What do you think of when you hear the word movie

CHAPTER ONE

The place and the movies

What do you think of when you hear the word ‘Hollywood’? Do you think of wonderful films like Lord of the Rings, Star Wars, Titanic, or Gone with the Wind? Or exciting film stars like Johnny Depp, Will Smith, and Marilyn Monroe? Perhaps you remember the Hollywood sign in big letters in the hills or you think of famous roads like Sunset Boulevard or Hollywood Boulevard.

Hollywood is different things to different people. Firstly, it is a place in California in the west of the United States. But it is not a town, it is part of the big city of Los Angeles.

Los Angeles is the second biggest city in the United States and it has nearly four million people. About 200,000 of them live in Hollywood in the northwest of the city.

Of course, Hollywood is not only a place. When we talk about a new Hollywood movie or the latest Hollywood star, we are talking about the American film industry. It is the most famous film industry in the world with a long and interesting story. Today, most movies are made near Hollywood, not in it. But everybody calls them Hollywood films (and ‘films’ and ‘movies’ are the same thing).

Hollywood is not only famous for films. It is an important place for the music, television, and radio industry. The television show Hannah Montana with the singer Miley Cyrus was made at a TV studio in Hollywood.

The movie industry began in Hollywood in the early twentieth century. Filmmakers came from across the United States and made films here. But why did people first move to Hollywood? What was different about this small place in California?

CHAPTER TWO

The village

Today, Hollywood is a part of Los Angeles with many cars, shops, and hotels. But in 1853, there was nothing here, only one small house and lots of tall cactuses. At first, this place had the name Nopalera, after the many Nopal cactus plants here.

By 1870, farmers began to move to the area and they called it the Cahuenga Valley. This part of California is famous for its nice weather. The Santa Monica mountains to the north stop the wind. There are more than 260 days of sun every year but only thirty-seven days of rain. It is not cold in winter and it does not usually go under seven degrees Celsius here.

What does economics study?

What do you
think of when you hear the word economics?
Money, certainly, and perhaps more complicated things like business,
inflation and unemployment. The science of economics studies all of
these, but many more things as well. Perhaps you think that economics
is all about the decisions that governments and business managers
take. In fact, economists study the decisions we all take every day.

Very
simply, economics studies the way people deal with a fact of life:
resources are limited, but our demand for them certainly is not.
Resources may be material things as food, housing and heating. There
are some resources, through, that we cannot touch. Time, space and
convenience, for example, are also resources. Think of a day. There
are only 24 hours in one, and we have to choose the best way to spend
them. Our everyday lives are full of decisions like these. Every
decision we make is a trade-off.
If you spend more time working, you make more money. However, you
will have less time to relax. Economists study the trade-offs people
make. They study the reasons for their decisions. They look at the
effects those decisions have on our lives and our society.

Что изучает
экономика?

О чем вы думаете,
когда слышите слово экономика?
О деньгах, конечно, и, возможно о более
сложных вещах, таких как бизнес, инфляция
и безработица. Экономическая наука
изучает все это, а также многое другое.
Возможно, вы думаете, что экономика –
это решения, которые делают правительства
и бизнес-менеджеры. На самом деле,
экономика изучает решения, которые
ежедневно делаем мы.

Проще говоря,
экономика изучает то, как люди справляются
с таким жизненным фактом: ресурсы
ограничены, а наш спрос на них – нет.
Ресурсами могут быть такие материальные
вещи, как питание, жилье и отопление.
Есть ресурсы, которые мы не можем
потрогать. Время, пространство и комфорт,
например, тоже ресурсы. Подумайте о
сутках. В них всего лишь 24 часа и нам
необходимо выбрать лучший способ
провести их. Наша жизнь полна таких
решений. Каждое наше решение – это
компромисс.
Если вы потратите больше времени на
работу, вы получите больше денег. Однако
у вас будет меньше времени на отдых.
Экономисты изучают компромиссы, на
которые идут люди. Они изучают причины
этих решений. Они анализируют, какие
последствия оказывают эти решения на
нашу жизнь и на общество.

What are microeconomics and
macroeconomics?

Economists
talk about microeconomics
and macroeconomic.
Microeconomics deals with people, like you and me, and private
businesses. It looks at the economic decisions people make every day.
It examines how families manage their household budgets.
Microeconomics also deals with companies – small or large – and
how they run their business. Macroeconomics, on the other hand, looks
at the economy of a country – and of the whole world. Any economist
will tell you, through, that microeconomics and macroeconomics are
closely related. All of our daily microeconomic decisions have an
effect on the wider world around us.

Another way
to look at the science of economics is to ask, ‘what’s it good
for?’ Economists don’t all agree on the answer to this question.
Some practice positive economics. They study economic data and try to
explain the behaviour of the economy. They also try to guess economic
changes before they happen. Others practice normative economics. They
suggest how to improve the economy. Positive economists say, ‘this
is how it is’. Normative economists say, ‘we should…’.

So what do economists do?
Mainly, they do three things: collect data, create economic models
and formulate theories. Data collection can include facts and figures
about almost anything, from birth rates to coffee production.
Economic models show relationships between these different data. For
example, the relationship between the money people earn and
unemployment. From this information, economists try to make theories
which explain why the economy works the way it does.

Что такое
микроэкономика и макроэкономика?

Экономисты говорят
о микроэкономике и макроэкономике.
Микроэкономика имеет дело с людьми,
такими как вы и я, и частным бизнесом.
Она смотрит на экономические решения,
которые люди делают каждый день. Она
исследует, как семьи управляют домашними
хозяйствами. Микроэкономика также имеет
дело с предприятиями – малыми или
большими – и как они ведут бизнес. С
другой стороны, макроэкономика
рассматривает экономику страны и всего
мира. Любой экономист скажет, что
микроэкономика и макроэкономика тесно
связаны. Все наши ежедневные
микроэкономические решения влияют на
мир вокруг нас.

По-другому посмотреть
на экономическую науку можно, задав
вопрос: «для чего это надо?» Не все
экономисты согласны с ответом на этот
вопрос. Некоторые занимаются позитивной
экономикой. Они изучают экономические
данные и пытаются объяснить поведение
экономики. Они также пытаются предугадать
экономические изменения до того, как
они произошли. Другие занимаются
нормативной экономикой. Они предлагают
способы улучшения экономики. Позитивные
экономисты говорят: «именно так оно и
есть». Нормативные экономисты говорят:
«мы должны…».

Итак, что делают
экономисты? Главным образом, они делают
три вещи: собирают информацию, создают
экономические модели и формулируют
теории. Сбор информации может включать
факты и цифры почти о чем угодно, от
рождаемости до производства кофе.
Экономические модели показывают
взаимосвязь между этими различными
данными. Например, взаимосвязь между
деньгами, которые зарабатывают люди и
безработицей. С помощью этой информации
экономисты пытаются сформулировать
теории, которые объяснят, почему экономика
работает так, как работает.

History of economic thought

Economic
thought goes back thousands of years. The ancient Greek, Xenophon,
used the word oikonomikos
(from
oikos,
meaning family, household, estate, and nomos,
for usage, law). He was talking about skilful or clever ways to
manage land and households. We could call many of Aristotle’s
political writings economics, although he did not use the word. The
English word economics
first appeared in the 19^th
century – two and a half thousand years after Xenophon.

Early
economic thought was all about the meaning of wealth or being rich.
There early thinkers asked, ‘what makes a state or a country
wealthy?’ For nearly 2,000 years, the answer was very simple: gold.
A country or a nation’s wealth depended on its owning precious
metals. This simple view of the economy remained until medieval
times.

During
medieval times – roughly the period between 1100 and 1500 AD,
trading between nations grew, and a new social class appeared. These
were merchants, people who made their money through the buying and
selling of goods, and they began to write their own thoughts on the
economy. They saw the economy as a way to make the state strong. For
them, the nation’s wealth depended on stocks of gold and the size
of population. More people meant bigger armies and a stronger state.

These were still simple ideas.
However, daily experience had also taught people many basic economic
concepts. For example, they understood the importance of trade with
other states. They realized that scarcity makes things more expensive
and abundance makes them cheaper.

Modern
economics was really born in the 19^th
century. At this time, thinkers like Adam Smith wrote down ideas that
are still important today. Adam Smith if often called the
Father of Modern Economics,
although the science was called political
economy
then. Smith realized that a nation’s wealth depended on its ability
to produce goods. The value of these goods depended on the cost of
production. The cost of production depended on the cost of workers,
raw materials and land. This was really the first example of
macroeconomics.

Smith and other classical
economists were writing at a time of great change. The industrial
revolution had begun. Paper money began to replace precious metals.
The middle classes were growing stronger. Economists’ theories
echoed these changes. They wrote about the division of labour (each
worker taking part in the production process). They discussed the
problem of population growth. They influenced thinking about social
classes.

For
classical economists, the value of goods depends on the cost of
production. However, the price of goods is not always the same as
their real cost. Later economists developed new theories to explain
the weakness in classical economics. These are known as the
neoclassical economists and they were writing at the end of the 19^th
and the early 20^th
centuries.

In
neoclassical economics, supply and demand make the economy work. In
other words, the price of goods depends on how much people want them
and how easily they can be found. Consumers want satisfaction from
their resources (time and money). Firms want profit. In neoclassical
economics this is the basic relationship in the economy. These ideas
are still the basic of economic thinking today.

История
экономической мысли

Экономическая
мысль насчитывает тысячи лет.
Древнегреческий писатель, Ксенофонт,
использовал слово oikonomikos
(от oikos
– семья, домашнее хозяйство, имущество,
и nomos
– пользование, закон). Он говорил об
умелых и рациональных способах
распоряжения землей и домашним хозяйством.
Множество политических писаний Аристотеля
можно назвать экономикой,
хотя он и не использовал это слово.
Английское слово экономика
впервые появилось в 19-ом веке – через
две с половиной тысячи лет после
Ксенофонта.

Ранние экономические
мысли были только о значении благосостояния
и богатства. Ранние мыслители спрашивали:
«что делает государство или страну
богатыми?» Почти 2000 лет ответ был очень
прост: золото. Богатство страны или
нации зависело от владения драгоценными
металлами. Этот простой взгляд на
экономику просуществовал до средневековья.

В средневековье
– приблизительно в период между 1100 и
1500 н.э., росла торговля между странами,
появился новый социальный класс. Это
были купцы – люди, которые зарабатывали,
продавая и покупая товары. Они начали
записывать собственные мысли об
экономике. Они видели экономику, как
один из способов сделать государство
устойчивым. По их мнению, благосостояние
нации зависело от запасов золота и
численности населения. Все больше людей
имело в виду более многочисленные армии
и более сильное государство.

Пока это все еще
были простые мысли. Однако повседневный
опыт научил людей многим базовым
экономическим концепциям. Например,
они осознали важность торговли с другими
странами. Они поняли, что дефицит делает
товары дороже, а избыток – дешевле.

Современная
экономика, в действительности, родилась
в 19-ом веке. В это время, такие мыслители,
как Адам Смит, высказали мысли, которые
до сих пор важны. Адама Смита часто
называют отцом
современной экономики,
хотя тогда наука называлась политической
экономией. Смит понял, что богатство
нации зависит от ее возможностей
производить товары. Стоимость этих
товаров зависит от стоимости производства,
которая, в свою очередь, зависит от
стоимости рабочей силы, сырья и земли.
На самом деле, это был первый пример
макроэкономики.

Смит и другие
классические экономисты писали во
времена великих изменений. Началась
промышленная революция. Бумажные деньги
стали заменять драгоценные металлы.
Крепли средние классы. Теории экономистов
отражали эти изменения. Они писали о
разделении труда (каждый работник
принимает участие в процессе производства).
Они обсуждали проблемы роста численности
населения. Они обратили внимание на
социальные классы.

По мнению классических
экономистов, стоимость товаров зависит
от стоимости производства. Однако цена
товаров не всегда равна их реальной
стоимости. Позже экономисты разработали
новые теории, чтобы объяснить этот
недостаток классической экономики. Они
известны как неоклассические экономисты,
писавшие в конце 19-го, начале 20-го веков.

В неоклассической
экономике, предложение и спрос заставляют
экономику работать. Другими словами,
цена товаров зависит от того, как сильно
люди хотят их и насколько легко достать
эти товары. Потребители желают получить
удовлетворение от своих ресурсов
(времени и денег). Фирмы хотят получить
прибыль. В неоклассической экономике
это основная взаимосвязь. До сих пор,
это основные идеи экономической мысли.

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1. When I hear the word «media» I imagen different newspapers, magazines, television and journalists.
2. Media is the «forth power» is said among people. Its like a special device with a help of which we know about the world news.
3. Of course it has TOO much power. Everything we know we get from media. I think, people can even be zombied by TV. Every day we hear the news about the war in Ukrain, for example. And many young men from our country who see on TV just one side of the medal, leave their families and go to fight for the country they have never been in. May be its too rude example, but nevertheles…
4. Its very difficult question. The bad thing is that our media policy is aimed at showing that our government, our president are the best ever. They show that all people in Kazakhstan are satisfied with the political programm of the country, that salaries, pension payments grow annualy. They dont swow all the truth. And good thing is…oh, I cant find an answer.
5. It can be understood from my previous answer. No. I dont beleive the media. Everybody lie. 
6. Как отличается СМИ сегодня от СМИ 30 лет назад. Затрудняюсь ответить. Можете написать, я Вам переведу.

1. No, I wouldnt like. Its, of course, an interesting work, but, I think, too nervous and even dangerous.

Presentation on theme: «What do you think of when you hear the word Hollywood?»— Presentation transcript:

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What do you think of when you hear the word Hollywood?

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Origins  Many NY and NJ filmmakers moved to LA to escape Edison’s patents and reliable weather.  D.W. Griffith shot the first ever “Hollywood” film – In Old California (1910).  1913 – the movie industry was “born” in Hollywood which soon became the movie capital of the world! 1923 – Hollywood sign

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Origins  1927-1948 – Golden Age of Hollywood  The Big Five – Paramount, RKO, 20 th Century Fox, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and Warner Bros.  Film studios/institutions controlled the 3 aspects of film — filmmaking process including their own set of actors, distribution and exhibition (theatres).  1930 -48 = 95% of all film rentals and 70% of all box office receipts to the Big 5.  We call this vertical integration.

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Golden Age of Hollywood (1928 — 1948)  Narratives followed a set formula eg. Boy meets girl, boy loses girl, boy gets girl  This formula was applied to many different genres and has been developed into the genres of today.  Form of escapism – relief from their everyday lives.  Big budget films with elaborate sets.  Studio Star System – actors and actresses would sign contracts with particular studios. This prevented them from making films with other studios.

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Questions 1. How did vertical integration benefit the major studios during Hollywood’s Golden Age? 2. How do you think vertical integration impacted the actors and actresses of the Golden Age of Hollywood?

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End of an era  1948 – United States vs Paramount – federal decree to give up their monopoly.  Studios forced to give up their theatres.  Smaller producers given opportunities.  Advent of television in 1950. What was happening in society during the Golden Age of Hollywood (1928-1948)? How would these events impacted on: the genres being produced and the narratives of the films?

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New Hollywood (1950s – 1980)  Film schools were more accessible ie. Francis Ford Coppola, George Lucas, Martin Scorsese etc.  The narrative formulas from the Golden Age were being challenged eg. Timelines were blurred, ‘twist’ endings and unclear character motivations (‘good’ or ‘bad’).  Films such as Jaws and Star Wars helped coin the phrase ‘blockbuster’ due to their critical acclaim and commercial success.

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Hollywood (1980s – 1990s)  Unsuccessful theatrical films found success in the video market.  Filmmakers are able to view thousands of films and reference these in their own works eg. Quentin Tarantino  Renaissance in lower and middle class filmmaking – budgets decreased  DVDs – extras, commentaries, extended versions

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Hollywood today  Rise of independent films – challenge the codes and conventions of Hollywood eg. Reservoir Dogs.  Widescreen increased popularity  American films are now divided into 2 categories: Blockbuster or Independent  Foreign language and documentary films have increased in popularity and acclaim

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American Film Characteristics BlockbusterIndependent  Focus on star power  Emphasize spectacle  Enormous budget  Rely on advertising – product placement  Small budget – minimal risk if project fails, high profit if it succeeds  High emphasis on professional quality, creativity and innovation  Cross over into popular culture

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“It’s the studio executives who decide which movies to make. Hollywood now controls 80% of the world’s film culture. They are businesses based on coming up with a product and then repeating it forever. Those are the people who brought you the Big Mac. They are run like corporations are run, whether they are making cars or soap. All they talk about is the first-quarter results.” Francis Ford Coppola Director (The Godfather, Apocalypse Now)

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Homework Film studios today have a similar monopoly to the Golden Age on the Hollywood film industry.  Write a paragraph and provide examples to prove or disprove this statement.

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Film genres, studios and stars  Industry wanted to standardise the product “film” but also needed to keep the audiences interested (similar to music, dance, art etc)  Certain studios, actors and directors became attached to particular genres eg. John Wayne, MGM, Westerns.

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Film genres, studios and stars Methods to classify a genre: 1. Structure – stereotypes, narrative, icons, typical themes. 2. Historical or Cultural content – war, period dramas etc 3. Editing and cinematography – sweeping shots, jump cuts etc

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Popular Hollywood Film Genres  Westerns — Stagecoach (1939)  Gangster — Scarface  Musicals — The Wizard of Oz (1939)  Screwball comedy — Bringing Up Baby (1938)  Melodrama — Rebel Without A Cause (1955)