What does the context of a word mean

Title: What Does Context Mean? | The Word Counter

URL Structure: https://thewordcounter.com/blog/meaning-of-Context

Meta: You may hear the word context in phrases like “taken out of context.” This article will define the meaning of context and show how to use it.

The Meaning of Context: What It Is and How To Use It

If someone has to give context to a situation or statement, what does that entail? Conversely, what does it mean if something is taken out of context? This article will go over the definition of the word context and numerous topics related to the word context.

What Does Context Mean?

Context refers to the piece of a written or spoken statement that surrounds a word or phrase, giving it a certain effect or meaning. It can also refer to facts and circumstances surrounding an event or situation. Providing broader context can give a full meaning or background to a particular event or statement.

The pronunciation of context is ˈkɒn tɛkst. Phrases like “out of context” and “context clues” contain the word context.

What Is the Etymology of the Word Context?

According to Dictionary, context has been used since the late 1300s in Late Middle English. This word comes from the Latin contextus, which means to join or weave together. This word is the equivalent of the Latin contextere, which combines the Latin prefix con and the Latin root textere or texere, which means to weave.

How Can Context Be Used in a Sentence?

One of the best ways to learn new words is to use them in sentences. You can study the example sentences below  to learn the proper way to use context. Then, try coming up with your own example sentences!

Example #1: The Historical Context of a War

In order to understand why the war began, we studied the historical context surrounding the political events that preceded said war. Once we understood the surrounding events, we were able to pinpoint why the war began.

Example #2: The Social Context of a City

In order to understand New York’s vibrant culture, you must understand the social context of what built the city. Many factors make up the city’s artistic and musical culture and the division of its different boroughs. 

Example #3: The Context of a Word

The students were assigned to decipher the words’ definitions and connotations based on context clues. Some students could figure out what the words meant with ease, but others struggled to comprehend a word’s meaning without being told.

Example #4: The Context of a Statement

She was mad at her boyfriend for saying flirtatious things to another girl, but he assured her that she was taking things out of context. She did not believe him and instead threw all of his belongings out on the lawn. She has no patience for cheaters.

What Are Translations of Context?

When speaking in different languages, it is imperative to understand the context of different words. When you are speaking a language that is not your native tongue, it might be difficult to decipher tone or meaning based on the words alone. Therefore, you should not be afraid to ask for context.

Using this list of translations of the word context from Nice Translator, you can learn how to say the word context in a variety of other languages. See which of these words look and sound similar to the word context!

  • Portuguese (Portugal): contexto
  • Croatian: kontekst
  • Welsh: nghyd-destun
  • Hindi: संदर्भ
  • Polish: kontekst
  • Malayalam: സന്ദര്ഭം
  • Gujarati: સંદર્ભ
  • Italian: contesto
  • Chinese (PRC): 语境
  • Hebrew: הֶקשֵׁר
  • Lithuanian: kontekstas. T
  • Korean: 문맥
  • Tamil: சூழல்
  • Japanese: 環境
  • French: le contexte
  • Serbian: контекст
  • Latvian: konteksts
  • Spanish: contexto
  • Slovak: kontext
  • Chinese (Taiwan): 語境
  • Turkish: bağlam
  • Norwegian: kontekst, sammenheng
  • Catalan: context
  • Hungarian: kontextus
  • Swedish: sammanhang
  • Kannada: ಸನ್ನಿವೇಶ
  • German: Kontext, Zusammenhang
  • Romanian: context
  • Telugu: సందర్భం
  • Amharic: አውድ
  • Russian: контекст
  • Malay: konteksnya
  • Danish: sammenhæng
  • Greek: συμφραζόμενα
  • Arabic: سياق الكلام
  • Ukrainian: контекст
  • Swahili: Muktadha
  • Czech: kontext
  • Bengali: প্রসঙ্গ
  • Slovenian: Kontekst.
  • Portuguese (Brazil): contexto
  • Filipino: konteksto
  • Urdu: خیال، سیاق
  • Dutch: context
  • Indonesian: konteks
  • Finnish: konteksti
  • Marathi: संदर्भ
  • Vietnamese: bối cảnh
  • Bulgarian: контекст
  • Icelandic: samhengi
  • Estonian: kontekst
  • Thai: บริบท
  • Basque: testuinguru

What Are Synonyms of Context?

It is always a good idea to learn synonyms for words. If you are ever in a situation where someone you are talking to does not know what a word means, you can use a synonym to help clarify. Power Thesaurus provides the below list of synonyms of the word context:

  • ambience
  • ambient
  • angle
  • approach
  • atmosphere
  • backdrop
  • background
  • bedground
  • belief system
  • broad view
  • case
  • circumstance
  • circumstances
  • climate
  • clime
  • condition
  • conditions
  • connection
  • context of use
  • contextual relationship
  • contexture
  • coordinate system
  • environment
  • environs
  • factors
  • forum
  • frame
  • frame of reference
  • framework
  • habitat
  • light
  • linguistic context
  • location
  • medium
  • milieu
  • perspective
  • reference frame
  • reference system
  • relation
  • scenario
  • scene
  • scope
  • setting
  • settings
  • situation
  • standpoint
  • state of affairs
  • subject
  • surround
  • surroundings
  • text
  • theme
  • topic
  • universe of discourse
  • viewpoint

What Are Antonyms of Context?

Numerous words mean the opposite of context. Power Thesaurus lists these below as well:

  • accent
  • accentuate
  • anterior
  • anteriority
  • belabor
  • bow
  • bring to the fore
  • call attention to
  • draw attention to
  • dwell on
  • emphasize
  • exterior
  • facade
  • face
  • feature
  • focus attention on
  • fore
  • forefront
  • forehead
  • forepart
  • front
  • front line
  • frontage
  • frontal
  • frontispiece
  • give emphasis to
  • give prominence to
  • harp on
  • head
  • heighten
  • highlight
  • insist on
  • lay stress on
  • lead
  • limelight
  • make a point of
  • obverse
  • play up
  • point up
  • press home
  • prioritize
  • proscenium
  • put stress on
  • spearhead
  • spotlight
  • stress
  • underline
  • underscore
  • vanguard

Conclusion

The definition of context (kɑn ntɛkst) is the framework around a statement or event that provides additional information. Often, context is very important for understanding what someone means by a statement or why an event took place. Make sure that you understand an event or statement’s context before making any assumptions. 

Sources:

  1. Context synonyms – 405 Words and Phrases for Context | Power Thesaurus 
  2. Context antonyms – 14 Opposites of Context | Power Thesaurus 
  3. Context Definition & Meaning | Dictionary.com 
  4. Context | Nice Translator 

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Kevin Miller is a growth marketer with an extensive background in Search Engine Optimization, paid acquisition and email marketing. He is also an online editor and writer based out of Los Angeles, CA. He studied at Georgetown University, worked at Google and became infatuated with English Grammar and for years has been diving into the language, demystifying the do’s and don’ts for all who share the same passion! He can be found online here.


Asked by: Hosea Bernhard

Score: 4.7/5
(9 votes)

In semiotics, linguistics, sociology and anthropology, context refers to those objects or entities which surround a focal event, in these disciplines typically a communicative event, of some kind. Context is «a frame that surrounds the event and provides resources for its appropriate interpretation».

What is an example of a context?

immediately next to or surrounding a specified word or passage and determining its exact meaning. … An example of context is the words that surround the word «read» that help the reader determine the tense of the word. An example of context is the history surrounding the story of Shakespeare’s King Henry IV.

Whats does context mean?

1 : the parts of a discourse that surround a word or passage and can throw light on its meaning. 2 : the interrelated conditions in which something exists or occurs : environment, setting the historical context of the war.

What does context mean in simple terms?

Context means the setting of a word or event. … Context comes from the Latin for how something is made. It was first used to talk about writing, as in «the beautiful phrase occurs in the context of the concluding paragraph.» We use it now to talk about any circumstance in which something happens.

How do you explain context?

Context is the background, environment, setting, framework, or surroundings of events or occurrences. Simply, context means circumstances forming a background of an event, idea or statement, in such a way as to enable readers to understand the narrative or a literary piece.

29 related questions found

What is the use of context?

Context helps readers understand what they otherwise wouldn’t be able to comprehend. It is a much-needed assistant, helping readers define unknown words and make sense of outside information. In writing, it is often necessary to provide new words, concepts and information to help develop a thought.

Why is context important?

Context is not only important for meaning. … Context is importance because it helps you connect and create a relationship with the reader. It helps you communicate your point of view clearly making it easier to understand. It allows you and others to be more creative.

How do you use the word context?

«Use words in the correct context.» «It is only done in a certain context.» «The movie was made in a modern context.» «It is easier to understand in its present context.»

How do you provide context?

3 Tips for Providing Context in Your Writing

  1. Get creative. When you include context, you want readers to understand where you (or your characters) are coming from. …
  2. Remember your audience. Context is important when considering who your story is for. …
  3. Be mindful of overloading.

How do you find the meaning of context?

The following can help you get the meaning of a new word:

  1. knowing the part of speech (noun, verb, adjective…)
  2. knowing the meaning of prefixes and suffixes.
  3. looking for context clues, like background or other information in the text.
  4. you will also need to use you general knowledge.

What is difference between context and content?

Content is the material/matter/medium contained within the work that’s available for audience. Context is the positioning of the content, storyline or purpose that provides value to the audience. … Context isn’t just about the storyline, it is also about the intent of the content itself.

What is context and its types?

In writing, context refers to information that helps readers accurately interpret the meaning of a text. Context can take many forms, including background information or details about the circumstances, environment, or timeframe in which a work takes place.

What is context in a sentence?

WHAT IS A CONTEXT SENTENCE? A context sentence is one that gives a word and its meaning in the same sentence. Example: The answering machine message was so inane that I could not get any meaning from it. Inane is the word; could not get any meaning is the meaning.

What are 4 types of context clues?

Four Types of Context Clues

  • Definitions or restatements.
  • Synonyms.
  • Antonyms or opposites.
  • Examples or explanations.

What is an example of context in literature?

Examples of Context: To fully understand the plot of a story set during the Civil War, the reader must understand something about the context, or something about the Civil War and how it affected families in the United States.

What is an example of social context?

Social context can influence how someone perceives something. … For example, a person who is trying a new food in an unwelcoming or harsh environment might perceive the food as tasting bad and not like it in the future.

What are synonyms for context?

Synonyms of context

  • ambient,
  • atmosphere,
  • climate,
  • clime,
  • contexture,
  • environment,
  • environs,
  • medium,

What does adding context mean?

If something is seen in context or if it is put into context, it is considered together with all the factors that relate to it.

What is the importance of context in communication?

We put that communication in context. Context is critical, because it tells you, the receiver, what importance to place on something, what assumptions to draw (or not) about what is being communicated, and most importantly, it puts meaning into the message.

How do you teach words in context?

Words in Context: Effective Strategies for Teaching New…

  1. Step 1: Locate useful and important vocabulary words. …
  2. Step 2: Create a set of vocabulary words. …
  3. Step 3: Help students learn the words. …
  4. Step 4: Ensure individual student mastery.

What is the context of our life?

Context as a viewpoint: Details about yourself, character, life-changing events, perspectives, intentions, fears, threats, social identity, worldviews, and frames of reference all matter.

What is context in communication example?

CLASS. Each type and instance of communication will have a specific context. Communication context will, for example, be different for a television broadcaster than for a door-to-door salesperson. A communications context can be thought of as the environment or human eco-system, in which communication takes place.

What is the role of context in interpretation?

A process of inference to arrive at an interpretation for utterances or for the connection between utterances. … It may be the case that we are capable of deriving a specific conclusion from specific premises.

What is difference between context and activity?

2 Answers. An Application context lasts, as long as your app is alive, while the Activity context dies with your Activity (it is not valid after onDestroy of that Activity). So if you need the Context across Activities (i.e. in a Singleton) you will be better off using an Application context.

How do you write a context essay?

Academic writing: Context is everything

  1. First, describe a situation.
  2. Next, describe a problem or question that arises from that situation.
  3. Now describe how other people have approached that problem or question.
  4. Explain a need to approach it in a different way or expand upon what’s been done.
  5. Say what you aim to do…

In semiotics, linguistics, sociology and anthropology, context refers to those objects or entities which surround a focal event, in these disciplines typically a communicative event, of some kind. Context is «a frame that surrounds the event and provides resources for its appropriate interpretation».[1]: 2–3  It is thus a relative concept, only definable with respect to some focal event within a frame, not independently of that frame.

In linguisticsEdit

In the 19th century, it was debated whether the most fundamental principle in language was contextuality or compositionality, and compositionality was usually preferred.[2] Verbal context refers to the text or speech surrounding an expression (word, sentence, or speech act). Verbal context influences the way an expression is understood; hence the norm of not citing people out of context. Since much contemporary linguistics takes texts, discourses, or conversations as the object of analysis, the modern study of verbal context takes place in terms of the analysis of discourse structures and their mutual relationships, for instance the coherence relation between sentences.

Neurolinguistic analysis of context has shown that the interaction between interlocutors defined as parsers creates a reaction in the brain that reflects predictive and interpretative reactions. It can be said then, that mutual knowledge, co-text, genre, speakers, hearers create a neurolinguistic composition of context.[3]

Traditionally, in sociolinguistics, social contexts were defined in terms of objective social variables, such as those of class, gender, age or race. More recently, social contexts tend to be defined in terms of the social identity being construed and displayed in text and talk by language users.

The influence of context parameters on language use or discourse is usually studied in terms of language variation, style or register (see Stylistics). The basic assumption here is that language users adapt the properties of their language use (such as intonation, lexical choice, syntax, and other aspects of formulation) to the current communicative situation. In this sense, language use or discourse may be called more or less ‘appropriate’ in a given context.

In linguistic anthropologyEdit

In the theory of sign phenomena, adapted from that of Charles Sanders Peirce, which forms the basis for much contemporary work in linguistic anthropology, the concept of context is integral to the definition of the index, one of the three classes of signs comprising Peirce’s second trichotomy. An index is a sign which signifies by virtue of «pointing to» some component in its context, or in other words an indexical sign is related to its object by virtue of their co-occurrence within some kind of contextual frame.[4]

In natural language processingEdit

In word-sense disambiguation, the meanings of words are inferred from the context where they occur.[5]

Contextual variablesEdit

Communicative systems presuppose contexts that are structured in terms of particular physical and communicative dimensions, for instance time, location, and communicative role.[citation needed]

See alsoEdit

  • Aberrant decoding
  • Context principle
  • Context-sensitive language
  • Conversational scoreboard
  • Deixis
  • Opaque context

ReferencesEdit

  1. ^ Goodwin, Charles; Duranti, Alessandro, eds. (1992). «Rethinking context: an introduction» (PDF). Rethinking context: Language as an interactive phenomenon. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–42. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 12, 2003. Retrieved February 19, 2017.
  2. ^ Janssen, T. M. (2012) Compositionality: Its historic context, in M. Werning, W. Hinzen, & E. Machery (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of compositionality, pp. 19-46, Oxford University Press.
  3. ^ Finkbeiner, Rita; Meibauer, Jörg; Schumacher, Petra B. (2012). What is a Context?: Linguistic Approaches and Challenges. John Benjamins Publishing. ISBN 978-9027255792.
  4. ^ Silverstein, Michael (1992). «The Indeterminacy of Contextualization: When Is Enough Enough?». In Auer, Peter; Di Luzio, Aldo (eds.). The Contextualization of Language. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company. pp. 55–76. ISBN 978-9027250346. Retrieved February 19, 2017.
  5. ^ Anind Dey; Boicho Kokinov; David Leake; Roy Turner (24 June 2005). Modeling and Using Context: 5th International and Interdisciplinary Conference, CONTEXT 2005, Paris, France, July 5-8, 2005, Proceedings. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-3-540-26924-3.

Further readingEdit

  • For a review of the history of the principle of contextuality in linguistics, see Scholtz, Oliver Robert (1999) Verstehen und Rationalität: Untersuchungen zu den Grundlagen von Hermeneutik und Sprachphilosophie

Context derives from Latin, contextus , which means what surrounds an event or event . The context is a framework, an environment, an environment, physical or symbolic, a set of phenomena, situations and circumstances (such as time and place), not comparable to others, that surround or condition a fact. Context definition

That is, the context is that set of circumstances or situation during a communication process where the sender and receiver are located and where the message occurs. These circumstances allow, sometimes, to understand it correctly, it is what is called extra linguistic context , which can be of various types, for example, cultural, social, educational, historical, economic, psychological context, etc.

The context is very important in communication, because variations in the same language and cultural differences mean that what for some is correct, for others it may not be. So the context is one of the main areas that should be analyzed when talking with another person, listening to a song, watching a movie, or reading a book or article.

The analysis of any type of communication must take into account the social context, the linguistic context, cultural context, the context defined by the questions who, how, when, where, why also called environment .

In computer science or computer science, the context is the circumstances under which a device is being used.

Context is a term that derives from the Latin word contextus and refers to everything that surrounds , either physically or symbolically, an event. From the context, therefore, a fact can be interpreted or understood .

This environment assumes that the context can be material ( “The offender took advantage of the natural environment to hide behind the trees” ) or symbolic (the social environment, the economic environment or other).

The context is formed by a series of circumstances (such as time and physical space) that facilitate the understanding of a message. For example: a portal that publishes a title such as “Carlos rested” does not provide the data necessary for the reader to decode the message. On the other hand, the headline “After playing four games in two days, tennis player Carlos López rested and did not show up to train at the beginning of the preparation for the Davis Cup” can be interpreted without problems since it presents relevant information about the context. Context definition

The linguistic context , on the other hand, refers to those factors that are related to the stage of generating a statement and that affect its meaning and interpretation. This assumes that a message depends on the syntax , grammar and lexicon, but also the context.

The place, the possible interlocutors, the type of registration and the moment in which a linguistic act takes shape is called extralinguistic context . These circumstances have an impact on the understanding of the linguistic situation.

The context is so important in communication that it should be the first thing to analyze when reading a book, watching a movie, listening to a song or just talking to another person. Starting from the cultural differences and reaching the variations present in the same language, within the same country, it is evident that what for some is correct, for others it may not be . For example, in some cultures it is polite to eat using your hands instead of cutlery, while in others that attitude can be taken as disgusting and lack of civilization.

Linguistic context

In linguistics and grammar, the context is the set of linguistic elements or the linguistic, social and pragmatic environment , which surrounds, that is, precedes and follows, a word or a sentence, and that conditions, modifying or not, the meaning of This or its correct interpretation.

The discipline in charge of studying the linguistic context is pragmatic . When the linguistic context is given by an immediate word within the sentence, it is spoken of microtext , and when the meaning of the text is given by a context with multiple elements, it is not immediate, it is spoken of macro text . Context definition

Contextualize

This term refers to putting into context a situation, a fact, or a source or document that has been received in isolation and separated from all those elements that surround it, that influence that action, and where that fact has occurred by the result of a specific situation, time and space.

Examples of communication context

Let’s look at other examples of the context of communication to make it easier to identify it in any sentence:

  • Juan is passing paper notes with Ana while taking the exam in science class . We can see that the context is an exam that takes place in science class, probably referring to the schedule and the classroom itself. That is the context.
  • Juana is talking from her room with her friend Maria and has her phone busy . We observe that the context is Juana’s room, space where the conversation is taking place. However, it is incomplete, because we do not know where Mary is, who receives the message.
  • Manolo has stopped his car right in front of a red traffic light in front of a clothing store . This sentence has a lot of useful information to know the context, which would be a car in which Manolo goes and that is located in front of a traffic light that is located in an area where there is a clothing store. Context definition

The context, element of communication

Since we have defined the context and have seen examples of it, it is important to know that it is an element of communication, as we have commented at the beginning of this lesson.

Communication or communicative action is a process of transmission and reception of information . That is, one participates in another message or something that one has. Therefore, it can be produced among humans, animals and even machines such as computers.

The communication has a series of elements without which it would be impossible. These are:

  • The context itself, as we have already commented and defined.
  • The issuer , which is the person, animal or machine that issues a message to another machine, animal or person.
  • Receiver , who is the actor who receives the message issued, and who can also be human, animal or inanimate.
  • Message : is the information that the sender has sent to the receiver to share.
  • Reference : the reference, ie, the content of the message itself.
  • Channel : it is the medium used for communication, which could be the air if you talk face to face, a mobile phone, a Smartphone application, a written letter, etc.
  • Code : is the language or set of signs used to convey the message. it can be the Spanish language, sign language, braille system, binary code, barking, meowing … Context definition

Context Types

Context: two categories

The notion of context encompasses two broad categories:

-The material context , the one that appears as a real factor of events due to their participation in the actual consummation of the event . If we want to differentiate, for example, the fishing activity of Chile with that of Bolivia, it is necessary to know that the first country has maritime territory and the second does not.

The judicial processes are constantly nourished by the questions related to the material context (the scene of the event, what a protagonist was doing), essential to understand how the events are as a whole.

-The symbolic context , which is the one that covers the intangible aspects that surround a fact , that is, the circumstances in which that fact occurs from a deeper analysis. The cultural environment of a society, for example, will say a lot about the general behaviors that occur there. Context definition

In the example of the trial, no one can ever claim to be influenced by the values ​​that have been instilled in him by his family or by his neighborhood, but for an analysis of any field that is thought of as ‘social’, this context will be essential.

The context in Linguistics

The pragmatic (a part of linguistics) is the science that is responsible for searching the ways in which the context is involved in the interpretation of meaning . She has formulated the notion of linguistic context , necessarily present in the analysis of any message. While the communicative situation always includes more than one person, it is necessary to analyze the factors that determine the production and interpretation of that linguistic act. It has been agreed that the linguistic context is determined by the following subtypes:

The strictly linguistic context is one that is around words, sentences or texts in their most semantic sense.

The extra-linguistic context , which is the one that begins to interpret the social conditions in which the text was produced, as well as the conditions in which the text is interpreted. It is accepted that the historical, cultural and social conditions of a given time-space will greatly influence the way people express themselves at that time and place, and it would be discordant with reality not to consider them for the analysis of the messages.

If we want to talk about written communication , the participants (reader-writer) do not necessarily share the same extra-linguistic context. Much of the magic of writing is there, because the communication that occurs in written discourse must transcend the idea of ​​thinking about the situation you are reading, so that crossings of contexts often appear. Context definition

Finally, if we go to the circuit of oral communication , a new notion of context appears that does not refer so much to the external conditions in which the message is said, but to the very dynamics of this communicative process. This context can also be subdivided into:

The linguistic context , for example, is what allows us to replenish the meaning of the words we may not know. It points to communication in its most interpretive sense , seeking the essence of the message instead of understanding it as a mere succession of words or sentences.

-The situational context is the sum of the data accessible to the participants of the communication, which will allow them to carry out this process in a certain way. The idea of ​​situational context requires a concrete understanding of the traditional communication questions: Who (said something)? To who? That? Where? When? It also requires, to properly understand the situation, characterize the relationship between speakers: are they treated as equals? Do they do it symmetrically or asymmetrically?

The sociocultural context , which are the conditions (political, historical, social) of the moment in which communication is produced. Many times there is no coincidence between the sociocultural context of the sender and that of the receiver, which undoubtedly has an impact on the effectiveness of the communicative process.

  1. Types of context and their
    role in realization of meaning.

  2. Meaning and use.

6.1.
One of the approaches to the investigating word-meaning is through
the study of syntagmatic
relations

of words, combinations with other words in speech, i.e. in typical
contexts.

“The
Oxford Companion to the English Language” defines context
as (1)
the speech… that normally precedes and follows a word or other
element of language, (2)
the linguistic, situational, social and cultural environment of an
element of language.

We shouldn’t assume that
words acquire meanings only in context as the meaning of the word is
its inherent property. But a particular meaning is realized in a
certain context.

Word-meaning
is determined by different types of contex. Firstly, we distinguish
between linguistic,
or verbal
contex

and extralinguistic,
or non-verbal
contex
.

Linguistic
context

is the minimum stretch of speech necessary to determine (realize)
each individual meaning. The semantic structure of a word has an
objective existence. Context brings out, actualizes meanings and it
is in this sense that we say that word meaning is determined by
context.

Technically, the occurrence of
a word in a linguistic context is said to be determined by
collocational or selectional restrictions,

e.g. the
use of flock
with sheep
and birds,
pack
with dogs,
wolves
and cards.

Generally such association is
largely determined by meaning

e.g. drink
beer/milk
,
but eat
bread/meat,

but also, by the conventions
of use,

e.g. milk
is never rancid,
but sour.

On the other hand, meaning is
determined by context,

e.g. white
people, white
wine, white
coffee (which is of course brown).

A certain meaning in the
semantic structure of a word which is least dependent on context and
is representative of a word in isolation, i.e. occurs to us when we
hear or see the word alone, is called free,

e.g. doctor
“smb
whose profession is to attend to and treat sick people”.

The other
meanings that the word realizes only in certain contexts are bound,

e.g. a
radio/bicycle doctor

“(infml)
a person whose job is to repair the stated thing”.

There are
two types of linguistic context: lexical
context
(collocation)

and grammatical
context
(colligation).

Lexical
context

is a habitual association of a word with other words in speech, the
co-occurrence range of the word, i.e. the group of other lexical
items combined with a given word.

e.g. raise
when combined with cattle
or pigs
means ”keep animals”, when combined with hopes
and awareness
means “cause to appear or exist”, when combined with question
or issue
means “mention”.

In
grammatical
context

it is the grammatical structure, morpho-syntactic combinability of
the word that brings out individual meanings. In modern linguistics,
the term pattern
is used to denote grammatical context. Patterns are represented in
conventional symbols, e.g. N — nouns, V — verbs, D — adverbs, etc.

e.g. make:
V+N “to produce” (to make smth);

VNV “to force” (to make
smb do smth);

VAN “to become” (to make a
good teacher).

However, we often find that
both lexical and grammatical context should be considered together as
grammatical context alone is insufficient to indicate in which
meaning the word is used,

e.g. (1)
take
in the VN pattern is used in different meanings determined by the
lexical context:

take
coffee/tea/sugar

“eat or drink”,

take the
bus/train
,
etc. — “travel by”;

(2) in the
pattern V prp N take
has again quite different meanings:

take to
gardening

“adopt as a practice or hobby”,

take to
the woods

“take refuge in”.

It is argued that difference
in the distribution of the word indicates the difference in meaning.
But the sameness of the distribution does not imply the same meaning:
in the same pattern a word may be used in different meanings which
are brought out by the lexical context.

Non-linguistic
context

is often referred to as situation,
i.e. the actual speech situation in which the word is used. Here the
contextual factors are: (1)
the speaker and the listener, i.e. their age, sex, background, social
class, occupation, social relations, physical and emotional state,
(2)
the setting, i.e. the circumstances, e.g. the place and time of
communication, for example, a law court or a press conference.

e.g. If “We are going down”,
perhaps in a storm, is said on board a ship it means “The ship is
sinking”, if it is said on campus, say, at the end of June, it
means “We are leaving the university, having graduated”.

Language
should be considered in a
broad context of culture, way of life
,
the very environment in which it exists. Words should be studied in a
broad context of attitudes and perceptions as part of people’s life
experience. The extralinguistic knowledge about how things are
organized and perceived (the
context of reference)

then becomes indispensable.

Purely linguistic and
extralinguistic features are closely interwoven. Historical and
cultural information is actually realized in words.

6.2.
It is important to distinguish between systemic
or «standard»
meanings

that the word has in the lexicon, on the one hand, and «contextual»
meanings
,
or uses
of the word in different contexts. Thus «permanent»
(common) «stock»/»usual» meanings which are fixed
in dictionaries are opposed to «functional»/»situational/occasional»
meanings, which are not registered in dictionaries. They are also
called «extended», «creative», unique to each
specific instance, while «dictionary» meanings are
«conventionalized» and are realized in typical context.

Thus, we can describe the
above opposition in the following terms:

Static
meanings

Dynamic
meanings (= uses)

Found
in dictionaries

Found
in speech

Realized
in context

Deriving
from context

Base-meaning

Extended
meaning

Predictable

Unpredictable

Common/generalized

Unique/personal

e.g. The
noun snout
means «the front part of an animal’s head, esp. a pig’s head».
It can also be used contemptuously of a human nose when it is large
or badly shaped. These are systemic «dictionary» meanings,
belonging to the conventional vocabulary. But in «the
snout of the lorry
»
(Gerald Durrell) snout
refers to «the pointed part of something, thought to be like a
snout». This is an occasional use of the word which extends its
semantic potential.

Thus, words used in various
contexts may acquire additional meanings. In most cases «extended»
meanings are dynamic, i.e. «creative» uses, expressing the
speaker’s individual views and attitudes. Usually such uses are
emotional-expressive (metaphoric),

e.g. «the
blanket

of the dark» (Shakespeare).

«Occasional
meanings» (uses) may eventually become conventional meanings,
for example, now blanket
has the fixed meaning «a thick covering», in which it was
originally used by Shakespeare in «Macbeth».

Any text includes both types
of semantic realization of words. On the one hand, there are always
words used in their conventional meanings; on the other hand, there
are «dynamic», occasional uses.

The actual meanings of words
in context are affected by the genre of the utterance, the type of
discourse and the functional style in which the given lexical item
occurs. The number of «extended», occasional uses is
greatest in imaginative genres — in fiction and journalism, as
compared to informative ones. There seems to be no limit to how
widely the word can vary in its «creative», extended uses.
Such uses contribute to the development of the word’s semantic
structure.

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