What are word partnerships

Word Partnerships & Collocations : Grammar and Spelling Tips

Definition

In general, collocation is placing words together in a determined order. Collocations are thus the relationship between two words or groups of words that often go together and form a partnership. Two or more words become glued together implying a proper order which make it easy for speakers of L1 to predict what comes next once they have heard the first one. Collocations are learnt through large amounts of reading input. It involves the choice of the right words in the right order. Personally I term «collocations» or «word partnerships» a Catholic wedding because there is no divorce. We don’t have any rules as to why certain words go together or behave that way. There are even no explanations either. As in real life we need to find the right partner otherwise life is hell. I hope linguistics will provide some help one day as they are sometimes annoying because they are unpredictable for a lot of learners of English. On the other hand collocations are like making predictions i.e. projecting forward to what we are about to read or to say. This contrasts with memory when our mind refers back to what we have already read or said. May be that’s why collocations exist. It has to do with memory and predictions i.e. past and future. On the Internet, this term (often spelt «co-location») is used to mean the provision of space for a customer’s telecommunications equipment on the service provider’s premises.

Types of collocations and labelling

Partnerships or collocations are of different types. Sometimes other names are given for grammatical reasons: idioms, compound adjectives: Off-peak, compound nouns (noun + noun: sunglasses, baby-sitter (verb + preposition): turnover, cutback), Phrasal verbs: give up. There are also other partnerships which people label binomials: rough and ready, sooner or later, odds and ends, by and large, done and dusted. There are sometimes even trinomials. Collocation data shows that the mutual information score for the words “heavy» and “smoker»‘ is much higher than the score “strong» and “smoker».

This type of labelling is unfortunately not very useful. Such words no matter what parts of speech they are ought to be labelled «word partnerships» or «collocations». As the word collocation is nothing but made up of two parts: «co» meaning «with» and «location» i.e. occur in the same place. But grammar and vocabulary labelling as with other phenomena in life are often confusing or even misleading.

Collocation clash

There is a collocation clash when words are placed together which should not occur together, according to the rules or usage of a particular language. Languages have their own systems and concepts and collocations are part of that individual system. A collocation clash occurs when there is some semantic or pragmatic incompatibility between the words. Consequently it is important to raise awareness of finding the right partner and that a right partner in one language doesn’t necessarily mean it can be applied to another even if they are genetically related. Translators too need to be aware of these linguistic partnerships and clashes.

The following are typically collocation clashes in English but could be the right partners in other languages:

She is making holiday (going on holiday, spending holiday).

She is getting a baby (having a baby).

Collocation clashes sometimes occur in English Bible versions:

ISV Luke 21.15 «for I will give you speech and wisdom»: It is appropriate in English to collocate «give» and «wisdom». But in English the verb «give» does not collocate with the noun object «speech». To properly express the meaning of «give speech», a translator needs to find a synonym for «speech», which will collocate properly, according to English grammar («give» and «words», a synonym for «speech», collocate for some speakers of English, and this happens to be the collocation used in the NIV, TEV, GW, and NRSV).

Lexical approach

Almost all good dictionaries give collocations. There are also dictionaries of collocations and Word Partnerships. The Lexical Approach focuses on lexis and therefore collocation rather than the more traditional grammar first. Learning collocations leads to an increase in written and spoken fluency.

A partnership is an arrangement where parties, known as business partners, agree to cooperate to advance their mutual interests. The partners in a partnership may be individuals, businesses, interest-based organizations, schools, governments or combinations. Organizations may partner to increase the likelihood of each achieving their mission and to amplify their reach. A partnership may result in issuing and holding equity or may be only governed by a contract.

History[edit]

Partnerships have a long history; they were already in use in medieval times in Europe and in the Middle East. According to a 2006 article, the first partnership was implemented in 1383 by Francesco di Marco Datini, a merchant of Prato and Florence. The Covoni company (1336-40) and the Del Buono-Bencivenni company (1336-40) have also been referred to as early partnerships, but they were not formal partnerships.^[1]

In Europe, the partnerships contributed to the Commercial Revolution which started in the 13th century. In the 15th century the cities of the Hanseatic League would mutually strengthen each other; a ship from Hamburg to Gdansk would not only carry its own cargo but was also commissioned to transport freight for other members of the league. This practice not only saved time and money, but also constituted a first step toward partnership. This capacity to join forces in reciprocal services became a distinctive feature, and a long lasting success factor, of the Hanseatic team spirit.^[2]

A close examination of medieval trade in Europe shows that numerous significant credit based trades were not bearing interest. Hence, pragmatism and common sense called for a fair compensation for the risk of lending money, and a compensation for the opportunity cost of lending money without using it for other fruitful purposes. In order to circumvent the usury laws edicted by the Church, other forms of reward were created, in particular through the widespread form of partnership called commenda, very popular with Italian merchant bankers.^[3] Florentine merchant banks were almost sure to make a positive return on their loans, but this would be before taking into account solvency risks.

In the Middle East, the Qirad and Mudarabas institutions developed when trade with the Levant, namely the Ottoman Empire and the Muslim Near East, flourished and when early trading companies, contracts, bills of exchange and long-distance international trade were established.^[4] After the fall of the Roman Empire, the Levant trade revived in the 10th to 11th centuries in Byzantine Italy. The eastern and western Mediterranean formed part of a single commercial civilization in the Middle Ages, and the two regions were economically interdependent through trade (in varying degrees).^[5]

The Mongols adopted and developed the concepts of liability in relation to investments and loans in Mongol–ortoq partnerships, promoting trade and investment to facilitate the commercial integration of the Mongol Empire. The contractual features of a Mongol-ortoq partnership closely resembled that of qirad and commenda arrangements, however, Mongol investors used metal coins, paper money, gold and silver ingots and tradable goods for partnership investments and primarily financed money-lending and trade activities.^[6] Moreover, Mongol elites formed trade partnerships with merchants from Central and Western Asia and Europe, including Marco Polo’s family.^[7]

Partnership agreements[edit]

In order to come into being, every partnership necessarily involves a partnership agreement, even if it has not been reduced to writing. In common law jurisdictions a written partnership agreement is not legally required, but partners may benefit from a partnership agreement that articulates the important terms of the relationship between them.

In business, two or more companies join forces in a joint venture,^[8] a buyer-supplier relationship, a strategic alliance or a consortium to i) work on a project (e.g. industrial or research project) which would be too heavy or too risky for a single entity, ii) join forces to have a stronger position on the market, iii) comply with specific regulation (e.g. in some emerging countries, foreigners can only invest in the form of partnerships with local entrepreneurs).
^[9] In this case, the alliance may be structured in a process comparable to a Mergers & Acquisitions transaction. A large literature in business and management has paid attention to the formation and management of partnership agreements.^[10] It has, in particular, shown the role of contracts and relational mechanisms to organize business partnerships.^[11]

Partnerships present the involved parties with complex negotiation and special challenges that must be navigated unto agreement. Overarching goals, levels of give-and-take, areas of responsibility, lines of authority and succession, how success is evaluated and distributed, and often a variety of other factors must all be negotiated. Once an agreement is reached, the partnership is typically enforceable by civil law, especially if well documented. Partners who wish to make their agreement affirmatively explicit and enforceable typically draw up Articles of Partnership. Trust and pragmatism are also essential as it cannot be expected that everything can be written in the initial partnership agreement, therefore quality governance^[12] and clear communication are critical success factors in the long run. It is common for information about formally partnered entities to be made public, such as through a press release, a newspaper ad, or public records laws.

Partner compensation[edit]

Partner compensation will often be defined by the terms of a partnership agreement. Partners who work for the partnership may receive compensation for their labor before any division of profits between partners.

Equity vs. salaried partners[edit]

In certain partnerships of individuals, particularly law firms and accountancy firms, equity partners are distinguished from salaried partners (or contract or income partners). The degree of control which each type of partner exerts over the partnership depends on the relevant partnership agreement.^[13]

• An equity partner is a part-owner of the business, and is entitled to a proportion of the distributable profits of the partnership.
• A salaried partner who is paid a salary but does not have any underlying ownership interest in the business and will not share in the distributions of the partnership (although it is quite common for salaried partners to receive a bonus based on the firm’s profitability).

Although individuals in both categories are described as partners, equity partners and salaried partners have little in common other than joint and several liability. In many legal systems, salaried partners are not technically «partners» at all in the eyes of the law. However, if their firm holds them out as partners, they are nonetheless subject to joint and several liabilities.

In their most basic form, equity partners enjoy a fixed share of the partnership (usually, but not always an equal share with the other partners) and, upon distribution of profits, receive a portion of the partnership’s profits proportionate to that share. In more sophisticated partnerships, different models exist for determining either ownership interest, profit distribution, or both. Two common alternate approaches to distribution of profit are «lockstep» and «source of origination» compensation (sometimes referred to, more graphically, as «eat what you kill»).^[14]

• Lockstep involves new partners joining the partnership with a certain number of «points». As time passes, they accrue additional points, until they reach a set maximum sometimes referred to as a plateau. The length of time it takes to reach the maximum is often used to describe the firm (so, for example, one could say that one firm has a «seven-year lockstep» and another has a «ten-year lockstep» depending on the length of time it takes to reach maximum equity).
• Source of origination involves the compensation of profits according to a formula that takes into consideration the amount of revenue and profit generated by each partner, such that partners who generate more revenue receive a greater share of the partnership’s distributed profit.

Law firms[edit]

The source of origination compensation is rarely seen outside of law firms. The principle is simply that each partner receives a share of the partnership profits up to a certain amount, with any additional profits being distributed to the partner who was responsible for the «origination» of the work that generated the profits.^[14]

British law firms tend to use the lockstep principle, whereas American firms are more accustomed to source of origination. When British firm Clifford Chance merged with American firm Rogers & Wells, many of the difficulties associated with that merger were blamed on the difficulties of merging a lockstep culture with a source of origination culture.^[15]

Taxation[edit]

Partnerships recognized by a government body may enjoy special benefits from taxation policy. Among developed countries, for example, business partnerships are often favored over corporations in taxation policy, since dividend taxes only occur on profit before they are distributed to the partners. However, depending on the partnership structure and the jurisdiction in which it operates, owners of a partnership may be exposed to greater personal liability than they would as shareholders of a corporation. In such countries, partnerships are often regulated via antitrust laws, so as to inhibit monopolistic practices and foster free market competition. Enforcement of the laws, however, varies considerably. Domestic partnerships recognized by governments typically enjoy tax benefits, as well.

Common law[edit]

At common law, members of a business partnership are personally liable for the debts and obligations of the partnership. Forms of partnership have evolved that may limit a partner’s liability.^[16]

Forms of partnership[edit]

The general partnership, in which all partners manage the business and are personally liable for its debts, developed under common law. General partners have an obligation of strict liability to third parties injured by the Partnership. General partners may have joint liability or joint and several liability depending upon circumstances.

The limited partnership (LP), is a partnership in which general partners manage the partnership’s operations, and limited partners forego the right to manage the business in exchange for limited liability for the partnership debts. The liability of limited partners is limited to their investment in the partnership. This form of partnership was developed in the 19th Century, the U.K. where it was imparted by charter,^[17] and in the U.S. where it was created by statute.^[16][17]

More recently, additional forms of partnership have been recognized:

• limited liability partnership (LLP): a form of partnership in which all partners may have some degree of limited liability.
• limited liability limited partnership (LLLP): a form of limited partnership in which general partners have limited liability for the debts and obligations of the limited partnership.

Silent partners[edit]

A silent partner or sleeping partner is one who still shares in the profits and losses of the business, but who is not involved in its management.^[18] Sometimes the silent partner’s interest in the business will not be publicly known. A silent partner is often an investor in the partnership, who is entitled to a share of the partnership’s profits. Silent partners may prefer to invest in limited partnerships in order to insulate their personal assets from the debts or liabilities of the partnership.

Oceania[edit]

Australia[edit]

Summarising s. 5 of the Partnership Act 1958 (Vic), for a partnership in Australia to exist, four main criteria must be satisfied. They are:

• Valid Agreement between the parties;
• To carry on a business – this is defined in s. 3 as «any trade, occupation or profession»;
• In Common – meaning there must be some mutuality of rights, interests and obligations;
• View to Profit – thus charitable organizations cannot be partnerships (charities are typically incorporated associations under Associations Incorporations Act 1981 (Vic))

Partners share profits and losses. A partnership is basically a settlement between two or more groups or firms in which profit and loss are equally divided

South Asia[edit]

Bangladesh[edit]

In Bangladesh, the relevant law for regulating partnership is the Partnership Act 1932.^[19] A partnership is defined as the relation between persons who have agreed to share the profits of a business carried on by all or any of them acting for all.^[20] The law does not require written partnership agreement between the partners to form a partnership. A partnership is not required to be registered, but a partnership is considered as a separate legal identity from its owners only if the partnership is registered. There must be a minimum of 2 partners and maximum of 20 partners.^[21]

India[edit]

According to section 4 of the Partnership Act of 1932,»Partnership is defined as the relation between two or more persons who have agreed to share the profits of a business carried on by all or any one of them acting for all». This definition superseded the previous definition given in section 239 of Indian Contract Act 1872 as – “Partnership is the relation which subsists between persons who have agreed to combine their property, labor, skill in some business, and to share the profits thereof between them”. The 1932 definition added the concept of mutual agency. The Indian Partnerships have the following common characteristics:

1) A partnership firm is not a legal entity apart from the partners constituting it. It has limited identity for the purpose of tax law as per section 4 of the Partnership Act of 1932.^[22]

2) Partnership is a concurrent subject. Contracts of partnerships are included in the Entry no.7 of List III of The Constitution of India (the list constitutes the subjects on which both the State government and Central (National) Government can legislate i.e. pass laws on).^[22]

3) Unlimited Liability. The major disadvantage of partnership is the unlimited liability of partners for the debts and liabilities of the firm. Any partner can bind the firm and the firm is liable for all liabilities incurred by any firm on behalf of the firm. If property of partnership firm is insufficient to meet liabilities, personal property of any partner can be attached to pay the debts of the firm.^[22]

4) Partners are Mutual Agents.The business of firm can be carried on by all or any of them acting for all. Any partner has authority to bind the firm. Act of any one partner is binding on all the partners. Thus, each partner is ‘agent’ of all the remaining partners. Hence, partners are ‘mutual agents’. Section 18 of the Partnership Act, 1932 says «Subject to the provisions of this Act, a partner is the agent of the firm for the purpose of the business of the firm»^[22]

5) Oral or Written Agreements. The Partnership Act, 1932 nowhere mentions that the Partnership Agreement is to be in written or oral format. Thus the general rule of the Contract Act applies that the contract can be ‘oral’ or ‘written’ as long as it satisfies the basic conditions of being a contract i.e. the agreement between partners is legally enforceable. A written agreement is advisable to establish existence of partnership and to prove rights and liabilities of each partner, as it is difficult to prove an oral agreement.^[22]

6) Number of Partners is minimum 2 and maximum 50 in any kind of business activities. Since partnership is ‘agreement’ there must be minimum two partners. The Partnership Act does not put any restrictions on maximum number of partners. However, section 464 of Companies Act 2013, and Rule 10 of Companies (Miscellaneous) Rules, 2014 prohibits partnership consisting of more than 50 for any businesses, unless it is registered as a company under Companies Act, 2013 or formed in pursuance of some other law. Some other law means companies and corporations formed via some other law passed by Parliament of India.

7) Mutual agency is the real test. The real test of ‘partnership firm’ is ‘mutual agency’ set by the Courts of India, i.e. whether a partner can bind the firm by his act, i.e. whether he can act as agent of all other partners.^[22]

North America[edit]

Canada[edit]

Statutory regulation of partnerships in Canada fall under provincial jurisdiction. A partnership is not a separate legal entity and partnership income is taxed at the rate of the partner receiving the income. It can be deemed to exist regardless of the intention of the partners. Common elements considered by courts in determining the existence of a partnership are that two or more legal persons:

• Are carrying on a business
• In common
• With a view to profit.^[23]

United States[edit]

Under U.S. law a partnership is a business association of two or more individuals, through which partners share the profits and responsibility for the liabilities of their venture.^[24] U.S. states recognize forms of limited partnership that may allow a partner who does not participate in the business venture to avoid liability for the partnership’s debts and obligations. Partnerships typically pay less taxes than corporations in fields like fund management.^[25][26]

The federal government of the United States does not have specific statutory law governing the establishment of partnerships. Instead, every U.S. state and the District of Columbia has its own statutes and common law that govern partnerships. The National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws has issued non-binding model laws (called uniform act) in which to encourage the adoption of uniformity of partnership law into the states by their respective legislatures. Model laws include the Uniform Partnership Act and the Uniform Limited Partnership Act. Most U.S. states have adopted a form of the Uniform Partnership Act, which includes provisions regulating general partnerships, limited partnerships and limited liability partnerships.

Although the federal government does not have specific statutory law for establishing partnerships, it has an extensive statutory and regulatory scheme for the taxation of partnerships, set forth in the Internal Revenue Code (IRC) and Code of Federal Regulations.^[27] The IRC defines federal tax obligations for partnership operations^[28] that effectively serve as federal regulation of some aspects of partnerships.

East Asia[edit]

China[edit]

Hong Kong[edit]

A partnership in Hong Kong is a business entity formed by the Hong Kong Partnerships Ordinance,^[30] which defines a partnership as «the relation between persons carrying on a business in common with a view of profit» and is not a joint stock company or an incorporated company.^[31] If the business entity registers with the Registrar of Companies it takes the form of a limited partnership defined in the Limited Partnerships Ordinance.^[32][33] However, if this business entity fails to register with the Registrar of Companies, then it becomes a general partnership as a default.^[33]

Europe[edit]

United Kingdom limited partnership[edit]

A limited partnership in the United Kingdom consists of:

• One or more people called general partners, who are liable for all debts and obligations of the firm; and
• One or of the firm beyond the amount contributed.

Limited partners may not:

• Draw out or receive back any part of their contributions to the partnership during its lifetime; or
• Take part in the management of the business or have power to bind the firm.

If they do, they become liable for all the debts and obligations of the firm up to the amount drawn out or received back or incurred while taking part in the management, as the case may be.

See also[edit]

References[edit]

External links[edit]

• Media related to Partnerships at Wikimedia Commons

Asked by: Ms. Kitty Casper V

Score: 4.3/5
(25 votes)

A partnership is an arrangement where parties, known as business partners, agree to cooperate to advance their mutual interests. The partners in a partnership may be individuals, businesses, interest-based organizations, schools, governments or combinations.

What is a partnership simple definition?

variable noun. Partnership or a partnership is a relationship in which two or more people, organizations, or countries work together as partners.

What does partnership mean in a relationship?

The definition of a partnership is a relationship between two or more individuals. An example of a partnership is two businesses working together. An example of a partnership is a marriage.

What does partnership mean in business?

A partnership is a business shared by multiple owners. It’s not a legal business entity, and it doesn’t have to be registered with the state. Basically, if you decide to go into business with another person without filing any state paperwork, you’re automatically in a partnership.

What is partnership and example?

A partnership business, by definition, consists of two or more people who combine their resources to form a business and agree to share risks, profits and losses. Common partnership business examples include law firms, physician groups, real estate investment firms and accounting groups.

32 related questions found

сотрудничество, товарищество, компания, участие, компаньоны

существительное ↓

Словосочетания

a notable partnership between two experienced scientists in the field — яркое сотрудничество между двумя опытными учёными в этой области  
working partnership — тесное сотрудничество, совместное действие  
contract of partnership — договор о партнерстве  
dissolution of a partnership — ликвидация товарищества  
to enter into partnership with … — стать, чьим-л. партнером  
partnership agreement — договор/соглашение о сотрудничестве  
partnership property — собственность компании  
articles of co-partnership — устав товарищества  
joint-stock partnership — акционерное товарищество  
kommandit partnership — коммандитное товарищество  
limited liability partnership — товарищество с ограниченной ответственностью  

Примеры с переводом

Примеры, ожидающие перевода

Формы слова

noun
ед. ч.(singular): partnership
мн. ч.(plural): partnerships

What Is a Partnership?

A partnership is a formal arrangement by two or more parties to manage and operate a business and share its profits.

There are several types of partnership arrangements. In particular, in a partnership business, all partners share liabilities and profits equally, while in others, partners may have limited liability. There also is the so-called «silent partner,» in which one party is not involved in the day-to-day operations of the business.

Types of Partnerships

In a broad sense, a partnership can be any endeavor undertaken jointly by multiple parties. The parties may be governments, nonprofits enterprises, businesses, or private individuals. The goals of a partnership also vary widely.

Within the narrow sense of a for-profit venture undertaken by two or more individuals, there are three main categories of partnership: general partnership, limited partnership, and limited liability partnership.

General Partnership

In a general partnership, all parties share legal and financial liability equally. The individuals are personally responsible for the debts the partnership takes on. Profits are also shared equally. The specifics of profit sharing will almost certainly be laid out in writing in a partnership agreement.

Limited Liability Partnership

Limited liability partnerships (LLPs) are a common structure for professionals, such as accountants, lawyers, and architects. This arrangement limits partners’ personal liability so that, for example, if one partner is sued for malpractice, the assets of other partners are not at risk.

Some law and accounting firms make a further distinction between equity partners and salaried partners. The latter is more senior than associates but does not have an ownership stake. They are generally paid bonuses based on the firm’s profits.

Limited Partnership

Limited partnerships are a hybrid of general partnerships and limited liability partnerships. At least one partner must be a general partner, with full personal liability for the partnership’s debts. At least one other is a silent partner whose liability is limited to the amount invested. This silent partner generally does not participate in the management or day-to-day operation of the partnership.

Finally, the awkwardly-named limited liability limited partnership is a new and relatively uncommon variety. This is a limited partnership that provides a greater shield from liability for its general partners.

Taxes and Partnerships

There is no federal statute defining partnerships, but nevertheless, the Internal Revenue Code (Chapter 1, Subchapter K) includes detailed rules on their federal tax treatment.

Partnerships do not pay income tax. The tax responsibility passes through to the partners, who are not considered employees for tax purposes.

Individuals in partnerships may receive more favorable tax treatment than if they founded a corporation. That is, corporate profits are taxed, as are the dividends paid to owners or shareholders. Partnerships’ profits, on the other hand, are not double-taxed in this way.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Partnerships

A successful partnership can help a business thrive by allowing the partners to pool their labor and resources. Most sole proprietors do not have the time or resources to run a successful business alone, and the startup stage can be the most time-consuming.

Creating a partnership allows the partners to benefit from one another’s labor, time, and expertise. Moreover, a shrewd partner can also provide additional perspectives and insights that can help the business grow.

But there is also an additional risk in joining a partnership. In addition to sharing profits, the partners may also assume responsibility for any losses or debts from the other partners. There is also a higher chance of conflict or mismanagement. When the time comes to exit, it may be harder to reach an agreement about selling the business.

Partnerships by Country

The basic varieties of partnerships can be found throughout common law jurisdictions, such as the United States, the U.K., and the Commonwealth nations. There are, however, differences in the laws governing them in each jurisdiction.

The U.S. has no federal statute that defines the various forms of partnership. However, every state except Louisiana has adopted one form or another of the Uniform Partnership Act; so, the laws are similar from state to state. The standard version of the act defines the partnership as a separate legal entity from its partners, which is a departure from the previous legal treatment of partnerships.

Other common law jurisdictions, including England, do not consider partnerships to be independent legal entities.

The Bottom Line

A partnership is a legal arrangement that allows two or more people to share responsibility for a business. Those partners share the ownership and profits, but they also share the work, responsibility, and potential losses. A successful partnership can give a new business more opportunities to succeed, but a poorly-thought out one can cause mismanagement and disagreements.

1. [teık]

1. 1) захват, взятие; получение

2) получка

3. 1) улов ()

4. 1) аренда ()

2) арендованный участок

10. запись ()

on the take — корыстный, продажный

2. [teık]

(took; taken)

I

1. брать; хватать

to take a pencil [a sheet of paper, a spade] — взять карандаш [лист бумаги, лопату]

to take smth. in one’s hand — взять что-л. в руку

to take smb.’s hand, to take smb. by the hand — взять кого-л. за руку

to take smb. in one’s arms — а) брать кого-л. на руки; б) обнимать кого-л.

to take smb.’s arm — взять кого-л. под руку

to take smth. in one’s arms — взять что-л. в руки; схватить что-л. руками

to take smb. to one’s arms /to one’s breast/ — обнимать кого-л., прижимать кого-л. к груди

to take smb. by the shoulders — взять /схватить/ кого-л. за плечи

to take smb. by the throat — взять /схватить/ кого-л. за горло /за глотку/

to take smth. between one’s finger and thumb — взять что-л. двумя пальцами

to take smth. (up) with a pair of tongs — взять что-л. щипцами

to take smth. on one’s back — взвалить что-л. на спину

take a sheet of paper from /out of/ the drawer — возьми лист бумаги из ящика стола

take your bag off the table — снимите /уберите, возьмите/ сумку со стола

take this table out of the room — уберите /вынесите/ этот стол из комнаты

2. 1) захватывать; овладевать, завоёвывать

to take a fortress [a town] (by storm) — брать крепость [город] (штурмом)

to take prisoners — захватывать /брать/ пленных

he was taken prisoner — его взяли /он попал/ в плен

he was taken in the street — его взяли /арестовали/ на улице

2) ловить

a rabbit taken in a trap — заяц, попавшийся в капкан

he managed to take the ball (off the bat) — ему удалось поймать мяч (с биты)

to take smb. in the act — застать кого-л. на месте преступления

to take smb. by surprise /off his guard, unawares/ — захватить /застигнуть/ кого-л. врасплох

to take smb. at his word — поймать кого-л. на слове

4) уносить, сводить в могилу

pneumonia took him — воспаление лёгких свело его в могилу, он умер от воспаления лёгких

3. 1) присваивать, брать (без разрешения)

who has taken my pen? — кто взял мою ручку?

he takes whatever he can lay his hands on — он пользуется (всем), чем только может, он берёт всё, что под руку подвернётся

he is always taking other people’s ideas — он всегда использует /присваивает себе/ чужие мысли, он всегда пользуется чужими мыслями

2) (from) отбирать, забирать

they took his dog from him — они у него забрали /отобрали/ собаку

4. 1) пользоваться; получать; приобретать

to take a taxi — брать такси [ тж. II А 2]

to take one’s part — взять свою часть /долю/ [ тж. III А 2)]

to take a quotation from Shakespeare [from a book] — воспользоваться цитатой из Шекспира [из книги], взять цитату из Шекспира [из книги]

to take a holiday — а) взять отпуск; when are you taking your holiday? — когда ты идёшь в отпуск?; б) отдыхать; you must take a holiday — вам надо отдохнуть; I am taking a holiday today — я сегодня отдыхаю /не работаю/; сегодня у меня свободный день

he lived in my house and took my care and nursing — он жил у меня и принимал мои заботы и уход (как должное)

2) выбирать

he took the largest piece of cake — он взял себе самый большой кусок пирога

to take any means to do smth. — использовать любые средства, чтобы сделать что-л.

which route shall you take? — какой дорогой вы пойдёте /поедете/?

she is old enough to take her own way — она достаточно взрослая, чтобы самой выбрать свой собственный путь

3) покупать

I take bread here — я покупаю /беру/ хлеб здесь

you will take — 2 lbs. — купишь /возьмёшь/ два фунта ()

I shall take it for $3 — я возьму /куплю/ это за три доллара

4) выигрывать; брать, бить

to take a bishop — взять /побить/ слона ()

he took little by that move — этот ход /шаг/ мало помог /мало что дал/ ему

according to the will he will take when of age — согласно завещанию он вступит во владение (имуществом) по достижении совершеннолетия

5. 1) доставать, добывать

to take the crop — убирать /собирать/ урожай

2) взимать, собирать; добиваться уплаты

to take contributions to the Red Cross — собирать пожертвования в пользу Красного Креста

3) получать, зарабатывать

to take an offer [presents] — принимать предложение [подарки]

to take £50 for the picture — взять /согласиться на/ пятьдесят фунтов за картину

how much less will you take? — на сколько вы сбавите цену?, сколько вы уступите?

take what he offers you — возьми /прими/ то, что он тебе предлагает

I’ll take it — ладно, я согласен

I will take no denial — отказа я не приму; не вздумайте отказываться

to take smb.’s orders — слушаться кого-л., подчиняться кому-л.

I am not taking orders from you — я вам не подчиняюсь, я не буду выполнять ваши приказы; ≅ вы мне не указчик

to take a wager /a bet/ — идти на пари

to take a dare /a challenge/ — принимать вызов

2) получать

take that (and that)! — получай!, вот тебе!

7. воспринимать, реагировать

to take smth. coolly [lightly] — относиться к чему-л. спокойно /хладнокровно/ [несерьёзно /беспечно/]

to take smth. to heart — принимать что-л. (близко) к сердцу

I wonder how he will take it — интересно, как он к этому отнесётся

I can’t take him [his words] seriously — я не могу принимать его [его слова] всерьёз, я не могу серьёзно относиться к нему [к его словам]

he took the joke in earnest — он не понял шутки, он принял шутку всерьёз

he is really kind-hearted if you take him the right way — он, в сущности, добрый человек, если (конечно) правильно его воспринимать

this is no way to take his behaviour — на его поведение нужно реагировать не так

take it easy! — а) не волнуйся!; б) смотри на вещи проще!; в) не усердствуй чрезмерно!

to take things as they are /as one finds them, as they come/ — принимать вещи такими, какие они есть

to take smth. amiss /ill, in bad part/ — обижаться на что-л.

you must not take it ill of him — вы не должны сердиться на него; он не хотел вас обидеть

to take kindly to smb. — дружески /тепло/ отнестись к кому-л. принять участие в ком-л.

he took kindly to the young author — он принял участие в начинающем писателе, он «пригрел» начинающего писателя

to take smth. kindly — благожелательно /доброжелательно/ отнестись к чему-л.

I should take it kindly if you would answer my letter — я буду вам очень благодарен, если вы ответите на моё письмо

8. 1) понимать; толковать

I take your meaning — я вас понимаю, я понимаю, что вы хотите сказать

I [don’t] take you — я вас [не] понимаю, я [не] понимаю, что вы хотите сказать

how did you take his remark? — как вы поняли его замечание?

to take smb. in the wrong way — неправильно понять кого-л.

your words may be taken in a bad sense — ваши слова можно истолковать дурно /превратно/

2) полагать, считать; заключать

to take the news to be true /as true/ — считать эти сведения верными /соответствующими действительности/

what time do you take it to be? — как вы думаете /как по-вашему/, сколько сейчас времени?

how old do you take him to be? — сколько лет вы ему дадите?

I take it that we are to wait here [to come early] — надо полагать /я так понимаю/, что мы должны ждать здесь [прийти рано]

let us take it that it is so — предположим, что это так

3) верить; считать истинным

(you may) take it from me that he means what he says — поверьте мне, он не шутит /к тому, что он говорит, надо отнестись серьёзно/

take it from me!, take my word for it — можете мне поверить; уж я-то знаю!, можете не сомневаться!

we must take it at that — ничего не поделаешь, приходится верить

9. охватывать, овладевать

his conscience takes him when he is sober — когда он трезв, его мучают угрызения совести

what has taken the boy? — что нашло на мальчика?

he was taken with a fit of coughing [of laughter] — на него напал приступ кашля [смеха]

to be taken ill /bad/ — заболеть

10. 1) захватывать, увлекать; нравиться

to take smb.’s fancy — а) поразить чьё-л. воображение; the story took my fancy — рассказ поразил моё воображение; б) понравиться; her new novel took the fancy of the public — её новый роман понравился читателям

I was not taken with him — он мне не понравился, он не произвёл на меня (большого) впечатления

he was very much taken with the idea — он очень увлёкся этой мыслью, он был весь во власти этой идеи

the play didn’t take (with the public) — пьеса не имела успеха (у публики)

11. записывать, регистрировать, протоколировать

to take dictation — а) писать под диктовку; б) писать диктант

12. 1) снимать, фотографировать

to take a photograph of a tower — сфотографировать башню, сделать снимок башни

he liked to take animals — он любил фотографировать /снимать/ животных

2) выходить, получаться на фотографии

he does not take well, he takes badly — он плохо выходит /получается/ на фотографии; он нефотогеничен

13. использовать в качестве примера

take the French Revolution — возьмите /возьмём/ (например) Французскую революцию

take me for example — возьмите меня, например

14. вмешать

this car takes only five — в этой машине может поместиться только пять человек

the typewriter takes large sizes of paper — в эту (пишущую) машинку входит бумага большого формата

15. 1) требовать; отнимать

it takes time, means and skill — на это нужно время, средства и умение

the stuff takes sixty hours in burning — это вещество сгорает за шестьдесят часов

how long will it take you to translate this article? — сколько времени уйдёт у вас на перевод этой статьи?

it took him three years to write the book — ему потребовалось три года, чтобы написать книгу [ тж. 2)]

this trip will take a lot of money — на эту поездку уйдёт /потребуется/ много денег

it takes some pluck to do our work — для нашей работы требуется немало мужества

it took four men to hold him — потребовалось четыре человека, чтобы его удержать

it would take volumes to relate — нужны тома, чтобы это рассказать

the work took some doing — работа потребовала усилий, работа попалась нелёгкая

it took some finding [explaining] — это было трудно найти /разыскать/ [объяснить]

he has everything it takes to be a pilot — у него есть все (необходимые) качества (для того), чтобы стать лётчиком

2) требовать, нуждаться

he took two hours to get there — ему потребовалось два часа, чтобы добраться туда; дорога туда отняла у него два часа

wait for me, I won’t take long — подожди меня, я скоро освобожусь

he took three years to write /in writing/ the book — ему потребовалось три года, чтобы написать книгу [ тж. 1)]

a plural noun takes a plural verb — существительное во множественном числе требует глагола /употребляется с глаголом/ во множественном числе

16. (in, on) цепляться (); застревать, запутываться ()

17. жениться; выходить замуж

she wouldn’t take him — она не хотела выходить за него замуж, она ему упорно отказывала

the cow [the mare] took the bull [the stallion] — корова [кобыла] приняла быка [жеребца]

19. 1) приниматься

before the graft has taken — до тех пор, пока прививка не принялась

2) действовать; приниматься

the vaccination did not take — оспа не привилась /не принялась/

the medicine seems to be taking — лекарство, кажется, подействовало

3) держаться, закрепляться, оставаться

this ink does not take on glossy paper — этими чернилами нельзя писать на глянцевой бумаге

20. начинаться, расходиться, набирать силу

to take sick — заболеть, захворать; приболеть

II А

1. 1) принимать ()

to take an early breakfast [dinner] — рано позавтракать [пообедать]

will you take tea or coffee? — вы будете пить чай или кофе?

do you take sugar in your tea? — вы пьёте чай с сахаром?

I cannot take whiskey — я не могу пить /не выношу/ виски

that’s all he ever takes — это всё, что он ест

to take medicine [pills, sleeping powders] — принимать лекарство [пилюли, снотворное]

I must take smth. for my headache — мне нужно принять что-л. от головной боли

the fish doesn’t take (the bait /the hook/) — рыба не клюёт

2. ездить ()

to take a tram [a taxi] — поехать на трамвае [на такси] [ тж. I 4, 1)]

3. 1) снимать, арендовать ()

they’ve taken the large hall for the conference — они сняли большой зал для конференции

2) нанимать, приглашать ()

to take smb. as a servant — взять кого-л. в качестве слуги

he took me into partnership — он сделал меня своим компаньоном, он принял /пригласил/ меня в долю

he has been taken into the Air Ministry — его взяли /приняли на работу/ в министерство авиации

3) брать ()

to take pupils [lodgers] — брать учеников [постояльцев]

4. выписывать регулярно покупать (); подписываться ()

which magazines and newspapers do you take? — какие журналы и газеты вы выписываете?

5. 1) принимать (); нести ()

to take control — брать в свои руки руководство /управление/

to take charge of smb., smth. — взять на себя заботу о ком-л., чём-л.; осуществлять контроль /надзор/ за кем-л., чем-л.

when I go away she is to take charge of the children — когда я уеду, она будет заботиться о детях

I don’t want to take the blame for what he did — я не хочу отвечать за то, что сделал он; ≅ он виноват, пусть он и отвечает /расхлёбывает/

I shall take it upon myself to convince him — я беру /возьму/ на себя (задачу) убедить его

2) вступать ()

3) получать ()

to take a degree — получить учёную степень, стать магистром доктором наук

to take holy orders — принять духовный сан, стать священником

to take a front [a back] seat — садиться спереди [сзади] [ тж. ]

take a seat! — садитесь!

take the chair — садитесь /сядьте/ на (этот) стул [ тж. ]

7. держаться, двигаться ()

to take (a little) to the right — брать /держаться/ (немного) правее

take this street until you come to the big yellow house, then take the first street to the right, go another 100 yards and take the turning on the left — идите по этой улице до большого жёлтого дома, затем сверните в первую улицу направо, пройдите ещё сто ярдов и сверните (за угол) налево

8. занимать (); придерживаться ()

to take the attitude of an outsider — занять позицию (стороннего) наблюдателя

if you take this attitude we shall not come to an agreement — если вы так будете к этому относиться, мы не договоримся /не придём к соглашению/

to take a strong stand — решительно настаивать на своём, упорно отстаивать свою точку зрения; занять жёсткую позицию

to take a jaundiced view — отнестись к чему-л. предвзято /предубеждённо, пристрастно/

to take a practical view of the situation — смотреть на дело /положение/ практически /с практической точки зрения/; трезво смотреть на ситуацию

9. 1) приобретать, принимать ()

a pudding takes its shape from the mould — пудинг принимает форму посуды (в которой он пёкся)

the word takes a new meaning in this text — в этом тексте слово приобретает новое значение

this drink takes its flavour from the lemon peel — лимонная корочка придаёт этому напитку особый вкус /привкус/

2) получать, наследовать ()

the city of Washington takes its name from George Washington — город Вашингтон назван в честь Джорджа Вашингтона

this apparatus takes ifs name from the inventor — этот аппарат назван по имени изобретателя

10. 1) преодолевать ()

to take a hurdle [a grade] — брать барьер [подъём]

the horse took the ditch [the fence] — лошадь перепрыгнула через канаву [забор]

the car took the corner at full speed — машина свернула за угол на полной скорости

2) выигрывать, побеждать, одерживать верх ()

the visiting team took the game 8 to 1 — команда гостей выиграла встречу со счётом 8:1

3) выигрывать, завоёвывать, брать (); занимать ()

to take (the) first prize — завоевать /получить/ первую премию

who took the first place? — кто занял первое место?

11. (into)

1) посвящать ()

to take smb. into the secret — посвятить кого-л. в тайну

to take smb. into one’s confidence — оказать доверие /довериться/ кому-л.; поделиться с кем-л.; сделать кого-л. поверенным своих тайн

we took him into the details — мы ознакомили его с подробностями; мы ввели его в курс дела

2) принимать ()

to take smth. into account /into consideration/ — принять что-л. во внимание, учесть что-л.

12. 1) изучать ()

I shall take French — я буду изучать французский язык, я буду заниматься французским

you should take a course in physiology — вам следует заняться физиологией /прослушать курс физиологии/

2) вести ()

he always takes botany in the park — он всегда проводит занятия по ботанике в парке

13. определять (); снимать ()

to take the /a/ temperature — измерять температуру

to take azimuth — засекать направление, брать азимут

to take bearings — а) ориентироваться; уяснять обстановку; б) пеленговать

14. носить, иметь размер ()

what size do you take in shoes? — какой размер обуви вы носите?

she takes sevens /a seven/ in gloves — она носит седьмой номер перчаток

15. подвергаться (); нести ()

to take a light [severe] punishment — а) получить лёгкое [серьёзное] повреждение; б) нести незначительные [большие] потери

16. 1) выдерживать, переносить ()

I don’t know how he can take it — я не знаю, как он (это) выдерживает

she takes the rough with the smooth — она стойко переносит превратности судьбы

he always takes what comes to him — он всегда мирится с тем, что есть

he can dish it out but he can’t take it — он может любого отделать /любому всыпать по первое число/, но сам такого обращения ни от кого не потерпит

4) выдерживать ()

17. заболеть; заразиться ()

18. поддаваться ()

19. впитывать, поглощать ()

II Б

1. 1) направляться куда-л.

to take to the field — направиться в поле; выйти в поле [ тж. ]

he took to the road again — он вновь вышел /вернулся/ на дорогу [ тж. 4, 4)]

the guerillas took to the mountains — партизаны ушли в горы /скрылись в горах/

2) пересекать что-л., идти через что-л.

2.

1) доставлять, относить, отводить, отвозить кого-л., что-л. куда-л., к кому-л.

to take smb. home — отвезти /отвести, проводить/ кого-л. домой

may I take you home? — можно мне проводить вас (домой)?

to take smb. to the hospital — доставить /отвезти/ кого-л. в больницу

he was taken to the police station — его доставили /отвели/ в полицейский участок

don’t worry, I’ll take the book to your father — не беспокойтесь, я отнесу книгу вашему отцу

it was I who took the news to him — это /именно/ я сообщил ему эту новость

the butler took the lawyer to the old lady — дворецкий провёл /проводил/ адвоката к старой даме

2) приводить кого-л. куда-л.

what took you to the city today? — что привело вас сегодня в город?

business took him to London — он поехал в Лондон по делу, дела заставили его поехать в Лондон

3) брать кого-л., что-л. (с собой) куда-л.

why don’t you take the manuscript to the country? — почему бы тебе не взять рукопись с собой в деревню?

4) выводить, приводить кого-л. куда-л. ()

where will this road take me? — куда эта дорога выведет меня?

3. выводить кого-л. ()

4.

1) пристраститься к чему-л.

to take to drink /to drinking, to the bottle/ — пристраститься к вину, запить

2) проявлять интерес, симпатию к чему-л.

he didn’t take to the idea — его эта идея не заинтересовала, ему эта идея не понравилась /не пришлась по вкусу/

does he take to Latin? — он с удовольствием занимается латынью?

I took to instant coffee — я полюбил быстрорастворимый кофе, быстрорастворимый кофе пришёлся мне по вкусу

3) привыкать, приспосабливаться к чему-л.

fruit trees take badly to the soil — фруктовые деревья плохо акклиматизируются на этой почве

4) обращаться, прибегать к чему-л.

the ship was sinking and they had to take to the boats — корабль тонул, и им пришлось воспользоваться лодками

he took to the road again — он снова пустился в странствия, он вернулся к бродячему образу жизни [ тж. 1, 1)]

to take to one’s bed — слечь, заболеть

5) начинать заниматься чем-л.

to take to literature — заняться литературой, стать писателем

to take to the stage — поступить в театр, стать актёром

5. 1) полюбить кого-л., почувствовать к кому-л. симпатию

they have taken to each other — они понравились друг другу, они потянулись друг к другу

2) выступать против кого-л.

6.

1) походить на кого-л.

2) подражать

his followers take after him in this particular — его сторонники следуют его примеру в этом отношении

7. 1) принимать кого-л., что-л. за кого-л., что-л.

I am not the person you take me for — я не тот, за кого вы меня принимаете

do you take me for a fool? — вы принимаете меня за дурака?, вы считаете меня дураком?

2) считать кого-л., что-л. кем-л., чем-л., принимать кого-л., что-л. за кого-л., что-л.

I took him to be an honest man — я принял его за честного человека; он мне показался честным человеком

do you take me to be a fool? — вы считаете меня дураком?, вы принимаете меня за дурака?

how old do you take him to be? — как по-вашему, сколько ему лет?

8.

1) снимать что-л. с чего-л.

to take the saucepan off the fire [the lid off the pan] — снять кастрюлю с огня [крышку с кастрюли]

2) снимать, вычитать что-л. из чего-л.

to take 3 shillings off the price of smth. — снизить цену на что-л. на три шиллинга

3) заимствовать что-л. у кого-л., подражать, копировать; пародировать, передразнивать

her hairdo was taken off a famous actress — причёску она взяла /заимствовала/ у одной известной актрисы

she takes her manners off him — своими манерами /своим поведением/ она подражает ему

4) отвлекать что-л., кого-л. от чего-л., кого-л.

to take smb.’s attention off smth. — отвлечь чьё-л. внимание от чего-л.

to take smb.’s mind off smth. — отвлечь чьи-л. мысли от чего-л.

I hope the child will take his mind off his troubles — я надеюсь, (что) ребёнок заставит его забыть неприятности

to take one’s mind off smth. — забыть что-л.

I can’t take my mind off this misfortune — я не могу забыть об этом несчастье

he couldn’t take his eyes off the picture — он не мог оторваться /отвести глаз/ от картины

to take smb. off his work — отвлекать кого-л. от работы, мешать кому-л. работать

5) избавлять что-л., кого-л. от чего-л., кого-л.

he took the responsibility [the blame] off me — он снял с меня ответственность [вину]

he took him [the responsibility, all the worries] off my hands — он избавил меня от него [от ответственности, от всех хлопот]

6) отстранять кого-л. от чего-л.

to take smb. off the job — отстранить кого-л. от работы

7) вычёркивать, изымать кого-л. из чего-л.

to take smb. off the list — вычеркнуть /изъять/ кого-л. из списка

to take a ship off the active list — вычеркнуть корабль из числа действующих

сбивать кого-л. с чего-л.

the waves took me off my feet — волны сбили меня с ног [ тж. ]

9. 1) вычитать что-л. из чего-л.

if we take two from five we’ll have tree left — если вычесть два из пяти, останется /в остатке будет/ три

the storekeeper took a dollar from the price — лавочник сбавил цену на доллар

2) снижать, ослаблять

to take from the value of smth. — снижать ценность, стоимость чего-л.

it doesn’t take from the effect of the play — это не ослабляет впечатления, которое производит пьеса

to take from the merit of smb. — умалять чьи-л. достоинства

10.

1) выносить что-л. откуда-л.

books must not be taken out of the library — книги нельзя выносить из библиотеки

2) вынимать что-л. откуда-л.

3) отвлекать, развлекать кого-л.

a drive in the country will take her out of herself — поездка за город развлечёт её /отвлечёт её от мрачных мыслей/

4) устранять кого-л.

to take smb. out of one’s way — устранить кого-л. (со своего пути)

11.

1) заставить кого-л. сделать что-л.

I took him through a book of Livy — я заставил его прочесть (одну) книгу Ливия

to take smb. through the first two books of English — прочитать с кем-л. первые две английские книги, помочь кому-л. справиться с двумя первыми английскими книгами

2) заставить кого-л. пройти через что-л.; подвергнуть кого-л. чему-л.

12. вести что-л., кого-л. вниз по чему-л.

to take a little boat down the Mississippi — пройти /совершить путешествие/ на маленькой лодке вниз по Миссисипи

13. доводить что-л. до какого-л. времени

to take smb. over a house [a museum] — показывать кому-л. дом [музей], водить кого-л. по дому [по музею]

15. попадать кому-л. по какому-л. месту, ударять кого-л. по чему-л.

the blow took me across the arm [over the head] — удар пришёлся мне по руке [по голове]

16. браться за что-л., брать на себя выполнение чего-л.

to take upon oneself to distribute food — взять на себя распределение продовольствия

III А

to take a walk — погулять; прогуляться, пройтись

to take a turn — а) повернуть; б) прогуляться, пройтись; покататься, проехаться

to take a step — шагнуть [ тж. 2)]

to take a run — разбежаться [ тж. ]

to take a jump /a leap/ — прыгнуть

to take a nap — вздремнуть; соснуть

to take a look /a glance/ — взглянуть

to take a shot — выстрелить [ тж. ]

to take a risk /a chance/ — рискнуть

to take (a) breath — а) вдохнуть; б) перевести дыхание; he stopped to take (a) breath — он остановился, чтобы перевести дыхание /передохнуть/

to take (one’s) leave — прощаться, уходить

to take an examination — сдавать /держать/ экзамен

to take an oath — а) дать клятву, поклясться; б) принимать присягу

to take action — а) действовать, принимать меры; I felt I had to take action — я чувствовал, что мне необходимо что-то сделать /начать действовать, принять меры/; б) возбуждать судебное дело

to take steps — принимать меры [ тж. 1)]

what steps did you take to help them? — какие вы приняли меры /что вы предприняли/, чтобы помочь им?

to take effect — а) возыметь, оказать действие; when the pills took effect — когда пилюли подействовали, б) вступить в силу; the law will take effect next year — закон вступит в силу с будущего года

to take place — случаться, происходить

to take part — участвовать, принимать участие [ тж. I 4, 1)]

take post! — по местам!

to take root — пустить корни, укорениться

to take hold — а) схватить; he took hold of my arm — он схватил меня за руку; он ухватился за мою руку; б) овладевать; my plane had taken hold upon his fancy — мой план захватил его воображение; the fashion took hold — мода укоренилась

to take possession — а) стать владельцем, вступить во владение; б) овладеть, захватить

to take aim /sight/ — прицеливаться

to take counsel — совещаться; советоваться

to take advice — а) советоваться, консультироваться; б) следовать совету; take my advice — послушайтесь доброго совета; to take legal advice — брать консультацию у юриста

to take account — принимать во внимание, учитывать

you must take account of his illness — вы должны учитывать, что он был болен

they took advantage of the old woman — они обманули /провели/ эту старую женщину

to take the privilege — воспользоваться правом /привилегией/

we take this opportunity of thanking /to thank/ you — мы пользуемся случаем, чтобы поблагодарить вас

to take interest — интересоваться, проявлять интерес; увлекаться ()

to take pleasure /delight/ — находить удовольствие

to take pity — проявлять жалость /милосердие/

to take trouble — стараться, прилагать усилия; брать на себя труд

she took great pains with her composition — она очень усердно работала над своим сочинением

to take comfort — успокоиться, утешиться

to take courage /heart/ — мужаться; воспрянуть духом; приободриться; не унывать

take courage! — мужайся!, не робей!

to take cover — прятаться; скрываться

to take refuge /shelter/ — укрыться, найти убежище

in his old age he took refuge from his loneliness in his childhood memories — в старости он спасался /находил убежище/ от одиночества в воспоминаниях детства

to take fire — загораться, воспламеняться

to take warning — остерегаться; внять предупреждению

to take notice — замечать; обращать (своё) внимание

to take heed — а) обращать внимание; замечать; б) быть осторожным, соблюдать осторожность

to take care — быть осторожным; take care how you behave — смотри, веди себя осторожно

to take care of smb., smth. — смотреть, присматривать за кем-л., чем-л., заботиться о ком-л., чём-л.

who will take care of the baby? — кто позаботится о ребёнке?, кто присмотрит за ребёнком?

to take a liking /a fancy/ to smb. — полюбить кого-л.

to take a dislike to smb. — невзлюбить кого-л.

I’ll take and bounce a rock on your head — вот возьму и тресну тебя камнем по башке

to take a drop — выпить, подвыпить

to take (a drop /a glass/) too much — хватить /хлебнуть/ лишнего

to take the chair — занять председательское место, председательствовать; открыть заседание [ тж. II А 6]

to take the veil — облачиться в одежду монахини; уйти в монастырь

to take the floor — а) выступать, брать слово; б) пойти танцевать

to take for granted — считать само собой разумеющимся /не требующим доказательств/; принимать на веру

to take too much for granted — быть слишком самонадеянным; позволять себе слишком много

to take smth. to pieces — разобрать что-л.

to take a stick to smb. — побить /отделать/ кого-л. палкой

take it or leave it — на ваше усмотрение; как хотите, как угодно

to take a turn for the better, to take a favourable turn — измениться к лучшему, пойти на лад

to take a turn for the worse — измениться к худшему, ухудшиться

to take stock (of smth., smb.) — [ stock I ]

to take it out of smb. — а) утомлять, лишать сил кого-л.; the long climb took it out of me — длинный подъём утомил меня; the heat takes it out of me — от жары я очень устаю жара лишает меня сил; the illness has taken it out of him — он обессилел от болезни; б) отомстить кому-л.; I will take it out of you /of your hide/ — я отомщу тебе за это; это тебе даром не пройдёт, ты мне за это заплатишь, так просто ты не отделаешься; я с тобой рассчитаюсь /расквитаюсь/; he will take it out of me /of my hide/ — он отыграется на мне, он мне отомстит за это

to take smb.’s measure — а) снимать мерку с кого-л.; б) присматриваться к кому-л.; определять чей-л. характер; в) распознать /раскусить/ кого-л.

to take sides — присоединиться /примкнуть/ к той или другой стороне

to take smb.’s side /part/, to take sides /part/ with smb. — стать на /принять/ чью-л. сторону

to take to one’s heels — улизнуть, удрать, дать стрекача, пуститься наутёк

to take one’s hook — смотать удочки, дать тягу

to take the cake /the biscuit, the bun/ — занять /выйти на/ первое место; получить приз

it takes the cake! — это превосходит всё!, дальше идти некуда!

to take off one’s hat to smb. — восхищаться кем-л., преклоняться перед кем-л., снимать шляпу перед кем-л.

to take a back seat — а) отойти на задний план, стушеваться; б) занимать скромное положение; [ тж. II А 6]

to take a run at smth. — попытаться заняться чем-л. [ тж. III А 1)]

to take a shot /a swing/ at smth. /at doing smth./ — попытаться /рискнуть/ сделать что-л. [ тж. III А 1)]

to take liberties with smb. — позволять себе вольности по отношению к кому-л.; быть непозволительно фамильярным с кем-л.

I am not taking any — ≅ слуга покорный!

to take one’s hair down — разойтись вовсю, разбушеваться

to take smb. for a ride — прикончить /укокошить/ кого-л. [ тж. II Б 3]

to take the starch /the frills/ out of smb. — сбить спесь с кого-л., осадить кого-л.

to take smth. with a grain of salt — относиться к чему-л. скептически /недоверчиво, критически/

to take the bit between the /one’s/ teeth — закусить удила, пойти напролом

to take a load from /off/ smb.’s mind — снять тяжесть с души у кого-л.

you’ve taken a load off my mind — ты снял тяжесть с моей души; у меня от сердца отлегло

to take a load from /off/ one’s feet — сесть

to take a leaf out of smb.’s book — следовать чьему-л. примеру, подражать кому-л.

to take a rise out of smb. rise I 15

to take in hand — а) взять в руки, прибрать к рукам; б) взять в свои руки; взяться, браться ()

to take smb. to task task I

to take smb. off his feet — вызвать чей-л. восторг; поразить /увлечь, потрясти/ кого-л. [ тж. II Б 8, 8)]

to take smb. out of his way — доставлять кому-л. лишние хлопоты

to take it into one’s head — вбить /забрать/ себе в голову

to take one’s courage in both hands — набраться храбрости, собраться с духом

to take exception to smth. — возражать /протестовать/ против чего-л.

to take the name of God /the Lord’s name/ in vain — богохульствовать, кощунствовать; упоминать имя господа всуе

to take a /one’s/ call, to take the curtain — выходить на аплодисменты

to take in flank [in rear] — атаковать с фланга [с тыла]

take your time! — не спеши(те)!, не торопи(те)сь!

he took his time over the job — он делал работу медленно /не спеша/

the devil take him! — чёрт бы его побрал!

By law, a partnership is a relationship formed by the agreement of at least two people to run a business as co-owners. In other words, a partnership is a firm consisting of several owners – each one has invested in the business. In some cases, all the partners are actively involved in the business – they work in it – while in other cases some may be less involved in the running of things, or not at all.

Individuals who have invested in the business but do not work in it are known as limited partners and informally as sleeping partners.

A partnership differs from a corporation in that it is not a separate entity from the owners. Income tax is paid by the partnership, however, the profits and losses are divided up and kept by the partners, depending on how the original agreement was set up. The partners in a partnership do not necessarily have to be just active people, they could be corporations, schools, the government, sleeping partners, churches, etc.

Each partner reports his or her share of business profits or losses on their individual tax return.

Limited partners, usually those who are not directly involved in the management of the business, are generally liable only to the extent of the money they invested in the partnership.

Unlike a corporation or Limited Liability Company, the full partners in a partnership are personally responsible for the businesses’ losses, debts and liabilities. This means that creditors can go after their personal savings and assets, including their homes, in order to get paid.

Individuals can set up a limited partnership or limited liability partnership if they do not want to be personally liable for the business’ losses.

Partner’s do not necessarily have to be people. A Limited Liability Company, for example, counts as a legal entity just like a person, and may also be a partner in a partnership. Governments, schools, universities and interest-based organizations may also be partners.

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Public Private Partnerships are often called PPPs. According to the PPP Kowledge Lab, a PPP is: “A long-term contract between a private party and a government entity, for providing a public asset or service, in which the private party bears significant risk and management responsibility, and remuneration is linked to performance.”

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A partnership can also refer to a type of sponsorship, as occurred last year when British football (US: soccer) club Manchester United announced a multi-year global sponsorship (partnership) deal with Geneva-based Swissquote, an online forex trading company.

A partnership in the United States

In the United States, the federal government has no specific statutory law governing the establishment of a partnership. Each of the country’s states including the District of Columbia has its own statutes and common law governing partnerships.

All the US states mainly follow the general common law principles of partnership whether a limited liability partnership, a limited partnership or general partnership.

A partnership in the United Kingdom

In the United Kingdom, a limited partnership consists of either one of the definitions below:

• One or more people known as general partners. They are liable for all the obligations and debts of the business.
• One or the firm beyond the amount contributed.

Limited partners in the UK may not draw out or receive back any part of the investment they made in the partnership during its lifetime, neither can they take part in the management of the business. Limited partners have no power to bind the firm.

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Many public-private partnerships are established to improve the lives of specific groups of people at city level. According to nyc.gov: “For over twenty years, the Mayor’s Fund to Advance New York City has facilitated public-private collaborations that support the development and emerging needs of the city’s most underserved communities.” (Image: adapted from twitter.com/NYCMayorsFund)

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Partner compensation

In some types of partnerships, particularly accountancy or law firms, equity partners are different from contract partners (salaried partners).

An equity partner, unlike a salaried partner, has an underlying ownership interest in the firm and is entitled to a proportion of the distributable profits of the partnership. The salaried partner, as the name implies, receives a salary but does not share in the distributions of the firm. Salaried partners may receive a bonus based on the business’ profitability.

In general, equity partners enjoy a fixed share – usually but not always an equal share – along with the other partners.

In more sophisticated partnerships, different models may exist for determining proportion, type of ownership and/or profit distribution. Two common forms are eat-what-you-kill or lockstep compensation.

Giant retailer John Lewis Partnership is probably the most successful example of a partnership in the United Kingdom, with revenue of £9.5 billion and 88,700 employees. (Image: twitter.com/DaveLogan)

Eat-what-you-kill is used virtually exclusively by law firms. Each of the firm’s partners receives a share of the partnership’s profits up to a specific amount, with any additional profits going to the partner who brought in the business, i.e. who was responsible for the ‘origination’ of the work that generated the income and thus the profit.

Lockstep is a type of grading system, where somebody may start off as a junior partner with a certain number of points, and accumulates more points as time passes until he or she reaches a set maximum, often called a plateau. The person who reaches the highest partner status is often referred to as a senior partner.

How long it takes to reach the maximum is described in the lockstep – a seven-year-lockstep means it will take a new partner seven years to hit the plateau.

Eat-what-you-kill law firms are more common in the United States, while UK firms tend to use the lockstep principle.

When American law firm Rogers & Wells merged with UK firm Clifford Chance, overcoming the difficulties of merging a eat-what-you-kill culture with a lockstep one was especially challenging.

Famous partnerships

Below are listed some famous businesses that either started off as partnerships or continue as such today.

– Warner Bros: the founders were pioneering figures in the movie industry. They introduced sound to movies and revolutionized musical films. Founded in 1923 in Culver City, California, USA.

– Hewlett Packard: the partnership was founded in a small garage in Palo Alto, California, in 1939. The firm has since gone on to become a PC manufacturing giant. Hewlett and Packard’s first successful product was an audio oscillator, which Walt Disney snapped up for the movie theatre surround sound systems it designed for its famous musical cartoon Fantasia.

– John Lewis Partnership: a British employee-owned retailer that operates the John Lewis department stores, as well as Waitrose supermarkets. It also offers banking, financial and other retail-related services. The business has more than 88,000 employees. Founded in Oxford Street, London, UK, by John Spedan Lewis in 1929.

– McDonald’s: founded by partners Richard and Maurice McDonald in 1940 in San Bernadino, California, USA. Ray Krok joined the team in 1995 and later bought the company from the brothers, founding the McDonald’s Corporation. Today is has restaurants in 119 nations.

– Microsoft: founded by Bill Gates and Paul Allen. It was officially established in 1975 when Allen invented the company name by combining two words – microcomputer and software. Today it is a leading software maker and one of the world’s most valuable companies.

– Apple: founded by Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak in Cupertino, California, USA, in 1976. You just have to look at the effect Jobs’ death had globally to appreciate the historical importance of this partnership. When the partnership was set up, Jobs looked after marketing while Wozniak dealt with the technical side of things.

– Google: founded by Sergey Brin and Larry Page in 1998 in Mountain View, California. The company today is the world’s leading search engine.

– Twitter: founded by Evans Williams, Jack Dorsey and Biz Stone in 2006. The firm has grown rapidly and today has more than 500 million active registered users who tweet on average 58 million messages per day.

– PricewaterhouseCooper (PwC): a multinational professional services network based in London, UK. The result of a merger between Price Waterhouse (est. 1854) and Coopers & Lybrand. It operates in 157 countries in 756 locations, with more than 208,000 people. Member firms have a variety of legal structures – both US and UK firms are actually limited liability partnerships.

Quotes using the word ‘Partnership’

“Public-Private Partnership in financing, service delivery and provision of workspaces and training of trainers must be promoted to meet the demand and supply gap in the field of skill development,” (Pallam Raju – an Indian politician, former Union Minister for Human Resources Development in the Central Government)

“Financial institutions, the corporate world and civil society – all must uphold high standards of probity in their working. Only a genuine partnership between the Government and its people can bring about positive change to create a just society,” (Pratibha Patil – President of India from 2007 to 2012)

“No partnership between two independent companies, no matter how well run, can match the speed, effectiveness, responsiveness and efficiency of a solely owned company,” (Edward Whitacre, Jr. – Former Chairman and CEO of General Motors and AT&T Inc.)

“Friendship is essentially a partnership,” (Aristotle, born 384 BC, died 322 BC –  a Greek philosopher and scientist)

“A man who graduated high in his class at Yale Law School and made partnership in a top law firm would be celebrated. A man who invested wisely would be admired, but a woman who accomplishes this is treated with suspicion,” (Barbra Streisand –  an American singer, songwriter, actress, and filmmaker)

“And humility in politics means accepting that one party doesn’t have all the answers; recognising that working in partnership is progress not treachery,” (Vince Cable – a British politician, former Secretary of State for Business, Innovation and Skills)

“The Declaration on Strategic Partnership between India and Russia signed in October 2000 became a truly historic step. The developments in the first decade of the 21 century confirmed that it was a particularly significant and timely step,” (Vladimir Putin – President of the Russian Federation)