimate scene instead of lip to lip kiss.
Who is richer Hollywood or Bollywood?
Khan has been ranked ahead of popular film personalities like Johnny Depp, Tom Cruise and Tom Hanks. Comedian Jerry Seinfeld has topped the list with a fortune of $820 million (Rs 4800 crores), followed by SRK with $600 million (Rs 3525 crore), Tom Cruise is at number three with $480 million (Rs 2820 crore).
Who is the richest in Bollywood?
Shah Rukh Khan and his sizable net worth According to GQ India magazine, one of the top-paid actors SRK is the richest actor of Bollywood with a net worth of $600 million i.e Rs. 4300 crores.
Who is No 1 actor in Bollywood 2020?
Superstar Akshay Kumar is the only Bollywood actor to feature in the Forbes 2020 list of 10 Highest Paid Male Actors in the world.
Who is most handsome actor in Bollywood?
Top 10 Most Handsome Bollywood Actors 2021 | Most Handsome Indian Men
- Hrithik Roshan – Most Handsome Bollywood Actors.
- Tiger Shroff – Most Handsome Bollywood Actors.
- John Abraham – Most Handsome Bollywood Actors.
- Varun Dhawan.
- Sidharth Malhotra.
- Ranbir Kapoor.
- Shahid Kapoor.
- Ranveer Singh.
Who is the most paid actress in India?
Top 10 Highest-Paid Bollywood Actresses 2021
- Vidya Balan.
- Anushka Sharma.
- Katrina Kaif.
- Kangna Ranaut.
- Alia Bhatt.
- Kareena Kapoor.
- Priyanka Chopra. Priyanka Chopra is one of the sensational and most sexiest Bollywood actresses.
- Deepika Padukone. Now she is charging around 20-25 crores per movie.
Who is Bollywood Queen?
Bollywood diva Kangana Ranaut turns 34. A look back at her journey off-screens and on-screens that made her the ‘Queen’ of Hindi Cinema. Actor Kangana Ranaut is popularly referred to as the ‘Queen’ of Bollywood and why not? The actor has been one of the finest leading female stars of Hindi Cinema.
Who is best couple in Bollywood?
23 Onscreen Bollywood Couples Whose Amazing Chemistry Makes Us Wish They Were Together IRL
- Kajol – Shah Rukh Khan.
- Nargis – Raj Kapoor.
- Madhuri Dixit – Anil Kapoor.
- Vyajantimala – Dilip Kumar.
- Waheeda Rahman – Guru Dutt.
- Juhi Chawla – Aamir Khan.
- Deepti Naval – Farooq Sheikh.
- Shilpa Shetty – Akshay Kumar.
Who is the queen of Bollywood 2021?
Why Bollywood’s Kangana Ranaut is still the ‘Queen’
Who is the king of Bollywood 2020?
Shah Rukh Khan is the Badshah of Bollywood.
Which is the No 1 movie in the India?
Global gross figures
| Rank | Peak | Film |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 1 | Dangal |
| 2 | 1 | Baahubali 2: The Conclusion |
| 3 | 3 | Bajrangi Bhaijaan |
| 4 | 3 | Secret Superstar |
Who is more handsome SRK or Salman?
During their younger years, Salman may have been more traditionally handsome than Shah Rukh, but as the years have gone by, SRK has definitely aged better. He has retained his glorious head of hair and has developed even more chiseled facial features as well as obtained a rocking body with 8 pack abs at 50+ years old.
Which Khan is best?
Top 10 Khans Of Bollywood
- Aamir Khan. …
- Irrfan Khan. …
- Saif Ali Khan, the “Chotey Nawab” of Indian film industry, is a well-established actor. He has acted in many blockbusters as well multi-starrer movies.
- Imran Khan. …
- Fawad Khan. …
- Zayed Khan. …
- Fardeen Khan. …
- Feroz Khan.
Who is better Hrithik or SRK?
Hrithik Roshan (actor) is far better than SRK in all aspects. Quora User, Bollywood is not a family business. Hrithik is Best.. Srk is a symbol of overacting.
Is Hrithik Roshan and Shahrukh Khan friends?
Taking a look at the highs and lows in Hrithik Roshan and Shah Rukh Khan’s friendship. Shah Rukh Khan and Hrithik Roshan’s camaraderie in Kabhi Khushi Kabhi Gham was so heart-touching, that the entire nation started seeing them as brothers.
What is the net worth of Hrithik Roshan?
Hrithik Roshan Net Worth
| Net Worth: | $30 Million |
|---|---|
| Date of Birth: | Jan 10, 1974 (47 years old) |
| Gender: | Male |
| Height: | 5 ft 10 in (1.78 m) |
| Profession: | Actor, Singer, Dancer |
What is the height of Hrithik Roshan?
5′ 11″
Is Hrithik Roshan really tall?
Who is taller Prabhas or Hrithik Roshan?
Hrithik is almost the same height as Karan Johar, and Karan Johar is around 4 inches shorter than guys like Prabhas and Rana. Hrithik doesn’t look more than 2 inches taller than Jackie chan, and Jackie is about 5’8.
Why Hrithik Roshan looks taller?
Hrithik Roshan’s height-weight issues: Known as the Greek god of Bollywood, Hrithik has admitted that his height is 6 feet 2 inches, and his height and weight have been the topic of discussion. Many people are of the opinion that Hrithik Roshan uses lifters or high heeled shoes to increase his height.
Текст Bollywood с переводом.
Bollywood
Болливуд
| What do you get when you take the ‘B’ from the Indian city of Bombay and exchange it for the ‘H’ in Hollywood? Bollywood, of course! | Что вы получите, когда возьмете букву “Б” из названия индийского города Бомбей и замените ей букву “Г” в слове Голливуд? Конечно же Болливуд! | |
| Bollywood is the nickname for the Indian film industry. It’s not new – the first Indian short film was made in 1899 – and these days it’s massive! It is the largest film industry in the world, making up to eight hundred films a year – twice as many as Hollywood. Sometimes, the films are made so fast that the same actors shoot scenes for four different films on the same set at the same time! | Болливуд – это название индийской киноиндустрии. Она не нова – первый индийский короткометражный фильм был сделан в 1899 году, а сегодня – это имеет массовый характер. Это самая большая киноиндустрия в мире, производящая восемьсот фильмов в год – в два раза больше, чем Голливуд. Иногда фильмы делаются настолько быстро, что одни и те же актеры снимаются в четырех различных фильмах в тех же самых декорациях и в то же самое время! | |
| So, there are actually plenty of differences between Bollywood and Hollywood! Firstly, Bollywood films are actually more like musicals, with lots of singing, dancing and colourful costumes. They are usually in the Hindi language and last three to four hours. They can be about family relationships, unusual coincidences or kidnappers and villains, but most often they are classic romantic tales of ‘boy meets girl’. In fact, some young people say that they find the storylines a bit too predictable. | Таким образом, есть множество отличий между Болливудом и Голливудом! Во-первых, фильмы Болливуда более похожи на мюзиклы с большим количеством песен, танцев и разноцветных костюмов. Обычно они на языке хинди и длятся от трех до четырех часов. Они могут быть о семейных отношениях, необычных совпадениях, о похитителях детей и о злодеях, но чаще всего они являются классическими романтическими сказками о том, как “мальчик встретил девочку”. На самом деле некоторые молодые люди говорят, что они находят сюжетные линии фильма слишком предсказуемыми. | |
| Bollywood’s biggest audience outside India is in Britain, where many Indians went to live about fifty years ago. It’s not just Indians who watch the films, though. There have been some popular Bollywood films in English, such as ‘Bride and Prejudice’ and ‘Monsoon Wedding’. | Самая большая аудитория Болливуда за пределами Индии находится в Британии, куда отправились жить многие индийцы около пятидесяти лет назад. Однако, не только индийцы смотрят эти фильмы. Есть ряд популярных фильмов Болливуда на английском языке, такие как “Невеста и предрассудки” и “Свадьба в сезон дождей”. |
Источник: Spotlight, 9 класс
Contents
- 1 How did Bollywood get its name?
- 2 Who invented the word Bollywood?
- 3 Did Hollywood or Bollywood come first?
- 4 Is Bollywood popular in Africa?
- 5 What is China film industry called?
- 6 Who is the owner of Bollywood?
- 7 Is Tollywood bigger than Bollywood?
- 8 Is Nollywood bigger than Bollywood?
- 9 Is Hollywood or Bollywood better?
- 10 Who is the rich hero in India?
- 11 Who introduced India?
- 12 Who is the poorest actor in Bollywood?
- 13 Is Bollywood famous in world?
- 14 Which is biggest film industry in the world?
- 15 Is Sanjay Dutt rich?
- 16 Who is the oldest person in Bollywood?
- 17 Who is the cheapest actress in Bollywood?
- 18 How much rich is Sanjay Dutt?
- 19 Is Jackie Shroff rich?
- 20 How rich is John Abraham?
- 21 What is Alia Bhatt net worth?
- 22 Is Mithun Chakraborty rich?
- 23 How much is Ajay Devgan?
How did Bollywood get its name?
Etymology. “Bollywood” is a portmanteau derived from Bombay (the former name of Mumbai) and “Hollywood”, a shorthand reference for the American film industry which is based in Hollywood, California.
Who invented the word Bollywood?
But, his most significant contribution is how this industry is known across the world. Khanna is the man who had coined the term Bollywood much to the chagrin of Amitabh Bachchan. During the event, Khanna recalled, “Mr Bachchan called me up one day, and very angrily he asked, ‘Why are you calling this Bollywood?
Did Hollywood or Bollywood come first?
Bollywood passed Hollywood in 2004 for global viewership, and remains the global leader for movie audience. Bollywood is also older than Hollywood, it started in 1899 11 years before the birth of Hollywood.
Is Bollywood popular in Africa?
The presence of Bollywood films in Africa has a long history, one embedded in larger cultural and commodity exchanges between the continent and South Asia. … They became immensely popular among African audiences in places like northern Nigeria and Senegal.
What is China film industry called?
Chinawood is a nickname for the Hengdian World Studios, the largest film studio in China, part of the cinema of China.
Who is the owner of Bollywood?
He is the managing director and CEO of Hungama Digital Media Entertainment, which owns Hungama.com and Bollywood Hungama, and managing director of ArtistAloud.com.
…
| Neeraj Roy | |
|---|---|
| Nationality | Indian |
| Occupation | Managing director & CEO Hungama |
Is Tollywood bigger than Bollywood?
It is a very relative question. According to me, the Indian film industry is considered the biggest film industry in the world and it consists of Bollywood, Tollywood, and all other film industries in India.
Is Nollywood bigger than Bollywood?
The Indian film industry is the world’s largest, with the American counterpart coming in third – behind Nigeria’s Nollywood. More than 1600 films produced in India were given a release certificate by India’s censor board in 2012.
Is Hollywood or Bollywood better?
The simple answer to this question is creativity, Budget, and talent. Hollywood film industry is way ahead of the Bollywood film industry when it comes to creating good movies.
Who is the rich hero in India?
Akshay Kumar – US$250 million
Rai’s upcoming film, cementing him as the highest-paid actor in India at the moment.
Who introduced India?
Mesopotamia was the main trading partner of Harappan Civilization. This introduced India to areas of the Middle East.
Who is the poorest actor in Bollywood?
Who is the poorest actor in India?
- Parveen Babi. Actress Parveen Babi, widely known as the sex symbol of the 1970s and 1980s, had numerous successes on her resume and won millions of hearts with her beauty and performance. …
- Bhagwan Dada. …
- AK Hangal. …
- Raj Kiran. …
- Meena Kumari.
Is Bollywood famous in world?
Though they’re fewer in numbers, Bollywood films are by far the most popular in India. They are also the most popular Indian films abroad, second only to Hollywood films in box-office take worldwide. India has the most prolific film industry in terms of sheer output and numbers of viewers.
Which is biggest film industry in the world?
HOLLYWOOD. Hollywood is the largest major film industry in the world. In 2016, the movie industry in the United States and Canada generated $11.4 billion, making it the most profitable movie industry on the planet.
Is Sanjay Dutt rich?
Sanjay Dutt net worth: Sanjay Dutt is an award-winning Indian film actor who has a net worth of $30 million. Sanjay Dutt earned his net worth as one the biggest stars in the Indian film industry.
…
Sanjay Dutt Net Worth.
| Net Worth: | $30 Million |
|---|---|
| Profession: | Actor, Politician, Film Producer, Comedian, Presenter |
| Nationality: | India |
Who is the oldest person in Bollywood?
Kamini Kaushal is 92 years old (as of January 2017) and is the oldest living Indian actor. Her first film was Neecha Nagar (1946) and her last film was Chennai Express (2013).
Who is the cheapest actress in Bollywood?
Who is the lowest paid actress in India?
- Tara Sutaria – Rs 1 crore. tarasutaria. View profile. …
- Ileana D’cruz – Rs 1.6 crore. ileana_official. View profile. …
- Kriti Sanon – Rs 2 crore. kritisanon. View profile. …
- Jacqueline Fernandez – Rs 2 crore. jacquelinef143. View profile. …
- Huma Qureshi – Rs 2-3 crore. iamhumaq. iamhumaq Verified.
How much rich is Sanjay Dutt?
Sanjay Dutt Net Worth is $21 Million (Rs.
Sanjay Dutt, he is also known as “Baba” by his fans. Mr. Dutt is an actor – producer of Bollywood Hindi Cinema.
…
Sanjay Dutt Net Worth.
| Name | Sanjay Dutt |
|---|---|
| Net Worth (2021) | $21 Million |
| Net Worth In Indian Rupees | 150 Crore INR |
| Profession | Actor |
| Monthly Income And Salary | 1 Crore + |
Is Jackie Shroff rich?
Jackie Shroff Net Worth: Jackie Shroff is an Indian actor who has a net worth of $26 Million. Born on February 1, 1960 in Mumbai, India, Shroff has appeared in over 151 films.
…
Jackie Shroff Net Worth.
| Net Worth: | $26 Million |
|---|---|
| Date of Birth: | Feb 1, 1957 (64 years old) |
| Gender: | Male |
| Height: | 5 ft 11 in (1.82 m) |
| Profession: | Actor |
How rich is John Abraham?
The total net worth of Mr John Abraham is estimated to be 34 Million USD, which in Indian Currency is approximately Rs. 251 Crore Indian Rupee (i.e. approx Two Hundred and Fifty-One Crore INR). Also, the Net Worth of John Abraham has seen a rise of about 105% over the past few years.
What is Alia Bhatt net worth?
As per networth.co.in, Alia Bhatt, who made her Bollywood debut with ‘Student of the Year’ in 2012, has a net worth of $21.7 Million (Rs 158 crore).
Is Mithun Chakraborty rich?
Mithun Chakraborty net worth: Mithun Chakraborty is an Indian actor, singer, producer, writer, social worker, and businessman, who has a net worth of $40 million dollars.
…
Mithun Chakraborty Net Worth.
| Net Worth: | $40 Million |
|---|---|
| Date of Birth: | Jun 16, 1950 (71 years old) |
| Gender: | Male |
| Height: | 6 ft (1.83 m) |
How much is Ajay Devgan?
Ajay Devgan is one of the top 15 actors in Bollywood. Ajay Devgan is known for his action and comedy movies. Ajay Devgan has a net worth of about 40 million dollars in 2021.
…
Ajay Devgan Net Worth Growth in Last 5 Years.
| Net Worth in 2021 | $40 Million |
|---|---|
| Net Worth in 2018 | $31 Million |
| Net Worth in 2017 | $26 Million |
•
Oct 1, 2021
Hindi cinema, often metonymously referred to as Bollywood, is the Indian Hindi-language film industry, based in the city of Mumbai (formerly Bombay), Maharashtra, India. Bollywood the term being a portmanteau of Bombay and Hollywood. Bollywood is a part of the larger cinema of India (also known as Indywood),[4] which includes other production centers producing films in other Indian languages.[5][6] Linguistically, Bollywood films tend to use a colloquial dialect of Hindi-Urdu, or Hindustani, mutually intelligible to both Hindi and Urdu speakers,[7][8][9] while modern Bollywood films also increasingly incorporate elements of Hinglish.[7]
Indian cinema is the world’s largest film industry in terms of film production, with an annual output of 1,986 feature films as of 2017, and Bollywood is its largest film producer, with 364 Hindi films produced annually as of 2017.[1] Bollywood represents 43% of Indian net box office revenue, while Telugu and Tamil cinema represent 36%, and the rest of the regional cinema constitute 21%, as of 2014.[10] Bollywood is thus one of the largest centers of film production in the world.[11][12][13] In terms of ticket sales, Bollywood sells an estimated 3.6 billion tickets annually across the globe, compared to Hollywood’s 2.6 billion tickets sold.
Etymology[]
The name «Bollywood» is a portmanteau derived from Bombay (the former name for Mumbai) and Hollywood (in California), the center of the American film industry.[17] The naming scheme for «Bollywood» was inspired by «Tollywood», the name that was used to refer to the cinema of West Bengal. Dating back to 1932, «Tollywood» was the earliest Hollywood-inspired name, referring to the Bengali film industry based in Tollygunge (in Calcutta, West Bengal), whose name is reminiscent of «Hollywood» and was the centre of the cinema of India at the time.[18] It was this «chance juxtaposition of two pairs of rhyming syllables,» Holly and Tolly, that led to the portmanteau name «Tollywood» being coined. The name «Tollywood» went on to be used as a nickname for the Bengali film industry by the popular Calcutta-based Junior Statesman youth magazine, establishing a precedent for other film industries to use similar-sounding names, eventually leading to the coining of «Bollywood».[19] «Tollywood» is now also popularly used to refer to the Telugu film industry in Telangana and Andhra Pradesh.
The term «Bollywood» itself has origins in the 1970s, when India overtook the United States as the world’s largest film producer. Credit for the term has been claimed by several different people, including the lyricist, filmmaker and scholar Amit Khanna,[20] and the journalist Bevinda Collaco.[21] Bollywood does not exist as a physical place. Some deplore the name, arguing that it makes the industry look like a poor cousin to Hollywood.
History of Bollywood[]
Raja Harishchandra (1913), by Dadasaheb Phalke, is known as the first silent feature film made in India. By the 1930s, the industry was producing over 200 films per annum.[26] The first Indian sound film, Ardeshir Irani’s Alam Ara (1931), was a major commercial success.[27] There was clearly a huge market for talkies and musicals; Bollywood and all the regional film industries quickly switched to sound filming.
The 1930s and 1940s were tumultuous times: India was buffeted by the Great Depression, World War II, the Indian independence movement, and the violence of the Partition. Most Bollywood films were unabashedly escapist, but there were also a number of filmmakers who tackled tough social issues, or used the struggle for Indian independence as a backdrop for their plots.[26]
In 1937, Ardeshir Irani, of Alam Ara fame, made the first colour film in Hindi, Kisan Kanya. The next year, he made another colour film, a version of Mother India. However, colour did not become a popular feature until the late 1950s. At this time, lavish romantic musicals and melodramas were the staple fare at the cinema.
Prior to the 1947 partition of India, which was divided into the Republic of India and Pakistan, the Bombay film industry (now called Bollywood) was closely to the Lahore film industry (now the Lollywood industry of Pakistani cinema), as both produced films in Hindi-Urdu, or Hindustani, the lingua franca across northern and central India. In the 1940s, many actors, filmmakers and musicians in the Lahore industry migrated to the Bombay industry, including actors such as K.L. Saigal, Prithviraj Kapoor, Dilip Kumar and Dev Anand and singers such as Mohammed Rafi, Noorjahan and Shamshad Begum. Around that time, filmmakers and actors from the Bengali film industry based in Calcutta (now Kolkata) also began migrating to the Bombay film industry, which for decades after partition would be dominated by actors, filmmakers and musicians with origins in what is today Pakistani Punjab, along with those from Bengal.[28]
Golden Age (late 1940s–1960s)
Following India’s independence, the period from the late 1940s to the early 1960s is regarded by film historians as the «Golden Age» of Hindi cinema.[29][30][31] Some of the most critically acclaimed Hindi films of all time were produced during this period. Examples include Pyaasa (1957) and Kaagaz Ke Phool (1959) directed by Guru Dutt and written by Abrar Alvi, Awaara (1951) and Shree 420 (1955) directed by Raj Kapoor and written by Khwaja Ahmad Abbas, and Aan (1952) directed by Mehboob Khan and starring Dilip Kumar. These films expressed social themes mainly dealing with working-class life in India, particularly urban life in the former two examples; Awaara presented the city as both a nightmare and a dream, while Pyaasa critiqued the unreality of city life.[32]
Mehboob Khan’s Mother India (1957), a remake of his earlier Aurat (1940), was the first Indian film to be nominated for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film, which it lost by a single vote.[33] Mother India was also an important film that defined the conventions of Hindi cinema for decades.[34][35][36] It spawned a new genre of dacoit films, which was further defined by Gunga Jumna (1961).[37] Written and produced by Dilip Kumar, Gunga Jumna was a dacoit crime drama about two brothers on opposite sides of the law, a theme that later became common in Indian films since the 1970s.[38] Madhumati (1958), directed by Bimal Roy and written by Ritwik Ghatak, popularised the theme of reincarnation in Western popular culture.[39] Some of the most famous epic films of Hindi cinema were also produced at the time, such as K. Asif’s Mughal-e-Azam (1960).[40] Other acclaimed mainstream Hindi filmmakers at the time included Kamal Amrohi and Vijay Bhatt.
Successful actors at the time included Dilip Kumar, Pradeep Kumar, Raj Kapoor, Dev Anand, and Guru Dutt, while successful actresses included Sumitra Devi, Nargis, Suraiya, Vyjayanthimala, Meena Kumari, Nutan, Madhubala, Sadhana, Waheeda Rehman and Mala Sinha.[44] The three most popular male Indian actors of the 1950s and 1960s were Dilip Kumar, Raj Kapoor, and Dev Anand, each with their own unique acting style. Kapoor followed the «tramp» style of Charlie Chaplin, Anand modelled himself after the «suave» style of Hollywood movie stars like Gregory Peck and Cary Grant, and Kumar pioneered a form of method acting that was similar to yet predated Hollywood method actors such as Marlon Brando. Kumar, who was described as «the ultimate method actor» by Satyajit Ray and is considered one of India’s greatest actors, inspired future generations of Indian actors; much like Brando’s influence on Robert De Niro and Al Pacino, Kumar had a similar influence on later Indian actors such as Amitabh Bachchan, Naseeruddin Shah, Shah Rukh Khan and Nawazuddin Siddiqui.[41][42]
While commercial Hindi cinema was thriving, the 1950s also saw the emergence of a new Parallel Cinema movement.[32] Though the movement was mainly led by Bengali cinema, it also began gaining prominence in Hindi cinema. The movement emphasized social realism. Early examples of films in this movement include Dharti Ke Lal (1946) directed by Khwaja Ahmad Abbas and based on the Bengal famine of 1943,[45] Neecha Nagar (1946) directed by Chetan Anand and written by Khwaja Ahmad Abbas,[46] and Bimal Roy’s Do Bigha Zamin (1953). Their critical acclaim, as well as the latter’s commercial success, paved the way for Indian neorealism[47] and the Indian New Wave.[48] Some of the internationally acclaimed Hindi filmmakers involved in the movement included Mani Kaul, Kumar Shahani, Ketan Mehta, Govind Nihalani, Shyam Benegal and Vijaya Mehta.
Ever since the social realist film Neecha Nagar won the Grand Prize at the first Cannes Film Festival,[46] Hindi films were frequently in competition for the Palme d’Or at the Cannes Film Festival throughout the 1950s and early 1960s, with some of them winning major prizes at the festival.[49] Guru Dutt, while overlooked in his own lifetime, had belatedly generated international recognition much later in the 1980s.[49][50] Dutt is now regarded as one of the greatest Asian filmmakers of all time, alongside the more famous Indian Bengali filmmaker Satyajit Ray. The 2002 Sight & Sound critics’ and directors’ poll of greatest filmmakers ranked Dutt at No. 73 on the list.[51] Some of his films are now included among the greatest films of all time, with Pyaasa (1957) being featured in Time magazine’s «All-TIME» 100 best movies list,[52] and with both Pyaasa and Kaagaz Ke Phool (1959) tied at No. 160 in the 2002 Sight & Sound critics’ and directors’ poll of all-time greatest films. Several other Hindi films from this era were also ranked in the Sight & Sound poll, including Raj Kapoor’s Awaara (1951), Vijay Bhatt’s Baiju Bawra (1952), Mehboob Khan’s Mother India (1957) and K. Asif’s Mughal-e-Azam (1960) all tied at No. 346 on the list.[53]
In the late 1960s and early 1970s, the industry was dominated by musical romance films with «romantic hero» leads, the most popular being Rajesh Khanna.[54] Other actors during this period include Shammi Kapoor, Jeetendra, Dharmendra, Sanjeev Kumar, and Shashi Kapoor, and actresses like Sharmila Tagore, Mumtaz, Saira Banu, and Asha Parekh.
By the start of the 1970s, Hindi cinema was experiencing thematic stagnation,[57] dominated by musical romance films.[54] The arrival of screenwriter duo Salim-Javed, consisting of Salim Khan and Javed Akhtar, marked a paradigm shift, revitalizing the industry.[57] They began the genre of gritty, violent, Bombay underworld crime films in the early 1970s, with films such as Zanjeer (1973) and Deewaar (1975).[58][59] They reinterpreted the rural themes of Mehboob Khan’s Mother India (1957) and Dilip Kumar’s Gunga Jumna (1961) in a contemporary urban context reflecting the socio-economic and socio-political climate of 1970s India,[57][60] channeling the growing discontent and disillusionment among the masses,[57] and unprecedented growth of slums,[61] and dealing with themes involving urban poverty, corruption, and crime,[62] as well as anti-establishment themes.[63] This resulted in their creation of the «angry young man», personified by Amitabh Bachchan,[63] who reinterpreted Dilip Kumar’s performance in Gunga Jumna in a contemporary urban context,[57][60] and giving a voice to the angst of the urban poor.
By the mid-1970s, romantic confections had made way for gritty, violent crime films and action films about gangsters (Bombay underworld) and bandits (dacoits). The writing of Salim-Javed and acting of Amitabh Bachchan popularized the trend, with films such as Zanjeer and particularly Deewaar, a crime film inspired by Gunga Jumna[38] that pitted «a policeman against his brother, a gang leader based on real-life smuggler Haji Mastan» portrayed by Bachchan; Deewaar was described as being «absolutely key to Indian cinema» by Danny Boyle.[69] Along with Bachchan, other actors that rode the crest of this trend include Feroz Khan,[70] Mithun Chakraborty, Naseeruddin Shah, Jackie Shroff, Sanjay Dutt, Anil Kapoor and Sunny Deol, which lasted into the early 1990s. Actresses from this era included Hema Malini, Jaya Bachchan, Raakhee, Shabana Azmi, Zeenat Aman, Parveen Babi, Rekha, Dimple Kapadia, Smita Patil, Jaya Prada and Padmini Kolhapure.[44]
The 1970s was also when the name «Bollywood» was coined,[21][20] and when the quintessential conventions of commercial Bollywood films were established.[71] Key to this was the emergence of the masala film genre, which combines elements of multiple genres (action, comedy, romance, drama, melodrama, musical). The masala film was pioneered in the early 1970s by filmmaker Nasir Hussain,[72] along with screenwriter duo Salim-Javed,[71] pioneering the Bollywood blockbuster format.[71] Yaadon Ki Baarat (1973), directed by Hussain and written by Salim-Javed, has been identified as the first masala film and the «first» quintessentially «Bollywood» film.[73][71] Salim-Javed went on to write more successful masala films in the 1970s and 1980s.[71] Masala films launched Amitabh Bachchan into the biggest Bollywood movie star of the 1970s and 1980s. A landmark for the masala film genre was Amar Akbar Anthony (1977),[74][73] directed by Manmohan Desai and written by Kader Khan. Manmohan Desai went on to successfully exploit the genre in the 1970s and 1980s.
Both these trends, the masala film and the violent crime film, are represented by the blockbuster Sholay (1975), written by Salim-Javed and starring Amitabh Bachchan. It combined the dacoit film conventions of Mother India and Gunga Jumna with that of Spaghetti Westerns, spawning the Dacoit Western genre (also known as the «Curry Western»), which was popular in the 1970s.[37]
Some Hindi filmmakers such as Shyam Benegal continued to produce realistic Parallel Cinema throughout the 1970s,[75] alongside Mani Kaul, Kumar Shahani, Ketan Mehta, Govind Nihalani and Vijaya Mehta.[32] However, the ‘art film’ bent of the Film Finance Corporation came under criticism during a Committee on Public Undertakings investigation in 1976, which accused the body of not doing enough to encourage commercial cinema. The 1970s thus saw the rise of commercial cinema in the form of enduring films such as Sholay (1975), which consolidated Amitabh Bachchan’s position as a lead actor. The devotional classic Jai Santoshi Ma was also released in 1975.[76]
The most internationally acclaimed Hindi film of the 1980s was Mira Nair’s Salaam Bombay! (1988), which won the Camera d’Or at the 1988 Cannes Film Festival and was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film.
Bollywood Top 10 Actors[]
Azzy Bagria
Shah Rukh Khan
Aamir Khan
Akshay Kumar
Hrithik Roshan
Ranbir Kapoor
Shahid Kapoor
Rajesh Khanna
Nawazuddin Siddiqui
Rajinikanth
Bollywood is the common name for the Indian film industry. Bollywood movies are famous for their spectacular musical numbers and elaborately choreographed dancing.
The name Bollywood is a portmanteau (a blend of two words), combining Bombay and Hollywood. The city of Bombay, which is known as Mumbai today, is where the Hindi-language Indian film industry is based — in other words, it’s the Hollywood of India. More movies are produced in India than any other country in the world, and Bollywood movies tend to be extravaganzas, lasting three or more hours and including fabulous costumes, locations, dancing, and music.
Definitions of Bollywood
-
noun
the film industry of India
DISCLAIMER: These example sentences appear in various news sources and books to reflect the usage of the word ‘Bollywood’.
Views expressed in the examples do not represent the opinion of Vocabulary.com or its editors.
Send us feedback
EDITOR’S CHOICE
Look up Bollywood for the last time
Close your vocabulary gaps with personalized learning that focuses on teaching the
words you need to know.
Sign up now (it’s free!)
Whether you’re a teacher or a learner, Vocabulary.com can put you or your class on the path to systematic vocabulary improvement.
Get started
У каждого человека своя ассоциация со словом «Индия». У кого-то это слоны, у кого-то – река Ганг, у кого-то – Махатма Ганди. Но есть слово, которое объединяет абсолютно всех, – Болливуд. Киноиндустрия, аудитория которой оценивается в три миллиарда зрителей, выпускает несколько сотен фильмов в год и превосходит по производству даже Голливуд.
Но не стоит принимать Болливуд за дальнего родственника «фабрики грез» – это самостоятельная империя со своей историей и своими особенностями. О громко поющем и весело танцующем индийском кино Болливуда – в материале РЕН ТВ.
Болливуд – история названия
Болливудом называются не все индийские фильмы, а только снятые в городе Мумбаи на языке хинди. Географическая привязка отражена и в названии — оно отсылает к американскому Голливуду, но первая буква «Б» позаимствована из слова «Бомбей», как до 1995 года назывался Мумбаи. Термин впервые появился в 1970-х, но закрепился в 1990-х, когда индийское кино начало появляться в широком зарубежном прокате.
Фото: © TASS/imago images/Hindustan Times
Жанры болливудских фильмов
Болливудские фильмы бывают любых жанров. В них затрагиваются абсолютно разные темы — от голода в Бенгалии до кастовой дискриминации, от борьбы за права женщин до вынужденной миграции крестьян в крупные города, от борьбы с британскими колонизаторами до разделения Индии и Пакистана.
К слову, Болливуд далеко не единственная киноиндустрия в Индии. Колливуд, Молливуд и Толливуд не менее известны в пределах страны и представляют кинокартины не только на хинди, но и на других языках, а их в Индии 22.
Фото: © кадр из фильма «Ну что, влюбился?»
Как появилось индийское кино
История индийского кино берет начало в 1899 году. Первые фильмы были документальными. Полнометражную картину сняли в 1913 году. «Раджа Харишчандра» был работой отца индийского кино Дадасахеба Пхальке и повествовал о правителе, который отличался высокой нравственностью.
Этот фильм тут же привлек внимание зрителя пикантными кадрами — эротическая сцена купания девушек-служанок в бассейне и по сегодняшним меркам довольно откровенна. Стоит, впрочем, оговориться, что роли женщин в мокрых облегающих сари исполнили загримированные мужчины.
В 1931 году на суд зрителей был представлен первый звуковой индийский киношедевр «Свет мира». Костюмированная сказка была основана на известной в те годы пьесе, чей сюжет достоин современной мыльной оперы. К сожалению, посмотреть эту картину сегодня невозможно: она безвозвратно утеряна.
Тем не менее наряды и музыкальное оформление покорили сердце публики: с тех пор индийские фильмы чем-то стали похожи на американские мюзиклы, хотя, строго говоря, по жанру они к ним не относятся. В 1930-х годах начало формироваться самобытное индийское кино с его непременными песнями и танцами.
Фото: © кадр из фильма Свет мира»
Что такое «масала» в Болливуде
Любителям индийской кухни хорошо знакома масала – смесь специй для приготовления пряных блюд и чая. У любителей индийского кино – своя масала. Именно так называется уникальный тип болливудских фильмов, который сформировался в 1970-е годы. Он остается популярным и сегодня.
По сути, это жанровый и сюжетный микс – в одном фильме может быть комедийная, романтическая, драматическая, криминальная и приключенческая составляющие, причем смещение с одного жанра на другой в пределах картины бывает довольно ощутимым. В масала также часто параллельно развиваются несколько сюжетных линий и подтем.
Фото: © кадр из фильма «Зита и Гита»
Особенности масала-фильмов Болливуда
Звезды и герои
Важный элемент любого болливудского фильма – главные герои. Их образы немного гиперболизированы: герой-мужчина обязательно мужественный, храбрый и отважный, героиня-девушка – красивая и обаятельная, злодей – хитрый и подлый. Играть этих персонажей обязательно должны известные актеры, потому что многие индийцы в кино идут именно за тем, чтобы посмотреть на звезд.
Индийские танцы
Лучшее в Болливуде – это, конечно же, музыкально-танцевальные номера. Танец с экранов не пропадал с самого начала развития индийского кино, он в фильмах выступает и как элемент уважения к традициям, и как инструмент для рассказывания историй.
Индийский танец обязательно включает в себя четыре элемента: движения ступней, движения шеи, активная лицевая мимика и жестикуляция. Со временем танцы в кино стали использоваться не для пояснения происходящего, а просто для того, чтобы разбавить сюжет: группа танцоров может возникнуть рядом с главным героем в момент между сценами, чтобы просто станцевать на радость зрителю.
Фото: © image кадр из фильма «Болливуд: Величайшая история любви»
Песни в кино
Когда смотришь продукцию Болливуда, создается впечатление, что красочно одетые актеры все как один обладают непревзойденными вокальными данными. На самом деле за них в большинстве случаев поют профессиональные звезды индийской сцены, так что преобладающее количество поп-хитов – это саундтреки.
Еще один важный момент заключается в том, что создатели, к примеру, бродвейских мюзиклов весьма логично вставляют в сюжет песни и танцы, и происходящее на сцене кажется зрителю вполне естественным. В индийском фильме веселье зачастую начинается неожиданно: так принято делать для передачи эмоционального состояния героев в конкретной ситуации.
Почему продукция Болливуда такая успешная
Успех болливудских картин объясняют их терапевтическим эффектом: это кино заставляет забыть о печали и переносит в чудесный мир, где все заканчивается неизменно хорошо.
Еще индийским зрителям очень нравится ироническое переосмысление голливудских стереотипов. Американцы смеются над нелепостью экшен-сцен и любовных объяснений в индийских фильмах, хотя в Болливуде всего лишь утрируют приемы, которые активно эксплуатирует «фабрика грез».
Экшен-сцены напоминают об американских боевиках, где один герой справляется с толпой противников. Признания в любви – о романтических комедиях про невзрачную барышню, которая встречает прекрасного принца. Интриги с пропавшим наследством и подделанным завещанием – о мыльных операх, заполонивших американские телеэкраны на волне популярности «Санта-Барбары».
Кроме этого, продукция Болливуда – это еще и патриотическое высказывание, своеобразное признание в любви к Индии во всем ее разнообразии. Она транслирует традиционные ценности, апеллируя к долгу, чести и совести.
В кино индийцам нравится подчеркивать преимущества перед США и Европой: например, американские свадьбы никогда не сравнятся по размаху и веселью с индийскими, а британская кухня во всем уступает индийской.
Фото: © кадр из фильма «Болливуд: Величайшая история любви»
Интересные факты о Болливуде
- У многих актеров Болливуда одинаковые фамилии. Это вовсе не значит, что все они родственники, но в Болливуде действительно распространена преемственность. Случается, что в фильмах задействованы представители нескольких поколений. Например, в роду Капур есть режиссеры, актеры и продюсеры.
- Самый долгий экранный поцелуй принадлежит фильму «Карма», снятому 90 лет назад. Там героиня Девики Рани (кстати, жены Святослава Рериха) целует своего партнера целых четыре минуты.
- Большинство индийских моделей попробовали себя в роли актрис. Так, в кино снималась Айшвария Рай, получившая титул «Мисс Мира» в 1994 году, а также Приянка Чопра, которой эта же награда досталась в 2000 году.
Фото: © Приянка Чопра. Global Look Press/Moviestore Collection/face to face
- В 1990 году Болливуд попал в Книгу рекордов Гиннесса: 948 выпущенных кинолент за год, что вдвое больше, чем в Голливуде. Местные режиссеры не стремились к накоплениям, наслаждаясь самим процессом: прибыль от очередной картины немедленно направлялась на производство следующей. Если на ком и экономили, так это на сценаристах: большинство индийских фильмов того времени снимались по шаблону, а основная идея доносилась до зрителя намеками. Так, обморок у героини в фильме того времени (и часто до сих пор) означает, что она беременна. Туман – что сцена разворачивается в воображении героя. Если у кровати задуло ветром свечу, значит, персонаж скончался. Ну а если гладко выбритый парень вдруг обзавелся бородой, значит, он терпит полный крах на личном фронте.
- Европейские зрители часто сетуют на продолжительность болливудских фильмов – нередко они длятся по три-четыре часа. Эта особенность обусловлена самим ритмом жизни индийцев: если недельная поездка на поезде или двухнедельная свадьба их нисколько не смущают, то что говорить о многочасовом просмотре фильма! Они готовы смотреть кино весь вечер, чтобы сполна проникнуться эмоциями героев.
- Шахрух Хан недаром носит прозвище Король Болливуда: на его счету около 80 киноработ. И 19 миллиардов долларов – он самый богатый актер Индии (и второй в мировом рейтинге после Джерри Сайнфелда).
Самые известные фильмы Болливуда
Мать Индия/Mother India (1957)
Фильм, в котором снимались Наргис, Сунил Датт и Раджендра Кумар, был номинирован на «Оскар» (за всю истории только пять фильмов Болливуда были номинированы на эту премию). Картина, известная своей культурной и патриотической значимостью, является классикой Болливуда.
Великий Могол/Mughal-e-Azam (1960)
Мелодрама с участием Дилипа Кумара, Мадхубалы и Притхвираджа Капура была одним из самых дорогих фильмов того времени. Эта любовная сага играет важную роль в истории кино на хинди.
Господин, госпожа и слуга/Sahib Bibi Aur Ghulam (1962)
Этот фильм по одноименному роману бенгальского писателя Бимала Митры был высоко оценен публикой и критиками. Он попал в список «100 лучших фильмов за все время» журнала TIME.
Зита и Гита/Seeta aur Geeta (1972)
«Зита и Гита» – лента, снискавшая массовую любовь у советского зрителя и ставшая у нас именем нарицательным для индийских фильмов вообще. Трогательную историю о разлученных в младенчестве близнецах в советском прокате посмотрели более 55 миллионов человек, и комедийная мелодрама прочно обосновалась в рейтинге популярных индийских кинохитов.
Фото: © кадр из фильма «Зита и Гита»
Месть и закон/Sholay (1975)
Самый кассовый фильм за всю историю индийского кинематографа признан лучшей картиной и за всю историю Болливуда. Абсолютный хит, который породил не одно поколение любителей болливудского кино. Его видел, пожалуй, каждый мальчишка Советского Союза.
«Месть и закон» снят по мотивам известного вестерна «Великолепная семерка», но приправлен доброй порцией индийской масалы. Здесь и погони на конях, и драматический танец прекрасной девушки на осколках стекла, и отчаяние, и торжество справедливости. «Месть и закон» демонстрировали в кинотеатрах Индии в течение целых пяти лет.
Танцор диско/Disco dancer (1982)
Фильм – настоящий бриллиант среди индийской киноклассики. Именно в этой картине звучит та самая песня «Jimmy Jimmy Jimmy Aaja» – «Иди сюда, Джимми». При всей незатейливости сюжета (превращение уличного мальчишки в суперзвезду) картина смотрится на одном дыхании. В этом фильме есть все, что нужно любителю индийского кино, – любовь, слезы, предательство, торжество справедливости и мелодичные песни.
Фото: © кадр из фильма «Танцор диско»
Кто я для тебя?/Hum Aapke Hai Koun…! (1994)
Мелодрама, снятая в Болливуде и собравшая полтора десятка наград, по праву считается культовой. Самый успешный фильм 1990-х годов в Индии классифицирован как All Time Blockbuster и является вторым по величине кассовых сборов за всю историю индийского кино.
3 идиота/3 idiots (2009)
Отличная болливудская комедия о двух друзьях, которые отправляются искать своего третьего приятеля, с которым вместе учились в университете. В процессе поиска они узнают своего однокашника с другой стороны. Это фильм с множеством жизненных уроков, например, о том, как важно ценить каждый момент и как дружеская поддержка может помочь справиться с трудностями.