This article is about the national language of the Philippines. For an overview of all languages spoken in the Philippines, see Languages of the Philippines.
Tagalog | |
---|---|
Wikang Tagalog ᜏᜒᜃᜅ᜔ ᜆᜄᜎᜓᜄ᜔ |
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Pronunciation | [tɐˈɡaːloɡ] |
Native to | Philippines |
Region | Katagalugan; Metro Manila, Parts of Central Luzon, Calabarzon, and Parts of Mimaropa |
Ethnicity | Tagalog |
Native speakers |
28 million (2022)[1] 82 million total speakers (2022)[1] |
Language family |
Austronesian
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Early forms |
Proto-Austronesian
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Standard forms |
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Dialects |
|
Writing system |
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Official status | |
Official language in |
Philippines (as Filipino)
ASEAN (as Filipino) |
Recognised minority |
Philippines (as a regional language; apart from national standard of Filipino) |
Regulated by | Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-1 | tl |
ISO 639-2 | tgl |
ISO 639-3 | tgl |
Glottolog | taga1280 Tagalogictaga1269 Tagalog-Filipino |
Linguasphere | 31-CKA |
Predominantly Tagalog-speaking regions in the Philippines. |
|
Countries with more than 500,000 speakers Countries with between 100,000–500,000 speakers Countries where it is spoken by minor communities |
Tagalog (, tə-GAH-log;[2] [tɐˈɡaːloɡ]; Baybayin: ᜆᜄᜎᜓᜄ᜔) is an Austronesian language spoken as a first language by the ethnic Tagalog people, who make up a quarter of the population of the Philippines, and as a second language by the majority. Its standardized form, officially named Filipino, is the national language of the Philippines, and is one of two official languages, alongside English.
Tagalog is closely related to other Philippine languages, such as the Bikol languages, the Bisayan languages, Ilocano, Kapampangan, and Pangasinan, and more distantly to other Austronesian languages, such as the Formosan languages of Taiwan, Indonesian, Malay, Hawaiian, Māori, Malagasy, and many more.
Classification[edit]
Tagalog is a Central Philippine language within the Austronesian language family. Being Malayo-Polynesian, it is related to other Austronesian languages, such as Malagasy, Javanese, Indonesian, Malay, Tetum (of Timor), and Yami (of Taiwan).[3] It is closely related to the languages spoken in the Bicol Region and the Visayas islands, such as the Bikol group and the Visayan group, including Waray-Waray, Hiligaynon and Cebuano.[3]
Tagalog differs from its Central Philippine counterparts with its treatment of the Proto-Philippine schwa vowel *ə. In most Bikol and Visayan languages, this sound merged with /u/ and [o]. In Tagalog, it has merged with /i/. For example, Proto-Philippine *dəkət (adhere, stick) is Tagalog dikít and Visayan & Bikol dukot.
Proto-Philippine *r, *j, and *z merged with /d/ but is /l/ between vowels. Proto-Philippine *ŋajan (name) and *hajək (kiss) became Tagalog ngalan and halík.
Proto-Philippine *R merged with /ɡ/. *tubiR (water) and *zuRuʔ (blood) became Tagalog tubig and dugô.
History[edit]
The base consonants and vowels of the Baybayin script, the original writing system of Tagalog
The word Tagalog is derived from the endonym taga-ilog («river dweller»), composed of tagá- («native of» or «from») and ilog («river»). Linguists such as David Zorc and Robert Blust speculate that the Tagalogs and other Central Philippine ethno-linguistic groups originated in Northeastern Mindanao or the Eastern Visayas.[4][5]
Possible words of Old Tagalog origin are attested in the Laguna Copperplate Inscription from the tenth century, which is largely written in Old Malay.[6] The first known complete book to be written in Tagalog is the Doctrina Christiana (Christian Doctrine), printed in 1593. The Doctrina was written in Spanish and two transcriptions of Tagalog; one in the ancient, then-current Baybayin script and the other in an early Spanish attempt at a Latin orthography for the language.
Vocabulario de la lengua tagala, 1794.
Throughout the 333 years of Spanish rule, various grammars and dictionaries were written by Spanish clergymen. In 1610, the Dominican priest Francisco Blancas de San Jose published the Arte y reglas de la lengua tagala (which was subsequently revised with two editions in 1752 and 1832) in Bataan. In 1613, the Franciscan priest Pedro de San Buenaventura published the first Tagalog dictionary, his Vocabulario de la lengua tagala in Pila, Laguna.
The first substantial dictionary of the Tagalog language was written by the Czech Jesuit missionary Pablo Clain in the beginning of the 18th century. Clain spoke Tagalog and used it actively in several of his books. He prepared the dictionary, which he later passed over to Francisco Jansens and José Hernandez.[7] Further compilation of his substantial work was prepared by P. Juan de Noceda and P. Pedro de Sanlucar and published as Vocabulario de la lengua tagala in Manila in 1754 and then repeatedly[8] reedited, with the last edition being in 2013 in Manila.[9]
Among others, Arte de la lengua tagala y manual tagalog para la administración de los Santos Sacramentos (1850) in addition to early studies[10] of the language.
The indigenous poet Francisco Balagtas (1788–1862) is known as the foremost Tagalog writer, his most notable work being the 19th-century epic Florante at Laura.[11]
Official status[edit]
Diariong Tagalog (Tagalog Newspaper), the first bilingual newspaper in the Philippines founded in 1882 written in both Tagalog and Spanish.
Tagalog was declared the official language by the first revolutionary constitution in the Philippines, the Constitution of Biak-na-Bato in 1897.[12]
In 1935, the Philippine constitution designated English and Spanish as official languages, but mandated the development and adoption of a common national language based on one of the existing native languages.[13] After study and deliberation, the National Language Institute, a committee composed of seven members who represented various regions in the Philippines, chose Tagalog as the basis for the evolution and adoption of the national language of the Philippines.[14][15] President Manuel L. Quezon then, on December 30, 1937, proclaimed the selection of the Tagalog language to be used as the basis for the evolution and adoption of the national language of the Philippines.[14] In 1939, President Quezon renamed the proposed Tagalog-based national language as Wikang Pambansâ (national language).[15] Quezon himself was born and raised in Baler, Aurora, which is a native Tagalog-speaking area. Under the Japanese puppet government during World War II, Tagalog as a national language was strongly promoted; the 1943 Constitution specifying: «The government shall take steps toward the development and propagation of Tagalog as the national language.»
In 1959, the language was further renamed as «Pilipino».[15] Along with English, the national language has had official status under the 1973 constitution (as «Pilipino»)[16] and the present 1987 constitution (as Filipino).
Controversy[edit]
The adoption of Tagalog in 1937 as basis for a national language is not without its own controversies. Instead of specifying Tagalog, the national language was designated as Wikang Pambansâ («National Language») in 1939.[14][17][better source needed] Twenty years later, in 1959, it was renamed by then Secretary of Education, José Romero, as Pilipino to give it a national rather than ethnic label and connotation. The changing of the name did not, however, result in acceptance among non-Tagalogs, especially Cebuanos who had not accepted the selection.[15]
The national language issue was revived once more during the 1971 Constitutional Convention. The majority of the delegates were even in favor of scrapping the idea of a «national language» altogether.[18] A compromise solution was worked out—a «universalist» approach to the national language, to be called Filipino rather than Pilipino. The 1973 constitution makes no mention of Tagalog. When a new constitution was drawn up in 1987, it named Filipino as the national language.[15] The constitution specified that as the Filipino language evolves, it shall be further developed and enriched on the basis of existing Philippine and other languages. However, more than two decades after the institution of the «universalist» approach, there seems to be little if any difference between Tagalog and Filipino.[citation needed]
Many of the older generation in the Philippines feel that the replacement of English by Tagalog in the popular visual media has had dire economic effects regarding the competitiveness of the Philippines in trade and overseas remittances.[19]
Use in education[edit]
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Upon the issuance of Executive Order No. 134, Tagalog was declared as basis of the National Language. On April 12, 1940, Executive No. 263 was issued ordering the teaching of the national language in all public and private schools in the country.[20]
Article XIV, Section 6 of the 1987 Constitution of the Philippines specifies, in part:
Subject to provisions of law and as the Congress may deem appropriate, the Government shall take steps to initiate and sustain the use of Filipino as a medium of official communication and as language of instruction in the educational system.[21]
Under Section 7, however:
The regional languages are the auxiliary official languages in the regions and shall serve as auxiliary media of instruction therein.[21]
In 2009, the Department of Education promulgated an order institutionalizing a system of mother-tongue based multilingual education («MLE»), wherein instruction is conducted primarily in a student’s mother tongue (one of the various regional Philippine languages) until at least grade three, with additional languages such as Filipino and English being introduced as separate subjects no earlier than grade two. In secondary school, Filipino and English become the primary languages of instruction, with the learner’s first language taking on an auxiliary role.[22] After pilot tests in selected schools, the MLE program was implemented nationwide from School Year (SY) 2012–2013.[23][24]
Tagalog is the first language of a quarter of the population of the Philippines (particularly in Central and Southern Luzon) and the second language for the majority.[25]
Extent of use[edit]
In the Philippines[edit]
A landslide and rockslide-prone area sign at Indang, Cavite.
According to the Philippine Statistics Authority, as of 2014, there were 100 million people living in the Philippines, where the vast majority have some basic level of understanding of the language. The Tagalog homeland, Katagalugan, covers roughly much of the central to southern parts of the island of Luzon—particularly in Aurora, Bataan, Batangas, Bulacan, Cavite, Laguna, Metro Manila, Nueva Ecija, Quezon, and Rizal. Tagalog is also spoken natively by inhabitants living on the islands of Marinduque and Mindoro, as well as Palawan to a lesser extent. Significant minorities are found in the other Central Luzon provinces of Pampanga and Tarlac, Ambos Camarines in Bicol Region, and the Cordillera city of Baguio. Tagalog is also the predominant language of Cotabato City in Mindanao, making it the only place outside of Luzon with a native Tagalog-speaking majority.[26]
At the 2000 Philippines Census, it is spoken by approximately 57.3 million Filipinos, 96% of the household population who were able to attend school;[27] slightly over 22 million, or 28% of the total Philippine population,[28] speak it as a native language.
The following regions and provinces of the Philippines are majority Tagalog-speaking (from north to south):
- Central Luzon Region
- Aurora
- Bataan
- Bulacan
- Nueva Ecija
- Zambales
- Metro Manila (National Capital Region)
- Southern Luzon (Calabarzon and Mimaropa)
- Batangas
- Cavite
- Laguna
- Rizal
- Quezon
- Marinduque
- Occidental Mindoro
- Oriental Mindoro
- Romblon (This is one the few provinces in Southern Tagalog area wherein Tagalog is not the majority native language; instead, the majority native languages belong to Visayan group.)
- Palawan (Historically, Palawan was a non-Tagalog-speaking province; due to waves of cross-migration from various regions, Tagalog is now one of the main spoken languages in Palawan alongside Palawanic and Visayan groups.)
- Bicol Region (While the Bikol languages have traditionally been the majority languages in the following provinces, heavy Tagalog influence and migration has resulted in its significant presence in these provinces and in many communities, Tagalog is now the majority language.)
- Camarines Norte
- Camarines Sur
- Bangsamoro
- Maguindanao (While Maguindanao has traditionally been the majority language of the province, Tagalog is now the main language of «mother tongue» primary education in the province and is the majority language in the regional center of Cotabato City, and is the lingua franca of Bangsamoro.)[29]
- Davao Region
- Metro Davao (While Cebuano is the majority language of the region, a linguistic phenomenon has developed whereby local residents have either shifted to Tagalog or significantly mix Tagalog terms and grammar into their Cebuano speech, because the older generations speak Tagalog to their children in home settings, and Cebuano is spoken in everyday settings, making Tagalog the secondary lingua franca.)
Tagalog speakers are also found in other parts of the Philippines and through its standardized form of Filipino, the language serves the national lingua franca of the country.
Outside of the Philippines[edit]
The Tagalog caption (bottom-left) about venom at the California Academy of Sciences in San Francisco includes words that are uncommonly used in Metro Manila such as «hungkag» (hollow), «sinisila» (prey), «mapanila» (predator), «tibò» (stinger), and «kabatiran» (clue/knowledge/discernment).
Tagalog serves as the common language among Overseas Filipinos, though its use overseas is usually limited to communication between Filipino ethnic groups. The largest concentration of Tagalog speakers outside the Philippines is found in the United States, wherein 2013, the United States Census Bureau reported (based on data collected in 2011) that it was the fourth most-spoken non-English language at home with almost 1.6 million speakers, behind Spanish, French (including Patois, Cajun, Creole), and Chinese (with figures for Cantonese and Mandarin combined). In urban areas, Tagalog ranked as the third most spoken non-English language, behind Spanish and Chinese varieties but ahead of French.[30]
A study based on data from the United States Census Bureau’s 2015 American Consumer Survey shows that Tagalog is the most commonly spoken non-English language after Spanish in California, Nevada, and Washington states.[31]
Tagalog is one of three recognized languages in San Francisco, California, along with Spanish and Chinese, making all essential city services be communicated using these languages along with English.[32] Meanwhile, Tagalog and Ilocano (which is primarily spoken in northern Philippines) are among the non-official languages of Hawaii that its state offices and state-funded entities are required to provide oral and written translations to its residents.[33][34] Election ballots in Nevada include instructions written in Tagalog, which was first introduced in the 2020 United States presidential elections.[35]
Other countries with significant concentrations of overseas Filipinos and Tagalog speakers include Saudi Arabia with 938,490, Canada with 676,775, Japan with 313,588, United Arab Emirates with 541,593, Kuwait with 187,067, and Malaysia with 620,043.[36]
Dialects[edit]
Distribution of Tagalog dialects in the Philippines. The color-schemes represent the four dialect zones of the language: Northern, Central, Southern and Marinduque. While the majority of residents in Camarines Norte and Camarines Sur traditionally speak Bikol as their first language, these provinces nonetheless have significant Tagalog minorities. In addition, Tagalog is used as a second language throughout the country.
At present, no comprehensive dialectology has been done in the Tagalog-speaking regions, though there have been descriptions in the form of dictionaries and grammars of various Tagalog dialects. Ethnologue lists Manila, Lubang, Marinduque, Bataan (Western Central Luzon), Batangas, Bulacan (Eastern Central Luzon), Tanay-Paete (Rizal-Laguna), and Tayabas (Quezon) as dialects of Tagalog; however, there appear to be four main dialects, of which the aforementioned are a part: Northern (exemplified by the Bulacan dialect), Central (including Manila), Southern (exemplified by Batangas), and Marinduque.
Some example of dialectal differences are:
- Many Tagalog dialects, particularly those in the south, preserve the glottal stop found after consonants and before vowels. This has been lost in Standard Tagalog. For example, standard Tagalog ngayón (now, today), sinigáng (broth stew), gabí (night), matamís (sweet), are pronounced and written ngay-on, sinig-ang, gab-i, and matam-is in other dialects.
- In Teresian-Morong Tagalog, [ɾ] is usually preferred over [d]. For example, bundók (mountain), dagat (sea), dingdíng (wall), isdâ (fish), and litid (joints) become bunrók, ragat, ringríng, isrâ, and litir, e.g. «sandók sa dingdíng» («ladle on a wall» or «ladle on the wall», depending on the sentence) becoming «sanrók sa ringríng».
- In many southern dialects, the progressive aspect infix of -um- verbs is na-. For example, standard Tagalog kumakain (eating) is nákáin in Aurora, Quezon, and Batangas Tagalog. This is the butt of some jokes by other Tagalog speakers, for should a Southern Tagalog ask nákáin ka ba ng patíng? («Do you eat shark?»), he would be understood as saying «Has a shark eaten you?» by speakers of the Manila Dialect.
- Some dialects have interjections which are considered a regional trademark. For example, the interjection ala e! usually identifies someone from Batangas as does hane?! in Rizal and Quezon provinces.
Perhaps the most divergent Tagalog dialects are those spoken in Marinduque.[37] Linguist Rosa Soberano identifies two dialects, western and eastern, with the former being closer to the Tagalog dialects spoken in the provinces of Batangas and Quezon.
One example is the verb conjugation paradigms. While some of the affixes are different, Marinduque also preserves the imperative affixes, also found in Visayan and Bikol languages, that have mostly disappeared from most Tagalog early 20th century; they have since merged with the infinitive.
Northern and central dialects form the basis for the national language.
Phonology[edit]
Tagalog has 21 phonemes: 16 of them are consonants and 5 are vowels. Native Tagalog words follow CV(C) syllable structure, though complex consonant clusters are permitted in loanwords. [38][39][40][41][42][43]
Vowels[edit]
Tagalog has five vowels, and four diphthongs.[44][45][46][47][48] Tagalog originally had three vowel phonemes: /a/, /i/, and /u/. Tagalog is now considered to have five vowel phonemes following the introduction of two marginal phonemes from Spanish, /o/ and /e/.
Front | Central | Back | |
---|---|---|---|
Close | i ⟨i⟩ | u ⟨u⟩ | |
Mid | ɛ ⟨e⟩ | o̞ ⟨o⟩ | |
Open | a ⟨a⟩ |
- /a/ an open central unrounded vowel roughly similar to English «father»; in the middle of a word, a near-open central vowel similar to Received Pronunciation «cup»; or an open front unrounded vowel similar to Received Pronunciation or California English «hat»
- /ɛ/ an open-mid front unrounded vowel similar to General American English «bed»
- /i/ a close front unrounded vowel similar to English «machine»
- /o/ a mid back rounded vowel similar to General American English «soul» or Philippine English «forty»
- /u/ a close back rounded vowel similar to English «flute»
Nevertheless, simplification of pairs [o ~ u] and [ɛ ~ i] is likely to take place, especially in some Tagalog as second language, remote location and working class registers.
The four diphthongs are /aj/, /uj/, /aw/, and /iw/. Long vowels are not written apart from pedagogical texts, where an acute accent is used: á é í ó ú.[49]
Front | Central | Back | |
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Close | i ⟨i⟩ | u ⟨u⟩ | |
Near-close | ɪ ⟨i⟩ | ʊ ⟨u⟩ | |
Close-mid | e ⟨e/i⟩ | o ⟨o/u⟩ | |
Mid | ɛ̝ ⟨e⟩ | o̞ ⟨o⟩ | |
Open-mid | ɛ ⟨e⟩ | ɔ ⟨o⟩ | |
Near-open | ɐ ⟨a⟩ | ||
Open | a ⟨a⟩ | ä ⟨a⟩ |
The table above shows all the possible realizations for each of the five vowel sounds depending on the speaker’s origin or proficiency. The five general vowels are in bold.
Consonants[edit]
Below is a chart of Tagalog consonants. All the stops are unaspirated. The velar nasal occurs in all positions including at the beginning of a word. Loanword variants using these phonemes are italicized inside the angle brackets.
Bilabial | Alv./Dental | Post-alv./ Palatal |
Velar | Glottal | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m | n | ŋ ⟨ng⟩ | |||
Stop | voiceless | p | t | k | ʔ | |
voiced | b | d | ɡ | |||
Affricate | voiceless | (ts) | (tʃ) ⟨ts, tiy, ty, ç⟩ | |||
voiced | (dz) | (dʒ) ⟨dz, diy, dy, c⟩ | ||||
Fricative | s | (ʃ) ⟨siy, sy, sh⟩ | h ⟨h, j⟩ | |||
Approximant | l | j ⟨y⟩ | w | |||
Rhotic | ɾ ⟨r⟩ |
- /k/ between vowels has a tendency to become [x] as in loch, German Bach, whereas in the initial position it has a tendency to become [kx], especially in the Manila dialect.
- Intervocalic /ɡ/ and /k/ tend to become [ɰ], as in Spanish agua, especially in the Manila dialect.
- /ɾ/ and /d/ were once allophones, and they still vary grammatically, with initial /d/ becoming intervocalic /ɾ/ in many words.[49]
- A glottal stop that occurs in pausa (before a pause) is omitted when it is in the middle of a phrase,[49] especially in the Metro Manila area. The vowel it follows is then lengthened. However, it is preserved in many other dialects.
- The /ɾ/ phoneme is an alveolar rhotic that has a free variation between a trill, a flap and an approximant ([r~ɾ~ɹ]).
- The /dʒ/ phoneme may become a consonant cluster [dd͡ʒ] in between vowels such as sadyâ [sɐdˈd͡ʒäʔ].
Glottal stop is not indicated.[49] Glottal stops are most likely to occur when:
- the word starts with a vowel, like aso (dog)
- the word includes a dash followed by a vowel, like mag-aral (study)
- the word has two vowels next to each other, like paano (how)
- the word starts with a prefix followed by a verb that starts with a vowel, like mag-aayos ([will] fix)
Stress and final glottal stop[edit]
Stress is a distinctive feature in Tagalog. Primary stress occurs on either the final or the penultimate syllable of a word. Vowel lengthening accompanies primary or secondary stress except when stress occurs at the end of a word.
Tagalog words are often distinguished from one another by the position of the stress and/or the presence of a final glottal stop. In formal or academic settings, stress placement and the glottal stop are indicated by a diacritic (tuldík) above the final vowel.[51] The penultimate primary stress position (malumay) is the default stress type and so is left unwritten except in dictionaries.
Common spelling | Stressed non-ultimate syllable no diacritic |
Stressed ultimate syllable acute accent (´) |
Unstressed ultimate syllable with glottal stop grave accent (`) |
Stressed ultimate syllable with glottal stop circumflex accent (^) |
---|---|---|---|---|
baka | [ˈbaka] baka (‘cow’) | [bɐˈka] baká (‘possible’) | ||
pito | [ˈpito] pito (‘whistle’) | [pɪˈto] pitó (‘seven’) | ||
bayaran | [bɐˈjaran] bayaran (‘pay [imperative]’) | [bɐjɐˈran] bayarán (‘for hire’) | ||
bata | [ˈbata] bata (‘bath robe’) | [bɐˈta] batá (‘persevere’) | [ˈbataʔ] batà (‘child’) | |
sala | [ˈsala] sala (‘living room’) | [ˈsalaʔ] salà (‘sin’) | [sɐˈlaʔ] salâ (‘filtered’) | |
baba | [ˈbaba] baba (‘father’) | [baˈba] babá (‘piggy back’) | [ˈbabaʔ] babà (‘chin’) | [bɐˈbaʔ] babâ (‘descend [imperative]’) |
labi | [ˈlabɛʔ]/[ˈlabiʔ] labì (‘lips’) | [lɐˈbɛʔ]/[lɐˈbiʔ] labî (‘remains’) |
Grammar[edit]
Writing system[edit]
Tagalog, like other Philippines languages today, is written using the Latin alphabet. Prior to the arrival of the Spanish in 1521 and the beginning of their colonization in 1565, Tagalog was written in an abugida—or alphasyllabary—called Baybayin. This system of writing gradually gave way to the use and propagation of the Latin alphabet as introduced by the Spanish. As the Spanish began to record and create grammars and dictionaries for the various languages of the Philippine archipelago, they adopted systems of writing closely following the orthographic customs of the Spanish language and were refined over the years. Until the first half of the 20th century, most Philippine languages were widely written in a variety of ways based on Spanish orthography.
In the late 19th century, a number of educated Filipinos began proposing for revising the spelling system used for Tagalog at the time. In 1884, Filipino doctor and student of languages Trinidad Pardo de Tavera published his study on the ancient Tagalog script Contribucion para el Estudio de los Antiguos Alfabetos Filipinos and in 1887, published his essay El Sanscrito en la lengua Tagalog which made use of a new writing system developed by him. Meanwhile, Jose Rizal, inspired by Pardo de Tavera’s 1884 work, also began developing a new system of orthography (unaware at first of Pardo de Tavera’s own orthography).[52] A major noticeable change in these proposed orthographies was the use of the letter ⟨k⟩ rather than ⟨c⟩ and ⟨q⟩ to represent the phoneme /k/.
In 1889, the new bilingual Spanish-Tagalog La España Oriental newspaper, of which Isabelo de los Reyes was an editor, began publishing using the new orthography stating in a footnote that it would «use the orthography recently introduced by … learned Orientalis». This new orthography, while having its supporters, was also not initially accepted by several writers. Soon after the first issue of La España, Pascual H. Poblete’s Revista Católica de Filipina began a series of articles attacking the new orthography and its proponents. A fellow writer, Pablo Tecson was also critical. Among the attacks was the use of the letters «k» and «w» as they were deemed to be of German origin and thus its proponents were deemed as «unpatriotic». The publishers of these two papers would eventually merge as La Lectura Popular in January 1890 and would eventually make use of both spelling systems in its articles.[53][52] Pedro Laktaw, a schoolteacher, published the first Spanish-Tagalog dictionary using the new orthography in 1890.[53]
In April 1890, Jose Rizal authored an article Sobre la Nueva Ortografia de la Lengua Tagalog in the Madrid-based periodical La Solidaridad. In it, he addressed the criticisms of the new writing system by writers like Pobrete and Tecson and the simplicity, in his opinion, of the new orthography. Rizal described the orthography promoted by Pardo de Tavera as «more perfect» than what he himself had developed.[53] The new orthography was however not broadly adopted initially and was used inconsistently in the bilingual periodicals of Manila until the early 20th century.[53] The revolutionary society Kataás-taasan, Kagalang-galang Katipunan ng̃ mg̃á Anak ng̃ Bayan or Katipunan made use of the k-orthography and the letter k featured prominently on many of its flags and insignias.[53]
In 1937, Tagalog was selected to serve as basis for the country’s national language. In 1940, the Balarílà ng Wikang Pambansâ (English: Grammar of the National Language) of grammarian Lope K. Santos introduced the Abakada alphabet. This alphabet consists of 20 letters and became the standard alphabet of the national language.[54][better source needed] The orthography as used by Tagalog would eventually influence and spread to the systems of writing used by other Philippine languages (which had been using variants of the Spanish-based system of writing). In 1987, the ABAKADA was dropped and in its place is the expanded Filipino alphabet.
Baybayin[edit]
Tagalog was written in an abugida (alphasyllabary) called Baybayin prior to the Spanish colonial period in the Philippines, in the 16th century. This particular writing system was composed of symbols representing three vowels and 14 consonants. Belonging to the Brahmic family of scripts, it shares similarities with the Old Kawi script of Java and is believed to be descended from the script used by the Bugis in Sulawesi.
Although it enjoyed a relatively high level of literacy, Baybayin gradually fell into disuse in favor of the Latin alphabet taught by the Spaniards during their rule.
There has been confusion of how to use Baybayin, which is actually an abugida, or an alphasyllabary, rather than an alphabet. Not every letter in the Latin alphabet is represented with one of those in the Baybayin alphasyllabary. Rather than letters being put together to make sounds as in Western languages, Baybayin uses symbols to represent syllables.
A «kudlit» resembling an apostrophe is used above or below a symbol to change the vowel sound after its consonant. If the kudlit is used above, the vowel is an «E» or «I» sound. If the kudlit is used below, the vowel is an «O» or «U» sound. A special kudlit was later added by Spanish missionaries in which a cross placed below the symbol to get rid of the vowel sound all together, leaving a consonant. Previously, the consonant without a following vowel was simply left out (for example, bundok being rendered as budo), forcing the reader to use context when reading such words.
Example:
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Latin alphabet[edit]
Abecedario[edit]
Until the first half of the 20th century, Tagalog was widely written in a variety of ways based on Spanish orthography consisting of 32 letters called ‘ABECEDARIO’ (Spanish for «alphabet»).[55][56] The additional letters from the 26-letter English alphabet are: ch, ll, ng, ñ, n͠g / ñg, and rr.
Majuscule | Minuscule | Majuscule | Minuscule |
---|---|---|---|
A | a | Ng | ng |
B | b | Ñ | ñ |
C | c | N͠g / Ñg | n͠g / ñg |
Ch | ch | O | o |
D | d | P | p |
E | e | Q | q |
F | f | R | r |
G | g | Rr | rr |
H | h | S | s |
I | i | T | t |
J | j | U | u |
K | k | V | v |
L | l | W | w |
Ll | ll | X | x |
M | m | Y | y |
N | n | Z | z |
Abakada[edit]
When the national language was based on Tagalog, grammarian Lope K. Santos introduced a new alphabet consisting of 20 letters called ABAKADA in school grammar books called balarilà.[57][58][full citation needed][59] The only letter not in the English alphabet is ng.
Majuscule | Minuscule | Majuscule | Minuscule |
---|---|---|---|
A | a | N | n |
B | b | Ng | ng |
K | k | O | o |
D | d | P | p |
E | e | R | r |
G | g | S | s |
H | h | T | t |
I | i | U | u |
L | l | W | w |
M | m | Y | y |
Revised alphabet[edit]
In 1987, the Department of Education, Culture and Sports issued a memo stating that the Philippine alphabet had changed from the Pilipino-Tagalog Abakada version to a new 28-letter alphabet[60][61] to make room for loans, especially family names from Spanish and English.[62] The additional letters from the 26-letter English alphabet are: ñ, ng.
Majuscule | Minuscule | Majuscule | Minuscule |
---|---|---|---|
A | a | Ñ | ñ |
B | b | Ng | ng |
C | c | O | o |
D | d | P | p |
E | e | Q | q |
F | f | R | r |
G | g | S | s |
H | h | T | t |
I | i | U | u |
J | j | V | v |
K | k | W | w |
L | l | X | x |
M | m | Y | y |
N | n | Z | z |
ng and mga[edit]
The genitive marker ng and the plural marker mga (e.g. Iyan ang mga damit ko. (Those are my clothes)) are abbreviations that are pronounced nang [naŋ] and mangá [mɐˈŋa]. Ng, in most cases, roughly translates to «of» (ex. Siya ay kapatid ng nanay ko. She is the sibling of my mother) while nang usually means «when» or can describe how something is done or to what extent (equivalent to the suffix -ly in English adverbs), among other uses.
- Nang si Hudas ay nadulás.—When Judas slipped.
- Gumising siya nang maaga.—He woke up early.
- Gumalíng nang todo si Juan dahil nag-ensayo siya.—Juan greatly improved because he practiced.
In the first example, nang is used in lieu of the word noong (when; Noong si Hudas ay madulas). In the second, nang describes that the person woke up (gumising) early (maaga); gumising nang maaga. In the third, nang described up to what extent that Juan improved (gumaling), which is «greatly» (nang todo). In the latter two examples, the ligature na and its variants -ng and -g may also be used (Gumising na maaga/Maagang gumising; Gumaling na todo/Todong gumaling).
The longer nang may also have other uses, such as a ligature that joins a repeated word:
- Naghintáy sila nang naghintáy.—They kept on waiting» (a closer calque: «They were waiting and waiting.»)
pô/hô and opò/ohò[edit]
The words pô/hô originated from the word «Panginoon.» and «Poon.» («Lord.»). When combined with the basic affirmative Oo «yes» (from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *heqe), the resulting forms are opò and ohò.
«Pô» and «opò» are specifically used to denote a high level of respect when addressing older persons of close affinity like parents, relatives, teachers and family friends. «Hô» and «ohò» are generally used to politely address older neighbours, strangers, public officials, bosses and nannies, and may suggest a distance in societal relationship and respect determined by the addressee’s social rank and not their age. However, «pô» and «opò» can be used in any case in order to express an elevation of respect.
- Example: «Pakitapon naman pô/hô yung basura.» («Please throw away the trash.»)
Used in the affirmative:
- Ex: «Gutóm ka na ba?» «Opò/Ohò«. («Are you hungry yet?» «Yes.»)
Pô/Hô may also be used in negation.
- Ex: «Hindi ko pô/hô alam ‘yan.» («I don’t know that.»)
Vocabulary and borrowed words[edit]
Tagalog vocabulary is mostly of native Austronesian or Tagalog origin, such as most of the words that end with the diphthong -iw, (e.g. giliw) and words that exhibit reduplication (e.g. halo-halo, patpat, etc.). Besides inherited cognates, this also accounts for innovations in Tagalog vocabulary, especially traditional ones within its dialects. Tagalog has also incorporated many Spanish and English loanwords; the necessity of which increases in more technical parlance.
In precolonial times, Trade Malay was widely known and spoken throughout Maritime Southeast Asia, contributing a significant number of Malay vocabulary into the Tagalog language. Malay loanwords, identifiable or not, may often already be considered native as these have existed in the language before colonisation.
Tagalog also includes loanwords from Indian languages (Sanskrit and Tamil, mostly through Malay), Chinese languages (mostly Hokkien, followed by Cantonese, Mandarin, etc.), Japanese, Arabic and Persian.
English has borrowed some words from Tagalog, such as abaca, barong, balisong, boondocks, jeepney, Manila hemp, pancit, ylang-ylang, and yaya. Some of these loanwords are more often used in Philippine English.[63]
Tagalog has contributed several words to Philippine Spanish, like barangay (from balan͠gay, meaning barrio), the abacá, cogon, palay, dalaga etc.
Tagalog words of foreign origin[edit]
Taglish (Englog)[edit]
Taglish and Englog are names given to a mix of English and Tagalog. The amount of English vs. Tagalog varies from the occasional use of English loan words to changing language in mid-sentence. Such code-switching is prevalent throughout the Philippines and in various languages of the Philippines other than Tagalog.
Code-mixing also entails the use of foreign words that are «Filipinized» by reforming them using Filipino rules, such as verb conjugations. Users typically use Filipino or English words, whichever comes to mind first or whichever is easier to use.
Magshoshopping kami sa mall. Sino ba ang magdadrive sa shopping center? |
We will go shopping at the mall. Who will drive to the shopping center? |
City-dwellers are more likely to do this.
The practice is common in television, radio, and print media as well. Advertisements from companies like Wells Fargo, Wal-Mart, Albertsons, McDonald’s and Western Union have contained Taglish.
Cognates with other Philippine languages[edit]
Austronesian comparison chart[edit]
Below is a chart of Tagalog and a number of other Austronesian languages comparing thirteen words.
English | one | two | three | four | person | house | dog | coconut | day | new | we (inclusive) | what | fire |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tagalog | isa | dalawa | tatlo | apat | tao | bahay | aso | niyog | araw | bago | tayo | ano | apoy |
Tombulu (Minahasa) | esa | zua (rua) | telu | epat | tou | walé | asu | po’po’ | endo | weru | kai, kita | apa | api |
Central Bikol | sarô | duwa | tulo | apat | tawo | harong | ayam | niyog | aldaw | bâgo | kita | ano | kalayo |
East Miraya Bikol | əsad | duwa | tulo | əpat | taw | balay | ayam/ido | nuyog | aldaw | bâgo | kita | unu/uno | kalayō |
Rinconada Bikol | əsad | darwā | tolō | əpat | tawō | baləy | ayam | noyog | aldəw | bāgo | kitā | onō | kalayō |
Waray | usa | duha | tulo | upat | tawo | balay | ayam/ido | lubi | adlaw | bag-o | kita | anu/nano | kalayo |
Cebuano | usa/isa | duha | tulo | upat | tawo | balay | iro | lubi | adlaw | bag-o | kita | unsa | kalayo |
Hiligaynon | isa | duha/dua | tatlo | apat | tawo | balay | ido | lubi | adlaw | bag-o | kita | ano | kalayo |
Aklanon | isaea, sambilog | daywa | tatlo | ap-at | tawo | baeay | ayam | niyog | adlaw | bag-o | kita | ano | kaeayo |
Kinaray-a | sara | darwa | tatlo | apat | tawo | balay | ayam | niyog | adlaw | bag-o | kita | ano | kalayo |
Tausug | hambuuk | duwa | tu | upat | tau | bay | iru’ | niyug | adlaw | ba-gu | kitaniyu | unu | kayu |
Maguindanao | isa | dua | telu | pat | tau | walay | asu | niyug | gay | bagu | tanu | ngin | apuy |
Maranao | isa | dowa | t’lo | phat | taw | walay | aso | neyog | gawi’e | bago | tano | tonaa | apoy |
Kapampangan | metung | adwa | atlu | apat | tau | bale | asu | ngungut | aldo | bayu | ikatamu | nanu | api |
Pangasinan | sakey | dua, duara | talo, talora | apat, apatira | too | abong | aso | niyog | ageo | balo | sikatayo | anto | pool |
Ilocano | maysa | dua | tallo | uppat | tao | balay | aso | niog | aldaw | baro | datayo | ania | apoy |
Ivatan | asa | dadowa | tatdo | apat | tao | vahay | chito | niyoy | araw | va-yo | yaten | ango | apoy |
Ibanag | tadday | dua | tallu | appa’ | tolay | balay | kitu | niuk | aggaw | bagu | sittam | anni | afi |
Yogad | tata | addu | tallu | appat | tolay | binalay | atu | iyyog | agaw | bagu | sikitam | gani | afuy |
Gaddang | antet | addwa | tallo | appat | tolay | balay | atu | ayog | aw | bawu | ikkanetam | sanenay | afuy |
Tboli | sotu | lewu | tlu | fat | tau | gunu | ohu | lefo | kdaw | lomi | tekuy | tedu | ofih |
Kadazan | iso | duvo | tohu | apat | tuhun | hamin | tasu | piasau | tadau | vagu | tokou | onu | tapui |
Malay/Indonesian | satu | dua | tiga | empat | orang | rumah | anjing | kelapa/nyiur | hari | baru/baharu | kita | apa | api |
Javanese | siji | loro | telu | papat | uwong | omah | asu | klapa/kambil | hari/dina/dinten | anyar/enggal | kita | apa/anu | geni |
Acehnese | sa | duwa | lhèë | peuët | ureuëng | rumoh/balèë | asèë | u | uroë | barô | (geu)tanyoë | peuë | apuy |
Lampung | sai | khua | telu | pak | jelema | lamban | asu | nyiwi | khani | baru | kham | api | apui |
Buginese | se’di | dua | tellu | eppa’ | tau | bola | asu | kaluku | esso | baru | idi’ | aga | api |
Batak | sada | dua | tolu | opat | halak | jabu | biang | harambiri | ari | baru | hita | aha | api |
Minangkabau | ciek | duo | tigo | ampek | urang | rumah | anjiang | karambia | ari | baru | kito | apo | api |
Tetum | ida | rua | tolu | haat | ema | uma | asu | nuu | loron | foun | ita | saida | ahi |
Māori | tahi | rua | toru | wha | tangata | whare | kuri | kokonati | ra | hou | taua | aha | ahi |
Tuvaluan | tasi | lua | tolu | fá | toko | fale | kuri | moku | aso | fou | tāua | ā | afi |
Hawaiian | kahi | lua | kolu | hā | kanaka | hale | ‘īlio | niu | ao | hou | kākou | aha | ahi |
Banjarese | asa | dua | talu | ampat | urang | rumah | hadupan | kalapa | hari | hanyar | kita | apa | api |
Malagasy | isa | roa | telo | efatra | olona | trano | alika | voanio | andro | vaovao | isika | inona | afo |
Dusun | iso | duo | tolu | apat | tulun | walai | tasu | piasau | tadau | wagu | tokou | onu/nu | tapui |
Iban | sa/san | duan | dangku | dangkan | orang | rumah | ukui/uduk | nyiur | hari | baru | kitai | nama | api |
Melanau | satu | dua | telou | empat | apah | lebok | asou | nyior | lau | baew | teleu | nama | apui |
Religious literature[edit]
Religious literature remains one of the most dynamic components to Tagalog literature. The first Bible in Tagalog, then called Ang Biblia[64] («the Bible») and now called Ang Dating Biblia[65] («the Old Bible»), was published in 1905. In 1970, the Philippine Bible Society translated the Bible into modern Tagalog. Even before the Second Vatican Council, devotional materials in Tagalog had been in circulation. There are at least four circulating Tagalog translations of the Bible
- the Magandang Balita Biblia (a parallel translation of the Good News Bible), which is the ecumenical version
- the Bibliya ng Sambayanang Pilipino
- the 1905 Ang Biblia, used more by Protestants
- the Bagong Sanlibutang Salin ng Banal na Kasulatan (New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures), exclusive to the Jehovah’s Witnesses
When the Second Vatican Council, (specifically the Sacrosanctum Concilium) permitted the universal prayers to be translated into vernacular languages, the Catholic Bishops’ Conference of the Philippines was one of the first to translate the Roman Missal into Tagalog. The Roman Missal in Tagalog was published as early as 1982.
Jehovah’s Witnesses were printing Tagalog literature at least as early as 1941[66] and The Watchtower (the primary magazine of Jehovah’s Witnesses) has been published in Tagalog since at least the 1950s. New releases are now regularly released simultaneously in a number of languages, including Tagalog. The official website of Jehovah’s Witnesses also has some publications available online in Tagalog.[67] The revised bible edition, the New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures, was released in Tagalog on 2019[68] and it is distributed without charge both printed and online versions.
Tagalog is quite a stable language, and very few revisions have been made to Catholic Bible translations. Also, as Protestantism in the Philippines is relatively young, liturgical prayers tend to be more ecumenical.
Examples[edit]
Lord’s Prayer[edit]
In Tagalog, the Lord’s Prayer is known by its incipit, Amá Namin (literally, «Our Father»).
Amá namin, sumasalangit Ka,
Sambahín ang ngalan Mo.
Mapasaamin ang kaharián Mo.
Sundín ang loób Mo,
Dito sa lupà, gaya nang sa langit.
Bigyán Mo kamí ngayón ng aming kakanin sa araw-araw,
At patawarin Mo kamí sa aming mga salâ,
Para nang pagpápatawad namin,
Sa nagkakasalà sa amin;
At huwág Mo kamíng ipahintulot sa tuksó,
At iadyâ Mo kamí sa lahát ng masamâ.
[Sapagkát sa Inyó ang kaharián, at ang kapangyarihan,
At ang kaluwálhatian, ngayón, at magpakailanman.]
Amen.
Universal Declaration of Human Rights[edit]
This is Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Pángkalahatáng Pagpapahayag ng Karapatáng Pantao)
Bawat tao’y isinilang na may layà at magkakapantáy ang tagláy na dangál at karapatán. Silá’y pinagkalooban ng pangangatwiran at budhî na kailangang gamitin nilá sa pagtuturingan nilá sa diwà ng pagkakapatiran. |
All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.[69] |
Numbers[edit]
Numbers (mga bilang/mga numero) in Tagalog follow two systems. The first consists of native Tagalog words and the other are Spanish-derived. (This may be compared to other East Asian languages, except with the second set of numbers borrowed from Spanish instead of Chinese.) For example, when a person refers to the number «seven», it can be translated into Tagalog as «pito» or «siyete» (Spanish: siete).
Months and days[edit]
Months and days in Tagalog are also localised forms of Spanish months and days. «Month» in Tagalog is buwán (also the word for moon) and «day» is araw (the word also means sun). Unlike Spanish, however, months and days in Tagalog are always capitalised.
Time[edit]
Time expressions in Tagalog are also Tagalized forms of the corresponding Spanish. «Time» in Tagalog is panahón or oras.
Common phrases[edit]
English | Tagalog (with Pronunciation) |
---|---|
Filipino | Pilipino [pɪlɪˈpino] |
English | Inglés [ʔɪŋˈɡlɛs] |
Tagalog | Tagálog [tɐˈɡaloɡ] |
Spanish | Espanyol/Español/Kastila [ʔɛspɐnˈjol] |
What is your name? | Anó ang pangálan ninyó/nila*? (plural or polite) [ʔɐˈno: ʔaŋ pɐˈŋalan nɪnˈjo], Anó ang pangálan mo? (singular) [ʔɐˈno: ʔaŋ pɐˈŋalan mo] |
How are you? | Kumustá [kʊmʊsˈta] (modern), Anó pô ang lagáy ninyó/nila? (old use) [ʔɐˈno poː ʔɐŋ lɐˈgaɪ̯ nɪnˈjo] |
Knock knock | Táo pô [ˈtɐʔo poʔ] |
Good day! | Magandáng araw! [mɐɡɐnˈdaŋ ˈʔɐɾaʊ̯] |
Good morning! | Magandáng umaga! [mɐɡɐnˈdaŋ ʔʊˈmaɡɐ] |
Good noontime! (from 11 a.m. to 1 p.m.) | Magandáng tanghali! [mɐɡɐnˈdaŋ tɐŋˈhalɛ] |
Good afternoon! (from 1 p.m. to 6:00 p.m.) | Magandáng hapon! [mɐɡɐnˈdaŋ ˈhɐpon] |
Good evening! | Magandáng gabí! [mɐɡɐnˈdaŋ ɡɐˈbɛ] |
Good-bye | Paálam [pɐˈʔalɐm] |
Please | Depending on the nature of the verb, either pakí- [pɐˈki] or makí- [mɐˈki] is attached as a prefix to a verb. Ngâ [ŋaʔ] is optionally added after the verb to increase politeness. (e.g. Pakipasa ngâ ang tinapay. («Can you pass the bread, please?»)) |
Thank you | Salamat [sɐˈlamɐt] |
This one | Ito [ʔɪˈto], sometimes pronounced [ʔɛˈto] (literally—»it», «this») |
That one (close to addressee) | Iyan [ʔɪˈjan] |
That one (far from speaker and addressee) | Iyon [ʔɪˈjon] |
Here | Dito [‘dito], heto [‘hɛto] («Here it is») |
Right there | Diyan [dʒan], hayan [hɐˈjan] («There it is») |
Over there | Doon [doˈʔon] |
How much? | Magkano? [mɐɡˈkano] |
How many? | Ilan? [ʔɪˈlan] |
Yes | Oo [ˈʔoʔo]
Opò [ˈʔopoʔ] or ohò [ˈʔohoʔ] (formal/polite form) |
No | Hindî [hɪnˈdɛʔ] (at the end of a pause or sentence), often shortened to dî [dɛʔ]
Hindî pô [hɪnˈdiː poʔ] (formal/polite form) |
I don’t know | Hindî ko alám [hɪnˈdiː ko ʔɐˈlam]
Very informal: Ewan [ˈʔɛwɐn], archaic aywan [ʔaɪ̯ˈwan] (closest English equivalent: colloquial dismissive ‘Whatever’ or ‘Dunno’) |
Sorry | Pasénsiyá pô [pɐˈsɛnʃɐ poʔ] (literally from the word «patience») or paumanhín pô [pɐʔʊmɐnˈhin poʔ], patawad pô [pɐˈtawɐd poʔ] (literally—»asking your forgiveness») |
Because | Kasí [kɐˈsɛ] or dahil [‘dɐhɪl] |
Hurry! | Dalí! [dɐˈli], Bilís! [bɪˈlis] |
Again | Mulî [mʊˈˈliʔ], ulít [ʔʊˈlɛt] |
I don’t understand | Hindî ko naíintindihán [hɪnˈdiː ko nɐˌʔiʔɪntɪndɪˈhan] or
Hindî ko naúunawáan [hɪnˈdiː ko nɐˌʔuʔʊnɐˈwaʔɐn] |
What? | Anó? [ʔɐˈno] |
Where? | Saán? [sɐˈʔan], Nasaán? [ˌnɐsɐˈʔan] (literally – «Where at?») |
Why? | Bakit? [ˈbɐkɪt] |
When? | Kailan? [kaɪ̯ˈlan], [kɐʔɪˈlan], or [ˈkɛlɐn] (literally—»In what order?/»At what count?») |
How? | Paánó? [pɐˈʔano] (literally—»By what?») |
Where’s the bathroom? | Nasaán ang banyo? [ˌnɐsɐˈʔan ʔɐŋ ˈbanjo] |
Generic toast | Mabuhay! [mɐˈbuhaɪ̯] (literally—»long live») |
Do you speak English? | Marunong ka bang magsalitâ ng Inglés? [mɐˈɾunoŋ kɐ baŋ mɐɡsɐlɪˈtaː nɐŋ ʔɪŋˈɡlɛs]
Marunong pô ba kayóng magsalitâ ng Inglés? [mɐˈɾunoŋ poː ba kɐˈjoŋ mɐɡsɐlɪˈtaː nɐŋ ʔɪŋˈɡlɛs] (polite version for elders and strangers) |
It is fun to live. | Masayá ang mabuhay! [mɐsɐˈja ʔɐŋ mɐˈbuhaɪ̯] or Masaya’ng mabuhay (contracted version) |
*Pronouns such as niyo (2nd person plural) and nila (3rd person plural) are used on a single 2nd person in polite or formal language. See Tagalog grammar.
Proverbs[edit]
Ang hindî marunong lumingón sa pinánggalingan ay hindî makaráratíng sa paroroonan.
- (— José Rizal)
One who knows not how to look back to whence he came will never get to where he is going.
Unang kagat, tinapay pa rin.
First bite, still bread.
All fluff, no substance.
Tao ka nang humarap, bilang tao kitang haharapin.
You reach me as a human, I will treat you as a human and never act as a traitor.
(A proverb in Southern Tagalog that has made people aware of the significance of sincerity in Tagalog communities.)
Hulí man daw (raw) at magalíng, nakáhahábol pa rin.
If one is behind but capable, one will still be able to catch up.
Magbirô ka na sa lasíng, huwág lang sa bagong gising.
Make fun of someone drunk, if you must, but never one who has just awakened.
Aanhín pa ang damó kung patáy na ang kabayo?
What use is the grass if the horse is already dead?
Ang sakít ng kalingkingan, damdám ng buóng katawán.
The pain in the pinkie is felt by the whole body.
In a group, if one goes down, the rest follow.
Nasa hulí ang pagsisisi.
Regret is always in the end.
Pagkáhabà-habà man ng prusisyón, sa simbahan pa rin ang tulóy.
The procession may stretch on and on, but it still ends up at the church.
(In romance: refers to how certain people are destined to be married. In general: refers to how some things are inevitable, no matter how long you try to postpone it.)
Kung ‘dî mádaán sa santóng dasalan, daanin sa santóng paspasan.
If it cannot be got through holy prayer, get it through blessed force.
(In romance and courting: santóng paspasan literally means ‘holy speeding’ and is a euphemism for sexual intercourse. It refers to the two styles of courting by Filipino boys: one is the traditional, protracted, restrained manner favored by older generations, which often featured serenades and manual labor for the girl’s family; the other is upfront seduction, which may lead to a slap on the face or a pregnancy out of wedlock. The second conclusion is known as pikot or what Western cultures would call a ‘shotgun marriage’. This proverb is also applied in terms of diplomacy and negotiation.)
See also[edit]
- Dambana
- Abakada alphabet
- Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino
- Filipino alphabet
- Old Tagalog
- Filipino orthography
- Tagalog Wikipedia
- Filipino language
References[edit]
- ^ a b Tagalog at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
- ^ According to the OED and Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary
- ^ a b Lewis, M. P.; Simons, G. F.; Fennig, C. D. (2014). «Tagalog». Ethnologue: Languages of the World.
- ^ Zorc, R. David Paul (1977). The Bisayan Dialects of the Philippines: Subgrouping and Reconstruction. Pacific Linguistics, Series C, No. 44. Canberra: The Australian National University. doi:10.15144/PL-C44. hdl:1885/146594. ISBN 9780858831575.
- ^ Blust, Robert (1991). «The Greater Central Philippines Hypothesis». Oceanic Linguistics. 30 (2): 73–129. doi:10.2307/3623084. JSTOR 3623084.
- ^ Postma, Anton (1992). «The Laguna Copper-Plate Inscription: Text and Commentary». Philippine Studies. 40 (2): 183–203. JSTOR 42633308.
- ^ Noceda, Juan José de; Sanlucar, Pedro de (2013) [First published 1860]. Vocabulario de la lengua tagala. Maynila: Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino. p. iv.
- ^ Noceda, Juan José de; Sanlucar, Pedro de (1860). Vocabulario de la lengua tagala: compuesto por varios religiosos doctos y graves, y coordinado (in Spanish). Manila: Ramirez y Giraudier.
- ^ Noceda, Juan José de; Sanlucar, Pedro de (2013) [First published 1860]. Vocabulario de la lengua tagala. Maynila: Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino.
- ^ Spieker-Salazar, Marlies (1992). «A Contribution to Asian Historiography: European Studies of Philippines Languages from the 17th to the 20th Century». Archipel. 44 (1): 183–202. doi:10.3406/arch.1992.2861.
- ^ Cruz, Hermenegildo (1906). Kun Sino ang Kumathâ ng̃ «Florante»: Kasaysayan ng̃ Búhay ni Francisco Baltazar at Pag-uulat nang Kanyang Karunung̃a’t Kadakilaan (in Tagalog). Maynilà: Librería «Manila Filatélico» – via Google Books.
- ^ 1897 Constitution of Biak-na-Bato, Article VIII. November 1897 – via The Corpus Juris.
- ^ 1935 Philippine Constitution (amended), Article XIV, Section 3 – via Official Gazette.
- ^ a b c Quezon, Manuel L. (December 30, 1937). Speech of His Excellency Manuel L. Quezon President of the Philippines on Filipino National Language (PDF) (Speech). Malacañan Palace, Manila – via quezon.ph.
- ^ a b c d e Gonzalez, Andrew (1998). «The Language Planning Situation in the Philippines» (PDF). Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development. 19 (5, 6): 487–488. doi:10.1080/01434639808666365. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 22, 2006.
- ^ 1973 Philippine Constitution, Article XV, Sections 2–3 – via Official Gazette.
- ^ «Mga Probisyong Pangwika sa Saligang-Batas». wika.pbworks.com. Retrieved June 7, 2012.
- ^ Tan, Nigel (August 7, 2014). «What the PH Constitutions Say About the National Language». Rappler. Retrieved April 13, 2022.
- ^ «E for English: The Cost of Being Tongue-Tied in The Colonisers’ Tongue». The Economist. June 4, 2009. Retrieved April 14, 2022.
Once it claimed to have more English speakers than all but two other countries, and it has exported millions of them. But these days Filipinos are less boastful. Three decades of decline in the share of Filipinos who speak the language, and the deteriorating proficiency of those who can manage some English, have eroded one of the country’s advantages in the global economy. Call-centres complain that they reject nine-tenths of otherwise qualified job applicants, mostly college graduates, because of their poor command of English. This is lowering the chances that the outsourcing industry will succeed in its effort to employ close to 1m people, account for 8.5% of GDP and have 10% of the world market
- ^ Espiritu, Clemencia (April 29, 2015). «Filipino Language in the Curriculum». National Commission for Culture and the Arts. Archived from the original on August 21, 2018. Retrieved August 21, 2018.
- ^ a b 1987 Philippine Constitution, Article XIV, Sections 6–9 – via Official Gazette.
- ^ Department of Education (2009). Order No. 74 (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on June 16, 2012.
- ^ DO 16, s. 2012 – via deped.gov.ph.
- ^ Dumlao, Artemio (May 21, 2012). «K+12 to Use 12 Mother Tongues». Philstar Global. Retrieved April 13, 2022.
- ^ Philippine Census, 2000. Table 11. Household Population by Ethnicity, Sex and Region: 2000
- ^ McKenna, Thomas M. (1998). Muslim Rulers and Rebels: Everyday Politics and Armed Separatism in the Southern Philippines. Berkeley: University of California Press – via UC Press E-Books Collection, 1982–2004.
- ^ «Educational Characteristics of the Filipinos (Results from the 2000 Census of Population and Housing, NSO)». National Statistics Office. March 18, 2005. Archived from the original on January 27, 2008. Retrieved January 21, 2008.
- ^ «Philippines: Population Expected to Reach 100 Million Filipinos in 14 Years (Results from the 2000 Census of Population and Housing, NSO)» (Press release). National Statistics Office. October 16, 2002. Archived from the original on January 28, 2008. Retrieved January 21, 2008.
- ^ Maulana, Nash (August 3, 2014). «Filipino or Tagalog Now Dominant Language of Teaching for Maguindanaons». Inquirer.net. Retrieved April 14, 2022.
- ^ Ryan, Camille (August 2013). Language Use in the United States: 2011 (Report). United States Census Bureau. Report Number ACS-22. Archived from the original on December 29, 2018.
- ^ «Study: Tagalog California’s Most Commonly Spoken Foreign Language After Spanish». CBS Los Angeles. July 7, 2017. Retrieved April 13, 2022.
- ^ «Tagalog Certified As Third Language To Be Used In SF City Services Communications». CBS San Francisco. April 2, 2014. Retrieved April 13, 2022.
- ^ «Office of Language Access: Find a Law». Hawaii.gov. State of Hawaii. Retrieved September 7, 2021.
- ^ «Office of Language Access: «Free Interpreter Help» in Multi-Languages». Hawaii.gov. State of Hawaii. Retrieved September 7, 2021.
- ^ «Tagalog Was on the Ballot for the First Time in Nevada». CNN. February 12, 2020. Retrieved September 7, 2021.
- ^ «Distribution on Filipinos Overseas». dfa.gov.ph. Retrieved June 14, 2022.
- ^ Soberano, Ros (1980). The Dialects of Marinduque Tagalog. Pacific Linguistics, Series B, No. 69. Canberra: The Australian National University. doi:10.15144/PL-B69. hdl:1885/144521. ISBN 9780858832169.
- ^ Himmelmann, Nikolaus P. (2011). «Tagalog». In Adelaar, Alexander; Himmelmann, Nikolaus P. (eds.). The Austronesian Languages of Asia and Madagascar. Routledge (published 2005). pp. 351–352. ISBN 978-0-415-68153-7.
- ^ Rubino, Carl R. Galvez (2002). Tagalog-English, English-Tagalog Dictionary. Hippocrene Books, Inc. pp. 351–352. ISBN 0-7818-0961-4.
- ^ Guzman, Videa (2001). «Tagalog». In Garry, Jane; Rubino, Carl (eds.). Facts about the world’s languages : an encyclopedia of the world’s major languages, past and present. New England Publishing Associates. p. 704. ISBN 0-8242-0970-2.
- ^ Quilis, Antonio (1985). «A Comparison of the Phonemic Systems of Spanish and Tagalog». In Jankowsky, Kurt R. (ed.). Scientific and Humanistic Dimensions of Language: Festschrift for Robert Lado. Benjamins. pp. 241–243. ISBN 90-272-2013-1.
- ^ Schachter, Paul; Otanes, Fe T. (1972). Tagalog Reference Grammar. University of California Press. p. 6. ISBN 0-520-01776-5.
- ^ Zamar, Sheila (October 31, 2022). «Phonology and Spelling». Filipino: An Essential Grammar. Routledge (published 2023). pp. 3–5. ISBN 978-1-138-82628-1.
- ^ Himmelmann, Nikolaus P. (2011). «Tagalog». In Adelaar, Alexander; Himmelmann, Nikolaus P. (eds.). The Austronesian Languages of Asia and Madagascar. Routledge (published 2005). pp. 351–352. ISBN 978-0-415-68153-7.
- ^ Rubino, Carl R. Galvez (2002). Tagalog-English, English-Tagalog Dictionary. Hippocrene Books, Inc. pp. 351–352. ISBN 0-7818-0961-4.
- ^ Guzman, Videa (2001). «Tagalog». In Garry, Jane; Rubino, Carl (eds.). Facts about the world’s languages : an encyclopedia of the world’s major languages, past and present. New England Publishing Associates. p. 704. ISBN 0-8242-0970-2.
- ^ Quilis, Antonio (1985). «A Comparison of the Phonemic Systems of Spanish and Tagalog». In Jankowsky, Kurt R. (ed.). Scientific and Humanistic Dimensions of Language: Festschrift for Robert Lado. Benjamins. pp. 241–243. ISBN 90-272-2013-1.
- ^ Schachter, Paul; Otanes, Fe T. (1972). Tagalog Reference Grammar. University of California Press. p. 6. ISBN 0-520-01776-5.
- ^ a b c d e Tagalog (2005). Keith Brown (ed.). Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics (2 ed.). Elsevier. ISBN 0-08-044299-4.
- ^ Moran, Steven; McCloy, Daniel; Wright, Richard (2012). «Revisiting population size vs. phoneme inventory size». Language. 88 (4): 877–893. doi:10.1353/lan.2012.0087. hdl:1773/25269. ISSN 1535-0665. S2CID 145423518.
- ^ Himmelmann, Nikolaus (2005). «Tagalog». In Adelaar, K. Alexander; Himmelmann, Nikolaus (eds.). The Austronesian Languages of Asia and Madagascar. London: Routledge. pp. 350–376.
- ^ a b «Is ‘K’ a Foreign Agent? Orthography and Patriotism: Accusations of Foreign-ness of the Revista Católica de Filipina«. espanito.com. Archived from the original on December 13, 2019. Retrieved June 2, 2018.
- ^ a b c d e Thomas, Megan C. (2007). «K is for De-Kolonization: Anti-Colonial Nationalism and Orthographic Reform». Comparative Studies in Society and History. 49 (4): 938–967. doi:10.1017/S0010417507000813. S2CID 144161531.
- ^ «Ebolusyon ng Alpabetong Filipino». wika.pbworks.com. Retrieved June 22, 2010.
- ^ Gómez Rivera, Guillermo (April 10, 2001). «The Evolution of the Native Tagalog Alphabet». Emanila News. Archived from the original on September 19, 2013. Retrieved August 3, 2010.
- ^ Signey, Richard C. (2005). «The Evolution and Disappearance of the «Ğ» in Tagalog Orthography since the 1593 Doctrina Christiana». Philippine Journal of Linguistics. 36 (1–2): 1–10. Archived from the original on January 13, 2012. Retrieved August 3, 2010.
- ^ Võ, Linda Trinh; Bonus, Rick, eds. (2002). Contemporary Asian American Communities: Intersections and Divergences. Temple University Press. pp. 96, 100. ISBN 978-1-56639-938-8.
- ^ Philippine Journal of Education. 50: 556. 1971 https://books.google.com/books?id=k6oqAAAAMAAJ.
- ^ Martin, Perfecto T. (1986). Diksiyunaryong Adarna: Mga Salita at Larawan para sa Bata. Children’s Communication Center. ISBN 978-971-12-1118-9.
- ^ Trinh & Bonus 2002, pp. 96, 100
- ^ Perdon, Renato (2005). Pocket Tagalog Dictionary: Tagalog-English/English-Tagalog. Periplus Editions. pp. vi–vii. ISBN 978-0-7946-0345-8.
- ^ Clyne, Michael, ed. (1997). Undoing and Redoing Corpus Planning. Mouton de Gruyter. p. 317. ISBN 3-11-015509-5.
- ^ «English Words Used in Filipino». FilipinoPod101.com Blog. May 13, 2021. Retrieved July 19, 2022.
- ^ Worth, Roland H. (2008). Biblical Studies on the Internet: A Resource Guide (2nd ed.). McFarland. p. 43.
- ^ «Genesis 1». biblehub.com. Bible Hub. Retrieved April 14, 2022.
- ^ 2003 Yearbook of Jehovah’s Witnesses. Watch Tower Society. p. 155.
- ^ «Watchtower Online Library» (in Tagalog). Watch Tower Society.
- ^ «New World Translation Released in Tagalog». Jw.org. January 21, 2019. Retrieved April 14, 2022.
- ^ The Universal Declaration of Human Rights – via ohchr.org.
- ^ a b «billón». Diccionario de la lengua española (in Spanish) (23rd electronic ed.). Real Academia Española and ASALE. 2019. Retrieved April 6, 2020.
- ^ «billón». Diccionario panhispánico de dudas (in Spanish). Real Academia Española. 2005. Retrieved April 6, 2020.
- ^ «trillón». Diccionario de la lengua española (in Spanish) (23rd electronic ed.). Real Academia Española and ASALE. 2019. Retrieved April 6, 2020.
- ^ «coma». Diccionario panhispánico de dudas (in Spanish). Real Academia Española. 2005. Retrieved April 6, 2020.
Further reading[edit]
- Tupas, Ruanni (2015). «The Politics of «P» and «F»: A Linguistic History of Nation-Building in the Philippines». Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development. 36 (6): 587–597. doi:10.1080/01434632.2014.979831. S2CID 143332545.
External links[edit]
Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: Tagalog
Wikivoyage has a phrasebook for Filipino.
- Tagalog Dictionary
- Tagalog verbs with conjugation
- Tagalog Lessons Dictionary
- Tagalog Quotes
- Patama Quotes
- Tagalog Translate
- Tagalog Forum
- Kaipuleohone archive of Tagalog
Tagalog is one of the most exciting Asian languages to learn. It is unique, yet it shares some similarities with some of the other languages like English, Spanish, and Chinese. Perhaps, this is why many are interested in mastering the common Tagalog vocabulary and sentence structure. If you are one of them, you landed on the right post! Check out below to learn more about this awesome language.
The Tagalog Language
In the past, the Austronesian language has been universally used in the Philippines when the country is not yet colonized by other countries like Spain, Japan, and America. But as time went by, the English language became one of the national and official languages of the Philippines, together with the Filipino language. Another thing is, learning Tagalog is like learning the English language because these two languages both use the Latin alphabet with almost the same pronunciation and structures.
Since Filipinos are known for being friendly and one of the most hospitable people from the Asia Pacific region, the way they speak Tagalog like ‘Mabuhay!’ as their formal way of welcoming visitors from other countries sounds honorable and alluring. This is also why other beginners of the Tagalog language who visited the country are passionate about learning Tagalog and want to use it to communicate with the locals in the Philippines.
Below are the common Tagalog phrases and familiar words used in the Philippines. Let’s start learning!
100+ Common Tagalog Vocabulary
Want to impress the locals with your skills in Tagalog? Be sure to add these words in your basic sentences when conversing with the locals. If there’s one tip that we can give then you should try memorizing some of these words if you want to instantly connect with the Filipinos. Why? Simply because the locals appreciate it when you try to speak with them in a language close to their heart.
English Word | Tagalog Word | Sound |
I | ako | |
this | ito |
|
right | kanan | |
left | kaliwa | |
goodbye | paalam | |
yes | oo | |
no | hindi | |
want | gusto | |
correct | tama | |
true | totoo | |
free | libre | |
hand | kamay |
|
need | kailangan | |
election | eleksyon | |
change | pagbabago | |
newspaper | dyaryo | |
news | balita | |
thank you | salamat | |
teach | magturo | |
computer | kompyuter | |
read | basahin |
|
book | libro | |
pencil | lapis | |
travel | paglalakbay | |
neighbor | kapit-bahay | |
kill | pumatay | |
act | kumilos | |
example | halimbawa | |
war | digmaan | |
dead | patay | |
afraid | takot |
|
play | maglaro | |
slow | mabagal | |
loud | malakas | |
large | malaki | |
delicious | masarap | |
where | saan | |
smile | ngiti | |
love | pag-ibig | |
why | bakit | |
how | paano | |
when | kailan | |
fat | taba |
|
hair | buhok | |
bank | bangko | |
money | pera | |
smell | amoy | |
road | kalsada | |
rain | ulan | |
bed | kama | |
eat | kumain | |
sugar | asukal | |
egg | itlog | |
bread | tinapay | |
milk | gatas | |
ice | yelo |
|
heart | puso | |
blood | dugo | |
summer | tag-araw |
|
buy | bumili | |
store | tindahan | |
ask | magtanong | |
run | tumakbo | |
write | sulat | |
cool | malamig | |
soil | lupa | |
winter | taglamig | |
climb | umakyat | |
hill | burol | |
glass | salamin | |
grass | damo |
|
job | trabaho | |
class | klase | |
song | kanta | |
sound | tunog | |
visit | pagbisita | |
soft | malambot | |
fun | magsaya | |
million | milyon | |
rich | mayaman | |
plane | eroplano | |
world | mundo | |
hat | sumbrero | |
truck | trak | |
nose | ilong | |
hear | pakinggan | |
listen | makinig | |
house | bahay | |
picture | larawan | |
us | atin | |
self | sarili | |
near | malapit | |
sky | langit | |
pay | bayaran | |
clock | orasan | |
radio | radyo | |
ring | singsing | |
chair | silya | |
iron | bakal | |
street | kalye | |
office | opisina | |
trip | paglalakbay | |
flower | bulaklak | |
hope | umaasa | |
place | lugar | |
where | saan | |
live | mabuhay | |
after | pagkatapos | |
man | tao | |
came | dumating | |
good | mabuti | |
name | pangalan | |
very | napaka | |
tired | pagod |
Other Tagalog Vocabulary: Essential Phrases
English Translation | Tagalog Phrases | Sound |
beautiful day | magandang araw | |
how are you? | kamusta ka? | |
good morning | magandang umaga | |
good afternoon | magandang hapon | |
good evening | magandang gabi | |
may I ask a question? | p’wede po magtanong? | |
please pass my payment to the driver | pakiabot po ng bayad. | |
this is my payment | bayad po | |
this is my stop | para po | |
how much? | magkano? | |
this is expensive! can you give me a cheaper price? | ang mahal naman! wala na bang tawad? | |
have you eaten? | kumain ka na ba? | |
I will just take a shower | maliligo lang ako. | |
It’s too hot outside | sobrang init sa labas | |
It’s time to go home | uwian na | |
I’m full | busog na ako | |
I’m tired | pagod na ako | |
I want it too | gusto ko din | |
thank you | salamat |
Time To Practice These Common Tagalog Words And Phrases
Learn More About The Tagalog Language With The Ling App
If you wonder more about some of the common Tagalog words, here are other related blog posts that you can study and master, like the Tagalog cooking utensils, Tagalog animal names, and Tagalog shapes which can help you to speak like the locals in the Philippines. Check this out in the Ling app by Simya Solutions today!
Learning Tagalog with the Ling app is made fun and easy because this app is equipped with several language activities that help you understand common Tagalog phrases, simple sentence structure and grammar, pronunciation and fluency, meanings of a particular word, and other language-related skills. You can learn these by answering interactive quizzes and flashcards. Also, the app has a fun chatbot feature to practice having real life conversations.
Aside from that, you can learn other countries’ different languages because the Ling app offers 60+ languages.
You can also explore other blog posts related to your target language written by various native speakers with topics like history, cultures, slang words and phrases, different parts of speech, famous clothing and foods, and others. Moreover, you can read several honest reviews and feedback concerning other language learning applications written by several language specialists of the Ling app.
Can’t wait to improve your language skills? Hurry and download the Ling app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store now, and prepare to be fluent in Tagalog soon!
The purpose of this list is to give a rough idea of the Tagalog language. The words listed below are not the most common words, but a broad sampling of words. See the Word Lists page for more details.
English | Tagalog |
I | ako |
you (singular) | ikaw, ka; kayo *(formal)* |
he | siya |
we | tayo *(inclusive)*, kami *(exclusive)* |
you (plural) | kayo |
they | sila |
this | ito |
that | iyan *(far from speaker but close to person spoken to)*; iyon *(far from both speaker and person spoken to)* |
here | dito |
there | diyan *(far from speaker but close to person spoken to)*; doon *(far from both speaker and person spoken to)* |
who | sino *(interrogative)* |
what | ano *(interrogative)* |
where | saan, nasaan *(interrogative)* |
when | kailan, kelan *(interrogative)* |
how | paano *(interrogative)* |
not | hindi |
all | lahat |
many | marami |
some | ilan, iilan |
few | kaunti |
other | iba, otro |
one | isa, uno |
two | dalawa, dos |
three | tatlo, tres |
four | apat, kwatro |
five | lima, singko |
big | malaki |
long | mahaba |
wide | malapad |
thick | makapal, ispiso |
heavy | mabigat |
small | maliit, munti, pandak *(person)* |
short | maikli, maigsî |
narrow | makitid |
thin | manipis |
woman | babae |
man (adult male) | lalaki |
man (human being) | tao |
child | anak, bata(kid) |
wife | asawa |
husband | asawa |
mother | ina, nanay, mama |
father | ama, tatay |
animal | hayop |
fish | isda |
bird | ibon |
dog | aso |
louse | kuto |
snake | ahas, sawa |
worm | uod, bulati |
tree | puno, punung-kahoy |
forest | gubat |
stick | patpat |
fruit | prutas, bungang-kahoy, bunga |
seed | binhi |
leaf | dahon |
root | ugat |
bark (of a tree) | balat, bakbák |
flower | bulaklak, suchil |
grass | damo |
rope | lubid, tali |
skin | balat |
meat | karne, laman, lamang loob |
blood | dugo |
bone | buto |
fat (noun) | taba |
egg | itlog |
horn | sungay |
tail | buntot |
feather | balahibo |
hair | buhok |
head | ulo, kabesa |
ear | tenga, tainga |
eye | mata |
nose | ilong |
mouth | bibig |
tooth | ngipin |
tongue (organ) | dila |
fingernail | kuko |
foot | paa |
leg | binti |
knee | tuhod |
hand | kamay |
wing | pakpak |
belly | tiyan |
guts | bituka (intestines), laman-loob (innards) |
neck | leeg |
back | likod, likuran |
breast | suso, dibdíb (suso is mammary gland) |
heart | puso |
liver | atay, igado |
to drink | uminom, inumin |
to eat | kumain, kainin, lumamon, lamunin |
to bite | kumagát, kagatin |
to suck | sumipsip, sipsipin |
to spit | dumura |
to vomit | sumuka |
to blow | umihip, gulpi |
to breathe | huminga |
to laugh | tumawa |
to see | makita |
to hear | márinig, (makinig, dinggin = to listen) |
to know | umalam, alamin, malaman |
to think | mag-isip, isipin |
to smell | amuyin |
to fear | takot *(noun)*, matakot (to be afraid) |
to sleep | matulog |
to live | mabuhay |
to die | mamatay, pumanaw, mapaslang |
to kill | pumatay, patayin, pumaslang |
to fight | lumaban |
to hunt | mangaso |
to hit | tamaan, tumbukin |
to cut | putulin, hiwain (to slice) |
to split | magbiyak, biyakin |
to stab | manaksak, saksakin |
to scratch | kamutin |
to dig | maghukay, hukayin |
to swim | lumangoy, languyin |
to fly | lumipad, liparin |
to walk | maglakad, lumakad |
to come | dumating, datingan/datnan |
to lie (as in a bed) | humiga |
to sit | umupo *(state)* |
to stand | tumayo *(state)* |
to turn (intransitive) | lumiko, bumilíng (to turn own body) |
to fall | bumagsak |
to give | magbigay, ibigay |
to hold | humawak, hawakan, tanganan, tangnán |
to squeeze | pisilin, pigas |
to rub | magkuskos, kuskusin |
to wash | maghugas, hugasan |
to wipe | magpunas, punasan |
to pull | bumatak, batakin, humila, hilahin |
to push | magtulak, itulak |
to throw | maghagis, ihagis |
to tie | magtali, itali |
to sew | tahiin |
to count | bumilang |
to say | sabihin |
to sing | umawit, awitin |
to play | maglaro, laruin |
to float | lumutang |
to flow | umagos, iagos |
to freeze | maging yelo, mabuô (to become solid), manigas (to become hard) |
to swell | mamaga |
sun | araw |
moon | buwan |
star | bituin |
water | tubig |
rain | ulan |
river | ilog |
lake | lawa |
sea | dagat |
salt | asin |
stone | bato |
sand | buhangin |
dust | alikabok |
earth | lupa |
cloud | ulap |
fog | ulap na hamog |
sky | langit, kalangitan |
wind | hangin |
snow | niyebe |
ice | yelo |
smoke | aso, usok |
fire | apoy |
ash | abo |
to burn | magsunog, masunog, sunugin |
road | daan, kalsada, lansangan |
mountain | bundok |
red | pula |
green | lunti(an), berde |
yellow | dilaw |
white | puti |
black | itim |
night | gabi |
day | araw |
year | taon |
warm | mainit (=hot), maligamgám (lukewarm) |
cold | malamig, magináw (cold, e.g., weather) |
full | puno |
new | bago |
old | luma *(non-living things)*, matanda *(living things)* |
good | mabuti |
bad | masama, maldito/a |
rotten | bulok, panis |
dirty | marumi |
straight | tuwid |
round | bilog |
sharp (as a knife) | matalim |
dull (as a knife) | pudpod (=stubby), mapuról |
smooth | makinis |
wet | basa |
dry | tuyo |
correct | tama, tumpak |
near | malapit |
far | malayo |
right | kanan |
View other word lists here
tagalog people origins(some facts and theories)
I just wanna share some interesting facts and theories about the origin of the tagalog people(medyo mahaba ito so bear with me)..
first is bakit nga ba may mga konting/madami galit na non-tagalog na tagalog language ang ating national language?
Actaully we deserve it as the national language, why? First of all the tagalog especially in metro manila, cavite are the first people who established our govenment(post-spanish era) syempre tagalog ang kanilang lenguahe, alanga namang palitan nila ng iba e yoon ang mother tongue nila at isa pa tayo ang nasa frontline during the american-filipino war, ww2 our tagal forefathers fought and died for our country thats why tagalog people deserve a better not underrated form of respect..
then 2nd is the real meaning of our flag?(a nationalist filipino historian/ linguist once told me)
this is quite mind blowing for me actually, he said that the originaL meaning of the 3 stars in our flag is luzon, panay and mindanao(it was politically motivated to change it in visayas) dahil nung daw panahong nakikipaglaban daw tayo sa mga spanish para sa ating kasarinlan, ang kabisayaan daw ay hindi tumulong, infact they even killed their own revolutionary leader named Leon Kilat(look it up its true) bcoz they dont want to gain independence, they liked the governship of spain.. at isa pa diba daw yung 8 rayed sun natin.. ang rays/silahis/sinag may mga meaning pero bakit walang meaning ang sun? heres the government doesnt want to tell us.. Actually the sun has a meaning, you have to be aware that the filipino flag was created during the spanish era by the tagal people.. yes you are right the rays of the sun are the 8 provinces who rebelled against the spaniards, and all of the provinces na kasali are almost all tagalog origin.. the real meaning of the sun is actually very sublime: first is the background story of that, the origin of the word tagalog is not taga-ilog(kase the tagalog community is not just centered in pasig, saying bisaya as tagadagat, igorot as tagabundok is actually quite stupid) the origin of the tagalog comes from the word tagaloa(the ancient pacific highlander mythology(tagaloa in samoa, kanaloa in hawaii), which we are specifically related as pacific islanders in the luzon has higher pacific islander gene pool in their body than the visayan(mix,middle) and mindanaoans which is predominantly malay bcoz of proximity of your island to malaysia and indonesia) thats why tagalog means the worshippers of the sun tagaloa(sun god) and thus the real meaning of our sun is tagaloa(the god who was worshipped by ancient tagalog people.. the government doesnt wanna tell us that.. or that they simply dont know bcoz it was really lost in translation and few people has pass onto their peers.. thats the real meaning behind our flag..
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on October 29, 2020.
When localizing content to enter the Philippines, many companies get confused about whether they should translate their content into Tagalog or Filipino. As one of the Tiger Cub Economies and the third-largest economy in ASEAN, the Philippines offers thousands of opportunities for foreign companies that are going global.
In today’s post, we will discuss the differences between Tagalog and Filipino to help you make the right decision for your upcoming localization project into the Philippines market.
The Brief History of Tagalog and Filipino
In the 1930s, the Philippine Commonwealth Constitution wanted to choose one among many languages spoken in the archipelago (including Tagalog, Cebuano, Hiligaynon, Ilokano, etc.) to become the national language of the Philippines.
As Tagalog was spoken widely in Metro Manila and nearby provinces, it was a leading candidate. Unfortunately, due to the objections from some representatives, the concept of a lingua franca was postponed and considered as a future goal. Tagalog was then renamed “Pilipino” in 1959.
Later in the 1970s, Pilipino was developed and enriched by modifying and incorporating words from other languages such as Spanish, English, Chinese, and Malay. For example, “silya” – a Spanish-derived word was adopted to refer to a chair to replace the use of the Tagalog word “salumpuwit” which was thought to be less pleasant-sounding. This evolved language was known as Filipino.
In 1987, the government finally labelled Filipino as the national language. Some new Western letters were included in the official Filipino alphabet.
What are the Differences Between Tagalog and Filipino?
The Tagalog alphabet has 20 letters while the Filipino alphabet consists of 28 letters – 20 letters from Tagalog and 8 extra letters from Western languages such as c, f, j, x, and z. Filipino only takes words from other languages, thus, the grammatical structure, verbal affixes, pronouns, demonstrative pronouns, and linkers of two languages are the same.
Tagalog and Filipino Alphabet
It is estimated that about 80-90% of Filipino are Tagalog and the remaining are comprised of Spanish, English, and other Philippines languages. In general, it is safe to say that Filipino is an updated version of the Tagalog language.
In terms of usage, Filipino is mostly used in Metro Manila, the National Capital Region, and some urban centers of the archipelago. Meanwhile, regions and provinces such as Central Luzon Region, Southern Luzon, Bangsamoro, and Bicol Region are mostly Tagalog-speaking.
When are Tagalog and Filipino Used?
To answer this question accurately, we thought it would be best for you to hear from an experienced native Filipino linguist. Ted Leonardo – a senior translator from our team informed us that “Tagalog may sound profound and deep and is often used in formal documents. Meanwhile, Filipino, a conversational language, sounds more natural, modern, and adaptive.”
Here are some key criteria that help define whether you should translate your content into Tagalog or Filipino:
Tagalog | Filipino | |
Target Audience’s Age | Tagalog is more familiar to older audiences as Filipino consists of some loan words from other languages that older generations might not understand. | For younger target audiences, you should consider using Filipino. |
Types of Documents | Educational materials or formal documents, usually legal ones are written in Tagalog. | Filipino is usually used in daily conversations as it sounds more natural, modern, and adaptive. |
Locations | Tagalog-speaking regions and provinces such as Central Luzon Region, Southern Luzon, Bangsamoro, and Bicol Region. | Filipino is mostly used in Metro Manila, the National Capital Region, and some urban centres of the archipelago. |
In general, if you need to translate your company’s business documents such as contracts and product information or your target locale is at provincial markets as listed above, we recommend using Tagalog translation services. Otherwise, you can consider Filipino.
You might also like these articles:
- Asian Languages – The Origin and Overview of Major Languages
- The Key Differences Between British And American English
- The Difference Between Simplified Chinese And Traditional Chinese
To Wrap Up
In case you are still wondering whether Tagalog or Filipino is the best choice for your plan to enter the Philippines market, contact GTE Localize for a free consultancy. With extensive regional knowledge and years of experience in Tagalog and Filipino translation, we give you a great suggestion on what language you should use for your project and the best translation solutions from a team of talented native translators from the Philippines.
If you want to find out more vital tips on Asian languages and localizations, download our white paper here.