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Derived words

The derived words or complex words are words that come from another word which is called a primitive word. For example, the word tree it is a primitive word since it does not derive from any other. Several derived words can be extracted from this word. For example: grove, arboreal, wooded, little tree.

So a derived word belongs to the same semantic field than the primitive word. This means that the derivative will have some conceptual relationship with its primitive words. Following the example of the word tree (primitive word) we know that its derived word grove means «set of trees».

How are derived words formed?

Derived words are formed by adding suffixes or prefixes to the primitive word:

Examples of words derived from suffixes

1. Whiteness: primitive word White + suffix —ura
2. Tablespoon: primitive word spoon + suffix —gives
3. To flourish: primitive word flower + suffix -ecer
4. True: primitive word truth + suffix -ero
5. Violinist: primitive word fiddle + suffix -ist
6. Self-conscious: primitive word complex + suffix -ada
7. Contemplative: primitive word contemplate + suffix -ivo
8. Long lasting: primitive word Lasted + suffix -ero
9. Irritable: primitive word irritate + suffix -able
10. Nose or proboscis: primitive word nose + suffixes -on or -udo
11. Blackish: primitive word black + suffix -I think
12. Original: primitive word source + suffix -inal
13. Parasitic: primitive word parasite + suffix -Aryan
14. Leaden: primitive word lead + suffix -i
15. Unbreakable: primitive word to break + suffix -ible
16. Pinkish: primitive word pink + suffix -eo

Words derived from prefixes

1. Antiaircraft: prefix anti- + primitive word aerial
2. Atheist: prefix to- + primitive words teo (God)
3. Bilingual: prefix bi- + primitive word lingual (language)
4. Live together: prefix with- + primitive word to live
5. Undo: prefix des- + primitive word make
6. Single color: prefix monkey- + primitive word Colour.
7. Pluricellular: prefix pluri- + primitive word cell
8. Polysyllable: prefix cop- + primitive word syllable
9. Predict: prefix pre- + primitive word say
10. Redo: prefix re- + primitive word make
11. Underground: prefix sub- + primitive word land
12. Overlap: prefix Super- + primitive word set
13. Transfer: prefix after- + primitive word happen
14. Sole proprietorship: prefix uni- + primitive word person
15. Deputy director: prefix vice- + primitive word director

Examples of derived words

In the following examples, a primitive word, from which several derived words emerge.

1. Love: love affair, love affair.
2. Old: antiquity, ancient.
3. Weapon: armor, armament, armed.
4. Garbage: garbage dump, garbage dump.
5. Corpse: cadaverous.
6. Coffee: caffeine, cafeteria, coffee maker.
7. Box: fit, drawer, cashier.
8. Countryside: camping, camping.
9. Singing: song, singer-songwriter, songbook, singer.
10. Car: lane, road, cart.
11. Letter: postman, primer, wallet, correspondence.
12. Light blue: matchmaker.
13. Darling: heavenly, heavenly.
14. Movie theater: filmmaker, cinema, cinephile, cinematographer.
15. Sure: clarity, chiaroscuro.
16. Class: classification, class.
17. Weather: acclimatize, climate.
18. Coward: cowardice, cowardice.
19. Blanket: shelter, shelter.
20. Food: eat, trough, dining room.
21. Cream: creamy, creamy.
22. Notebook: bind.
23. Finger: thimble.
24. Tooth: dental, dentist, toothpaste.
25. Ten: tithe, tenth.
26. Elite: elitist, elitism.
27. Broom: brush, brush.
28. Fiction: fictitious.
29. Flower: vase, florist, flourish, flourishing, floral, bloom.
30. Fry: fried, deep fryer, frying.
31. Front: face, frontal, face.
32. Cold: cool, cold.
33. Fruit: frugal, fruitful, fruity, greengrocer, fruity.
34. People: gentilicio, courtesy.
35. Balloon: encompass, global, globalization.
36. Live: habitation, habit, habitual, habitat.
37. Flour: flour.
38. Story: historical, history, historicity, historian.
39. Leaf: litter, defoliate.
40. Man: manhood, shoulder pads.
41. Invention: reinvent, inventory, invention, inventive, inventor.
42. Young: youth, rejuvenate, jovial.
43. Jewel: jewelry, jewelery.
44. Juice: wipe, juicy, juicer.
45. Pencil: pen.
46. Milk: milkman, dairy.
47. Book: bookstore, bookcase, notebook.
48. Wrench: key chain.
49. Rain: drizzle, rainy.
50. Light: luminous, luminous, luminescent, star, illuminate.
51. Hand: slap, mitt, handle, handle, handlebar.
52. Makeup: make-up remover, makeup artist, makeup artist.
53. Best: improve, improvement, improvement.
54. Less: minority, lessen, minimal.
55. Mine: ore, miner, mining.
56. Wet: soak, wet.
57. Death: deadly, deadly, deadly.
58. Woman: womanizer, slut, little women.
59. World: worldly, worldly.
60. Music: musician, musical, musicalization.
61. Boy: childhood, childish, babysitter.
62. Knot: knot, unknot.
63. New: novelty, newbie, renew.
64. Hate: hateful, hateful.
65. Eye: sideways eye, buttonhole, dark circles, eyeing.
66. Dark: darkness, darkening, chiaroscuro.
67. Bread: bakery, baker, breadmaker, breading.
68. Paper: ballot, stationery, paper.
69. Tablets: filling, filling.
70. Hair: fur, hairy.
71. Person: personal, character, personify.
72. Fish: fishing, fish tank, fish.
73. Painting: painterly, paint, brush, brushes.
74. Flat: stomp, stomp.
75. Feather: feather duster, plumage, feather jacket, plumage.
76. Town: population, town, small town, popular.
77. Lung: pneumonia, pulmonary.
78. Pulse: pulse, bracelet, pulse, pulse.
79. Fist: stab, dagger, handful, punch.
80. Pure: purify, purity.
81. Crank: unhinged, unhinged.
82. Clock: watchmaker, watchmaker.
83. rose: rosedal, pinkish, roses.
84. Salt: salty, salt shaker, salty, salty.
85. Blood: bloody, bleeding, bleeding.
86. Sign: signal, signaling, pointing.
87. Be quiet: silence, silent.
88. Sun: solar, solstice, sunny.
89. Shadow: parasol, parasol, hat, hatter.
90. Sound: rattle, rattle.
91. Subject: fasten, fastened.
92. Tapestry: upholstery, upholstery.
93. To have: fork, holding.
94. Theory: theorem, theorize.
95. Sad: sadden, sadness, sadly.
96. Green: greenish, greenish, verdigris.
97. Old: old age, aged.
98. Wind: windy.
99. Live: live together.
100. Shoe: shoemaker, shoemaker, shoemaker, slipper.

See also:

The following article is from The Great Soviet Encyclopedia (1979). It might be outdated or ideologically biased.

Derived Word

 

a new word in a language formed from preexisting words by using active models of word-formation and composition. In synchronous linguistics, all words that can be divided into morphemes are considered derived words, regardless of the words’ origins; this includes words whose divisibility is historically secondary. From the standpoint of modern Russian, for example, the word zontik (“umbrella”) is derived fron zont (also meaning “umbrella”), whereas historically zont is derived from zontik (from the Dutch zondek). On the other hand, many words that arose as derived words were de-etymologized and are no longer perceived as derived words; for example, kol’tso (“ring”) is historically a diminutive of kolo (“circle”).

The Great Soviet Encyclopedia, 3rd Edition (1970-1979). © 2010 The Gale Group, Inc. All rights reserved.

References in periodicals archive
?

syn ‘son’, mama ‘mum’, papa ‘dad’, ded ‘grandfather’, baba ‘grandmother’), the grammatical gender of the derived word will not change in relation to the pre—existing word.

Although derived word forms are generally more difficult to learn than inflected forms (e.g., suffixes that mark tense and plurality), morphology should be explicitly taught in the early years.

Derived Word Analogy Task—(task by Nunes, Bryant, and Bindman 1997, adapted by Justi and Roazzi 2012).

suffixes pass over from forming desubstantive agent nouns to forming derivative, there existing or arising cases where the derived word permits of a double interpretation: as a formation from a substantive or as a formation from a verb generally derived from that very substantive».

The species name of nivalis comes from the Latin word nivis which means snow and the derived word in our language, nival which means growing among snow, so the taxonomists of years gone by got that bit right.

The first factor, Gender Agreement, had two levels: same and different (prime and target), and the second factor, Stem, referred to the pairs of words which could have the same stem (being the prime a derived word and the target a word without a derivative suffix) or a non-related word (when the stem was not shared).

That evening, my student checked through the various notes he had purchased to discover that the lesson was derived word for word from one of them.

Unlike type and token frequency, relative frequency takes into consideration the frequencies of both the derived word and its lexical base, and maintains that a word-formation process is more productive when the derived items are less frequent than their lexical bases.

The second assumption is that the rules of lexical morphology not only define derived word forms and their syntactic properties, but also novel lexical meanings.

(3) This demonstrates that the more often a speaker flapped the /t/ in the base form, the more often he or she flapped the /t/ in the derived word, and vice-versa.

Is it always the case that an English Anglo-Saxon derived word should be preferred to a foreign word?

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The morphologically unchanged part of the word thathas a lexical meaning — it is the basis, it is depending on it, non-derivative and derivative words are distinguished. Each base is characterized by two-sided: structurally and semantically.

Differences

Non-derivative stem is not semanticallymotivated, because it can not be explained with the help of related words, and morphologically it is not considered. In its structure it is equivalent to the root of the word. For example: forest-a; boldth; kind-about; rivers-and so on.

These fundamentals are non-derivative. And the derivative words can be distinguished by these features: motivated semantically, explained by the selection of a related basis. Its structure is easily divided into two equivalent blocks, that is, the very basis that forms derivative words, and the word-building affix. The examples will be the same: forest-Noah; bold-ost; kind-out;

The first block is the base

Non-derivative and derivative words refer tothe domain of word formation, where the central concept is the basis — the basic or the producing. From the basic in form and meaning, that is, two-sided, the derivative is derived, which is why it is considered motivating for the derived basis. Hence, the basis of the derived word is the basis of the motivating one. For example, in a word forest-and-th basis base — forest, and here forestry- is the basis of the adjective motivating. Thus, non-derivative and derivative words are distinguished.

The first block of this derivational structure is the base forest, it is basic, as in any other derived word. It, in turn, can become non-derivative, because everything depends on the ability to break into individual members. For example, a word woodman-ost. In all cases, everything is decided by the stage of production. That is, the first step is a derivative word derived from the root morpheme, here the base is non-derivative, and all subsequent steps make the word derivative.

Scheme

Derivative and non-derivative basis of a word on its word-building structure can be represented by the following schemes:

1. Base base (I) + word-forming suffix (II) + flexion. Examples: proud-ost; speech-k-a; books-N-th.

2. The word-forming prefix (II) + the basic basis (I) + inflexion. Examples:always-Yes; thewithin-to.

3. The word-forming prefix (II) + the base base (I) + the word-forming suffix (II) + inflection. Examples:conversations-Nick; atmoraine-Sk.

Thus, we can formulate from the above diagrams the basic laws of word formation in the Russian language. The derivative and non-derivative basis of the word are easily demarcated.

Basic Basics

The first rule: the word is always formed from the base stem that exists in the language, and the word-building affixes help in this process. In general, the basic framework is a functional concept, since it can be the same for a whole series of words, because from one root we form several, and sometimes many, others. For example, from the noun there are all kinds of adjectives that differ only in word-building affixes: goals-a — goals-n-oh — goals-ast-th; eye — eye-n-oh — eye-st-th and so on.

All words have a derivative property andnon-derivative, the meaning of a word from this basically depends. But the basic basis is for all derivatives. If the base itself is delimited, then there are difficulties and even errors in the definition of word-building affixes. For example: a noun like talent, comes from the adjective talented, and not vice versa, as always happens. Noun talent first had to form talent-live, and already from here appeared a new noun with the help of an affix —awn. Otherwise,talent-ost «, somehow ugly.

Affixes

The second rule: all words in one meaning of the basic bases are obtained by using the same affix or one of its types. Here the principle of semantic deducibility acts as the foundation for motivational relations of basic words and their derivatives. Of course, such a phenomenon as the polysemy of words adds complexity to this principle. In Russian, most of them are polysemantic, and this is reflected in word formation.

The semantic structure of the derivative and multivaluedThe initial words are often quite different from each other. A derivative word usually has some one, a separate meaning, which is different from the base. Here the main role is played by the derivative and non-derivative basis of the word. Examples can be found everywhere. Take the adjective old. He has several meanings: a person, an animal or an object that has reached old age; It is something ancient, existing since ancient times; long used, old, spoiled by time; old; inappropriate, invalid; old, outdated, out-of-date and many, many more. The group of derivatives of this word is numerous and is related to the first, initial value of the base stem: old, old, old, old, old, old, old and so on. From here appear derivatives that change the original meaning.

Non-derivative words

It is known that the boundary between classes thatwould represent an exact contrast, which words derivatives, and which are non-derivatives, are not strictly stringent. Accentological analysis makes this distinction so that words that have no semantic connection with any real word in Russian belong to the category of non-derivatives. A lot of them: luggage, author, lively, water, strong, take and so on. In addition, non-productive words must be words with a one-morphic basis — barking, running and so on. Also in the number of non-derivatives there will be words, so to say, «overtaken».

What does «derivative and non-derivative words» meanbecomes more understandable when the principle of joining morphemes becomes clear. Joining can be tight and no. How do two word forms combine into one word? Its main part is an independently existing word form. Recycling and oil refining, red and beautiful, entrance and exit — a million examples. Here is the last — tightly joined, and the first — loose.

Words-workers

It is in no way confusing the derivative and the generatingword. The producer — works, directly from him and appears a derivative, with its material backbone repeating the parental traits, but not completely, but how about a son looks like a mother, a father, or even a cousin: there the ending is truncated, and sometimes and the suffix disappears. Work-nik — works; pri-chain and so on. Here, the producing word here is invariable, and the derivative is obtained by means of affixes and is often not identical to the usual basis of the word.

On this subject — «Derivatives and non-derivative words»- the summary of the lesson would be interesting, since word formation is very strongly connected with all manifestations of human existence. The teacher simply expanses in the selection of examples, comparisons, illustrations.

Analysis

Comparison in the analysis of the derived word withrelated words to him, that is, close in meaning and sound, can not be, and this is done very often. It is very difficult to give an exhaustive answer to the question of what words are called non-productive. Derivatives are easier to operate. This term in itself is too broad, since it covers a huge word-building nest where derivatives are located not only with the producing basis that interests us, but also a lot of words that do not directly concern it, there are a lot of related entities.

For example, adjective talkative. Here you can give related words: speaking, talking, speaking, talking, talking, talking or talking. And here only one, the second, will beproducing, it is from this directly formed this adjective. The last two are superfluous, they do not contribute to the chosen direction of analysis, because the adjective talkative is formed not from the verb, but from the noun conversation, that is, from its substitutive generatingthe basis, and the past tense (form) — from the infinitive, which included all other suffixes as additional elements. It is from here that one can observe what the derivative and non-derivative basis of the word in word formation means.

And yet — the definition

Non-derivative words can be considered those thatthey are not formed and are not derived from any other single-root word existing in the language. Regarding derived words, the opposite is true. These are formations from words that already exist in a language with the help of various models of word formation. The motivation for it is the relationship of two words with one root. The value of one of them is determined either by the value of the other (crab — crab-uk that is, small, but still crab), or through identity in all components, excluding the grammatical meaning of the part of speech (white th — white-out, run-a-th — run and so on).

Word chain is a series of words withsingle root that are consistently motivated. The initial, initial link is an unmotivated word, then with each newly formed word motivation grows. Both derived and non-derived words are thus defined. Examples: old-old-old-old-old-old-old-old-old. Here, there are four degrees of motivation, and together they constitute a word-formation nest, in which there are much more chicks. The original word is a kind of bird-mother, a kind of peak, and it is unmotivated. From it emanate derivational chains that have the same source word.

Morphemes

First you need to define eachstructure element. The part of the word where its lexical meaning is expressed is called the base. Inflection is an ending that always indicates the relation of this word to others. Root — part of the word, which is common to all related. Affixes (or formants) are morphemes that join the root and serve to form new words.

Modern Russian word formation occurs in different ways — both morphological and non-morphological. First of all — the pattern in the combination of morphemes in the process of word formation.

Ways of word formation

Morphological methods of word formation are quite numerous.

1. Addition, that is, the formation of complex and compound-abbreviated words (earthquake, sky-vault, steam drive and rai-com, lik-without, savings bank).

2. A rarely used non-affix method, works only for nouns, there changes the consonant at the end and the stress, and the basis remains the same.

3. Affix — from the most productive when morphemes are added to the root, creating both lexical and grammatical forms.

4. Suffix — is added to the base suffix.

5. Prefixal — the prefix is ​​added.

6. Suffix-prefix — accordingly, both are added, respectively.

7. Postfix — an affix is ​​added after the end.

There are only three non-morphological methods of word formation: lexico-semantic (a word with a new meaning), lexico-syntactic (former phrases like crazy) and morphological-syntactic, when wordsbecome other parts of speech. Having mastered these rules of word formation, a person will already be able to answer which words are derivatives, and which words are never non-derivatives.

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to receive or obtain from a source or origin (usually followed by from). to trace from a source or origin: English words derived from German. to reach or obtain by reasoning; deduce; infer.

How do you use derived?

derived

1. The English word ‘olive’ is derived from the Latin word ‘oliva’.
2. We have derived a great deal of benefit from her advice.
3. She derived no benefit from the course of drugs.
4. The word ‘politics’ is derived from a Greek word meaning ‘city’.
5. He derived great pleasure from painting.
6. This word is derived from Latin.

What’s another word for derive?

Some common synonyms of derive are arise, emanate, flow, issue, originate, proceed, rise, spring, and stem.

What is the synonym and antonym of derive?

derive. Synonyms: deduce, trace, follow, track, draw, resolve. Antonyms: misdeduce, misattribute, mistrace.

What is the opposite of derived?

created	decreased
departed	discouraged
disregarded	dissuaded
doubted	failed
forfeited	gave

What is the opposite of derive?

What is the opposite of derive?

create	decrease
depart	discourage
disregard	dissuade
doubt	fail
forfeit	give

What is opposite word of derived?

derive. Antonyms: misdeduce, misattribute, mistrace. Synonyms: deduce, trace, follow, track, draw, resolve.

What is another word for from?

Find another word for from. In this page you can discover 16 synonyms, antonyms, idiomatic expressions, and related words for from, like: out-of, beginning with, of, via, along-with, in distinction to, whence, coming from, through, whencesoever and escape.

What does Glen mean?

A glen is a valley, typically one that is long and bounded by gently sloped concave sides, unlike a ravine, which is deep and bounded by steep slopes. Whittow defines it as a “Scottish term for a deep valley in the Highlands” that is “narrower than a strath”.

Is Glen a boy or a girl?

Glenn is a boy or girl’s name that comes from the Irish and Gaelic name Glen. It simply means “glen”.

What does Glen mean in Whisky?

narrow valley

What’s the difference between a glen and a valley?

As nouns the difference between valley and glen is that valley is an elongated depression between hills or mountains, often with a river flowing through it while glen is a secluded and narrow valley; a dale; a depression between hills.

Which best defines a glen?

a valley, especially in Scotland.

What does Ben mean in Scottish?

(bɛn ) Scottish. 1. an inner room in a house or cottage.

Is a glen a Vale?

As nouns the difference between glen and vale is that glen is a secluded and narrow valley; a dale; a depression between hills while vale is (mostly|poetic) a valley.

What’s a Strath?

A strath is a large valley, typically a river valley that is wide and shallow (as opposed to a glen, which is typically narrower and deep).

Is Glen a Scottish name?

The name Glen/Glenn stems from the Scottish/Irish Gaelic word ‘gleann’. In Scotland, a glen is another name for a valley or meadow. The meaning of the name Glen is ‘from the valley’.

How are Glens formed?

Glens are sometimes formed by a glacier that cuts the valley and the mountains on each side to form a U-shape. A glen can also be formed by a river, slowly shaping the valley.

Is Glenn short for anything?

Glen is Glen or usually spelled Glenn.

How do you spell Glenn?

Glenn is a given name and a surname….Glenn (name)

Pronunciation	/ˈɡlɛn/
Gender	Male (rarely female)
Origin
Meaning	Valley
Region of origin	Irish

What is a forest glen?

Forest Glen (“The Glen”) is a small community of about 550 families on the Northwest side of Chicago. Forest Glen’s history has played a unique part in Chicago’s heritage. The Pottawatomie Indians inhabited the area in the 17th century.

What is a brake in nature?

brake – n. an overgrown area, tangled with dense brush and briars. copse – n. a cluster of small trees and shrubs.

What is a nickname for Glenn?

Nickname – Glenn Nicknames, cool fonts, symbols and tags for Glenn – Glenny Boi, Glenn 10, Glennjamin, Glenbo, ᴿᵀᴷ᭄G L E Nツ, Glenny.

Is Glen a woman’s name?

Gender Popularity of the Name “Glen” Boy or Girl? Glen: It’s a boy! Since 1880, a total of 123,467 boys have been given the name Glen while we have no record of any girls being named Glen.

What does Glenn mean in Hebrew?

גלן Hebrew; The name is of biblical origin, first cited in the Scroll of Esther (), “And [Mordechai] had raised Hadassah, she is Esther . The meaning of Glen is “A Secluded, Woody Valley”. [ 1 syll. Meaning: The meaning of the name Glenn is: Valley in the mountains, Narrow valley. It is pronounced GLehN †.

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Morphological derivation, in linguistics, is the process of forming a new word from an existing word, often by adding a prefix or suffix, such as un- or -ness. For example, unhappy and happiness derive from the root word happy.

It is differentiated from inflection, which is the modification of a word to form different grammatical categories without changing its core meaning: determines, determining, and determined are from the root determine.^[1]

Derivational patterns[edit]

Derivational morphology often involves the addition of a derivational suffix or other affix. Such an affix usually applies to words of one lexical category (part of speech) and changes them into words of another such category. For example, one effect of the English derivational suffix -ly is to change an adjective into an adverb (slow → slowly).

Here are examples of English derivational patterns and their suffixes:

• adjective-to-noun: -ness (slow → slowness)
• adjective-to-verb: -en (weak → weaken)
• adjective-to-adjective: -ish (red → reddish)
• adjective-to-adverb: -ly (personal → personally)
• noun-to-adjective: -al (recreation → recreational)
• noun-to-verb: -fy (glory → glorify)
• verb-to-adjective: -able (drink → drinkable)
• verb-to-noun (abstract): -ance (deliver → deliverance)
• verb-to-noun (agent): -er (write → writer)

However, derivational affixes do not necessarily alter the lexical category; they may change merely the meaning of the base and leave the category unchanged. A prefix (write → re-write; lord → over-lord) rarely changes the lexical category in English. The prefix un- applies to adjectives (healthy → unhealthy) and some verbs (do → undo) but rarely to nouns. A few exceptions are the derivational prefixes en- and be-. En- (replaced by em- before labials) is usually a transitive marker on verbs, but it can also be applied to adjectives and nouns to form transitive verbs: circle (verb) → encircle (verb) but rich (adj) → enrich (verb), large (adj) → enlarge (verb), rapture (noun) → enrapture (verb), slave (noun) → enslave (verb).

When derivation occurs without any change to the word, such as in the conversion of the noun breakfast into the verb to breakfast, it’s known as conversion, or zero derivation.

Derivation that results in a noun may be called nominalization. It may involve the use of an affix (such as with employ → employee), or it may occur via conversion (such as with the derivation of the noun run from the verb to run). In contrast, a derivation resulting in a verb may be called verbalization (such as from the noun butter to the verb to butter).

Derivation and inflection[edit]

Derivation can be contrasted with inflection, in that derivation can produce a new word (a distinct lexeme) but isn’t required to change this, whereas inflection produces grammatical variants of the same word.

Generally speaking, inflection applies in more or less regular patterns to all members of a part of speech (for example, nearly every English verb adds -s for the third person singular present tense), while derivation follows less consistent patterns (for example, the nominalizing suffix -ity can be used with the adjectives modern and dense, but not with open or strong). However, it is important to note that derivations and inflections can share homonyms, that being, morphemes that have the same sound, but not the same meaning. For example, when the affix -er, is added to an adjective, as in small-er, it acts as an inflection, but when added to a verb, as in cook-er, it acts as a derivation.^[2]

As mentioned above, a derivation can produce a new word (or new part of speech) but is not required to do so. For example, the derivation of the word «common» to «uncommon» is a derivational morpheme but doesn’t change the part of speech (adjective).

An important distinction between derivational and inflectional morphology lies in the content/function of a listeme^{[clarification needed]}. Derivational morphology changes both the meaning and the content of a listeme, while inflectional morphology doesn’t change the meaning, but changes the function.

A non-exhaustive list of derivational morphemes in English: -ful, -able, im-, un-, -ing, -er

A non-exhaustive list of inflectional morphemes in English: -er, -est, -ing, -en, -ed, -s

Derivation and other types of word formation[edit]

Derivation can be contrasted with other types of word formation such as compounding. For full details see Word formation.

Note that derivational affixes are bound morphemes – they are meaningful units, but can only normally occur when attached to another word. In that respect, derivation differs from compounding by which free morphemes are combined (lawsuit, Latin professor). It also differs from inflection in that inflection does not create new lexemes but new word forms (table → tables; open → opened).

Productivity[edit]

Derivational patterns differ in the degree to which they can be called productive. A productive pattern or affix is one that is commonly used to produce novel forms. For example, the negating prefix un- is more productive in English than the alternative in-; both of them occur in established words (such as unusual and inaccessible), but faced with a new word which does not have an established negation, a native speaker is more likely to create a novel form with un- than with in-. The same thing happens with suffixes. For example, if comparing two words Thatcherite and Thatcherist, the analysis shows that both suffixes -ite and -ist are productive and can be added to proper names, moreover, both derived adjectives are established and have the same meaning. But the suffix -ist is more productive and, thus, can be found more often in word formation not only from proper names.

See also[edit]

• Agglutination
• Collocation
• Inflection
• Nominalization
• Word formation
• Word root

References[edit]

• Speech and Language Processing, Jurafsky, D. & Martin J.,H.

In morphology, derivation is the process of creating a new word out of an old word, usually by adding a prefix or a suffix. The word comes from the Latin, «to draw off,» and its adjectival form is derivational.

Linguist Geert Booij, in «The Grammar of Words,» notes that one criterion for distinguishing derivation and ​inflection «is that derivation may feed inflection, but not vice versa. Derivation applies to the stem-forms of words, without their inflectional endings, and creates new, more complex stems to which inflectional rules can be applied.»

The derivational change that takes place without the addition of a bound morpheme (such as the use of the noun impact as a verb) is called zero derivation or conversion.

Examples and Observations

«Derivational morphology studies the principles governing the construction of new words, without reference to the specific grammatical role a word might play in a sentence. In the formation of drinkable from drink, or disinfect from infect, for example, we see the formation of new words, each with its own grammatical properties.»

– David Crystal, «How Language Works.» Overlook Press, 2005

Derivation vs. Inflection

Morphology may be divided into derivation—rules that form a new word out of old words, like duckfeathers and unkissable—and inflection—rules that modify a word to fit its role in a sentence, what language teachers call conjugation and declension.»

– Steven Pinker, «Words and Rules: The Ingredients of Language.» Basic Books, 1999

«The distinction between inflectional morphology and derivational morphology is an ancient one. Fundamentally, it is a matter of the means used to create new lexemes (derivational affixes among other processes) and those used to mark the role of the lexeme in a particular sentence (accidence, inflectional morphology)…

«It seems that although we probably can maintain a distinction between inflectional and derivational morphology relatively well in English—albeit with certain problematical cases which do not invalidate the fundamental notion—the distinction is not helpful to us in understanding any other aspects of the morphology of English. The classification might be useful in terms of typology, but does not throw much light on the behavior of English morphological processes.»

– Laurie Bauer, Rochelle Lieber, and Ingo Plag, The Oxford Reference Guide to English Morphology. Oxford University Press, 2013

Derivation, Compounding, and Productivity

«Word-formation is traditionally divided into two kinds: derivation and compounding. Whereas in compounding the constituents of a word are themselves lexemes, this is not the case in derivation. For instance, -ity is not a lexeme, and hence taxability is a case of derivation. The word income tax, on the other hand, is a compound since both income and tax are lexemes. Changing the word class of a word, as happened in the creation of the verb to tax from the noun tax, is called conversion, and may be subsumed under derivation…

«Morphological patterns that can be systematically extended are called productive. The derivation of nouns ending in -er from verbs is productive in English, but the derivation of nouns in -th from adjectives is not: it is hard to expand the set of words of this type such as depth, health, length, strength, and wealth. Marchand (1969: 349) has observed some occasional coinings like coolth (after warmth) but notes that such word coinings are often jocular, and hence do not represent a productive pattern. If we want to coin a new English noun on the basis of an adjective, we have to use -ness or -ity instead.»

– Geert Booij, «The Grammar of Words: An Introduction to Linguistic Morphology.» Oxford University Press, 2005

Changes to Meaning and Word Class: Prefixes and Suffixes

«Derivational prefixes do not normally alter the word class of the base word; that is, a prefix is added to a noun to form a new noun with a different meaning:

Derivational suffixes, on the other hand, usually change both the meaning and the word class; that is, a suffix is often added to a verb or adjective to form a new noun with a different meaning:

• patient: outpatient
• group: subgroup
• trial: retrial
• adjective — dark: darkness
• verb — agree: agreement
• noun — friend: friendship«

– Douglas Biber, Susan Conrad, and Geoffrey Leech, «Longman Student Grammar of Spoken and Written English.» Longman, 2002

What is example of derived?

To derive is defined as to come from be created from or be developed out of something else. An example of derive is when you get the idea for a new fund raising event based on the event the previous year. An example of derive is when a scientist builds upon the work of another scientist.

What does have been derived mean?

1. to receive or obtain from a source or origin (usu. fol. by from) gain glean. 2. to trace from a source or origin. 3. to reach or obtain by reasoning deduce infer.

How is the meaning of words derived?

Etymology (/ˌɛtɪˈmɒlədʒi/) is the study of the history of words. By extension the etymology of a word means its origin and development throughout history. … In this way word roots in European languages for example can be traced all the way back to the origin of the Indo-European language family.

What is derived in a sentence?

1. She derived no benefit from the course of drugs. 2. The English word ‘olive’ is derived from the Latin word ‘oliva’.

How do you use the word derive?

Derive in a Sentence ?

1. Mary hopes to derive a sizable income from her pie sales.
2. In our small town most of the citizens derive their income from manufacturing jobs.
3. Is it possible that Mary’s fear of abandonment could derive from the trauma of her parents accidentally leaving her at the mall?

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What are the 22 derived quantities?

For convenience certain coherent derived units have been given special names and symbols. There are 22 such units (see Table below).
…
Derived units with special names and symbols.

Derived quantity	energy work amount of heat
SI coherent derived unit	joule
J
N m
m2 kg s–2

What is derived verb?

verb (used with object) de·rived de·riv·ing. to receive or obtain from a source or origin (usually followed by from). to trace from a source or origin: English words derived from German. to reach or obtain by reasoning deduce infer. Chemistry. to produce or obtain (a substance) from another.

Has derived from meaning?

To arrive at by reasoning deduce or infer: derive a conclusion from facts. ( adding an object + from)

What is the oldest word in the world?

Mother bark and spit are just three of 23 words that researchers believe date back 15 000 years making them the oldest known words.

How are new words formed by Andy boodle?

The commonest method of creating a new word is to add a prefix or suffix to an existing one. Hence realisation (1610s) democratise (1798) detonator (1822) preteen (1926) hyperlink (1987) and monogamish (2011). The inverse of the above: the creation of a new root word by the removal of a phantom affix.

What are derived words with examples?

Derivational suffixes include -ion and -ly. Unlike inflections derivations may change a word’s part of speech. For example the noun vacation is derived from the verb vacate by the addition of-ion the adjective facial is derived from the noun face by the addition of -ial.

How do you use inscription in a sentence?

Inscription in a Sentence ?

1. The painting looked like a real one but the inscription on the back proved it was a fake.
2. Each letter had an inscription with writing partly in English and also in French.
3. Native American hunters carved their inscription and a few pictures into the soft clay.

What did abolish mean?

Definition of abolish

transitive verb. : to end the observance or effect of (something such as a law) : to completely do away with (something) : annul abolish a law abolish slavery. Other Words from abolish Synonyms More Example Sentences Learn More About abolish.

What is a better word for Which?

In this page you can discover 23 synonyms antonyms idiomatic expressions and related words for which like: that and which and-that what whichever who whatever thus for-which therefore and so-that. Words That Rhyme With Orange.

What is derive in reading?

1 : to take or get from a source I derive great pleasure from reading. 2 : to come from a certain source Some modern holidays derive from ancient traditions. 3 : to trace the origin or source of We derive the word “cherry” from a French word.

Which of the following is the best synonym for the word derived?

Some common synonyms of derive are arise emanate flow issue originate proceed rise spring and stem.

What is a good sentence for derive?

derive sth from sth

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She derives great pleasure/satisfaction from playing the violin. Many people derive their self-worth from their work. I didn’t derive much benefit from school. She derived great satisfaction from helping other people.

What are the five examples of derived units?

The SI derived units for these derived quantities are obtained from these equations and the seven SI base units.
…

Derived quantity	Name	Symbol
specific energy	joule per kilogram	J/kg
thermal conductivity	watt per meter kelvin	W/(m·K)
energy density	joule per cubic meter	J/m3
electric field strength	volt per meter	V/m

What are the 7 derived units?

SI-Derived Units

Physical Quantity	Name	Expressed in SI Base Units
force	newton	m kg s–2
pressure stress	pascal	N m–2 = m–1 kg s–2
energy work heat	joule	N m = m2 kg s–2
power radiant flux	watt	J s-1 = m2 kg s–3

What are derived qualities?

Derived quantities are quantities that are calculated from two or more measurements. Derived quantities cannot be measured directly. They can only be computed. Many derived quantities are calculated in physical science. Three examples are area volume and density.

What is meaning of derived adjective?

adjective. received obtained or arising from a particular source or in a particular way: The relationship between the root word and the derived form is often metaphorical.

Where is the derived from?

The is the most commonly used word in the English language studies and analyses of texts have found it to account for seven percent of all printed English-language words. It is derived from gendered articles in Old English which combined in Middle English and now has a single form used with pronouns of any gender.

Who created English?

English is a West Germanic language that originated from Anglo-Frisian dialects brought to Britain in the mid 5th to 7th centuries AD by Anglo-Saxon migrants from what is now northwest Germany southern Denmark and the Netherlands.

What was the first word ever created?

The word is of Hebrew origin(it is found in the 30th chapter of Exodus). Also according to Wiki answers the first word ever uttered was “Aa ” which meant “Hey!” This was said by an australopithecine in Ethiopia more than a million years ago.

What was the first country in the world?

By many accounts the Republic of San Marino one of the world’s smallest countries is also the world’s oldest country. The tiny country that is completely landlocked by Italy was founded on September 3rd in the year 301 BCE.

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How are neologisms created?

Neologisms are often formed by combining existing words (see compound noun and adjective) or by giving words new and unique suffixes or prefixes. … It is unusual for a word to gain popularity if it does not clearly resemble other words.

How often is a new word created in English?

Currently there is a new word created every 98 minutes or about 14.7 words per day.

Who invented invented word?

The general consensus is that Sumerian was the first written language developed in southern Mesopotamia around 3400 or 3500 BCE. At first the Sumerians would make small tokens out of clay representing goods they were trading.

What are the two types of derivation?

Parse tree or Derivation tree is the geometrical representation of a derivation. Leftmost Derivation and Rightmost Derivation are the two types of derivation.

What do you understand by derivation give five examples?

Derivation is the process of creating new words. … Here are some examples of words which are built up from smaller parts: black + bird combine to form blackbird. dis- + connect combine to form disconnect.

How do you use derivation in a sentence?

He is doing research into the derivation of “Yankee.” “Childish” was formed by derivation from “child.” Scientists are debating the possible derivation of birds from dinosaurs. These example sentences are selected automatically from various online news sources to reflect current usage of the word ‘derivation.

What is an example for inscription?

A message someone writes on the front page of a book they have given to you is an example of an inscription. A marking or wording on a coin is an example of an inscription. The act of writing a message on the front page of a book you are giving as a gift is an example of inscription. noun. 4.

What do all inscriptions contain?

All inscriptions contain both scripts and languages. Languages which were used as well as scripts have changed over time.

How do you use wrought?

Wrought Sentence Examples

Her days were long but peaceful wrought with duty and rest. That was something she had trouble imagining but the wrought iron design was open and graceful. I tried to force from my memory the mayhem and violence Grasso had wrought across the country.

What is DERIVED DEMAND? What does DERIVED DEMAND mean? DERIVED DEMAND meaning & definition

What does derive mean?

DERIVED – Meaning and Pronunciation

They appear to be sigils, a term derived from the Latin sigilum, which means ‘seal.’ ❋ Claudia Mair Burney (2010)

Diva is the term derived from the Latin word “divus”, “a divine one”, and in its original use described a woman of exceptional talent, more specifically a great female opera singer. ❋ Marina Geigert (2007)

Before correctly spelling «hierarchy,» for example, 12-year-old Abigail Spitzer of El Paso, Texas, asked the judges whether the word derived from the Greek root «hieros,» meaning sacred. ❋ Unknown (2011)

When he is not on stage, Ronnie teaches at the Old Town School of Folk Music in Chicago and performs with the Duzan Ensemble, his fusion band Lamajamal — a name derived from the Arabic word for ‘beauty’ — and with the punk circus marching band called Mucca Pazza. ❋ Unknown (2011)

The first shomrim, a word derived from the Hebrew word for «guard,» was established in Brooklyn in the early 1980s. ❋ Sean Gardiner (2011)

Veronica is a name derived from the Latin word veritas, for ‘truth,’ and icon for ‘image.’ ❋ Ph.D Jerome R. Corsi (2010)

The term derived from broue, a word in the langue saintongeaise related to the French boue, a muddy mix of water and clay. ❋ David Hackett Fischer (2008)

Not the current Robin Williams-Danny DeVito epic, in which “Smoochy” is a fuchsia rhinoceros the name derived from the German dialect verb schmutzen, “to kiss”; in American slang, the noun smooch now refers to any good-humored, occasionally wet expression of affection. ❋ William Safire (2004)

Metaphysics is a word derived from the Greek word meta, meaning “going beyond” and physikos, meaning “of the physical plane.” ❋ Jennifer Ann Daddio (2003)

When he looked up the definition of “crozier” also spelled “crosier”, he discovered that the word derived from the old French, “crossier,” for “staff bearer.” ❋ WARREN GETLER (2003)

The hotel Charlie was staying at was called the Excelsior, a prime example of hyperbole, perhaps, in that the word derived from the Latin excelsus, from the past participle of excellere, which meant “to excel.” ❋ Ed McBain (1985)

The horse, the ass, and the zebra are formed on nearly the same anatomical plan; they are therefore classed together, and designated the genus _Equus_, a term derived from the Latin word _equus_, a horse — that animal being regarded as the type, or perfect member of the group. ❋ Charles Alexander Cameron (1875)

Yuletide is a term derived from the yule log, a huge log used as the foundation of the holiday fires. ❋ WalesOnline (2011)

Scoliosis, a term derived from the Greek term for crooked condition, is a condition that involves a curved spine. ❋ Unknown (2010)

Abu Zeinab is a kunyah, a nickname derived from the name of the firstborn—in this case, “father of Zeinab,” his four-year-old daughter. ❋ Annia Ciezadlo (2011)

[Quiz]: Find the [derivatives] of the following.
#1: e^(-2coscsc4x)(4pitan/-7secx)^cos6x.
Me: *[blank stare]* ❋ Sid Barrett (2008)

I [damn near] had an orgasm once I found the derivative of the [equation]. [Heaven on Earth]! ❋ MackSneale (2022)

A: I just took a [derivative] by cutting a [knife].
B: Well I just took a derivative by taking a picture of a camera.
C([Math Major]): What the hell are you two talking about? ❋ Deriffirmitive (2009)

[Donatello] from [Ninja Turtles], «Too derivative»
Yo, that [old navy] shirt is too derivative. It’s one solid color with a horizontal line of another color. ❋ Bruce (2005)

1.
f(x) = 3x^3 — 4x^2 + 2x -6 //function
f'(x) = 9x^2 — [8x] + 2 //first derivative
f»(x) = 18x — 8 //second derivative
f»'(x) = 18 //[third derivative]
2. Teacher: Today, we’re going to do derivatives
[Math book], as ceiling clouds over and turns red: MAY THE DEMONIC ARMIES OF HELL MARCH ACROSS YOUR MORTAL PLANE, CREATION CHAOS AND DESTRUCTION AND DRINKING THE BLOOD OF THE INNOCENT AND-
Math teacher: Change of plans! We’re going to rock out to Zeppelin and have a LAN party on the school’s sweet new laptops for the next hour!
Students: Hooray! ❋ Mr. T (2004)

1. If «f(x)» = «y» = «x^2 + [5x] + 3» then it’s derivative, «f'(x)» or «[dy]/[dx]» is «2x + 5»
2. Fuck my math teacher, if he gives us any more calculus homework I am going to diferentiate my foot up his ass! ❋ His Holyness, Pope John Paul II (2003)

«fuck» is derived from german «[frichen]».
shit is derived my anus
even though the second one is [grammatically] and semantically correct, you’d be [fucktarded] for saying that. ❋ Hawaiian Dicking (2009)

[ZOMG] YOU ACTUALLY LIKE [INTERPOL]?!?!!1? THEY’RE SOOOOOO DERIVATIVE. I MEAN C’MON, THEY TOOOOOOOOTALLY SOUND EXACTLY LIKE [JOY DIVISION] EXCEPT FOR THE FACT THAT JOY DIVISION IS AUTOMATICALLY BETTER BECAUSE THEY CAME FIRST. ❋ I Love JD Too So STFU Already (2008)

Don’t [drink] and [derive]. ❋ Dragix (2006)

Don’t [bore] me with your derivative drivel on the [subject] you know [very little] about ❋ Coldplasma (2017)