What does the word animal mean

Animals

Temporal range: Cryogenian – present,

665–0 Ma

Pha.

Proterozoic

Archean

Had’n

Animal diversity.png

About this image
Scientific classification e
Domain: Eukaryota
Clade: Amorphea
Clade: Obazoa
(unranked): Opisthokonta
(unranked): Holozoa
(unranked): Filozoa
Kingdom: Animalia
Linnaeus, 1758
Phyla (in bold)[4]
  • Ctenophora
  • Porifera
  • Placozoa
  • Cnidaria
  • Bilateria
    • Xenacoelomorpha
    • Nephrozoa
      • Deuterostomia
        • Chordata
        • Ambulacraria
          • Hemichordata
          • Echinodermata
      • Protostomia
        • Ecdysozoa
          • Loricifera
          • Kinorhyncha
          • Priapulida
          • Nematoida
            • Nematoda
            • Nematomorpha
          • Panarthropoda
            • †»Lobopodia«
            • Onychophora
            • Tardigrada
            • Arthropoda
        • Spiralia
          • Gnathifera
            • Chaetognatha
            • Micrognathozoa
            • Gnathostomulida
            • Rotifera
            • Acanthocephala
          • Platytrochozoa
            • Cycliophora
            • Rouphozoa
              • Platyhelminthes
              • Gastrotricha
            • Lophotrochozoa
              • Annelida
              • Mollusca
              • Nemertea
              • Kamptozoa
              • Lophophorata
                • †»Tommotiida»
                • Brachiopoda
                • Bryozoa
                • Entoprocta
                • Phoronida

Groups of uncertain placement

  • Mesozoa[1][2]
    • Orthonectida (annelid?)
    • Dicyemida
    • Monoblastozoa (doubtful existence)[3]
  • †Kimberella (bilaterian?)
  • †Funisia
  • †Vendobionta
  • †Vetulicolia (deuterostome?)
Synonyms
  • Metazoa Haeckel 1874[5]
  • Choanoblastaea Nielsen 2008[6]
  • Gastrobionta Rothm. 1948[7]
  • Zooaea Barkley 1939[7]
  • Euanimalia Barkley 1939[7]
  • Animalae

Animals are multicellular, eukaryotic organisms in the biological kingdom Animalia. With few exceptions, animals consume organic material, breathe oxygen, are able to move, can reproduce sexually, and grow from a hollow sphere of cells, the blastula, during embryonic development. As of 2022, 2.16 million living animal species have been described—of which around 1.05 million are insects, over 36,000 are fishes, around 11,700 are reptiles, over 11,100 are birds, and 6,596 mammals—but it has been estimated there are around 7.77 million animal species in total. Animals range in length from 8.5 micrometres (0.00033 in) to 33.6 metres (110 ft). They have complex interactions with each other and their environments, forming intricate food webs. The scientific study of animals is known as zoology.

Most living animal species are in Bilateria, a clade whose members have a bilaterally symmetric body plan. The Bilateria include the protostomes, containing animals such as nematodes, arthropods, flatworms, annelids and molluscs, and the deuterostomes, containing the echinoderms and the chordates, the latter including the vertebrates. Life forms interpreted as early animals were present in the Ediacaran biota of the late Precambrian. Many modern animal phyla became clearly established in the fossil record as marine species during the Cambrian explosion, which began around 539 million years ago. 6,331 groups of genes common to all living animals have been identified; these may have arisen from a single common ancestor that lived 650 million years ago.

Historically, Aristotle divided animals into those with blood and those without. Carl Linnaeus created the first hierarchical biological classification for animals in 1758 with his Systema Naturae, which Jean-Baptiste Lamarck expanded into 14 phyla by 1809. In 1874, Ernst Haeckel divided the animal kingdom into the multicellular Metazoa (now synonymous with Animalia) and the Protozoa, single-celled organisms no longer considered animals. In modern times, the biological classification of animals relies on advanced techniques, such as molecular phylogenetics, which are effective at demonstrating the evolutionary relationships between taxa.

Humans make use of many animal species, such as for food (including meat, milk, and eggs), for materials (such as leather and wool), as pets, and as working animals including for transport. Dogs have been used in hunting, as have birds of prey, while many terrestrial and aquatic animals were hunted for sports. Nonhuman animals have appeared in art from the earliest times and are featured in mythology and religion.

Etymology

The word «animal» comes from the Latin animalis, meaning ‘having breath’, ‘having soul’ or ‘living being’.[8] The biological definition includes all members of the kingdom Animalia.[9] In colloquial usage, the term animal is often used to refer only to nonhuman animals.[10][11][12][13] The term «metazoa» is derived from the Ancient Greek μετα (meta, meaning «later») and ζῷᾰ (zōia, plural of ζῷον zōion, meaning animal).[14][15]

Characteristics

Animals are unique in having the ball of cells of the early embryo (1) develop into a hollow ball or blastula (2).

Animals have several characteristics that set them apart from other living things. Animals are eukaryotic and multicellular.[16][17] Unlike plants and algae, which produce their own nutrients,[18] animals are heterotrophic,[17][19] feeding on organic material and digesting it internally.[20] With very few exceptions, animals respire aerobically.[a][22] All animals are motile[23] (able to spontaneously move their bodies) during at least part of their life cycle, but some animals, such as sponges, corals, mussels, and barnacles, later become sessile. The blastula is a stage in embryonic development that is unique to animals, allowing cells to be differentiated into specialised tissues and organs.[24]

Structure

All animals are composed of cells, surrounded by a characteristic extracellular matrix composed of collagen and elastic glycoproteins.[25] During development, the animal extracellular matrix forms a relatively flexible framework upon which cells can move about and be reorganised, making the formation of complex structures possible. This may be calcified, forming structures such as shells, bones, and spicules.[26] In contrast, the cells of other multicellular organisms (primarily algae, plants, and fungi) are held in place by cell walls, and so develop by progressive growth.[27] Animal cells uniquely possess the cell junctions called tight junctions, gap junctions, and desmosomes.[28]

With few exceptions—in particular, the sponges and placozoans—animal bodies are differentiated into tissues.[29] These include muscles, which enable locomotion, and nerve tissues, which transmit signals and coordinate the body. Typically, there is also an internal digestive chamber with either one opening (in Ctenophora, Cnidaria, and flatworms) or two openings (in most bilaterians).[30]

Reproduction and development

Nearly all animals make use of some form of sexual reproduction.[31] They produce haploid gametes by meiosis; the smaller, motile gametes are spermatozoa and the larger, non-motile gametes are ova.[32] These fuse to form zygotes,[33] which develop via mitosis into a hollow sphere, called a blastula. In sponges, blastula larvae swim to a new location, attach to the seabed, and develop into a new sponge.[34] In most other groups, the blastula undergoes more complicated rearrangement.[35] It first invaginates to form a gastrula with a digestive chamber and two separate germ layers, an external ectoderm and an internal endoderm.[36] In most cases, a third germ layer, the mesoderm, also develops between them.[37] These germ layers then differentiate to form tissues and organs.[38]

Repeated instances of mating with a close relative during sexual reproduction generally leads to inbreeding depression within a population due to the increased prevalence of harmful recessive traits.[39][40] Animals have evolved numerous mechanisms for avoiding close inbreeding.[41]

Some animals are capable of asexual reproduction, which often results in a genetic clone of the parent. This may take place through fragmentation; budding, such as in Hydra and other cnidarians; or parthenogenesis, where fertile eggs are produced without mating, such as in aphids.[42][43]

Ecology

Animals are categorised into ecological groups depending on how they obtain or consume organic material, including carnivores, herbivores, omnivores, detritivores,[44] and parasites.[45] Interactions between animals form complex food webs. In carnivorous or omnivorous species, predation is a consumer–resource interaction where a predator feeds on another organism (called its prey).[46] Selective pressures imposed on one another lead to an evolutionary arms race between predator and prey, resulting in various anti-predator adaptations.[47][48] Almost all multicellular predators are animals.[49] Some consumers use multiple methods; for example, in parasitoid wasps, the larvae feed on the hosts’ living tissues, killing them in the process,[50] but the adults primarily consume nectar from flowers.[51] Other animals may have very specific feeding behaviours, such as hawksbill sea turtles primarily eating sponges.[52]

Most animals rely on the biomass and energy produced by plants through photosynthesis. Herbivores eat plant material directly, while carnivores, and other animals on higher trophic levels typically acquire it indirectly by eating other animals. Animals oxidize carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and other biomolecules, which allows the animal to grow and to sustain biological processes such as locomotion.[53][54][55] Animals living close to hydrothermal vents and cold seeps on the dark sea floor consume organic matter of archaea and bacteria produced in these locations through chemosynthesis (by oxidizing inorganic compounds, such as hydrogen sulfide).[56]

Animals originally evolved in the sea. Lineages of arthropods colonised land around the same time as land plants, probably between 510 and 471 million years ago during the Late Cambrian or Early Ordovician.[57] Vertebrates such as the lobe-finned fish Tiktaalik started to move on to land in the late Devonian, about 375 million years ago.[58][59] Animals occupy virtually all of earth’s habitats and microhabitats, including salt water, hydrothermal vents, fresh water, hot springs, swamps, forests, pastures, deserts, air, and the interiors of animals, plants, fungi and rocks.[60] Animals are however not particularly heat tolerant; very few of them can survive at constant temperatures above 50 °C (122 °F).[61] Only very few species of animals (mostly nematodes) inhabit the most extreme cold deserts of continental Antarctica.[62]

Diversity

Size

The blue whale is the largest animal that has ever lived.

The blue whale (Balaenoptera musculus) is the largest animal that has ever lived, weighing up to 190 tonnes and measuring up to 33.6 metres (110 ft) long.[63][64][65] The largest extant terrestrial animal is the African bush elephant (Loxodonta africana), weighing up to 12.25 tonnes[63] and measuring up to 10.67 metres (35.0 ft) long.[63] The largest terrestrial animals that ever lived were titanosaur sauropod dinosaurs such as Argentinosaurus, which may have weighed as much as 73 tonnes, and Supersaurus which may have reached 39 meters.[66][67] Several animals are microscopic; some Myxozoa (obligate parasites within the Cnidaria) never grow larger than 20 µm,[68] and one of the smallest species (Myxobolus shekel) is no more than 8.5 µm when fully grown.[69]

Numbers and habitats

The following table lists estimated numbers of described extant species for all the animal groups,[70] along with their principal habitats (terrestrial, fresh water,[71] and marine),[72] and free-living or parasitic ways of life.[73] Species estimates shown here are based on numbers described scientifically; much larger estimates have been calculated based on various means of prediction, and these can vary wildly. For instance, around 25,000–27,000 species of nematodes have been described, while published estimates of the total number of nematode species include 10,000–20,000; 500,000; 10 million; and 100 million.[74] Using patterns within the taxonomic hierarchy, the total number of animal species—including those not yet described—was calculated to be about 7.77 million in 2011.[75][76][b]

Phylum Example Described species Land Sea Freshwater Free-living Parasitic
Arthropoda wasp 1,257,000[70] 1,000,000
(insects)[78] 		>40,000
(Malac-
ostraca)[79] 		94,000[71] Yes[72] >45,000[c][73]
Mollusca snail 85,000[70]
107,000[80] 		35,000[80] 60,000[80] 5,000[71]
12,000[80] 		Yes[72] >5,600[73]
Chordata green spotted frog facing right >70,000[70][81] 23,000[82] 13,000[82] 18,000[71]
9,000[82] 		Yes 40
(catfish)[83][73]
Platyhelminthes Pseudoceros dimidiatus.jpg 29,500[70] Yes[84] Yes[72] 1,300[71] Yes[72]

3,000–6,500[85]

>40,000[73]

4,000–25,000[85]

Nematoda CelegansGoldsteinLabUNC.jpg 25,000[70] Yes (soil)[72] 4,000[74] 2,000[71] 11,000[74] 14,000[74]
Annelida Nerr0328.jpg 17,000[70] Yes (soil)[72] Yes[72] 1,750[71] Yes 400[73]
Cnidaria Table coral 16,000[70] Yes[72] Yes (few)[72] Yes[72] >1,350
(Myxozoa)[73]
Porifera A colourful Sponge on the Fathom.jpg 10,800[70] Yes[72] 200–300[71] Yes Yes[86]
Echinodermata Starfish, Caswell Bay - geograph.org.uk - 409413.jpg 7,500[70] 7,500[70] Yes[72]
Bryozoa Bryozoan at Ponta do Ouro, Mozambique (6654415783).jpg 6,000[70] Yes[72] 60–80[71] Yes
Rotifera 20090730 020239 Rotifer.jpg 2,000[70] >400[87] 2,000[71] Yes
Nemertea Némerte.jpg 1,350[88][89] Yes Yes Yes
Tardigrada Tardigrade (50594282802).jpg 1,335[70] Yes[90]
(moist plants) 		Yes Yes Yes
Gastrotricha Paradasys subterraneus.jpg 794[70] Yes[90] Yes Yes
Xenacoelomorpha Proporus sp.png 430[70] Yes[90] Yes
Nematomorpha Nematomorpha Somiedo.JPG 354[70] Yes
(moist places)[90] 		Yes
(one genus)[91] 		Yes Yes
(as adults)[90] 		Yes
(as juveniles)[90]
Brachiopoda Liospiriferina rostrata Noir.jpg 396[70]
(30,000 extinct)[90] 		Yes[90] Yes
Kinorhyncha Cephalorhyncha flosculosa zoomed.jpg 196[70] Yes (mud)[90] Yes
Ctenophora Bathocyroe fosteri.jpg 187[70] Yes[90] Yes
Onychophora Unidentified velvet worm.jpg 187[70] Yes[90] Yes
Chaetognatha Chaetoblack.png 186[70] Yes[90] Yes
Entoprocta Barentsia laxa 1498966.png 172[70] Yes[90] Yes Yes
Hemichordata Torq ventral acorn worm.tif 126[70] Yes[90] Yes
Rhombozoa Dicyema japonicum.png 107[70] Yes
Gnathostomulida Gnathostomula paradoxa Sylt.tif 97[70] Yes (sand)[90] Yes
Loricifera Pliciloricus enigmatus.jpg 30[70] Yes (sand)[90] Yes
Orthonectida EB1911 Mesozoa - Rhopalura giardii.jpg 29[70] Yes
Priapulida Halicryptus spinulosus 1.JPEG 20[70] Yes[90] Yes
Phoronida Phoronis ijimai 99523588.jpg 16[70] Yes[90] Yes
Placozoa Trichoplax adhaerens photograph.png 4[92] Yes[90] Yes
Cycliophora Feeding stage and attached Prometheus larva of Symbion pandora.jpg 2[93] Yes[93] Yes[94][93]
Micrognathozoa Limnognathia maerski youtube.png One[90] Yes (sand)[90] Yes

Total number of described extant species as of 2013: 1,525,728[70]

Evolutionary origin

Animals are found as long ago as the Ediacaran biota, towards the end of the Precambrian, and possibly somewhat earlier. It had long been doubted whether these life-forms included animals,[95][96][97] but the discovery of the animal lipid cholesterol in fossils of Dickinsonia establishes their nature.[98] Animals are thought to have originated under low-oxygen conditions, suggesting that they were capable of living entirely by anaerobic respiration, but as they became specialized for aerobic metabolism they became fully dependent on oxygen in their environments.[99]

Many animal phyla first appear in the fossil record during the Cambrian explosion, starting about 539 million years ago, in beds such as the Burgess shale.[100] Extant phyla in these rocks include molluscs, brachiopods, onychophorans, tardigrades, arthropods, echinoderms and hemichordates, along with numerous now-extinct forms such as the predatory Anomalocaris. The apparent suddenness of the event may however be an artefact of the fossil record, rather than showing that all these animals appeared simultaneously.[101][102][103][104]
That view is supported by the discovery of Auroralumina attenboroughii, the earliest known Ediacaran crown-group cnidarian (557–562 mya, some 20 million years before the Cambrian explosion) from Charnwood Forest, England. It is thought to be one of the earliest predators, catching small prey with its nematocysts as modern cnidarians do.[105]

Some palaeontologists have suggested that animals appeared much earlier than the Cambrian explosion, possibly as early as 1 billion years ago.[106] Early fossils that might represent animals appear for example in the 665-million-year-old rocks of the Trezona Formation of South Australia. These fossils are interpreted as most probably being early sponges.[107]
Trace fossils such as tracks and burrows found in the Tonian period (from 1 gya) may indicate the presence of triploblastic worm-like animals, roughly as large (about 5 mm wide) and complex as earthworms.[108] However, similar tracks are produced today by the giant single-celled protist Gromia sphaerica, so the Tonian trace fossils may not indicate early animal evolution.[109][110] Around the same time, the layered mats of microorganisms called stromatolites decreased in diversity, perhaps due to grazing by newly evolved animals.[111] Objects such as sediment-filled tubes that resemble trace fossils of the burrows of wormlike animals have been found in 1.2 gya rocks in North America, in 1.5 gya rocks in Australia and North America, and in 1.7 gya rocks in Australia. Their interpretation as having an animal origin is disputed, as they might be water-escape or other structures.[112][113]

Phylogeny

Animals are monophyletic, meaning they are derived from a common ancestor. Animals are sister to the Choanoflagellata, with which they form the Choanozoa.[116] The most basal animals, the Porifera, Ctenophora, Cnidaria, and Placozoa, have body plans that lack bilateral symmetry. Their relationships are still disputed; the sister group to all other animals could be the Porifera or the Ctenophora,[117] both of which lack hox genes, important in body plan development.[118]

These genes are found in the Placozoa[119][120] and the higher animals, the Bilateria.[121][122] 6,331 groups of genes common to all living animals have been identified; these may have arisen from a single common ancestor that lived 650 million years ago in the Precambrian. 25 of these are novel core gene groups, found only in animals; of those, 8 are for essential components of the Wnt and TGF-beta signalling pathways which may have enabled animals to become multicellular by providing a pattern for the body’s system of axes (in three dimensions), and another 7 are for transcription factors including homeodomain proteins involved in the control of development.[123][124]

The phylogenetic tree indicates approximately how many millions of years ago (mya) the lineages split.[125][126][127][128][129]

Non-bilateria

Non-bilaterians include sponges (centre) and corals (background).

Several animal phyla lack bilateral symmetry. Among these, the sponges (Porifera) probably diverged first, representing the oldest animal phylum.[130] Sponges lack the complex organization found in most other animal phyla;[131] their cells are differentiated, but in most cases not organised into distinct tissues.[132] They typically feed by drawing in water through pores.[133]

The Ctenophora (comb jellies) and Cnidaria (which includes jellyfish, sea anemones, and corals) are radially symmetric and have digestive chambers with a single opening, which serves as both mouth and anus.[134] They are sometimes placed together in the group Coelenterata because of common traits, not because of close relationships. Animals in both phyla have distinct tissues, but these are not organised into organs.[135] They are diploblastic, having only two main germ layers, ectoderm and endoderm.[136] The tiny placozoans are similar, but they do not have a permanent digestive chamber.[137][138]

Bilateria

Idealised bilaterian body plan.[d] With an elongated body and a direction of movement the animal has head and tail ends. Sense organs and mouth form the basis of the head. Opposed circular and longitudinal muscles enable peristaltic motion.

The remaining animals, the great majority—comprising some 29 phyla and over a million species—form a clade, the Bilateria, which have a bilaterally symmetric body plan. The Bilateria are triploblastic, with three well-developed germ layers, and their tissues form distinct organs. The digestive chamber has two openings, a mouth and an anus, and there is an internal body cavity, a coelom or pseudocoelom. These animals have a head end (anterior) and a tail end (posterior), a back (dorsal) surface and a belly (ventral) surface, and a left and a right side.[139][140]

Having a front end means that this part of the body encounters stimuli, such as food, favouring cephalisation, the development of a head with sense organs and a mouth. Many bilaterians have a combination of circular muscles that constrict the body, making it longer, and an opposing set of longitudinal muscles, that shorten the body;[140] these enable soft-bodied animals with a hydrostatic skeleton to move by peristalsis.[141] They also have a gut that extends through the basically cylindrical body from mouth to anus. Many bilaterian phyla have primary larvae which swim with cilia and have an apical organ containing sensory cells. However, over evolutionary time, descendant spaces have evolved which have lost one or more of each of these characteristics. For example, adult echinoderms are radially symmetric (unlike their larvae), while some parasitic worms have extremely simplified body structures.[139][140]

Genetic studies have considerably changed zoologists’ understanding of the relationships within the Bilateria. Most appear to belong to two major lineages, the protostomes and the deuterostomes.[142] The basalmost bilaterians are the Xenacoelomorpha.[143][144][145]

Protostomes and deuterostomes

The bilaterian gut develops in two ways. In many protostomes, the blastopore develops into the mouth, while in deuterostomes it becomes the anus.

Protostomes and deuterostomes differ in several ways. Early in development, deuterostome embryos undergo radial cleavage during cell division, while many protostomes (the Spiralia) undergo spiral cleavage.[146]
Animals from both groups possess a complete digestive tract, but in protostomes the first opening of the embryonic gut develops into the mouth, and the anus forms secondarily. In deuterostomes, the anus forms first while the mouth develops secondarily.[147][148] Most protostomes have schizocoelous development, where cells simply fill in the interior of the gastrula to form the mesoderm. In deuterostomes, the mesoderm forms by enterocoelic pouching, through invagination of the endoderm.[149]

The main deuterostome phyla are the Echinodermata and the Chordata.[150] Echinoderms are exclusively marine and include starfish, sea urchins, and sea cucumbers.[151] The chordates are dominated by the vertebrates (animals with backbones),[152] which consist of fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals.[153] The deuterostomes also include the Hemichordata (acorn worms).[154][155]

Ecdysozoa

The Ecdysozoa are protostomes, named after their shared trait of ecdysis, growth by moulting.[156] They include the largest animal phylum, the Arthropoda, which contains insects, spiders, crabs, and their kin. All of these have a body divided into repeating segments, typically with paired appendages. Two smaller phyla, the Onychophora and Tardigrada, are close relatives of the arthropods and share these traits. The ecdysozoans also include the Nematoda or roundworms, perhaps the second largest animal phylum. Roundworms are typically microscopic, and occur in nearly every environment where there is water;[157] some are important parasites.[158] Smaller phyla related to them are the Nematomorpha or horsehair worms, and the Kinorhyncha, Priapulida, and Loricifera. These groups have a reduced coelom, called a pseudocoelom.[159]

Spiralia

The Spiralia are a large group of protostomes that develop by spiral cleavage in the early embryo.[160] The Spiralia’s phylogeny has been disputed, but it contains a large clade, the superphylum Lophotrochozoa, and smaller groups of phyla such as the Rouphozoa which includes the gastrotrichs and the flatworms. All of these are grouped as the Platytrochozoa, which has a sister group, the Gnathifera, which includes the rotifers.[161][162]

The Lophotrochozoa includes the molluscs, annelids, brachiopods, nemerteans, bryozoa and entoprocts.[161][163][164] The molluscs, the second-largest animal phylum by number of described species, includes snails, clams, and squids, while the annelids are the segmented worms, such as earthworms, lugworms, and leeches. These two groups have long been considered close relatives because they share trochophore larvae.[165][166]

History of classification

Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck led the creation of a modern classification of invertebrates, breaking up Linnaeus’s «Vermes» into 9 phyla by 1809.[167]

In the classical era, Aristotle divided animals,[e] based on his own observations, into those with blood (roughly, the vertebrates) and those without. The animals were then arranged on a scale from man (with blood, 2 legs, rational soul) down through the live-bearing tetrapods (with blood, 4 legs, sensitive soul) and other groups such as crustaceans (no blood, many legs, sensitive soul) down to spontaneously generating creatures like sponges (no blood, no legs, vegetable soul). Aristotle was uncertain whether sponges were animals, which in his system ought to have sensation, appetite, and locomotion, or plants, which did not: he knew that sponges could sense touch, and would contract if about to be pulled off their rocks, but that they were rooted like plants and never moved about.[168]

In 1758, Carl Linnaeus created the first hierarchical classification in his Systema Naturae.[169] In his original scheme, the animals were one of three kingdoms, divided into the classes of Vermes, Insecta, Pisces, Amphibia, Aves, and Mammalia. Since then the last four have all been subsumed into a single phylum, the Chordata, while his Insecta (which included the crustaceans and arachnids) and Vermes have been renamed or broken up. The process was begun in 1793 by Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck, who called the Vermes une espèce de chaos (a chaotic mess)[f] and split the group into three new phyla: worms, echinoderms, and polyps (which contained corals and jellyfish). By 1809, in his Philosophie Zoologique, Lamarck had created 9 phyla apart from vertebrates (where he still had 4 phyla: mammals, birds, reptiles, and fish) and molluscs, namely cirripedes, annelids, crustaceans, arachnids, insects, worms, radiates, polyps, and infusorians.[167]

In his 1817 Le Règne Animal, Georges Cuvier used comparative anatomy to group the animals into four embranchements («branches» with different body plans, roughly corresponding to phyla), namely vertebrates, molluscs, articulated animals (arthropods and annelids), and zoophytes (radiata) (echinoderms, cnidaria and other forms).[171] This division into four was followed by the embryologist Karl Ernst von Baer in 1828, the zoologist Louis Agassiz in 1857, and the comparative anatomist Richard Owen in 1860.[172]

In 1874, Ernst Haeckel divided the animal kingdom into two subkingdoms: Metazoa (multicellular animals, with five phyla: coelenterates, echinoderms, articulates, molluscs, and vertebrates) and Protozoa (single-celled animals), including a sixth animal phylum, sponges.[173][172] The protozoa were later moved to the former kingdom Protista, leaving only the Metazoa as a synonym of Animalia.[174]

In human culture

Practical uses

The human population exploits a large number of other animal species for food, both of domesticated livestock species in animal husbandry and, mainly at sea, by hunting wild species.[175][176] Marine fish of many species are caught commercially for food. A smaller number of species are farmed commercially.[175][177][178] Humans and their livestock make up more than 90% of the biomass of all terrestrial vertebrates, and almost as much as all insects combined.[179]

Invertebrates including cephalopods, crustaceans, and bivalve or gastropod molluscs are hunted or farmed for food.[180] Chickens, cattle, sheep, pigs, and other animals are raised as livestock for meat across the world.[176][181][182] Animal fibres such as wool are used to make textiles, while animal sinews have been used as lashings and bindings, and leather is widely used to make shoes and other items. Animals have been hunted and farmed for their fur to make items such as coats and hats.[183] Dyestuffs including carmine (cochineal),[184][185] shellac,[186][187] and kermes[188][189] have been made from the bodies of insects. Working animals including cattle and horses have been used for work and transport from the first days of agriculture.[190]

Animals such as the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster serve a major role in science as experimental models.[191][192][193][194] Animals have been used to create vaccines since their discovery in the 18th century.[195] Some medicines such as the cancer drug Yondelis are based on toxins or other molecules of animal origin.[196]

A gun dog retrieving a duck during a hunt

People have used hunting dogs to help chase down and retrieve animals,[197] and birds of prey to catch birds and mammals,[198] while tethered cormorants have been used to catch fish.[199] Poison dart frogs have been used to poison the tips of blowpipe darts.[200][201]
A wide variety of animals are kept as pets, from invertebrates such as tarantulas and octopuses, insects including praying mantises,[202] reptiles such as snakes and chameleons,[203] and birds including canaries, parakeets, and parrots[204] all finding a place. However, the most kept pet species are mammals, namely dogs, cats, and rabbits.[205][206][207] There is a tension between the role of animals as companions to humans, and their existence as individuals with rights of their own.[208]
A wide variety of terrestrial and aquatic animals are hunted for sport.[209]

Symbolic uses

Animals have been the subjects of art from the earliest times, both historical, as in Ancient Egypt, and prehistoric, as in the cave paintings at Lascaux. Major animal paintings include Albrecht Dürer’s 1515 The Rhinoceros, and George Stubbs’s c. 1762 horse portrait Whistlejacket.[210] Insects, birds and mammals play roles in literature and film,[211] such as in giant bug movies.[212][213][214]

Animals including insects[215] and mammals[216] feature in mythology and religion. In both Japan and Europe, a butterfly was seen as the personification of a person’s soul,[215][217][218] while the scarab beetle was sacred in ancient Egypt.[219] Among the mammals, cattle,[220] deer,[216] horses,[221] lions,[222] bats,[223] bears,[224] and wolves[225] are the subjects of myths and worship. The signs of the Western and Chinese zodiacs are based on animals.[226][227]

See also

  • Animal attacks
  • Animal coloration
  • Ethology
  • Fauna
  • List of animal names
  • Lists of organisms by population

Notes

  1. ^ Henneguya zschokkei does not have mitochondrial DNA or utilize aerobic respiration.[21]
  2. ^ The application of DNA barcoding to taxonomy further complicates this; a 2016 barcoding analysis estimated a total count of nearly 100,000 insect species for Canada alone, and extrapolated that the global insect fauna must be in excess of 10 million species, of which nearly 2 million are in a single fly family known as gall midges (Cecidomyiidae).[77]
  3. ^ Not including parasitoids.[73]
  4. ^ Compare File:Annelid redone w white background.svg for a more specific and detailed model of a particular phylum with this general body plan.
  5. ^ In his History of Animals and Parts of Animals.
  6. ^ The prefix une espèce de is pejorative.[170]

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External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Animals.

  • Tree of Life Project Archived 12 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine
  • Animal Diversity Web – University of Michigan’s database of animals
  • Wildscreen Arkive – multimedia database of endangered/protected species
Источник

Quality and quantity, then, do not function like genera, for a genus is signified by any predicate that expresses what a subject is (e.g., in the sentence, ˜Man is an animal,™ ˜animal™ is the genus of man), and categories do not function in this way. ❋ Gracia, Jorge (2006)

Man, according to the old scholastic definition, is «a rational animal» (_animal rationale_), and his animality is distinct in nature from his rationality, though inseparably joined, during life, in one common personality. ❋ St. George Mivart (N/A)

I could make nothing of it and asked her again — «What _is_ deresf?» to which she gave the explanation: «ein tir.» (tier = animal) «_An animal_? but I don’t know the name! have you heard of it?» ❋ Henny Kindermann (N/A)

An attentive consideration will, however, show the enquirer, that to distinguish man from the remainder of the animal kingdom by his structural characteristics alone, is not so easy a task as would at first sight appear; and he will be obliged at length to return to some such humiliating designation of the _genus animal_, _species homo_, as those above given. ❋ Various (N/A)

Popanilla then went on to show that the hitherto received definitions of man were all erroneous; that man is neither a walking animal, nor a talking animal, nor a cooking animal, nor a lounging animal, nor a debt-incurring animal, nor a tax-paying animal, nor a printing animal, nor a puffing animal, but a _developing animal_. ❋ Various (1885)

It is from the superficial covering, the thin crust with which the earth is covered, composed of the remains of former existence, of the breccia of exhausted nature, that animal creation derives its support; and it is the grand axiom of the universe, that _animal life can only be supported by animal remains_. ❋ Frederick Marryat (1820)

Oh yeah the old human vs animal argument (humans are animals btw, scientists recognize this so we all should), i suppose you are the sort that says * its only an animal*. ❋ Unknown (2010)

«_hearing the animal speak within the animal_» (if I may so put it), rather than its «human connexion.» ❋ Henny Kindermann (N/A)

The non]violent religious practices of Vaishnavs (who did not practice animal sacrifice, for example) could meet the violence associated with Shakta mother]worship (animal]worship was almost mandatory in Shakta festivals) under the aegis of a new Hindu «wartime» philosophy. ❋ Tusar N Mohapatra (2008)

Rescue dogs come to us with blurry or non-existent histories, and it takes a practiced eye to figure out that a certain animal is food aggressive, or was used to free-feeding (having a full bowl provided every morning, and nibbling throughout the day), or that a jumping habit was taught rather than instinctive. ❋ Unknown (2009)

Later, while seeking a title that was more precisely evocative, I had a dream in which a book opened and across it was the title animal communication specialist. ❋ Penelope Smith (2009)

The title animal communicator is very obvious and straightforward, but it never struck me as inclusive enough. ❋ Penelope Smith (2009)

Any article intended for use as food for dogs, cats, or other animals derived wholly, or in part, from the carcass or parts or products of the carcass of any livestock, except that the term animal food as used herein does not include: ❋ Unknown (2008)

I’d always thought this, but didn’t think anyone else out there was sufficiently interested to bother writing about it: very likely, the word «leech» to describe the blood-sucking animal comes from the Old English word for «physician,» not the other way around. ❋ Richard Nokes (2006)

CNN’s Elizabeth Cohen found a place in San Diego County that gives new meaning to the term animal shelter. ❋ Unknown (2007)

The term animal is used in its proper scientific sense (comprising insects, molluscs, crustaceans, fish, etc.). ❋ A. W. Duncan (N/A)

Naughty Bear sets up the story, depicting the social slight that turns the title animal toward thoughts of revenge. ❋ Unknown (2010)

1, [ee] hes [an animal]
2, [oo] u ANIMAL!!
3, help!!, the animals got me ❋ Missfizzypill (2003)

[Hmmmm]…well if we’re not supposed to eat the animals, then [how come] they are made out of meat? (now replace «animals» by «[humans]» and see how it keeps the same meaning) ❋ FrenchLascar187 (2005)

Guy 1: Glen is eating that steak out of a cup with a [butterknife] only..
Guy 2: He just jammed [the who] thing in his mouth so he could keep playing [Dark Souls]..
Both: What an animal.. ❋ Demoplay (2011)

[That player] is [an animal] at [football]. ❋ Mark Keenan (2004)

wow he is such [an animal]!
yeah especially since he has new [girlfriend] [to show] off for ❋ BaBBii Gurll4xx (2010)

I love [animals] [because they can’t] [talk]. ❋ Frabrizio (2017)

1: «This [sandwich] is animal!»
2: «She is f**[king] animal!» ❋ Jaymaccool (2007)

Person 1: (pulls mad [trick] on his [board])
Person 2: [Animal], dude! ❋ Idahoboy (2006)

fricken loushman of a animal [peepee] cows and dogs!!! example freaking love it of a freaking [givener] penis of [a ryan] ❋ Loushman (2005)

«That guys got more hair then [a bear] what a animal.»
«You’re hairy like animal.»
«He’ll fuck any object that moves what a animal.»
«He [ate that] [hamburger] in one bite what a animal.» ❋ PotatoChip (2003)

Источник

English[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

  • (UK, US) enPR: ăn’ĭməl, IPA(key): /ˈænɪməl/

Etymology 1[edit]

From Middle English animal, from Old French animal, from Latin animal, a nominal use of an adjective from animale, neuter of animālis, from anima (“breath, spirit”). Displaced native Middle English deor, der (“animal”) (from Old English dēor (“animal”)), Middle English reother (“animal, neat”) (from Old English hrīþer, hrȳþer (“neat, ox”)).

Noun[edit]

animal (plural animals)

  1. (sciences) A eukaryote of the clade Animalia; a multicellular organism that is usually mobile, whose cells are not encased in a rigid cell wall (distinguishing it from plants and fungi) and which derives energy solely from the consumption of other organisms (distinguishing it from plants).

    A cat is an animal, not a plant. Humans are also animals, under the scientific definition, as we are not plants.

    Synonyms: beast, creature

    • 1650, Thomas Browne, “Of the Cameleon”, in Pseudodoxia Epidemica: […], 2nd edition, London: […] A[braham] Miller, for Edw[ard] Dod and Nath[aniel] Ekins, […], →OCLC, 3rd book, page 133:

      It cannot be denied it [the chameleon] is (if not the moſt of any) a very abſtemious animall, and ſuch as by reaſon of its frigidity, paucity of bloud, and latitancy in the winter (about which time the obſervations are often made) will long ſubſist without a viſible ſuſtentation.

  2. (loosely) Any member of the kingdom Animalia other than a human.
    Synonym: beast
  3. (loosely, colloquial) Any land-living vertebrate (i.e. not fishes, insects, etc.).

    • 2013 July-August, Henry Petroski, “Geothermal Energy”, in American Scientist, volume 101, number 4:

      Ancient nomads, wishing to ward off the evening chill and enjoy a meal around a campfire, had to collect wood and then spend time and effort coaxing the heat of friction out from between sticks to kindle a flame. With more settled people, animals were harnessed to capstans or caged in treadmills to turn grist into meal.

  4. (figuratively) A person who behaves wildly; a bestial, brutal, brutish, cruel, or inhuman person.

    My students are animals.

    Synonyms: brute, monster, savage
  5. (informal) A person of a particular type.

    He’s a political animal.

  6. Matter, thing.

    a whole different animal

Hyponyms[edit]
  • See also Thesaurus:animal
Derived terms[edit]
  • animalist
[edit]
  • anima
  • Animalia
  • animalier
  • animate
  • animus
Translations[edit]

Etymology 2[edit]

From Latin animālis, from either anima (“breath, spirit”) or animus. Originally distinct from the noun, it became associated with attributive use of the noun and is now indistinguishable from it.

Adjective[edit]

animal (not comparable)

  1. Of or relating to animals.

    animal instincts

    Synonyms: beastly, bestial
  2. Raw, base, unhindered by social codes.

    animal passions

    Synonyms: animalistic, beastly, bestial, untamed, wild
  3. Pertaining to the spirit or soul; relating to sensation or innervation.
    • 2003, Roy Porter, Flesh in the Age of Reason (Penguin 2004), page 47:
      To explain what activated the flesh, ‘animal spirits’ were posited, superfine fluids which shuttled between the mind and the vitals, conveying messages and motion.
  4. (slang, Ireland) Excellent
Derived terms[edit]
  • animal feed
  • animalistic
  • animal liberation
  • animal magnetism
  • animal rights
  • manimal
  • party animal
  • political animal
  • power animal
  • anipal
  • spirit animal
  • advice animal
  • animal activist
  • animal charcoal
  • animal cracker
  • animal dentistry
  • animal experimentation
  • animal fat
  • animal flower
  • animal fries
  • animal heat
  • animal husbandry
  • animal kingdom
  • animal pole
  • animal product
  • animal registry
  • animal science
  • animal shelter
  • animal spirits
  • animal tester
  • animal testing
  • animal welfare
  • animal welfarist
  • animal-like
  • assistance animal
  • balloon animal
  • companion animal
  • compound animal
  • draft animal
  • draught animal
  • emotional support animal
  • farm animal
  • funny animal
  • go the entire animal
  • moss animal
  • pack animal
  • plant-animal
  • plush animal
  • rare animal
  • scape-animal
  • service animal
  • stuffed animal
  • therapy animal
  • wheel animal
  • wild animal
  • working animal
Translations[edit]

of animals

  • Albanian: kafshë (sq)
  • Asturian: animal (ast)
  • Breton: loenel
  • Bulgarian: животински (bg) m (životinski), необуздан (bg) m (neobuzdan)
  • Catalan: animal (ca)
  • Czech: zvířecí (cs)
  • Danish: dyrisk
  • Dutch: dierlijk (nl), dierlijke (nl)
  • Finnish: eläin (fi)— (in compounds)
  • French: animal (fr)
  • Galician: animal (gl)
  • German: tierisch (de)
  • Greek: ζωώδης (el) (zoódis)
  • Hebrew: חַיָּתִי‎ m (ḥayyatí)
  • Hindi: हैवानी (hi) (haivānī)
  • Hungarian: állati (hu)
  • Icelandic: dýrslegur
  • Ido: animala (io), animalala (io)
  • Indonesian: binatang (id), hewan (id), satwa (id)
  • Interlingua: animal
  • Irish: ainmhíoch
  • Italian: animale (it)
  • Japanese: 生き物の (ikimono no)
  • Kabuverdianu: limária, bitxu
  • Kurdish:
    Central Kurdish: حەیوانی‎ (ḧeywanî)
    Northern Kurdish: ajal (ku)
  • Latin: animalis (la)
  • Latvian: dzīvnieka, dzīvniecisks
  • Macedonian: живо́тински (živótinski)
  • Malay:
    Jawi: بيناتڠ‎, حيوان‎, ستوا‎
    Rumi: binatang (ms), haiwan (ms), satwa (ms)
  • Middle English: bestial
  • Norwegian: dyrisk
    Bokmål: animalsk
    Nynorsk: animalsk
  • Old English: dēoren
  • Persian: حیوانی‎ (fa) (heyvâni)
  • Polish: zwierzęcy (pl)
  • Portuguese: animal (pt)
  • Romanian: animal (ro), animalic (ro)
  • Russian: звери́ный (ru) m (zverínyj)
  • Serbo-Croatian:
    Cyrillic: анималан, животињски
    Roman: animalan (sh), životinjski (sh)
  • Slovak: zvierací m
  • Slovene: živálski
  • Spanish: animal (es)
  • Swahili: kinyama, mifugo (sw)
  • Swedish: djurisk (sv)
  • Tagalog: hayop (tl)
  • Turkish: hayvansal (tr), hayvanca (tr), hayvanî
  • Zazaki: heywani

of soul

  • Finnish: animaalinen, sielullinen
  • Hungarian: lelki (hu)
  • Italian: animale (it)
  • Macedonian: ду́шевен (dúševen)
  • Middle English: animal
  • Romanian: sufletesc (ro)

See also[edit]

  • Wiktionary appendix of terms relating to animals

Further reading[edit]

  • animal at OneLook Dictionary Search
  • animal in Keywords for Today: A 21st Century Vocabulary, edited by The Keywords Project, Colin MacCabe, Holly Yanacek, 2018.
  • “animal”, in The Century Dictionary […], New York, N.Y.: The Century Co., 1911, →OCLC.
  • animal in Britannica Dictionary
  • animal in Ozdic collocation dictionary
  • animal in WordReference English Collocations

Anagrams[edit]

  • Alamin, Almain, Malian, Manila, Milana, al-Amin, almain, aminal, lamina, maalin, manila

Asturian[edit]

Etymology[edit]

Borrowed from Latin animal.

Adjective[edit]

animal (epicene, plural animales)

  1. animal

Noun[edit]

animal m (plural animales)

  1. animal

Catalan[edit]

Etymology[edit]

Borrowed from Latin animal.

Pronunciation[edit]

  • (Balearic, Central) IPA(key): /ə.niˈmal/
  • (Valencian) IPA(key): /a.niˈmal/
  • Rhymes: -al

Adjective[edit]

animal (masculine and feminine plural animals)

  1. animal

Noun[edit]

animal m (plural animals)

  1. animal

Derived terms[edit]

  • animalada
  • animalitzar (“to animalize”)

Further reading[edit]

  • “animal” in Diccionari de la llengua catalana, segona edició, Institut d’Estudis Catalans.
  • “animal”, in Gran Diccionari de la Llengua Catalana, Grup Enciclopèdia Catalana, 2023
  • “animal” in Diccionari normatiu valencià, Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua.
  • “animal” in Diccionari català-valencià-balear, Antoni Maria Alcover and Francesc de Borja Moll, 1962.

Cebuano[edit]

Etymology[edit]

Borrowed from Spanish animal, from Latin animal, a nominal use of an adjective from animale, neuter of animālis, from anima (“breath, spirit”).

Pronunciation[edit]

  • Hyphenation: a‧ni‧mal
  • IPA(key): /ʔaniˈmal/, [ʔʌ.n̪ɪˈmal̪]

Noun[edit]

animál

  1. animal
  2. (derogatory) a contemptible person
  3. (sometimes humurous) a crazy person

Adjective[edit]

animál

  1. (sometimes humorous) crazy
  2. contemptible, deserving contempt
  3. ruthless; without pity or compassion; cruel, pitiless

Interjection[edit]

animál

  1. (vulgar) used as an expression of disgust, anger, etc.

French[edit]

Etymology[edit]

Borrowed from Latin animal. Compare the archaic inherited doublet aumaille and its variant armaille, both from the Latin neuter plural animālia.

Pronunciation[edit]

  • IPA(key): /a.ni.mal/
  • Homophones: animale, animales

Noun[edit]

animal m (plural animaux)

  1. animal
    Synonyms: bête, bestiole

Derived terms[edit]

  • animal de compagnie
  • animal domestique
  • animalerie
  • droits des animaux
  • règne animal
  • reine des animaux
  • roi des animaux

Adjective[edit]

animal (feminine animale, masculine plural animaux, feminine plural animales)

  1. animal
    Synonym: bestial
    Antonym: végétal

Further reading[edit]

  • “animal”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.

Anagrams[edit]

  • lamina

Galician[edit]

Etymology[edit]

Borrowed from Latin animal.

Adjective[edit]

animal m or f (plural animais)

  1. animal

Noun[edit]

animal m (plural animais)

  1. animal

Haitian Creole[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From French animal, from Latin animal.

Noun[edit]

animal

  1. animal
    Synonym: zannimo

Ilocano[edit]

Etymology[edit]

Borrowed from Spanish animal.

Pronunciation[edit]

  • Hyphenation: a‧ni‧mal
  • IPA(key): /ʔaniˈmal/, [ʔɐ.niˈmal]

Noun[edit]

animál

  1. animal
    Synonym: ayup

Interlingua[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

  • IPA(key): /a.niˈmal/

Noun[edit]

animal (plural animales)

  1. animal

Kabuverdianu[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Portuguese animal.

Noun[edit]

animal

  1. beast
  2. animal

Latin[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From animāle, nominative neuter singular of animālis.

Pronunciation[edit]

  • (Classical) IPA(key): /ˈa.ni.mal/, [ˈänɪmäɫ̪]
  • (Ecclesiastical) IPA(key): /ˈa.ni.mal/, [ˈäːnimäl]

Noun[edit]

animal n (genitive animālis); third declension

  1. animal
  2. living creature

Declension[edit]

Third-declension noun (neuter, “pure” i-stem).

Case Singular Plural
Nominative animal animālia
Genitive animālis animālium
Dative animālī animālibus
Accusative animal animālia
Ablative animālī animālibus
Vocative animal animālia

Synonyms[edit]

  • bestia

[edit]

  • anima
  • animō
  • animus

Descendants[edit]

  • Aromanian: nãmalj, nãmaljiu
  • Corsican: animale
  • Dalmatian: animuol, animul
  • Franco-Provençal: armalye
  • Old French: almaille
    • Middle French: almaille
      • French: aumaille, armaille
  • Friulian: nemâl
  • Italian: animale
    • → Maltese: annimal
  • Old Galician-Portuguese: almallo
    • Galician: almallo
    • Portuguese: almalho, alimanha, alimária
  • Romagnol: animêl
  • Romanian: nămaie
  • Sicilian: armali, armalu
  • Spanish: alimaña, almaje
  • Tarantino: anemale
  • Venetian: animal, anemal

Borrowings:

  • → Aragonese: animal
  • → Asturian: animal
  • → Basque: animalia
  • → Breton: aneval
  • → Catalan: animal
  • → Franco-Provençal: animal
  • → Friulian: animâl
  • → Galician: animal
  • → Ido: animalo (also from various others)
  • → Interlingua: animal
  • → Novial: animale
  • → Occitan: animal
  • → Old French: animal
    • Middle French: animal
      • French: animal
        • Haitian Creole: animal
        • → Romanian: animal
    • → Middle English: animal, animale
      • English: animal
        • → Cebuano: animal
        • → Esperanto: animalo (also from French)
        • → Tok Pisin: animal
      • Scots: ainimal
    • Norman: animâ (France), annima (Jersey)
  • → Portuguese: animal
    • Kabuverdianu: animal
    • Papiamentu: animal
  • → Romansch: animal
  • → Spanish: animal
  • → Welsh: anifail

References[edit]

  • “animal”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
  • “animal”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
  • animal in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
  • animal in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette
  • Carl Meißner; Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book‎[1], London: Macmillan and Co.
    • animate and inanimate nature: animata (animalia) inanimaque (not inanimata)
    • domestic animals: animalia quae nobiscum degunt (Plin. 8. 40)

Middle English[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

  • IPA(key): /aniˈmaːl/, /aˈnimal/

Etymology 1[edit]

Borrowed from Old French animal, from Latin animal.

Alternative forms[edit]

  • animale

Noun[edit]

animal (plural animales)

  1. An animal (considered to include humans)
Descendants[edit]
  • English: animal
  • Scots: ainimal
References[edit]
  • “animāl, n.”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007, retrieved 2019-01-16.

Etymology 2[edit]

Borrowed from Latin animālis.

Alternative forms[edit]

  • animale, animall, anymal, anymall

Adjective[edit]

animal

  1. Related to the soul or spirit of a living being (i.e. sentience or sapience)
Descendants[edit]
  • English: animal
References[edit]
  • “animāl, adj.”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007, retrieved 2019-01-16.

Middle French[edit]

Noun[edit]

animal m (plural animaux or animaulx)

  1. animal
    Synonym: beste

Papiamentu[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Portuguese animal and Spanish animal.

Noun[edit]

animal

  1. beast
  2. animal

Portuguese[edit]

Etymology[edit]

Borrowed from Latin animal. Doublet of alimária.

Pronunciation[edit]

  • (Brazil) IPA(key): /a.niˈmaw/ [a.niˈmaʊ̯]
  • (Portugal) IPA(key): /ɐ.niˈmal/ [ɐ.niˈmaɫ]
  • Rhymes: (Portugal) -al, (Brazil) -aw
  • Hyphenation: a‧ni‧mal

Adjective[edit]

animal m or f (plural animais, comparable, comparative mais animal, superlative o mais animal or animalíssimo)

  1. (biology) animal (relating to animals)
    • 2000, Julio S. Inglez de Sousa et al., Enciclopédia agrícola brasileira: E-H, Editora da Universidade de São Paulo, page 225:

      Em anatomia animal o termo é de uso muito comum, […]

      The term is very commonly used in animal anatomy, […]
  2. (derogatory, of a person) brute (senseless, unreasoning)
  3. (Brazil, colloquial) cool; awesome
    • 2015, Juliana Rosenthal K., Save the Day, Buqui, page 52:

      É, tava animal mesmo — Bia mal consegue falar.

      Yeah, it really was wild — Bia can barely speak.

Quotations[edit]

For quotations using this term, see Citations:animal.

Noun[edit]

animal m (plural animais)

  1. (biology) animal (any member of the kingdom Animalia)
    • 2020, Petrônio Braz, Léxico dos Gerais, Chiado Books, page 481:

      Primatas — Animais mamíferos, da ordem Primata, que compreende os macacos, antropóides e o homem.

      Primates — Mammalian animals, of the order Primata, which comprises monkeys/apes, anthropoids and man.
  2. (non-scientific usage) animal (an animal other than a human, especially a vertebrate)
    • Daniela Ikawa, Valor humano intrínseco e redistribuição social in 2007, Flávia Piovesan, Daniela Ikawa, Direitos Humanos: Fundamento, Proteção e Implementação, volume 2, Juruá Editora, page 44:

      Separar os dois grupos — humanos e animais requereria, dentro dos limites da teoria relativa à dor e ao sofrimento, […]

      Separating the twe groups — humans and animals would require, within the limits of the theory relating to pain and suffering, […]
    Synonyms: besta, bicho
  3. (colloquial) twat; idiot; moron
    • 1979, Wilson Bacelar de Oliveira, Os meus fantasmas, Editora Comunicação, page 490:

      Escute aqui, seu animal, então você brigou com o companheiro?

      Listen up, you dumbass, so you fought with [your] mate?
    Synonyms: idiota, retardado, burro, imbecil, débil mental, besta
  4. (colloquial) beast (a cruel person)
    • 2007, Creso Balduíno, O verso do ser, Editora Revan, page 170:

      Josuel é um animal repulsivo, uma besta humana.

      Josuel is a repulsive beast, a human beast.
    Synonym: monstro

Quotations[edit]

For quotations using this term, see Citations:animal.

Derived terms[edit]

  • animal de estimação
  • animalizar
  • animalzão (augmentative)
  • animalzinho (diminutive)

Romanian[edit]

Etymology[edit]

Borrowed from French animal, from Latin animal. Doublet of nămaie.

Pronunciation[edit]

  • IPA(key): /a.niˈmal/

Adjective[edit]

animal m or n (feminine singular animală, masculine plural animali, feminine and neuter plural animale)

  1. animal, animalistic
  2. brutal

Declension[edit]

Adverb[edit]

animal

  1. brutally

Noun[edit]

animal n (plural animale)

  1. animal

Declension[edit]

Romansch[edit]

Etymology[edit]

Borrowed from Latin animal.

Noun[edit]

animal m (plural animals)

  1. (Rumantsch Grischun, Sursilvan, Sutsilvan, Surmiran, Vallader) animal

Synonyms[edit]

  • (Rumantsch Grischun, Sursilvan, Surmiran) biestg
  • (Rumantsch Grischun, Sutsilvan) bestga
  • (Sursilvan) tier, bestia
  • (Puter, Vallader) bes-cha

Spanish[edit]

Etymology[edit]

Borrowed from Latin animal. See also alimaña, an inherited doublet.

Pronunciation[edit]

  • IPA(key): /aniˈmal/ [a.niˈmal]
  • Rhymes: -al
  • Syllabification: a‧ni‧mal

Adjective[edit]

animal (plural animales)

  1. animal

Noun[edit]

animal m (plural animales)

  1. animal

Derived terms[edit]

  • animal de carga
  • animal de compañía
  • animal doméstico
  • animal salvaje
  • animal terrestre
  • animalada
  • animalero
  • animalesco
  • animalillo
  • animalismo
  • animalista
  • animalístico
  • animalito
  • animalizar
  • animalmente
  • animalucho
  • protectora de animales

[edit]

  • animálculo
  • animalidad

Further reading[edit]

  • “animal”, in Diccionario de la lengua española, Vigésima tercera edición, Real Academia Española, 2014

Anagrams[edit]

  • lámina
  • lamina

Tagalog[edit]

Etymology[edit]

Borrowed from Spanish animal.

Pronunciation[edit]

  • Hyphenation: a‧ni‧mal
  • IPA(key): /ʔaniˈmal/, [ʔɐ.nɪˈmal]

Noun[edit]

animál

  1. beast; brute; creature
    Synonyms: halimaw, hayop
  2. (derogatory) brutish person; inhuman person
    Synonyms: hayop, bruto, bestiya

Derived terms[edit]

  • kaanimalan
  • pagkaanimal

Tok Pisin[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From English animal.

Noun[edit]

animal

  1. animal (members of Kingdom Animalia that are not humans)

    • 1989, Buk Baibel long Tok Pisin, Port Moresby: Bible Society of Papua New Guinea, Jenesis 1:25:

    Synonym: abus
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types:

show 118 types…
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pest

any unwanted and destructive insect or other animal that attacks food or crops or livestock etc.

critter

a regional term for `creature’ (especially for domestic animals)

creepy-crawly

an animal that creeps or crawls (such as worms or spiders or insects)

darter

a person or other animal that moves abruptly and rapidly

peeper

an animal that makes short high-pitched sounds

homeotherm, homoiotherm, homotherm

an animal that has a body temperature that is relatively constant and independent of the environmental temperature

ectotherm, poikilotherm

an animal whose body temperature varies with the temperature of its surroundings; any animal except birds and mammals

range animal

any animal that lives and grazes in the grassy open land of western North America (especially horses, cattle, sheep)

varment, varmint

any usually predatory wild animal considered undesirable; e.g., coyote

scavenger

any animal that feeds on refuse and other decaying organic matter

work animal

an animal trained for and used for heavy labor

domestic animal, domesticated animal

any of various animals that have been tamed and made fit for a human environment

feeder

an animal that feeds on a particular source of food

migrator

an animal (especially birds and fish) that travels between different habitats at particular times of the year

molter, moulter

an animal (especially birds and arthropods and reptiles) that periodically shed their outer layer (feathers or cuticle or skin or hair)

pet

a domesticated animal kept for companionship or amusement

stayer

a person or other animal having powers of endurance or perseverance

stunt

a creature (especially a whale) that has been prevented from attaining full growth

marine animal, marine creature, sea animal, sea creature

any of numerous animals inhabiting the sea including e.g. fishes and molluscs and many mammals

female

an animal that produces gametes (ova) that can be fertilized by male gametes (spermatozoa)

male

an animal that produces gametes (spermatozoa) that can fertilize female gametes (ova)

adult

any mature animal

offspring, young

any immature animal

pureblood, purebred, thoroughbred

a pedigreed animal of unmixed lineage; used especially of horses

giant

any creature of exceptional size

survivor

an animal that survives in spite of adversity

mutant

an animal that has undergone mutation

herbivore

any animal that feeds chiefly on grass and other plants

insectivore

any organism that feeds mainly on insects

acrodont

an animal having teeth consolidated with the summit of the alveolar ridge without sockets

pleurodont

an animal having teeth fused with the inner surface of the alveolar ridge without sockets

zooplankton

animal constituent of plankton; mainly small crustaceans and fish larvae

conceptus, embryo, fertilized egg

an animal organism in the early stages of growth and differentiation that in higher forms merge into fetal stages but in lower forms terminate in commencement of larval life

chordate

any animal of the phylum Chordata having a notochord or spinal column

invertebrate

any animal lacking a backbone or notochord; the term is not used as a scientific classification

metazoan

any animal of the subkingdom Metazoa; all animals except protozoans and sponges

omnivore

an animal that feeds on both animal and vegetable substances

predator, predatory animal

any animal that lives by preying on other animals

prey, quarry

animal hunted or caught for food

game

animal hunted for food or sport

hexapod

an animal having six feet

biped

an animal with two feet

larva

the immature free-living form of most invertebrates and amphibians and fish which at hatching from the egg is fundamentally unlike its parent and must metamorphose

racer

an animal that races

fictional animal

animals that exist only in fiction (usually in children’s stories)

captive

an animal that is confined

mate

the partner of an animal (especially a sexual partner)

vermin

any of various small animals or insects that are pests; e.g. cockroaches or rats

bottom-feeder

a scavenger that feeds low on the food chain

beast of burden, jument

an animal such as a donkey or ox or elephant used for transporting loads or doing other heavy work

draft animal

an animal used for pulling heavy loads

feeder

an animal being fattened or suitable for fattening

stocker

a domestic animal (especially a young steer or heifer) kept as stock until fattened or matured and suitable for a breeding establishment

hatchling

any recently hatched animal (especially birds)

head

a single domestic animal

by-catch, bycatch

unwanted marine creatures that are caught in the nets while fishing for another species

hen

female of certain aquatic animals e.g. octopus or lobster

orphan

a young animal without a mother

young mammal

any immature mammal

sire

male parent of an animal especially a domestic animal such as a horse

dam

female parent of an animal especially domestic livestock

carnivore

any animal that feeds on flesh

blastosphere, blastula

early stage of an embryo produced by cleavage of an ovum; a liquid-filled sphere whose wall is composed of a single layer of cells; during this stage (about eight days after fertilization) implantation in the wall of the uterus occurs

gastrula

double-walled stage of the embryo resulting from invagination of the blastula; the outer layer of cells is the ectoderm and the inner layer differentiates into the mesoderm and endoderm

morula

a solid mass of blastomeres that forms when the zygote splits; develops into the blastula

cephalochordate

fish-like animals having a notochord rather than a true spinal column

tunicate, urochord, urochordate

primitive marine animal having a saclike unsegmented body and a urochord that is conspicuous in the larva

ascidian tadpole

free-swimming larva of ascidians; they have a tail like a tadpole that contains the notochord

craniate, vertebrate

animals having a bony or cartilaginous skeleton with a segmented spinal column and a large brain enclosed in a skull or cranium

young bird

a bird that is still young

arthropod

invertebrate having jointed limbs and a segmented body with an exoskeleton made of chitin

female mammal

animals that nourish their young with milk

zoophyte

any of various invertebrate animals resembling a plant such as a sea anemone or coral or sponge

parazoan, poriferan, sponge

primitive multicellular marine animal whose porous body is supported by a fibrous skeletal framework; usually occurs in sessile colonies

cnidarian, coelenterate

radially symmetrical animals having saclike bodies with only one opening and tentacles with stinging structures; they occur in polyp and medusa forms

comb jelly, ctenophore

biradially symmetrical hermaphroditic solitary marine animals resembling jellyfishes having for locomotion eight rows of cilia arranged like teeth in a comb

worm

any of numerous relatively small elongated soft-bodied animals especially of the phyla Annelida and Chaetognatha and Nematoda and Nemertea and Platyhelminthes; also many insect larvae

borer, woodborer

any of various insects or larvae or mollusks that bore into wood

bladder worm

encysted saclike larva of the tapeworm

cercaria

tadpole-shaped parasitic larva of a trematode worm; tail disappears in adult stage

rotifer

minute aquatic multicellular organisms having a ciliated wheel-like organ for feeding and locomotion; constituents of freshwater plankton

mollusc, mollusk, shellfish

invertebrate having a soft unsegmented body usually enclosed in a shell

spat

a young oyster or other bivalve

Canis familiaris, dog, domestic dog

a member of the genus Canis (probably descended from the common wolf) that has been domesticated by man since prehistoric times; occurs in many breeds

greyhound

a tall slender dog of an ancient breed noted for swiftness and keen sight; used as a racing dog

Felis catus, Felis domesticus, domestic cat, house cat

any domesticated member of the genus Felis

stray

an animal that has strayed (especially a domestic animal)

big game

large animals that are hunted for sport

game bird

any bird (as grouse or pheasant) that is hunted for sport

wireworm

wormlike larva of various elaterid beetles; feeds on roots of many crop plants

mealworm

the larva of beetles of the family Tenebrionidae

wiggler, wriggler

larva of a mosquito

jointworm, strawworm

larva of chalcid flies injurious to the straw of wheat and other grains

ant lion, antlion, doodlebug

the larva of any of several insects

aphid lion, aphis lion

carnivorous larva of lacewing flies

dobson, hellgrammiate

large brown aquatic larva of the dobsonfly; used as fishing bait

caseworm

insect larva that constructs a protective case around its body

caterpillar

a wormlike and often brightly colored and hairy or spiny larva of a butterfly or moth

nymph

a larva of an insect with incomplete metamorphosis (as the dragonfly or mayfly)

leptocephalus

slender transparent larva of eels and certain fishes

bot

botfly larva; typically develops inside the body of a horse or sheep or human

grub

a soft thick wormlike larva of certain beetles and other insects

phoronid

hermaphrodite wormlike animal living in mud of the sea bottom

bryozoan, moss animal, polyzoan, sea mat, sea moss

sessile aquatic animal forming mossy colonies of small polyps each having a curved or circular ridge bearing tentacles; attach to stones or seaweed and reproduce by budding

ectoproct

sessile mossy aquatic animal having the anus of the polyp outside the crown of tentacles

entoproct

any of various moss-like aquatic animals usually forming branching colonies; each polyp having a both mouth and anus within a closed ring of tentacles

Symbion pandora

only known species of Cycliophora; lives symbiotically attached to a lobster’s lip by an adhesive disk and feeding by means of a hairy mouth ring; its complex life cycle includes asexual and sexual phases

brachiopod, lamp shell, lampshell

marine animal with bivalve shell having a pair of arms bearing tentacles for capturing food; found worldwide

peanut worm, sipunculid

small unsegmented marine worm that when disturbed retracts its anterior portion into the body giving the appearance of a peanut

echinoderm

marine invertebrates with tube feet and five-part radially symmetrical bodies

filly

a young female horse under the age of four

colt

a young male horse under the age of four

male horse

the male of species Equus caballus

steeplechaser

a horse trained to run in steeplechases

finisher

an animal that wins in a contest of speed

bullock, steer

castrated bull

polliwog, pollywog, tadpole

a larval frog or toad

young fish

a fish that is young

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I think I’ve kind of been mistaken for somebody who’s trying to be a spokesperson for animal rights, and the fact is I’m not qualified to be a spokesperson. I am passionate about it, but I’m not trying to make other people do what I do.

Neko Case

section

ETYMOLOGY OF THE WORD ANIMAL

From Latin animal (n), from animālis (adj) living, breathing.

info

Etymology is the study of the origin of words and their changes in structure and significance.

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section

PRONUNCIATION OF ANIMAL

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GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY OF ANIMAL

Animal can act as a noun and an adjective.

A noun is a type of word the meaning of which determines reality. Nouns provide the names for all things: people, objects, sensations, feelings, etc.

The adjective is the word that accompanies the noun to determine or qualify it.

WHAT DOES ANIMAL MEAN IN ENGLISH?

Animal

Animals are multicellular, eukaryotic organisms of the kingdom Animalia. Their body plan eventually becomes fixed as they develop, although some undergo a process of metamorphosis later on in their lives. Most animals are motile, meaning they can move spontaneously and independently. All animals must ingest other organisms or their products for sustenance. Most known animal phyla appeared in the fossil record as marine species during the Cambrian explosion, about 542 million years ago. Animals are divided into various sub-groups, some of which are: vertebrates; molluscs; arthropods; annelids; sponges; and jellyfish.


Definition of animal in the English dictionary

The first definition of animal in the dictionary is any living organism characterized by voluntary movement, the possession of cells with noncellulose cell walls and specialized sense organs enabling rapid response to stimuli, and the ingestion of complex organic substances such as plants and other animals related prefix zoo-. Other definition of animal is any mammal, esp any mammal except man. Animal is also a brutish person.

WORDS THAT RHYME WITH ANIMAL

Synonyms and antonyms of animal in the English dictionary of synonyms

SYNONYMS OF «ANIMAL»

The following words have a similar or identical meaning as «animal» and belong to the same grammatical category.

Translation of «animal» into 25 languages

online translator

TRANSLATION OF ANIMAL

Find out the translation of animal to 25 languages with our English multilingual translator.

The translations of animal from English to other languages presented in this section have been obtained through automatic statistical translation; where the essential translation unit is the word «animal» in English.

Translator English — Chinese


动物

1,325 millions of speakers

Translator English — Spanish


animal

570 millions of speakers

English


animal

510 millions of speakers

Translator English — Hindi


पशु

380 millions of speakers

Translator English — Arabic


حَيَوان

280 millions of speakers

Translator English — Russian


животное

278 millions of speakers

Translator English — Portuguese


animal

270 millions of speakers

Translator English — Bengali


পশু

260 millions of speakers

Translator English — French


animal

220 millions of speakers

Translator English — Malay


Haiwan

190 millions of speakers

Translator English — German


Tier

180 millions of speakers

Translator English — Japanese


動物

130 millions of speakers

Translator English — Korean


동물

85 millions of speakers

Translator English — Javanese


Kewan

85 millions of speakers

Translator English — Vietnamese


động vật

80 millions of speakers

Translator English — Tamil


கால்நடை

75 millions of speakers

Translator English — Marathi


प्राणी

75 millions of speakers

Translator English — Turkish


hayvan

70 millions of speakers

Translator English — Italian


animale

65 millions of speakers

Translator English — Polish


zwierzę

50 millions of speakers

Translator English — Ukrainian


тварина

40 millions of speakers

Translator English — Romanian


animal

30 millions of speakers

Translator English — Greek


ζώο

15 millions of speakers

Translator English — Afrikaans


dier

14 millions of speakers

Translator English — Swedish


djur

10 millions of speakers

Translator English — Norwegian


dyr

5 millions of speakers

Trends of use of animal

TENDENCIES OF USE OF THE TERM «ANIMAL»

The term «animal» is very widely used and occupies the 2.276 position in our list of most widely used terms in the English dictionary.

Trends

FREQUENCY

Very widely used

The map shown above gives the frequency of use of the term «animal» in the different countries.

Principal search tendencies and common uses of animal

List of principal searches undertaken by users to access our English online dictionary and most widely used expressions with the word «animal».

FREQUENCY OF USE OF THE TERM «ANIMAL» OVER TIME

The graph expresses the annual evolution of the frequency of use of the word «animal» during the past 500 years. Its implementation is based on analysing how often the term «animal» appears in digitalised printed sources in English between the year 1500 and the present day.

Examples of use in the English literature, quotes and news about animal

10 QUOTES WITH «ANIMAL»

Famous quotes and sentences with the word animal.

In the animal world, there are all kinds of behaviors that are binary: for example, to flee or to fight. In any evolutionary environment, knowing your opponent’s decision would not be advantageous for long because your opponent would evolve the same recognition mechanism to also know you.

I have two Filipino nannies who have British passport and not me. I don’t need British passport. When you were running around in an animal skin, my ancestors were building the pyramids.

Self-interest is but the survival of the animal in us. Humanity only begins for man with self-surrender.

For years, I’ve felt an obligation to harvest an animal, since all my life I’ve so mindlessly consumed them. But that was from the safety of my desk.

To give a child animal products is a form of child abuse.

I keep reading that I’m cold. But I’m not, I’m shy. And I play a lot of women of fire and sexuality like an animal — so I’m cold on one side and fiery on the other.

It is through this mysterious power that we too have our being, and we therefore yield to our neighbors, even to our animal neighbors, the same right as ourselves to inhabit this vast land.

I blame it on Walt Disney, where animals are given human qualities. People don’t understand that a wild animal is not something that is nice to pat. It can seriously harm you.

I think I’ve kind of been mistaken for somebody who’s trying to be a spokesperson for animal rights, and the fact is I’m not qualified to be a spokesperson. I am passionate about it, but I’m not trying to make other people do what I do.

If it is indeed impossible — or at least very difficult — to inhabit the consciousness of an animal, then in writing about animals there is a temptation to project upon them feelings and thoughts that may belong only to our own human mind and heart.

10 ENGLISH BOOKS RELATING TO «ANIMAL»

Discover the use of animal in the following bibliographical selection. Books relating to animal and brief extracts from same to provide context of its use in English literature.

1

Animal: The Definitive Visual Guide to the World’s Wildlife

Offers photographs and information about mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, fishes, and invertebrates from throughout the world.

David Burnie, Dr Don E Wilson, 2001

When Animal returns to Harlem and learns of the attempt on his soul mate’s life, he wages a personal war against those responsible, only to discover the frightening truth in the process. Original. 50,000 first printing.

A guide to reading «Animal Farm» with a critical and appreciative mind. Includes background on the author’s life and times, sample tests, term paper suggestions, and a reading list.

David Ball, George Orwell, 1984

Perfect for all the family, essential for nature students and conservationists everywhere — Animal is a classic for a new generation. The book’s beautiful flocked cover, made to look just like a real zebra, also makes it the perfect gift.

Neither evangelical nor proselytizing, Animal invites the reader to think beyond the boundaries of a subject that has a direct effect on our day-to-day lives.

This beloved, bestselling guide has become a classic reference for anyone wishing to forge a spiritual connection with the majesty and mystery of the animal world.

7

Animal Minds: Beyond Cognition to Consciousness

A pioneer in animal cognition makes the case for investigating the consciousness of non-humans, using examples from his work with dolphins, chimpanzees, and birds to back his arguement, in a revised and expanded edition of the classic study …

8

Alternatives to Animal Testing

An up-to-date discussion of the development of alternatives to animal testing, ideal for professionals and academics.

Ronald E. Hester, Roy M. Harrison, 2006

9

Animal Testing: Issues and Ethics

Discusses the pros and cons of testing products intended for human use on animals, as well as the legal and ethical issues involved.

10

Encyclopedia of Animal Rights and Animal Welfare [2 …

The work helps readers understand the different viewpoints of animal welfare advocates who want to improve conditions for animals and animal rights activists who don’t want animals used at all.

10 NEWS ITEMS WHICH INCLUDE THE TERM «ANIMAL»

Find out what the national and international press are talking about and how the term animal is used in the context of the following news items.

‘We’re a violent nation’ – director tackles Spain’s festival culture of …

The festival has attracted increasing criticism from animal rights groups – on Saturday activists from Peta staged a protest to draw attention to … «The Guardian, Jul 15»

Indy offers pet care for animal lovers in need

Of the 15,000 abandoned animals that wind up at the Indianapolis Animal Care and Control shelter each year, about 30 percent come from … «Indianapolis Star, Jul 15»

Animal abuse film exposes dark side of Spanish festivals — video

Scenes from an upcoming documentary on animal abuse at Spain’s religious festivals. Santa Fiesta, directed by Miguel Ángel Rolland, looks at … «The Guardian, Jul 15»

Chinese animal farms to be used as earthquake warning centers

Workers at these animal farms have been asked to report the behavior of … Park, one of the refurbished animal farms, according to China Daily. «Times of India, Jul 15»

Animal activists protest at circus

The protesters – under the banner of Ban Animal Circuses – were holding up placards reading “Not born to perform” and “Your fun, misery for … «Independent Online, Jul 15»

The Link Between Animal Cruelty And Human Violence

Any act that tortures or causes suffering and/or pain to any animal qualifies as animal abuse. Such acts range from a failure to provide food and … «Huffington Post India, Jul 15»

Canada by motorhome: Animal spotting around Banff and Jasper

The England Lionesses have done the country so proud in Canada that they deserve a holiday – and if a holiday exploring wild places of … «The Independent, Jul 15»

Animal Shelter Collecting Record Number of Pets After 4th of July

It’s one of the busiest nights for animal shelters across the nation. The Washoe County Animal Services collected more than 40 dogs on Sunday … «KOLO, Jul 15»

OKC Animal Welfare Encounters Many Strays After July 4 Holiday

OKLAHOMA CITY -. July 5 is one of the busiest days of the year for animal control in Oklahoma City. With many pets getting loose after being … «news9.com KWTV, Jul 15»

All 300 dogs and cats moved from Lawrence County Animal Shelter

On Sunday, all 300 animals from the Lawrence County Animal Shelter were settled into a temporary facility where they will receive medical … «WAAY, Jul 15»

REFERENCE

« EDUCALINGO. Animal [online]. Available <https://educalingo.com/en/dic-en/animal>. Apr 2023 ».

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