Using word from the opposite page complete these sentences about yourself and your country

Food

A Fruit

B Vegetables

C Salad

A salad is a mixture of uncooked vegeta bles. The main ingredient in a salad is lettuce, but it may also contain tomato, cucumber, and other things.

D Animals (meat), fish and shellfish

animal: cow

meat: beef

calf (= young cow) veal

lamb (= young sheep) lamb

pig pork

N ote: A person who does not eat meat is a vegetarian.

Can you write down a vegetable and fruit:

Vegetable

Fruit

1 beginning with the letter ‘p’

2 beginning with the letter ‘b’

3 beginning with the letter ‘m’

4 beginning with the letter ‘c’

5 beginning with the letter ‘a’

. .po1;ini

Find a word in the right-hand box where the underlined letter(s) are pronounced in the same way as the underlined letter(s) in a word in the left-hand box. Be careful: there are two extra words in the right-hand box which you do not need.

58.3 Which is the odd one out in each group, and why?

1 pork veal salmon beef

2 salmon shrimp oyster lobster

3 lettuce aubergine tomato cucumber

4 peach omon mushroom courgette

5 chicken lamb beef mussels

58.4 Do you eat the skin (= the outside) of these fruits — always, usually, or never? Make three lists.

apples pears oranges

pineapples bananas lemons

cherries peaches melons

grapes mangoes strawberries

S8.5 Using words from the opposite page, complete these sentences about yourself and your country. If possible, compare your answers with someone else who has done this exercise.

1 In my country . . . . . is/are more common than .

2 In my country . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . is/are more expensive than

3 In my country a mixed salad usually contains . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .

4 In my country we don’t grow

5 And we don’t often eat … . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . .

6 Personally, I prefer .. . . . .. . . . …. . … . . . .. . . . . . . to

7 I love . . . . . . . . . …. . but I don’t really like

8 My favourite meat is

Cooking and restaurants

iET :A, Ways of cooking food

boil: in water, e.g. carrots

fry: in oil or butter above the heat, e.g. sausages grill: under the heat, e.g. toast or meat

roast: in the oven using oil, e.g. meat bake: in the oven without oil, e.g. cakes

N ote: Food which is not cooked is raw.

Cooking steak

If you have steak you can eat it rare ( = cooked very quickly and still red ); medium-rare

(cooked a bit longer and just red in the middle); medium (cooked a bit more and just pink); or well-done (cooked even longer and not pink at all).

Descri bing food

tasty: has lots of taste: a positive word; -:t- tasteless: a negative word

bland: without a strong taste; neutral in flavour, e.g. boiled rice sweet: lots of sugar; -:t- bitter

salty: lots of salt

hot/spicy: lots of spice, e.g. curry

fresh: recently produced, e.g. fresh bread; recently picked, e.g. fresh fruit tender: easy to cut; a positive word used to describe meat; -:t- tough

fatty: meat with a lot of fat; -:t- lean

fattening: food which makes you put on weight I get fat, e.g. cream, biscuits, etc.

Источник

Read
the following questions (1-4), then scan the text to find the
answers.

Task
tip

Scan
for the underlined words. When you find them, read the sentence to
find out the answer. (If you live in China, you probably know some of
the answers, but it is important to answer according to the text.)

In
China is the colour red
traditionally considered lucky or unlucky?
When
did Ikea
open
its first store in Beijing?
What
is the meaning of the Chinese word he?
What
is the meaning of the number 8
in China?

Marketing
in China

Firstly
with many types of products, the largest producers are Chinese firms
who have already won large parts of the market. Indeed, many old
Chinese companies such as TonRen Tang, a pharmaceutical company which
dates back to 1669, are now enjoying a renewed popularity.

Secondly,
any company which tries to move into a foreign market needs to study
the situation and culture of that country. This is certainly the case
with China. Many international companies go into the market whith
their usual rangeof products but they find that, as they are, the
products do not sell. Ikea, the Swedish furniture giant, opened in
Beijing in 1999 but not many people bought the furniture. It seemed
too expensive for Chinese customers and possibly did not appeal to
Chinese taste.

Pricing
is not the only issue. Companies also need to consider what ideas
customers from a different culture might have about their product;
what marketing experts call product positioning. De Beers, the
diamond company, provide an interesting example of this. In the West,
diamonds are a symbol of romantic love and appear on wedding rings.
However, the idea of romance is different in Asia and so De Beers
decided to present diamonds as a symbol of harmony and a lasting
relationship rather than love. Their Chinese TV ads showed a husband
giving his wife a diamond at their wedding and then moved forward in
time to show the following years of a long happy marriage. Harmony or
a lack of conflict (he in Chinese) is a very important value in
Chinese culture and De Beers were very important in China. Chinese
society traditionally has many levels and the possession of a
particular brand can show your place within society. However, as in
any country, companies need to take advice on what their brand name
sounds like in Chinese, or if people can pronounce it.Sometimes a
successful brand name can be created by slightly changing the
original name to Chinese. Gillette razors, for example, use the
Chinese name ‘jilie’. ‘ji’ in Chinese means ‘lucky’.
Chinese companies trying to export their products, of course, have to
think about this too. The Chinese refrigerator, Haier, has not been
very successful globally, partly, it seems, because Westerners find
the name difficult to pronounce.

In
a country where the writing system is based on symbols, it is
especially important to have a memorable logo. A logo with a picture
like Shell or Apple is likely to be more effective than one which
consists of Western letters like BP. Companies also need to be aware
of the popular ideas about some colours. Red, for example, is
traditionally a lucky colour, while white is the colour of death and
is traditionally seen as unlucky. Blue and yellow used together can
also suggest death, so this combination is best avoided on logos.
This is because at a traditional funeral, a gift of money was often
put in a yellow envelope with a blue stripe.

There
are also popular ideas relating to numbers, just as, for example, the
number 13 is thought unlucky in China as it sounds like the word for
‘death’. Eight, on the other hand, is a lucky number. When the
Japanese department store Yaohan opened in Beijing, the person
selling the pens put a price of 88,888 yuan on one expensive gold
pen. This was a joke of course, but it made a wonderful talking point
for the customers.

Text
4

Is
there any city in Europe, or elsewhere, like Prague? There has been a
city here for over a thousand years, and now 1,250,000 people live
here. It is most famous for its Gothic and baroque buildings. Old
Town Square, with its wonderful clock, the Charles Bridge, and Prague
Castle on the hill above the river are just a few of Prague`s famous
attractions.

Getting
around Prague is easy by tram or underground but it`s also a
pedestrian`s dream because much of the old quarter and many of the
streets and lanes have little or no traffic. The medieval centre is
Prague Castle and St Vitus Cathedral. An evening view of these
illuminated landmarks is one of the most memorable sights in Europe.
Wenceslas Square is in the heart of modern Prague.

Visiting
Prague today, you immediately notice the lively atmosphere. The city
can be crowded during the hot summer months, but it is a delight to
visit at any time of the year, even in the snowy cold of winter. In
fact, tourism makes the largest contribution to Prague`s economy.
Classical concerts take place all through the year, though the
biggest event is the Prague spring International Music Festival in
May and early June. Theatre also has a special place in the life of
the city.

The
suburbs are like many in Eastern Europe with tall skyscrapers and
some light industry, but you`re very quickly in the sleepy villages
and gentle hills of Bohemia.

Many
people say Prague reminds them of Vienna or Budapest. But in fact,
Prague is unique. There`s nowhere quite like it.

READING
AND WRITING

There
is a mixture of fact and opinion in the passage. For example, it is
a fact that there are Gothic and baroque buildings, but an opinion
that the clock in Old Town Square is wonderful.

Read
the passage again and write down:

Five
facts about Prague.

Over
a thousand years old, ……

Five
opinions about Prague.

One
of the most memorable sights in Europe.

Think
of a town which you can twin with Prague. Write notes about the
features of the two towns. It should have as many similar aspects
as possible.

London
similar age, culture

Are
there any major differences?

London
no trams, different architecture

Write
a description of the twin cities, giving your reasons why they are
similar. Use the notes you made in 2 and 3 and the linking words in
bold.

Give
the main reason. The
main reason why
Prague and London are similar is their age.

Give
other reasons. Another
reason is that…

Describe
similarities. Both
Prague and
London
have a lot of old buildings.

Neither
Prague nor
London has much heavy industry.

Describe
differences.
Prague has hot summers while
London can be

colder.

Prague
is very romantic whereas
London is more reserved.

Stress
similarities.
But actually, they are both
very cosmopolitan cities.

VI.
Grammar exercises

Must
expresses a strong obligation.

All
visitors must
report to Reception.

You
mustn’t
steal things! Its naughty!

Have
to express a general obligations based on a law or a rule.

Nurses
have
to
wear a uniform.

Malcolm
has
to drive
a thousand miles a week in his job.

Sometimes
must
and have
to
are similar.

I
must
go
now. Cheerio! I have
to go
now. Cheerio!

Sometimes
there is a difference. Must
is personal. We use must
when we express our personal feelings, and say what we think is
important or necessary.

You
must
work harder. (I
am telling you what to do.)

I
must
wash
my hair. It`s dirty.
(I am telling myself that it`s necessary.)

Have
to
is impersonal. It expresses a general obligation based on what
another person tells us to.

We
have
to
wear a stupid uniform.
(It`s a school rule.)

I
have
to
take this medicine three times a day.
(The doctor said.)

Have
to
is used to form the question, and the past and future.

Do
you
have
to
work full-time?

I
had
to
get up very early when I was at school.

You`ll
have to
work hard if you want to go to university.

Should
expresses what is right, or a good idea. It expresses advice, or a
mild obligation.

You
should
get more exercise. Why don’t you play tennis?

You
shouldn’t
eat so many sweets. They are bad for your teeth.

Negatives

Mustn`t
and don’t
have to
express very different ideas.

You
mustn’t
take
drugs.
(This is a strong obligation not
to do something.)

Teenagers
don’t
have to
go out to work.
(There is no
obligation, but they can if they want.)

2) Modals to express permission

Can,
can`t,
and be
allowed to
are used to express permission. Allowed
to
is passive.

We
can`t
smoke or chew gum.

We
aren’t
allowed to
buy what we want.

Look
at the verbs in bold type in Exercises 2 and 3 in the started
activity, then complete the following table.

Verb
is used to say that:

An
action is necessary (an obligation)
An
action is a good idea (advice)
An
action is not a good idea (advice not to do something)
A
situation is possible
An
action is not necessary (there is no obligation)
An
action is not possible for you to do (because it is against the
rules or for another reason)

Example

Have
to

Complete
this grammar notes about describing rules:

Must
and 1
…… mustn’t
and don’t
have to 4………..

These
have similar

meanings.
Both refer

to
something which is

necessary.

You
must
switch
off your

phone
in the board

meeting.

You
2……
switch off your

phone
in the board

meeting.

Have
to
is more common

When
talking about the

law
or company rules.

These
have different meanings. Mustn`t is used about something which is
wrong to do.

You
mustn’t
smoke
in the workshop.

Don’t
have to
means
that something is 3……necessary. You can do it if you want, but
there is no rule.

You
don’t
have
to put a stamp on that letter. Postage is free.

This
is used for an action which is not possible for you (because it
is against the rules or for another reason).

We
5……deliver
the goods before Friday

3)
Making comparisons

You
can make comparisons in the following ways:

Comparative
adjective + than
More/less
+ comparative adjective + than
More
+ countable/uncountable noun + than
Fewer
+ countable noun + than
Less
+ uncountable noun + than
As
many + countable noun + as
As
much + uncountable noun + as
As
+ adjective + as

Prague
is cheaper
than
London.

Rome
is more
beautiful than
London.

London
is less
dangerous than
New York.

Tokyo
has more
inhabitants than
Madrid.

Berlin
has more
rain than
Rome.

Madrid
has fewer
tourists than
Paris.

Paris
has less
industry than
Milan.

Milan
has as
many people as
Barcelona.

Barcelona
has as
much rain as
Rome.

Rome
is as
beautiful as
Prague.

VII.
Speaking

Work
in pairs and discuss the following question.

Do
you think it is better to use a supplier who is local to your
company, or a national supplier who is in another part of your
country?

Try
to think of three advantages and three disadvantages for each.

With
your partner, discuss whether the statements (1-5) are usually true
of local or national suppliers. Write L for local suppliers, N for
for national suppliers or B if you think it is true for both local
and national suppliers.

You
have to pay higher transport costs.
They
give good after-sales service.
You
may get a better discount.
You
don’t have to wait a long time for delivery.
You
business is important to them, so they will give you good service.

In the following dialogue, which person do you agree with?

You
should always use the same supplier. That way, you build up a good
relationship with them.
No,
you shouldn’t depend on one supplier. You should use several so
that if one can`t supply you needs, you can use another.

VIII.
LANGUAGE REVIEW

Asking
for descriptions

What`s
London like?
Means “Tell me about London because I don’t know anything about
it”. It is a very general question.

When
it is asked about a person, the answer can refer to character or
appearance or both.

What`s
Peter like?

He`s
quite tall, with short blond hair.

He`s
really nice, You`d like him.

What
does she look like?
Asks for a physical description.

What
does she look like?

She`s
very pretty. She`s got long black hair, and dark, mysterious eyes.

How
are your parents? Asks
about their health and general happiness. It does not ask for a
description.

How
are your parents?

They
are fine, thanks. My mother had a cold, but she`s better now.

Words
that go together

Use
your dictionaries to look up any new words.

Look
at the following groups of words. Which four
of the surrounding words in each group cannot
go with the noun in the centre?

Put
a suitable adjective from Exercise 1 into the gaps in the following
conversations. If necessary, use their comparative or superlative
forms.

Example

Billy`s
only two so he`s the
youngest in
the family.

What
is Anna`s brother like?

Well,
he is certainly ___________, dark and handsome, but I didn’t enjoy
meeting him at all. He is even ______ than she is!

What
was your meal like?

Ugh!
It was awful. The pizza was ________. We were absolutely _____,but we
still couldn’t eat it!

Did
you have a good time in Amsterdam?

Excellent,
thank you. There`s so much to do. It`s a really_____ city. And there
are so many people from all over the world, it`s even______ than
London.

Mmm!
These courgettes are _____. Did you grow them yourselves?

Yes,
we did. All our vegetables are ______.

Underline
the adjectives in the box below. Are there any which can also be
nouns?

Art
gallery bridge busy castle cathedral cemetery coffee-house
concert hall cosmopolitan crowded dangerous district dirty
hilly industrial lane lively market museum noisy old-fashioned
palace park picturesque quay river romantic skyscraper sleepy
smart square street theatre tram unique wealthy

Think
of your favorite town or city. Which of these adjectives can you use
to describe it?

What
special features is your favorite city famous for? Use the nouns in
the box to help you. Are there any adjectives which go with them?

Lyon
is famous for its medieval district and its picturesque rivers.

Unit
8

Vocabulary list

sanitation
hygiene
sustainable
voluntary
domestic
appeal
sewage
disposal
access
to
to
provide smth to smb
set
up

10) awareness

11) rural

12) urban
areas

13)
data collection

14)
survey

15)
pay (back, by, for, off)

16)
lend smth to

17)
borrow smth from

18)
safe and easy way

19)
branch

20)
withdraw

21)
deposit

22)
balance

23)
transactions

24)
overdraft

25)
online statement

26)
pay bills

27)
foreign currency

28)
direct debits

20)
standing orders

30)
industry-standard levels of security

31)
refund

32)
pin members fraud

33)
cancel

34)
download

35)
amend

36)
traveller’s cheques

37)
to host

38)
lasting success

39)
decaying industrial areas

40)
filthy harbor

41)
environmentally friendly

42)
preservation

43)
conservation

44)
endangered …

45)
recycle

I. Find the equivalents (in the box) to the words given below:

getting
worse, very dirty, offensive, to use again, to organize, to change,
to stop, to give back, look at, examine know, notice, to give, to get
to, to enter request, to like.

appeal

access

to
provide smth to smb

to
be aware

survey

refund

cancel

amend

host

recycle

filthy

decaying

II.
Translate the sentences

1.
WA
ставит перед собой задачу обеспечить
регионы с беднейшим населением чистой
пресной водой, проводить санитарные
мероприятия, вести просветительскую
работу в области гигиены.

2.
Более 70% фондовой WA
получает от индивидуальных предпринимателей,
бизнесменов.

3.
Банковские операции по интернету – это
всего лишь еще один путь доступа к
существующему счету, а не необходимость
открывать новый.

4.
Интернет операции используют стандартный
уровень защиты вкладов от мошенничества.

5.
Барселона использовала Олимпийские
игры 1992 года для того, чтобы претворить
в жизнь план по обновлению города и
превращению на находящихся в упадке
промышленных районов в прекрасный
приморский город.

6.
Было инвестировано $8 млрд. в кольцевую
дорогу, новый аэропорт, телекоммуникационную
систему, канализационную систему.

7.
Сидней, оказавшись столицей Олимпиады
2000 года, прочно занял свое место на
туристических коробах.

8.
После проведения Олимпийских игр в
Сиднее возникло много экологических
чистых предприятий.

9.
Доход компании упал в прошлом году, но
компании удалось сэкономить путем
сокращения расходов.

10.
Компания разорилась в прошлом году и
многие кредиторы до сих пор ждут выплат.

Vocabulary money

W
ork
in pairs. Check that you understand the meaning of the verb phrases
in italics
in these sentences. Then discuss the questions.

Have
you ever bid
for something in an auction
(online of traditional)? Is so, what was it? If not, would you
consider doing so?
When
was the last time you got
a bargain?
Do you know anyone who is good at finding bargains?
What’s
the difference between: pay
a fee, pay a fare
and pay
a fine?
What do you think of the cost of bus and train fares in your
country/another country you know?

2
.
Work in two groups, A and B. Look at the words in your box and check
their meaning and pronunciation. Use a dictionary if necessary.

3
.
Now work in pairs (o0ne from group A and one from B). Tell each other
the meaning and pronunciation of the words in your box.

4
.
Choose the correct alternatives in each sentence.

1.
You can often save money by buying a lot of things at the same time
and getting a discount/freebie.

2.
I’m working long hours at the moment so that I get paid quite a lot
of tip/overtime
– I’m saving up for my holiday.

3.
If you decide not to go ahead with the booking, you will lose the
£100 balance/deposit
you’ve already paid.

4.
I’m sorry, but we can only give you your money back if you keep the
receipt/refund
as proof of purchase.

5.
You are advised to take out tax/insurance
for all members of the family before you travel.

6.
I would never borrow from friends because I never want to be in
rent/debt.

Vocabulary

Business
terms and roles

1
Match the financial terms (a-k) with the correct definition (1-11).

a creditor	1 A person of organization that owes money to the company.
b revenue	2 A person of organization that the company owes money to.
c overheads	3 To legally stop doing business and close a company because of financial losses.
d to go bankrupt	4 The money that a company earns from its sales.
e to break even	5 To earn enough money to pay for the costs of running the company but no more (no profit is made).
f debtor	6 How much a company earns before certain costs and taxes are deducted.
g net profit	7 The total amount of money that an organization spends on something.
h to overspend	8 How much a company earns after all the costs and taxes are deducted.
i gross profit	9 To spend more than you originally planned in your budget.
j operating profit	10 The profit which comes from a company’s usual activities of providing goods or services.
k expenditure	11 The costs of running the company e.g. rent, electricity and water bills, etc.

2
The words in the box below have similar meanings to three of the
words from Exercise 1. Write the word with the similar meaning next
to the one in the box.

t
o
cover costs ……….

to
go into liquidation ………

turnover
………

3
Choose the correct expression from the box below to complete the
definitions (1-3). You need to put the verbs in the correct form.

t
o
chase payment to pay off a debt to write off a bebt

1.
If a company pays the money that it owes to someone, then it …………
.

2.
If a company tries to make a person of organization pay it the money
that they owe (e.g. by sending out letters to remind them), then it
………… .

3.
If a company decides to stop trying to get the money that a person of
organization owes it (because, for example, the company no longer
exists) then it ……… .

4.
In the following sentences (1-5), TWO of the alternatives (A-C) are
possible and ONE is not. Circle the two alternatives which are
possible.

1. I don’t think we will make a profit next year, but we hope to at least…
A break even	B go bankrupt	C cover costs
2. Operating profits fell last year but the company managed to save some money be reducing…
A expenditure	B overheads	C revenue
3. The company budgeted for €120,000 but the project cost them nearly €200,000. They … by nearly €80,000.
A covered costs	B overspent	C exceeded their budget
4. The company was very successful last year and increased their … from €29,000 to over €32,000.
A debts	B revenue	C turnover
5 A great many people lost their jobs when the company …
A went bankrupt	B broke even	C went into liquidation

5.
In the following sentences (1-4) one word does not make sense.
Identify the word and change it for another from Exercise 4 to make a
logical sentence.

1.
The company was not a success and finally went bankrupt last year.
Some

creditors

debtors
are still waiting for payouts.

2.
The company has begun to write off its debts in instilments under a
new agreement with the creditors.

3
A Profit last year was £42,000

B
Do you mean gross or net?

A
Oh no, I mean gross. After the production costs and overheads were
deducted.

4.
That company has gone into liquidation. I’m afraid we’re just
going to have to pay off the money that they owe us.

1A Complete the statements with the words in the box

c
ommunity
competitors customer

law
loss prices profit staff
taxes

wages

To
succeed in business you should:

1
value your staff.

2
focus only on making a big _____.

3
pay employees low _____.

4
charge high _____.

5
never break the _____.

6
avoid paying _____ to the government.

7
believe the _____ is always right.

8
invest in the local _____.

9
put your _____ out of business.

10
be prepared to make a _____ for at least the first year.

1B Work with a partner to discuss the statements.

2 Match the people in the box with their job role.

C
ustomer
entrepreneur manufacturer

partner
retailer supplier wholesaler

1
sells directly to the public

2
makes goods

3
starts new businesses

4
is one of owners of a business

5
buys large quantities of goods from producers and sells them to shop
of a company

6
buys directly from a shop of a company

7
provides goods/parts to shops and businesses

3 Work with a partner to discuss the following.

1
Which are your favourite retailers?

2
Name three large manufacturers

3
What services can a wholesaler offer a retailer?

4
Give an example of good/bad customer service you have experienced.

5
What problems can a business have with its suppliers?

6
Can you name a famous entrepreneur?

7
If you started a business, who would your partner be? Why?

1.
Discuss these questions with other students.

Do
you ever shop online? If so, what for? If not, why not?

What
do you think are some of the most common reasons for complaining to a
department store of a shopping website?

Have
you ever complained about something you bought (either in a shop of
through a website)? What weren’t you happy about? What did you do?
What was the response? Were you satisfied in the end?

Reading.
Networking

Networking
is the process of making business contacts through meeting people. It
can be a good way of finding clients or new staff or even a new job.

1
Work with a partner. Decide which of the following you think is the
best place for networking.

Conferences
private parties trade fairs training events

2
Look at the headings (a-d) for the first four paragraphs of the
article. Skim the text and match each heading to the most suitable
paragraph. Write the paragraph number in the box.

The best way to find business 2

A fixed agenda

An example of a meeting

BNI’s mission and ethos

Company
background BNI

Business
Network International, of BNI, is an organization which began in
California, USA but has now expanded into many other countries. The
idea of the organizations is that members create business for each
other through personal recommendations.

BUSINESS
NETWORK INTERNATIONAL

It
is 7.00 on a cold winter morning and 40 people face each other
across a breakfast table in a London hotel. After some short
speeches, the tables are suddenly a hive of activity as sets of
business cards are passed around. After this, each person stands up
for exactly one minute. They talk about their businesses and what
kind of contacts they are looking for that week. John Harris is an
insolvency specialist who is looking for any company with financial
difficulties who could use his services. Janet Moore runs a
cake-making business and is looking for customers. After the
speeches, the 40 people stand up together and walk around the tables
gibing out pieces of paper. These are referral slips, providing the
names and details of potential customers of contacts. Janet Moore,
for example, receives the names and contact numbers of several
relatives with birthdays that month.

2.
This is a meeting of BNI of Business Network International. There are
many ways for businesses to advertise, like telemarketing of
mailshots but the best form of promotion is word-of-mouth
recommendation through networking. Of course, networking can take
place anywhere; at trade fairs and conferences of on the golf course,
but the most efficient way to network is to join an organization like
this. This is because the only reason for these meetings is to make
contacts. The success rate of the referrals speaks for itself.
According to the figures, over 75% of them turn into business.

3.
BNI was originally founded by Dr Ivan Misner in the US but in has now
spread to many countries in Europe such as Scandinavia, Germany and
Spain and also to Australia. Its aim is to provide an environment in
which business people can get together and develop the personal
relationship that lead to business. When new members join, they
receive a card file to hold all the new business cards, a badge and a
lapel pin. With these, they also get a guidebook with instructions on
‘how to be a good member’. Members also have access to a library
of networking tips, all recorded on tapes. BNI’s motto is ‘givers
gain’, that is, if I give someone business, then they will want to
give me business in return.

4.
BNI meetings follow a highly structured framework. A short period of
‘open’ networking is followed by welcome speeches and
introductions from the team leaders and then by the exchanging of
business cards. Next, members give their 60-second speeches and after
that, they introduce any visitors, who can also give speeches. Then,
the referral slips are passed. If a member passes on more than three
new business contacts, the group all clap. For five of more
referrals, this becomes a standing ovation. The meeting winds up with
a prize draw.

Text
2

Healthy
finances

Talking
point

1.
Work in pairs. All companies have information which they do not
usually give to other people. Which of the following types of
information (a-g) do you think a company does not usually share with:

the
public
its
employees?

a
profits and losses in the past

b
future financial targets

c
recipes and manufacturing processes

d
ideas for new products

e
information about market share

f
staff qualifications and CVs of resumes

g
strategies (plans to achieve success)

2.
Does sharing this information depend on the type of company, do you
think?

1.
Work with a partner. You are going to read an article about a company
which is famous for keeping information secret. Can you think of any
other famous secretive companies?

Company
background H
A L M A

Halma
is a group of engineering companies which makes health and safety
products such as fire detectors. It is based in the UK but also has
companies in Europe and the USA.

2.
Read the first two paragraphs to find out which two of the following
activities (1-3) Halma employees do. Put a (x) in the box next to the
activity which they don’t do.

1
.
develop ideas for future products

2
.
make the component parts for their products

3
.
put together in component parts for their products

Halma:
A secretive success

1.
Halma is an engineering group which specializes in products for the
health and safety industry. Its
financial results have been impressive, but not many people have
studied the reasons for its
success. (i)
This
is partly because the group’s original chairman did not want to
talk about its management approach because he was afraid other
companies might copy (ii)
it.

2.
Halma’s strategy is generally to produce a series of technical
ideas which can then be used to create new products. In the past
(iii)
these
devices have included a system to kill bacteria in water and another
system to stop lift doors from closing on people. The group relies on
suppliers to make the component parts. (iv)
Its
own workers are generally only concerned with the final assembly and
with researching future products. The suppliers are not told what the
parts that they supply do, nor how (v)
they
are put together, to make sure that (vi)
they
cannot use Halma’s ideas. ‘It is not in our interest to share
this information’, says Stephen O’Shea, the chief executive
officer.

Text
3

Read
the text quickly. What does the article say about these things?

1.
the writer’s out-of-date computer

2.
the main aim of Freecycle

3.
dishonest ‘bidders’

4.
giving something in return

5.
freecycle’s need for money

Freecycle

The
temptation to buy, buy, buy is hard to resist. A new outfit, a
gadget, an item of furniture – someone is buying one right now.
Now, guilty shoppers who are keen to get rid of a no-longer-needed
purchase have a radical new option – simply giving it away.

Second-hand
technology is notoriously difficult to offload. So, I never thought
that my sluggish, ageing computer would generate much interest when I
put it up for offer online. I was wrong. (1) On a conventional
auction site, such as eBay, I doubt there would be any takers. But
I’m advertising on its philanthropic cousin, freecycle.org. As the
name suggests, everything advertised on Freecycle must be free –
whether it’s an old sofa, unwanted CDs or even a few hours’ help
in the garden. Anyone who is interested simply replies by email: deal
done.

Freecycle
is one of a number of websites that aim to reduce the amount of
rubbish sent to landfill sites by encouraging one of the most
efficient forms of recycling – simply giving things to people who
want them.

(2)
Today, Freecycle has 1.2 million members and is a cross between an
Internet auction house and a global chain of charity shops. Mr Beal
says his chief aim is to cut waste and help the environment. He
recently told reporters, ‘I live in the Sonora Desert in Arizona.
It’s a place where the landscape is absolutely stunning.’ (3).

On
the London site, interest in my decrepit computer is led by Tung, who
wants to get his sixty-seven-year-old mum on the net. Then there’s
Kate, whose son wants it for his schoolwork. There’s also John, who
wants it for his daughter, a nurse on a low wage. (4) My inclination
is to give it to someone in need, but I have to make a difficult
choice between several ‘bidders’. Some people may suggest that
dishonest individuals could make up heart-tugging stories in order to
get freebies, of even to make a profit by selling them on. But my
requests seem genuine. (5)

Freecycle
embodies some of that old charitable Internet spirit by asking that
before members accept a freebie, they put something up for offer. And
it’s by no means all junk; there are nearly-new toys, furniture,
electrical goods, even bikes and cars. (6) She says it reflects the
fact people are buying more than ever, but don’t want to simply
throw things away when they replace them. ‘People want to feel a
bit better about consuming, and so they’re happy to give things
away,’ she says. Clive Brown, who won my auction, agrees: ‘I was
given a bed and didn’t need the brand-new mattress, so I put it on
the site and it was gone in minutes. I was delighted someone wanted
it.’

Freecycle
has grown rapidly around the world it countries as diverse as Mexico,
Nepal, France and Romania and it seems to be on the cusp of breaking
through into the mainstream. (7) Mr Beal says he needs the funds to
help spread the ethos even further. In the end, it would be better if
people simply stopped buying so much. But realistically, until people
change their ways, green groups, guilty consumers and those with an
eye for the ultimate bargain seem more than happy to make the most of
Freecycle.

3.
Seven sentences have been removed from the article. Read the article
again and choose from sentences A-H the one that fits each gap 1-7.
There is one extra sentence which you do not need.

A
That such high-quality goods are on offer does Georgina Bloomfield.

B
And right in the middle of this desert, you’ve got this hideous
landfill half of which is full of perfectly good reusable stuff.

C
The site is the creation of Deron Beal, an environmentalist from the
US, who started it in mil 2003 as an automated email list.

D
Money isn’t involved, but a kind of auction is taking place to see
whose situation most deserves a free PC.

E
Controversially, perhaps, it has recently signed up a corporate
sponsor.

F
Elsewhere on the site, someone is trying to shift a manual for a
1980s Ford Escort, and another has two bags of party clothes.

G
I eventually choose Clive Brown, a project worker, who wants it for
a client with learning disabilities.

H
A bidding war quickly begins for the five-year-old machine, which is
‘past its best’ and a printer, which only ‘probably works’.

4.
Discuss these questions.

What
are the three main reasons for Freecycle’s
success?
Does
Freecycle’s
success surprise you? Why/Why not?
How
would you feel about using this website? Why?

Grammar
exercises

Multi-word
verbs

There
are many examples of multi-word verbs.

She
needed a nanny to look after us.

I
told my parents what I was going to give it up

I
wanted to be a nanny when I grew up.

1. Meaning

In
the following groups of sentences one meaning of the multi-word
verb is literal and two are idiomatic. Say which is which.

1	a The plane to Hong Kong Has just taken off.
b Take that vase off the table. It’s going to fall.
c He’s very famous now. His popularity really took off when he made that film.
2	a I’ll bring you up some water when I come to bed.
b Have you brought up the question of borrowing the money?
c They brought up six children with very little money.
3	a Her health has really picked up since she moved to a sunny climate.
b Can you pick up my pen for me? It’s under your chair.
c I picked up a little Italian when I was working in Rome.
4	a It took me a long time to get over the operation.
b Mario doesn’t speak much English so it was difficult to get over to him what I wanted.
c Can you help me get over this wall? The gate is closed.
5	a I looked up Bob’s number in the phone book.
b The new manager is very good. Sales have really looked up since he came.
c We looked up the tree and there was the cat on the top branch.

Will
and
going
to future
forms

The
present continuous is not the only way to talk about the future in
English. If something is not a fixed arrangement, you use different
future forms.

Underline
the correct future forms in these sentences (1-6). More than one
answer is sometimes possible.

1.
Do you have any plans for this evening?

Yes,
I will read / I’m going to read /’m reading all those reports for
tomorrow’s meeting.

2.
The phone’s ringing.

I’ll
answer / I’m going to answer / I’m answering it.

3.
Oh dear, I don’t seem to have the agenda for this meeting.

Am
I making / Shall I make / Am I going to make you a copy?

4.
The Bank of England has forecast that gross domestic product is going
to reach / is reaching / will reach 55 per cent by the end of the
year.

5.
I’d like to keep in touch.

OK,
I’m going to give / I’m giving / I’ll give you my card.

6.
Have you made an appointment to see the bank manager? Yes. I ‘m
seeing / ‘ll see / shall see him tomorrow morning.

Role-play

Work
in groups of four or five. Read the following role card and follow
the instructions on it. When speaking, try to use all the future
forms you have practiced in this unit (present continuous, going to,
will and shall). The Useful language box will help you.

You
are members of the sales team of a company Useful language which
produces soft drinks.

You
have recently developed a new product which is aimed at sportspeople
or young adults who are interested in keeping fit. You want to
organise an event to launch the product. Decide:

what
kind of event to use to launch your product (presentation, road
show, etc.)

who
to invite (retailers, distributors, famous people, etc.)

Decide
in your team what each person should do to prepare for the event Then
report your plans back to the class.

Useful
language

Making
an offer or suggestion

Shall
I send invitation to…? Shall we invite…?

I’ll
write to…

Reporting
your plans to the class

Is
going to write… We’re going to
organize a roadshow.

Making
a prediction

It
will be a great success, I’m sure.

Talking
point

1. Work is pairs. If you are working, discuss whether you think networking meetings would be good for your company. If you are studying, discuss whether you think networking could help you find a job.

2. Read the role card and prepare what you are going to say.

Y
ou
are attending a meeting of BNI and have to give a one-minute speech
to introduce your company. Students in work should talk about their
own company. Students who are still studying should ask their teacher
for some informations about an imaginary company. In addition to your
company’s main activities, decide which of the following you should
include in your speech: staffing needs; examples of satisfied
clients; future projects.

Remember
you have only one minute exactly, so think carefully about what to
include. Work in groups of three or four and take it in turns to
listen to each other’s speeches. When you are listening to the
other members of your group, make notes on ways they could improve
their speech.

Unit
9.

Vocabulary list

depend
on
source
generate
energy
supplies
consequence
traffic
gridlock
essential
solar
energy
wind
power
nuclear
power
pipelines
riots
to
abandon collapse
agree
bring
up
get
promotion
top
politician
compromise
disappear
to
plug in
sockets
turn
on
come
up
find
out
set
up
log
on
work
smth out
write
up
to
print off
set
up
sort
out
break
down
look
up
real
estate
insist
on
get
a foot on
tiny
pod
storage
space
interiors
fortnight
attractive
onlookers
afford

Vocabulary
exercises

1)
Find the equivalents (in the box) to the words given below:

to
interest somebody, pleasant to leave, stop, to have the some opinion,
be decided by something, follow from, break, fall down result,
effect, importance, provide something, be able to do, necessary,
indispensable, fundamental, to produce success, progress, demand
forcefully

attract,
attractive
generate
depend
on
essential
to
abondone
to
collapse
to
agree
promotion
insist
on
to
afford
consequence

2)
Translate the sentences, use the active vocabulary and grammar of the
unit:

2.
1) Как только трубопроводы подвергнутся
террористической атаке, обеспечение
энергией упадет на 40%.

2)
Если бы мы установили солнечные панели
только на части пустыни Сахара, они бы
вырабатывали энергию для всего мира.

3)
Я согласен, что если бы женщины управляли
миром, они бы покончили с войнами, и было
бы меньше конфликтов.

4)
Проект будет проводиться в течение двух
недель, а затем главного участника
проекта сменит следующая участница.

5)
Один из жителей Нью-Йорка настаивает
на том, что если бы во всех городах
Америки были бы законы как в Нью-Йорке,
то Америка бы была лучшим местом на
земле.

6)
Если бы вы захотели выпить бутылку вина
в центре парка, вы не могли бы себе этого
позволить – это запрещено.

7)
Если вас привлекает городская жизнь,
не забывайте о необходимости противостоять
его соблазнам.

Если мы не выполним задачу по обновлению
источников энергии (солнечная, ветровая)
к 2030 году, нам придется использовать
либо ядерную энергию, либо импортировать
уголь, газ, нефть.

9)
Есть вероятность, что правительство
повысит налоги значительно, и это может
вызвать беспорядки, даже мятежи.

10)
Правительство должно искать альтернативные
источники трудовых ресурсов, если они
хотят избежать конфликтов между
поколениями.

II.
Grammar exercises

Active
grammar

1)
Phrasal verbs

There
are different types of phrasal verbs:

The
verb takes no object (intransitive).

I
turned
up
late.

The
verb takes an object (transitive) and the verb and particle can
split.*

I
called
off
the wedding. I called
the wedding off.
I called
it off.

*When
the object is a pronoun (he/she/it, etc.) the verb and particle must
split.

NOT:
I
called off it.

The
verb takes an object but the verb and particle cannot split
(transitive, inseparable).

He’s
going
through
a difficult time.

NOT:
He’s
going a difficult time through.

The
verb has two particles and doesn’t split (transitive,
inseparable).

We
came
up with
a new idea.

NOT:
We
came up a new idea with.

1)
Put the words in order to make sentences.

girlfriend
I up split my with
We
until out didn’t later find.
back
When you coming are?
carry
couldn’t I tired because I was on.
always
She late up turns.
with
good they up Did any ideas come?
going
is here on What?
match
because rain The called off was of.
period
is company going The a difficult through.
more
I him up can’t any with put.

2)
Use words from Box 1 and Box 2 complete the sentences below. Don’t
forget to change the verb tenses.

Box
1

B
ox
2

The
concert was called
off
because the singer was sick.

I
will not ___ ___ ___ this noise! If it continues, I’ll call the
police!
If
you want to ___ ___ ___ the history of science, you’ll need to
look in the library.
I
don’t need a break. I’m going to ___ ___ working.
It
was a quiet party. There were only six of us, though more people ___
___ later.
Can
someone explain? I have no idea what’s ___ ___.
She
___ ___ a difficult period when she lost her job, but she’s OK
now.
Couples
usually ___ ___ because of jealousy or boredom, or because they find
other partners!
My
best friend is ___ ___ from her holiday tomorrow, so K’m going to
the airport to meet her.
You
need to ___ ___ ___ a plan to improve your business, because you are
losing money.

3)
Work with a partner. What is a phrasal verb? What makes it different
from other verbs?

Circle
the correct alternatives to complete the sentences.

I
grew up/down
in Brazil.
The
children were brought down/up
by their aunt.
My
brother always told me off/on
for borrowing his records.
You
really take before/after
your father. You are always complaining.
My
sister looked after/before
me when I was ill.
I
don’t get on/off
very well with my mother.
I
still look down/up
to my older brother, and ask him for advice.
We
carried off/on
arguing until they left home.

4.
Use the sentences in Ex.3 to help you match the phrasal verbs from A
with the definitions from B.

A	B
g row up bring up tell (someone) off take after (someone) look after (someone of something) get on with (someone) look up to (someone) carry on (doing something)	admire and respect someone continue (doing something) develop from being a child to being an adult take care of (someone or something) talk angrily to someone because they have done something wrong have a friendly relationship with someone look or behave like another member of your family care for children until they are adults

5.
Complete the text using the correct form of the phrasal verbs in
Ex.4.

I
was brought
up
in a small town near Paris. My parents are English, so I (1)______
speaking English and French. A young English student lived with us
during the school holidays, and she (2)______ me when my parents were
away on business. I remember my father always (3)______ us ______ if
he heard us speaking in English, because she was studying French.
Usually we changed to French for a few minutes, and then (4)______ in
English when he couldn’t hear us, because it was easier for both of
us. She was an artist, and we (5)______ very well. I (6)______ her,
and later tried to become a painter myself. Unfortunately, I
(7)______ my father, who wasn’t artistic, and so I was never
successful.

6.
Answer the questions in groups.

1.
Where did you grow
up?

2.
When you bring
up
a child, what do you think is the most important thing to teach
him/her?

3.
As a child, did anyone tell
you off?
Why? Did this make you stop of did you carry on anyway?

4.
Which member of your family do you get
on with
best?

5.
Who in your family do you take
after?

6.
Who looks
after
you when you are ill?

7.
As a child, who did you look
up to?

Lifelong
learning

The
one rule!

Revise
new vocabulary after one
hour.
Revise it again after one
day.
And again after one
week.
Most people need to see or hear new vocabulary at least six times
before they can remember it!

Tell
your classmates about the different ways that you revise vocabulary.

II.
Modal verbs

Certain

New
technology ____ ____ / definitely
change our lives.

–
New
technology certainly/definitely
won’t
solve all our problems.

Probably

It
___ ___ arrive in Japan first.

–

It
___ ___ be cheap.

Possible

Customers
may/___/could
it difficult to use.

–

They
may not/might
not
understand it.

1.
Choose the correct alternatives.

1.
She might/definitely/may
to arrive tomorrow. It depends on her work.

2.
I’ll
probably/Probably I will/I won’t probably
see you later. My class has been cancelled.

3.
I mayn’t/may
not/could not
be able to check my emails. I’m having some problems with my
computer.

4.
Real Madrid will
win probably/win definitely/probably win
the competition again. They have a strong team.

5.
David won’t
probably/probably won’t/will not probably come
to the party. He’s sleeping as usual.

6.
They may come/may
to come/come may
to the cinema with us if they have time.

2.
Decide if these things will certainly, probably of possibly happen in
the next twenty years. Then complete the sentences.

Computers
will
definitely
get faster.

People
____ stop using CDs and DVDs. They ____ download all music and films
from the Internet.
Mobile
phones ____ become smaller.
People
____ get bored with new technology.
There
____ be robots in every house.
People
____ be able to take holidays in space.
China’s
economy ____ become much bigger.

a.
Write seven predictions for people in your class. Don’t write
their names.

She’ll
probably move to the USA.

He
might become a famous musician.

b.
Exchange your predictions with other students. Guess who the
predictions are about.

4.
Draw conclusions using must or can’t and the words in brackets.

He
drives a very expensive car and owns a private plane. (rich)

He
must be very rich

He
spends all day walking around the town. (job)

They
are asking the way to the city centre. (tourists)

She
works for a daily newspaper. She goes to all the big football
matches. (sports reporter)

I
thought he studied medicine, but he’s got an outdoor job now.
(doctor)

She
teaches maths at the university. (stupid)

5.
Say what people could
or might
do. Choose from the jobs in the list.

t
eacher
librarian guide shop assistant

carpenter
professor coach driver nurse sculptor

manager

1.
Fred works with wood.

He
could be a carpenter, but might also be a sculptor.

2.
Janet works with children

3.
Healther works in a shop.

4.
Greg works with tourists.

Write
two or three sentences about the people in the photos.

She looks very smart and efficient.
He’s got a dog so he must like animals.

Reading

1.
Yourhome-Myhome.com is a website where families can exchange homes
with other families for a holiday. Read the property descriptions
below.

Yourhome-Myhome.com

Property
1

A
beautiful apartment in the centre of Seville. It is on the third
floor and is very quiet all day. All you can hear is the sound of the
church bells. The apartment is light and sunny with large windows.
The kitchen is new and opens onto the balcony. The bathroom is
spacious. There are two bedrooms, one double and one single, and
there is a sofa, bed in the living room.

The
area

The
apartment is in the historical centre of Seville, two minutes’ walk
from the cathedral and fifty meters from the commercial centre. There
are plenty of local bars and restaurants serving ‘tapas’ (typical
Spanish dishes).

Property
2

We
have a large semi-detached house with a garden, one hour from the
centre of London. The house has four bedrooms, each with an en-suite
bathroom, a large kitchen/eating area, a sitting room, a formal
dining room and a study. The house is old and has a sense of history,
and that makers it special.

The
area

There
is a daily market and a high street full of shops just ten minutes
walk from the house. We are also close to a tube station, which can
take you into central London, where you will find all the museums,
theatres, shops and restaurants you could wish for.

Text
2.

Discuss.

Why
is New York City famous? Think about the people, the lifestyle, how
New York City appears in films, etc.
What
was New York City like a few years ago/a hundred years ago? How do
you think it has changed?
Have
you ever been to New York City? Would you like to go/go back?
Why/Why not?
Do
you know any other names for New York City?

2.
Read about some changes in New York City. Which of your ideas from
question 2 above are mentioned? Find the sentences in the 2
conditionals.

New
York used to be the city that never sleeps. These days it’s the
city that never smokes, drinks of does anything naughty (at least,
not in public). The Big Apple is quickly turning into the Forbidden
Apple.

If
you wanted a glass of wine with your picnic in Central Park, could
you have one? No chance. Drinking alcohol in public isn’t allowed.
If you decided to feed the birds with the last crumbs of your
sandwich, you could be arrested. It’s illegal. If you went to a bar
for a drink and a cigarette, that would be OK, wouldn’t it? Er…
no. You can’t smoke in public in New York City.

What’s
going on” Why is the city that used to be so open-minded becoming
like this? The mayor of New York is behind it all. He has brought in
a whole lot of new laws to stop citizens from doing what they want,
when they want.

The
press are scandalized¹.
Even the New York police have joined the argument. They recently
spent $100,000 on a ‘Don’t blame the cop²’
campaign. One New York police officer said, ‘We raise money for the
city by giving people fines for breaking some very stupid laws. It’s
all about money.’

The
result is a lot of fines for minor offences. Yoav Kashida, an Israeli
tourist, fell asleep on the subway. When he woke up, two police
officers fined him because he had fallen asleep on two seats (you
mustn’t use two seats in the subway). Elle and Serge Schroitman
were fined for blocking a driveway with their car. It was their own
driveway.

The
angry editor of Vanity
Fair
magazine, Grayson Carter, says, ‘Under New York City law it is
acceptable to keep a gun in your place of work, but not an empty
ashtray.’

But
not all of New York’s inhabitants are complaining. Marcia Dugarry,
72, said, ‘The city has changed for the better. If more cities had
these laws, America would be a better place to live.’ Nixon
Fatotkis, 38, a barman, said, ‘I like the new laws. If people
smoked in here, we’d go home smelling of cigarettes’.

Recent
figures show that New York now has fewer crimes pre 100,000 people
than 193 other US cities. And it’s true – it’s safer, cleaner
and more healthy than before. But let’s be honest – who goes to
New York for its clean streets?

Glossary

¹
scandalized (adj) = shocked/angry

²
cop (noun) = police officer (US English)

Vocabulary
/ adjectives describing places

4.
The words in the box can be used to describe cities. Find pairs of
words that mean the opposite.

unspoilt
– touristy

b.
Think of a town or city for each adjective.

Tokyo
is enormous.

b.
Discuss.

1.
Are you surprised by any of the results?

2.
Do you think the survey is unfair?

3.
Have you been to any of the cities in the list? What did you think of
them?

Vocabulary

Which
of the words below can you use to describe:

the
buildings and architecture of a town?

_skyscraper__________________

___________________________

the
atmosphere of a town?

_lively______________________

___________________________

Text
3

Read
the text about top cities.

Top
Cities

Have
you ever walked around a city and thought, ‘this is Paradise’? Or
maybe, ‘this is the ugliest, most polluted, dangerous, frightening
place I’ve ever been to and I can’t wait to get out’?

Most
of us have. And that’w why most of us like to know about the place
before we go there. One thing we can do is read a good guide book.
Another is to look at a new survey conducted by William Mercer, one
of the world’s largest Human Resources consultancies.

Mercer
decided to judge some of the world’s great cities. They produced
their results by giving marks for various criteria. These included
political, economic and social environment, healthcare, educational
provision, recreation and transport infrastructure.

So,
which are the best cities to live in, and which should we avoid? In
joint first place were Vancouver, Berne, Vienna and Zurich while
Sydney, Geneva, Auckland and came second. Swiss cities occupied there
of the top ten places, making it the single most successful country
of all those surveyed.

New
York was used as the base city with a score of 100, which put it in
50^th
place. Overall, US cities suffered because of high crime rates. The
highest ranked US city was Honolulu with 104 points.

For
Londoners, the news was not too bad. London was slightly ahead of New
York with 101.5. The report named London’s good international
relations as a positive point. Its poorest scores – six out of ten
– were awarded for its climate and traffic. Bottom of the list was
Brazzaville, in the Congo, where there has been a civil war for many
years.

Ken
Livingstone, Mayor of London, last night said it was unfair to
compare large international cities with small cities since the
smaller ones were far easier to run. ‘You have to look at cities of
five million people plus. On that basis we’re much better than
Tokyo and New York’, said Mr. Livingstone.

IV.
WRITING

1.
Think of three people you know professionally but not personally. For
example, your dentist, a waitress in a café you visit regularly,
your hairdresser, a shop assistant.

Write
a few sentences describing the sort of people you think they are.

2.
Thank you letters

1.
Read the letters and answer the questions.

1.
Why is Liliana writing?

2.
What did they do during Liliana’s visit?

3.
Why is William Dabbitt writing?

4. Did Ms Jenkins and her team do a good job? How do we known?

7
Waverley Close,

Briston

Hi
Andrea,

Thanks
a lot for letting me stay with you this week. I had a wonderful
time. It was great to visit the city and see so many things. I’m
sure I’ll be back next year. Enjoy the rest of the summer and I
hope to see you soon. Keep in touch! Best wishes,

Liliana

Mygrave-Babus
and Associates

43
Blomfield Row

London
EN2 7BT

Conference
co-ordinator,

Cheadle
Manor Hotel,

Cheadle
Park,

Hertfordshire
CM43 4ES

20
July 2006

Dear
Ms Jenkins,

I
am writing go thank you for hosting our conference this year. It
was a great success. Your efforts were appreciated by all, and
several participants commented on the excellent organization.
Please also pass on my thanks to your team. I look forward to
working with you in future.

King
regards,

Willian
Dabbit

Writing
skill / formal/informal

2.
a. Which letter is formal? How do you know? Are these features
normally formal or informal? Write (F) or (I).

1.
full verb forms (e.g. We are) ___

2.
contractions (e.g. I’m) ___

3.
the passive ___

4.
exclamation marks (!) ___

5.
abbreviations (e.g. thanks) ___

b.
Underline
examples of these features in the letters.

3.
Informal emails

1.
Read the email and answer the questions.

1.
Why hasn’t Mark written recently?

2.
What are Fernando’s hobbies?

3.
How does Mark know about Fabio’s mews?

4.
What is Felicity studying?

5.
What does Mark invite Fernando to do?

Informal
greeting

Hi
Fernando,

1.
Thank for your email. It’s great to hear from you. It’s great to
hear from you. I’m sorry I haven’t been in touch for a while, but
I’ve been very busy with work. I’m travelling a lot at the
moment. I’ve been to Germany, Spain, Brazil, China and Japan in the
last four months!

2.
How are things with you? Are you still doing karate and running every
day? Have you found a girlfriend yet? Do you remember Fabio? I saw
him the other day and he’s married now and has four children!

3.
Anyway, life here is pretty good. Felicity is enjoying her course,
and is very excited about becoming a teacher. We would love to see
you sometime. Why don’t you come and visit us next time you are in
the UK?

4.
Look forward to hearing from you again soon.

All
the best,

Mark

Informal
language for ending, e.g. Love,
Mark, Lots of love, Mark, All the best, Mark.

Report
on use of emails

Rosana
Mendes, human resources manager, requested a survey about use of
emails at work in order to improve office communication and identify
training needs.

Procedure

Staff
were given a questionnaire to be returned by 8 March.

1.
Number of emails received per day

2.
Use of email technology

3.
Stress caused by ‘email overload’

Results

Out
of 48 members of staff, 40 returned the questionnaire.

1 Number of emails

Staff
were asked to indicate how many emails they received per day on
average. Results were:

5
members of staff receive between 1 and 5

8
members of staff receive between 6 and 10

14
members of staff receive between 11 and 15

3
members of staff receive more than 15

Staff
were also asked how many of these emails they felt were unnecessary.
Results were:

16
members of staff receive between 1 and 5 unnecessary emails

22
members of staff receive between 6 and 10

2
members of staff receive between 10 and 15

2 Technology

38
staff members check their email more than once a day

36
staff members know how to organize folders

20
members of staff know how to use the meeting schedule

6
members of staff know how to use voting buttons

3 Stress

32
members of staff feel that emails are a major cause of stress. The
most common reasons for this are:

—
being copied into emails which do not concern them (given by 30
members of staff)

—
unclear wording (given by 23 members of staff)

—
overuse of the ‘urgent’ icon (given by 14 members of staff)

32
members of staff think that the problem will get worse in the future.

3.
You
need to pick out some of the most important figures in order to
present them at a staff meeting. Scan the text and complete the notes
below with the correct number of staff in each gap (1-7).

Did not give the questionnaire:	1 8
Receive over 5 unnecessary emails each day:	2…
Feel stressed because of emails:	3…
Check their email twice a day of more:	4…
Think that emails are often not very clear:	5…
Think that people use the urgent icon too much:	6…
Feel that the problem will continue to grow:	7…

Writing

Reports
usually end with a conclusion which gives the most important points
about the figures and some recommendations about what the company
should do.

1.
Look
at the sentences (1-4) below, which draw conclusions from the report.
Underline the correct alternative in italics
for each.

1.
A majority/minority
of staff members said they received too many emails.

2.
This is always/often/never
because messages are copied to them unnecessarily.

3.
Although most/not
many
staff know how to create folders, most of them/few
of them can use often aspects of the software such as the voting
buttons.

4.
A majority/minority
of staff members felt that emails were a major source of stress.

2. Work with a partner. Write two possible recommendations for the end of the report. If you need help, look at the list below.

reminder
to staff
training
session
external
trainer
have
a ‘no emails’ day each week

Unit
10

Vocabulary list

1.
cooperative

2.
Entrepreneur

3.
devaluation

4.
eicence

5.
emerge

6.
wages

7.
encourage

8.
remarkable

9.
currently

10.
asset

11.
challenge

12.
sociable environment

13.
peer

14.
initially

15.
contribution

16.
to reach a goal

17.
exceed a target

18.
to impose

19.
reward

20.
public plaise

21.
senior role

22.
pay bonus

23.
feedback

24.
to define

25.
achieve

26.
relevant

27.
salary

28.
fair

29.
appraise

30.
dismiss

31.
promote

32.
assist

33.
adventure

34.
profit

35.
value

36.
wealth

37.
flexible

I.
Find the equivalents (in the box) to the words given below:

Initially,
to define, remove, benefit, dismiss, assist, profit, to value,
advantage, encourage, to achieve, exceptional, remarkable wages,
originally, at the beginning state clearly, outline to have a high,
to staminate opinion

at
first –
explain
–
reject
–
help
–
gain
–
estimate
–
encourage
–
give
support –
accomplish
–

10)
unusual –

11)
payment –

II.
Translate the sentences, use the active vocabulary and grammar of the
unit:

1.
При исследовании самых богатых людей
в возрасте до 40 было выяснено, что 5 из
10 происходят из России.

2.
Реальные зарплаты упали, что способствовала
росту опалых предприятиях.

3.
Импортные товары стали слишком дорогими
для среднего Россиянина, поэтому
внутреннее производство выросло.

4.
В 90-е годы миллион молодых россиян уехали
за границу в поисках новых возможностей.

5.
Мотивированная (трудовые ресурсы)
рабочая сила – ценные достижение для
бизнеса, которое может во многом
способствовать конкурентоспособности.

6.
Чтобы быть эффективными, цели должны
быть четко определены, достижимы, но не
слишком просты.

7.
В целом, работники должны верить, что
заработные платы, выплачиваемые или
справедливы.

8.
Я хочу сделать карьеру, поэтому мне
нужна работа с возможностью продвижения.

9.
Иногда мне не хватает уверенности,
поэтому любой совет моих коллег очень
ценен для меня.

10.
Оливки собирают в конце осени и затем
подвергают их отжиму, перед этим промывая
их и очищая от листьев.

III.
a Read the questions and check the meaning of the words in bold.

Are
there many unemployed
people in your country?
Would
you like to be self-employed?
What are the advantages/disadvantages?
What
qualifications
do you have for your job/future job? How experienced
are you?
When
you apply
for
a job, do you normally send
a CV?
Do you need to include references?
How
do you hear about job
vacancies
in your (future) profession?
Do
you do a 9-5
job?
Would you like to work
flextime?
Do
you work
long hours?
How often do you work
overtime?
What
are the perks
of your job/being a student?
Is
your work of subject rewarding?
What do you like about it?
What
are the biggest challenges
in your job/studies?
How
often do you expect to get
a pay rise
in your job/future job? Is it easy to get
promoted?
Would
you like to work
on commission?
Why/why not?

b
Work in pairs. Ask and answer the questions.

IV.
SPEAKING

1
a Read the
quotes.
Write A (agree), D (disagree), of M (maybe).

‘
People
who work sitting down get paid more then people who work standing
up.’ (Orgen Nash)

‘
The
longer the title, the less important the job.’ (George McGovern)

‘
Most
workplaces have too many rules. Employees aren’t children, and the
office isn’t a junior school.’ (Araba Green)

‘
Most
managers spend their time making it difficult for workers to work.’
(Paul shorter)

b
Compare your ideas with other students.

V.
READING

1.
Text one. Read the text.

Which
workers normally do these things?

Write
answers, then compare with a partner.

Type
letters – secretaries

3
a Read the introduction to the text. Who is Ricardo Semler? What
problem did he have?

At
21, Ricardo Semler became boss of his father’s business in
Brazil, Semco, which sold parts for ships. Knowing his son was
still young, Semler senior told him, ‘Better make your mistakes
while I’m still alive.’

Semler
junior worked like a madman, from 7.30 a.m. until midnight every
day. One afternoon, while touring a factory in New York, he
collapsed. The doctor who treated him said, ‘There’s nothing
wrong with you. Yet. But if you continue like this, you’ll find
a new home in our hospital.’ Semler got the message, He changed
the way he worked. In fact, he changed the way his employees
worked too.

b
What changes do you think Semler made? Discuss with other students
and write a list. Read the rest of the text to find out.

‘Everyone
at Semco, even top managers, meets guests in reception, does the
photocopying, sends faxes, types letters and dials the phone.’

He
let his workers take more responsibility so that they would be the
ones worrying when things went wrong. He allowed them to set their
own salaries, and he cut all the jobs he thought were unnecessary,
like receptionists and secretaries. This saved money and brought more
equality to the company. ‘Everyone at Semco, even top managers,
meets guests in reception, does the photocopying, sends faxes, types
letters and dials the phone.’

He
completely reorganized the office: instead of walls, they have plants
at Semco, so bosses can’t shut themselves away from everyone else.
And the workers are free to decorate their workspace as they want. As
for uniforms, some people wear suits and others wear T-shirts.

Semler
says, ‘We have a sales manager named Rubin Agater who sits there
reading the newspapaer hour after hour. He doesn’t even pretend to
be busy. But when a Semco pump on the other side of the world fails
and millions of gallons of oil are about to spill into the sea, Rubin
springs into action. He knows everything there is to know about our
pumps and how to fix them. That’s when he earns his salary. No one
cares if he doesn’t look busy the rest of the time.’

Semco
has flexible working hours; the employees decide when they need to
arrive at work. The employees also evaluate their bosses twice a
year. Also, Semco lets its workers use the company’s machines for
their own projects, and makes them take holidays for at least thirty
days a year.

It
sounds perfect, but does it work? The answer is in the numbers: in
the last six years, Semco’s revenues have gone from $35 million to
$212 million. The company has grown from eight hundred employees to
3,000. Why?

Semler
says it’s because of ‘peer pressure’. Peer pressure makes
everyone work hard for everyone else. If someone isn’t doing his
job well, the other workers will not allow the situation to continue.
In other words, Ricardo Semler treats his workers like adults and
expect them to act like adults. And they do.

Text
2

Chanel
No.5

Vocabulary

The
flow chart below shows the process used to extract scent from
flowers. This is used to make Chanel No.5.

Study
the flow chart and then complete the description with the verbs in
the box in the passive form.

Chanel
No. 5 is the world’s best’selling perfume. Its main ingredients
are roses, jasmine and musk. On the Chanel farm, the flowers 1
are
picked
and the petals 2
…… into sacks. Then, within half an hour, they 3
…… to the production plant. At the plant, the petals 4
…… and then they 5
…… into 50 kg vats. Next, an extraction solvent 6
…… . The petals 7
…… three times in this solution so that the natural oils and
resins come out.

Eventually,
the flowers 8
…… from the vats and the remaining solvent
9
…… . This leaves a solid material known as the ‘concrete’,
which can be stored for several years until the perfume 10
…… .

add
evaporate load pick
put remove require transport wash weigh

VI.
Grammar exercises

Word
building

1. Add
some examples of prefixes to the table below.

PREFIX	MEANING	EXAMPLE	YOUR EXAMPLES
over-	too much	overcook
under-	not enough/below	underdeveloped
dis-	not/separate	dishonest
in-/im-	not	inhuman

2.
Complete the text using prefixes.

Life
CHANGE

Many
people dislike their job. Maybe hey are (1) ______ worked or (2)
______ paid. Maybe they feel (3) ______ valued in the company or they
(4) ______ agree with the company’s methods. If you are one of
these people, why not change things? LifeCHANGE workshops show you
how to be (5) _____ dependent. You will see (6) _____ credible
differences in your life as your problems (7) _____ appear. Change is
never (8) _____ possible, but you have to make the first move.

Call
us on 0879 997 5543 for an (9) _____ formal chat.

3. Add
some examples of suffixes to the table below.

SUFFIX	EXAMPLE	RULES	YOUR EXAMPLES
-tion/-ation	Creation, civilization	If the verb ends in –e, cut the –e. If the verb ends in –se, the suffix is usually –isation.
-ence/-ance	Intelligence, ignorance	There are no clear rules about which words end in –ence of –ance. You have to learn them!
-ment	Movement	Add –ment to the verb.
-ness	darkness	If the word ends in –y, change the –y to –i. happy — happiness

Work
adjectives

Each
speaker is describing a job. Match the adjective to the description.
There is one extra adjective.

glamorous
exciting rewarding
challenging flexible stressful repetitive

3
.

5
.

Prepositions

4.
Underline the correct preposition in these adverts.

We
are looking 1 on/for/to an experienced individual who is able to work
alone. You will be responsible 2 for/in/of the running of our new
Madrid office whilst reporting 3 for/to/on a manager in south-east of
England.

Fluency
4 in/for/on Spanish is essential and a good knowledge 5 of/in/with
Portuguese is preferred for dealing with our Latin American clients,
as well as the ability to communicate with people from all cultural
backgrounds.

Salary
will depend 6 on/of/in experience.

The
post comes with excellent long-term prospects 7 of/to/for a candidate
with a proven track record, preferably with experience 8 in/for/on
planning budgets.

Present
perfect simple and continuous

5. Underline the correct form of the verb.

1.
I’ve done/’ve been doing my essay and handed it in.

2.
I’ve done/’ve been doing my essay and I still need to write the
conclusion.

3.
They’ve replied/’ve been replying to all one hundred people so
that’s an end to it.

4.
He’s talked/’s been talking on the phone since 10 o’clock so I
haven’t been able to see him yet.

5.
How much money have you spent/have you beet spending since last week?

6.
How long have you waited/have you been waiting for their decision?
Why don’t you give them a call and ask for their answer?

7.
We’ve always used/been using this type of computer.

8.
No-one has ever complained/been complaining before.

9.
The photocopier’s broken/’s been breaking down again. That’s
the fifth time this month.

10.
How many people have applied/have been applying so far?

6. Underline the correct phrase.

1
I’ve been writing and sending letters already/all day.

2
We’ve employed twenty new workers in the last three weeks/for
months.

3
You’ve answered five questions in the last hour/for an hour.

4
I’ve been asking them about this for days/three times.

5
They asked me really difficult questions at the interview/over the
interview.

6
She’s had lots of interviews over the years/hour.

7
They’ve interviewed 10 people in three hours/all day long.

8
He/s been waiting since over two hours/8 o’clock this morning.

7. Write the verbs in this conversation in the present perfect continuous.

F:
Hi Sandy.

S:
Hi Frieda. Sorry I’m late. How long 1 have
you been
waiting
(wait)?

F:
Not long. I’s OK. I²
______ (read) my book. It’s about a detective. He³
______ (chase_ this bad guy for months. I’ve just got to the final
chapter. Anyway, what⁴
______ you ______ (do) today?

S:
I was with a friend. We⁵
______ (study) for our exams.

F:
What do you think you’ll do after university?

S:
I haven’t spent any time on that yet. I just want to pass these
exams first. What about you? How’s the job?

F:
Well, my company⁶______
(promise) me a promotion for months but nothing’s happened.

S:
Well. You⁷
______ (work) there a long time. Maybe it’s time to move on…

8. Complete each sentence with since or for.

I’ve
been working here ______ 2003.
He’s
been in charge ______ Kasia left.
I’ve
been waiting for a reply ______ over a fortnight.
Maria
has been out of work ______ June.
We’ve
only been here ______ a few minutes.
Lisa
hasn’t seen her family ______ she was a child.
There
have been a lot of changes ______ they arrived.
My
friend and I have been trying to solve this problem ______ a week
now.

9. Look at these mini-dialogues. Write full questions using the present perfect simple of continuous form.

Q:
How long/you/write/that report?

A:
About 6 hours.

Q:
How many reports/you/write?

A:
Six in total.

Q:
Have/you/wait/a long time?

A:
Yes, about an hour.

Q:
Where/he/live?

A:
In five different countries.

Q:
Where/they/live?

A:
In France since last year.

Q:
Who/she/interview/all morning?

A:
Candidates for the post of receptionist.

Q:
How many/they/interview/this morning?

A:
Two people. One of them was from Vietnam.

READING

1.
Read the information leaflet about interviews. Choose the correct
heading, a-f, for each paragraph.

a)
Show you are interested

b)
The handshake

c)
Make every second count

d)
First impressions

e)
The eyes and the month

f)
Use your body

____________

From
the moment an interviewer meets you, he or she forms an idea about
what sort of person you are, and what kind of employee you would
make.

So
how can you appear more confident, even if you are feeling nervous?

____________

When
we are nervous, we tend to walk more slowly and look indecisive. Alan
Powers, an expert in body language, says that when an interviewee
walks into the interview room, he or she should pause at the door and
then walk confidently.

____________

When
you shake hands, hold it with a strong grip but also be friendly. A
weak grip means a weak character whereas if you are too strong, you
won’t impress the interviewer either.

____________

It’s
important to look interested and attentive but don’t stare at your
potential boss. And SMILE from time to time! It also helps you to
relax.

____________

Sit
up and be interested. Lean forward and avoid crossing your arms or
legs. According to Powers, it can also be helpful to ‘copy’ the
interviewer’s movements. Copying, or what Powers calls ‘mirroring’,
is a way for us to tell others that we think in the same way.

_____________

‘You
never get a second chance’, says image consultant Jane Chapman:
‘Interviews only give you a short time to show who you are. By
using body language and dress, you can start as soon as you get
through the door.’

2 Read the leaflet again and decide if these statements are true or false.

1
Interviewers usually don’t form an opinion about you until you
start answering their questions. ___

2
The speed at which you walk will tell the interviewer how you feel.
___

3
When you shake someone’s hand, a really strong grip is always best.
___

4
Don’t stop smiling and when you talk, make sure what you say is
interesting. ___

5
Try to copy what the interviewer says and always agree with him or
her. ___

6
Think about how you can use every moment of the interview to make
sure you get that job. ___

EXTRA
VOCABULARY:

Noun
combinations

3 Match a word from each column to make noun combinations about work and interviews.

s
hock details

contact tactics

survey agency

past experience

killer results

customer question

recruitment appearance

smart services

4 Complete sentences 1-8 with noun combinations from Exercise 3.

1
Can you tell me if these contact
details
are correct? For example, is your telephone number still 0207 859
6877?

2
______ ______ show that 68 percent of employers rate real life
experience more highly than qualifications.

3
Interviewer was awful. She asked me a ______ ______ about which
famous celebrity I would invite to dinner.

4
At an interview, I like to ask simple questions and then I use ______
______ to throw the candidate off guard.

5
Tell me a little about your ______ ______ with your previous
employer. Did you enjoy working there?

6
Hello. ______ ______ . How can I help you today?

Writing/letter
of application

1.
Read the advert and this letter of application. Do you think it is a
good letter? Does it have any problems? If so, what are they?

English-speaking
Tour Guide Wanted

Our
client is an English family with two young children who would like to
spend two weeks travelling around the country, visiting all the most
important tourist sites.

The
successful applicant for this position will spend two weeks
accompanying the family, ensuring they have a comfortable and
informative trip.

You
will have a good level of English and a good knowledge of the major
tourist sites.

There
is very generous remuneration for this position and all (first-class)
travel and living expenses will be paid.

Please
apply in writing to Marsha Thorpe, LuxHolidays.

15
Cavendish Square, London W1 3PN.

Dear
Ms Thorpe I am writing to apply for the position you advertised in
‘english Language Weekly’ on 14^th
June.

I
am twenty-one years old and in the third year of a degree in tourism
Im also studying English as a subsidiary subject. I have a good
knowledge of all the major Tourist sites and can communicate well in
English Last summer I worked as a tour guide for Thomas Holidays in
addition I have two younger brothers and have always enjoyed being
with and looking after children I am available during the months of
july and august and would very much value the opportunity to work
with this English family.

I
can be contacted and the above address of by phone on 07941 127123 if
you have any further questions please don’t hesitate to call me. I
look forward to hearing from you.

Yours
sincerely,

(Silvia
Nero)

Premium
plus 58

2.
You are going to reply to this advert with a partner. Decide how many
paragraphs you will have. Make notes of what you will put in each
paragraph.

Get
Away From It All!

We
have a few limited places for volunteers to join our round-the-world
sailing expedition, which will carry out scientific research in
various remote islands and other parts of the world. You can be part
of this unforgettable experience for three months. No experience of
working on boats is necessary, but it is important that you are
flexible, hard-working and can be an enthusiastic member of a team.
Food and accommodation provided.

Apply
to Voyage International, PO Box 294, Croydon, Surrey.

4.
Write your letter in 120-18- words. Pay careful attention to your
punctuation.

Premium
plus 59

Roleplay

Work
in groups of three.

Students
A and B

You
are the parents of C. One of you is a doctor and the other a lawyer,
and you would like C to follow one of these professions, but C has
other ideas. Explain to C why yours are such good careers.

Student
C

A
and B are you parents. They want you to become a lawyer of a doctor,
but you have different ideas! You want to be one of the following (or
choose one of your own):

a
dancer a musician a poet an explorer a model a jockey an
astronaut …

Talk
together, and try to persuade each other to see your point of view.

TRANSLATION

5. Do these jobs exist in your country? Can you translate them into your language?

1
Personal assistant

2
Sales manager

3
Finance director

4
Chief administrator

5
Marketing executive

6
Chief executive officer

What
is your job title (or what job would you like to do in the future)?
Cam you translate it into English?

Unit
11

Vocabulary
list

to
compete for
superior
confident
to
be keen
showroom
subsidiary
multinational
company
to
insert
upside
down
entire
batch
insist
on
to
take responsibilities
to
give a public working
trustrated
culture

cultural

cultured

multicultural

culture
shock

dress
code
salary

wage

earnings

recruit
trainee
feed
back
work
force

Find
the equivalents (in the box) to the words, given below:

Staff,
employees,
answer, reply, student, pupil, employ, apply, to add, to put into,
annoyed, unhappy, a number, of things, a quantity of substance needed
or produced, branch, very interested in, certain

work
force
feedback
trainee
recruit
insert
frustrated
batch
subsidiary
keen
(on, to do)

III.
Translate the sentences, use the active vocabulary and grammar of the
unit:

Ошибка
произошла в Японии на дочернем предприятии
американской транснациональной
компании.
Во
время производства деталь машины была
вставлена неправильно, вся партия была
испорчена.
Если
бы руководитель головного предприятия
не сделала бы выговора в присутствии
всего персонала человеку, совершившему
ошибку, производство стало бы менее
эффективным.
Если
бы сотрудники фирмы не были бы так
заинтересованы в получении контракта
и не произвели бы такого хорошего
впечатления своей презентацией, они
бы не выиграли контракт.
Если
бы сотрудники фирмы установили бы
основные антивирусные программы и не
относились бы так легко мысленно к
загрузке файлов и программ из интернета,
у них не было бы столько проблем с
поломкой систем и потерей времени.
Деловые
встречи и переговоры в Финляндии очень
официальные и деловые. Если бы финны
тратили больше времени на личные
разговоры, то они бы проводили свои
встречи скорее в ресторанах, а не в
офисах.
Финны
очень неразговорчивы, их не смущают
паузы в разговоре, они не испытывают
необходимости в заполнении их.
Главной
целью компании является предложить
работникам интересную работу и хорошие
условия труда.
Развитие
и поддержание тесных партнерских
отношений, производство высококачественной
продукции по конкурентоспособным ценам
– все это ключ к успеху компании.
Если
бы мы не проводили ежеквартальных
собраний штата, сотрудники не были бы
так информированы о деятельности
компании.

IV. Reading

Corporate
culture

Getting
started

(1)
Read the following dictionary definition.

Corporate
culture
n. the values, beliefs and traditions in a company which influence
the behaviour of its staff. It is important for job-seekers to
know about the culture of an organization before accepting a job.

(2)
Work in pairs and discuss the following.

How
do you think cultures might be different in different companies?
Consider:

the
relationship between staff and management
the
relationship between colleagues
company
traditions
how
the staff dress
how
the office space is organized.

(3)
Discuss your ideas in pairs.

Corporate
culture

Reading

1
Read this quiz to find out what kind of company culture is best for
you. Circle A for agree
or D for disagree.

What
kind of company culture would suit you?

SECTION
A

1
I like taking time to have a chat with colleagues even if this means
spending more time at work. A/D

2
It’s nice when people at work celebrate birthdays or special
occasions. A/D

3
I prefer people to fix a time to meet me rather than come to my
office or my desk at any time. A/D

4
I don’t like working in an open space with everyone’s desk in the
same area.

I work better in an office of my own. A/D

5
I like to put photos and personal objects in my workspace. A/D

SECTION
B

6
If I disagree with my boss, I can tell him/her. A/D

7
I prefer to receive a formal report about my work, not just casual
comments. A/D

8
When my boss gives me something to do, I like to get detailed
instructions that

I can follow. A/D

9
It’s important for me to feel I am involved in the decision-making
process at work. A/D

10
A company should have standard procedures and policies that everyone
must follow, not ones which change with people’s situations or
personalities. A/D

SECTION
C

11
A company must keep up with the times. A/D

12
I need to take on challenges to make my job interesting. A/D

13
When planning a strategy, it is useful to look at what has worked
well in the past. A/D

14
A company should be proud of its traditions. A/D

15
Finally, which of these proverbs do you prefer?

a
Better safe than sorry.

b Nothing ventured, nothing gained

Add
up your scores for sections A, B and C.

SCORES

Section
A

1
A=1 2 A=1 3 A=0 4 A=0 5 A=1

D=0
D=0 D=1 D=1 D=0

Questions
1 to 5 are about your relationship with colleagues. A score of
higher than 2 suggests that you like to work for a company where
employees are friends and can talk about personal matters. A score
of 2 or less means that you prefer to keep your work life separate
from your personal life.

Section
B

6
A=1 7 A=0 8 A=0 9 A=1 10 A=0

D=0
D=1 D=1 D=0 D=1

Questions
6 to 10 are about your relationship with your managers. A score of
higher than 2 suggests you like to work in a company where roles
between managers and staff are flexible. A score of 2 or less
means that you like to work in a company where people have clearly
defined roles and there is more distance between staff and
managers.

Section
C

11
A=1 12 A=1 13 A=0 14A=0 15A=0

D=0
D=0 D=1 D=1 D=1

Questions
11 to 15 are about your attitude to tradition. A score of higher
than 2 means you like to work in a company which values new ideas
and takes serious risks. A score of less than 2 means you prefer
the security of a company with strong traditions.

3
Compare your scores with a partner to see if you would like to
work in the same sort of organization.

Vocabulary

When
recording vocabulary, it is not always enough to write down single
words. It is much more useful to record which words are often used
together. These are called collocations. Usually the words are
from different parts of speech.

Verb-noun
collocations like these are very useful:

reach
a target launch
a product

1
Look at the questions in the corporate culture quiz again. Find
verb-noun collocations with these meanings.

1
talk informally
have
a chat

2
make an appointment _______

3
change things to be

modern _______

4
agree to do something

difficult _______

5
decide the way to do

something
in the future _______

There
are other types of collocations like these:

adjective-noun noun
verb

We
only use high Sales
increase
in the

quality
materials summer

We
offer a wide
range The
market
is

of
services. expanding
quickly

verb-adverb

Staff
are allowed to dress
casually.

I
have to work
closely
with my colleagues.

2
Find adjective-noun collocations in the quiz with these meanings.

1
the normal way of doing something ________

2
(in
the scores analysis)
big danger _________

Sometimes
you may want to record more than two words. For example, you might
add the verbs that often go before adjective-noun collocations.
The collocation wide
range is
often preceded by the verbs offer
or provide.

What
verbs would commonly come before the two adjective-noun
collocations you found for questions 1 and 2? Look in the quiz to
find out.

3
Now use these verbs (1-7) and nouns (a-g) to make common
collocations. You can use some of the words more than once. Use a
dictionary if necessary.

1
pay a a proposal

2
create b a meeting

3
pool c our ideas

4
put forward d a solution

5
hold e attention (to smth)

6
reach f an opportunity

7
come up g your full potential

with

4
Do the same with these adjectives (1-6) and nouns (a-f). Again,
you can use the adjectives more than once.

1
challenging a atmosphere

2
rewarding b work

3
close c resource

4
friendly d partnership

5
competitive e contact

6
valuable i price

Text
2

Olympus

Olympus
are an international company who produce goods for the notepad
computer market.

They
have published the following statement of their corporate culture on
their website.

About OLYMPUS

People
talk a lot about corporate culture these days but at Olympus we
really pay attention to it. We aim to offer people challenging and
rewarding work in a pleasant environment. Employees dress casually
on days when there is no customer contact and this helps to create
a friendly atmosphere.

Developing
and maintaining close partnerships with our customers is one of
the keys to our success. Our customers appreciate that we offer
high quality products at competitive prices and a high level of
customer care. They rely on us to come up with solutions for their
needs. And of course, customer care is not just about external
customers. It is also about how we relate to each other and work
together to pool our ideas.

We
also work in close contact with other Olympus employees around the
worked. This interaction creates many opportunities to travel and
to learn from other offices. We realize that our most valuable
resource is our employees. This is why we strongly support the
professional and personal development of our staff through
workshops, classes and short courses. We aim to help all our
employees reach their full potential.

Our
management style is open door and staff have access to management
at all levels at all times. We pride ourselves on our good
communication. We hold quarterly meetings where employees can put
forward any new proposals and we have regular communication
meetings to inform employees about all company activities.

In
short, Olympus is a great place to work.

Describing
attitudes

I
think their attitude to the company is very warm.

I
think they sound enthusiastic about the company they work for.

To
me, they seem very dissatisfied with the corporate culture.

They
sound angry about the changes.

Text 3

Business
in Finland

1
Texts are easier to read if you think about the content first. The
following text is from a guidebook about doing business in
Finland. Work with a partner and make

a list of what you
already know about Finland, thinking about the following.

Country
and climate
Leisure
activities
Famous
companies (hint: mobile phones!)

2
Skim each section of the text quickly and choose the correct
heading (a-g) from the list below. There is one heading that you
don’t need. Write the correct heading in each gap (1-6)

3
Now write some similar pieces of advice about doing business in
your country, using at least three of the headings (a-g).

Doing
business in Finland

1
Level of familiarity

Most
Finnish people will introduce themselves officially and give their
first and last name as they shake hands. After this, they are
likely to be informal and use your first name.

2
____________________

Business
meetings and negotiations in Finland tend to be direct and to the
point. Not much time is spent on small talk or building personal
relationships, so Finnish business people may feel impatient if
overseas clients spend a long time on this. Negotiations are
generally held in offices, not in restaurants.

3
____________________

Finnish
people tend to be very punctual and also expect it of others.
Visitors should avoid arriving late, as this is considered
impolite.

4
____________________

They
usually speak directly and clearly. Unlike in some cultures, ‘yes’
and ‘no’. they are also not embarrassed by silence and do not
necessarily feel the need to fill a gap in a conversation.

5
____________________

People
in Finland are generally comfortable with silence so there does
not always have to be conversation. However, safe topics would be
the weather, sport, travel and hobbies.

6
_______________

Visitors
are normally taken to restaurants, although in business life, long
lunches are not common. Finnish hosts may also invite their guests
to the sauna (men and women go separately) and it is polite to
accept.

a
Small talk e Communication
style

b
Task or relationship focused? f Pastimes in Finland

c
Level of familiarity g Attitudes to time-keeping

d
Entertaining

V.
Grammar exercises

Second
Conditional

To
talk about an unreal/imaginary/ hypothetical situation and its
consequences, use:

If
+ Past Simple + would(‘d)/ wouldn’t

If
I had
a
car, I would
drive
to work.

I’d
live in Jamaica if I could
live anywhere.

The
‘if
clause’
cam come first or second in the sentence. If it is first, there is
a comma before the result clause.

We
can use would, could
or might
in the result clause.

If
he had
a change of heart, I might
forgive him.

When
the subject is / and the verb is to
be,
we can say if
I was or if / were.

If
I were
you, I wouldn’t
wear that dress again!

!
Use the First Conditional to talk about possible/real situations
(if
+ Present Simple + will(‘ll)/won’t).

If
I go
to France, I will
visit the Louvre.

Third
Conditional (for unreal past situations)

Use
this form to talk hypothetically about past situations, and
imagine different consequences.

If
there hadn’t
been
so much traffic on the motorway, I would
have got
to the meeting on time.

Form:
If
+ past perfect + would
have +
past participle

To
indicate possibility, rather than certainty, we can use might
have/could have
instead of would
have.

If
she had
studied
harder, she might
have passed
her exams.

These
unreal past situations have unreal past results.

If
I had
studied Art
I would
have been happier.

If
she hadn’t
left
work early she might
have finished
the report.

Would
you have
been
happier if you had
stayed
in England?

Sometimes
the hypothetical past situation has a present result.

If
I had
finished
my university degree, I would
be
an architect now.
(If
+ Past Perfect + would
+ verb).

Read the sentences and answer the questions.

If
I had stayed at work, I wouldn’t have spent time with Jack when
he really needed me.

1
Did Roger stay at work?

2
Did he spend time with Jack?

I
wouldn’t have met Nancy if I hadn’t come to France!

3
Did Tunde come to France?

4
Did he meet Nancy?

b
Look at the Active grammar box and choose the correct alternative
to complete the rule.

Use
the Third Conditional to talk about a real/hypothetical
situation in the present/past.

Form
the Third Conditional with:

If
+ subject + past perfect + would(n’t)
have/could(n’t) have
+ past participle.

If
I had stayed at work, I wouldn’t have spent time with Jack

Past
condition Past result (hypothetical)

I
would’ve cooked dinner, if I’d known you sere coming.

Past
condition Past result (hypothetical)

In
spoken English, have
and had
are usually contracted to ‘ve
and ‘d
(see example above).

Write
Third Conditional sentences using the prompts.

I
didn’t know Mary was ill.

I
didn’t send her any flowers.

If
I had known Mary was ill, I would have sent her flowers.

1
Taxis were very expensive.

We
didn’t take one.

2
They didn’t ask anyone for directions. They got lost.

3
The weather wasn’t very good. We didn’t enjoy the holiday very
much.

4
It was raining. They crashed the car.

5
I didn’t see you when you passed me in the street. I didn’t
say ‘hello’.

6
I wasn’t hungry. I didn’t eat lunch.

7
I didn’t know that Eva had to get up early. I didn’t wake her.

8
I didn’t like my History teacher. I gave up History.

Speaking

Draw
two large circles in your notebook and label one of them ‘Now’
and the other ‘Ten years ago’. Read the questions and write
short answers in the ‘Now’ circle.

1
Where are you living?

2
Who is your closest friend?

3
What do you do?

4
How do you spend your time?

5
Do you spend much time with your family?

6
Are you studying?

7
Do you play any sports?

8
What music do you enjoy?

9
What are your dreams/ambitions?

Change
the questions in Ex. to make questions in the past. Write short
answers for these questions anywhere in the ‘Ten years ago’
circle.

Show
your circles to a partner. Tell them about how much your life has
changed in the past ten years. Ask questions to find out as much
information as possible.

Discuss.

1
What have been the important turning points (important moments or
events which have changed things) in your life?

2
How might your life have changed if these turning points had been
different?

3
Do you think you have always made the right decisions?

Writing

Write
a paragraph describing an important turning point in your life and
the effect this had. Think about what happened before/after the
event, and how things might have been different.

Key
vocabulary

Expressions
with change

change
(your) mind/clothes/hairstyle/career/ password change an
arrangement/some money/ the subject it’s time for a change
makes a change have a change of heart (do something) for a change

Global
issues

Developed/developing
countries security/crime lifestyle/standard of living
famine/starvation war/peace disease/cure problems/solutions
the environment/pollution

Life
decisions

Choose
subjects leave school/home/your country go to university
buy/sell a house/flat have a baby/start a family start/change
your career start your own business retire/give up work take
up/give up a hobby/sport leave a job

Prefixes
and suffixes

Overcook
underdeveloped
dishonest
inhuman
creation
civilization
intelligence
ignorance
movement
darkness
education
employment
accommodation
treatment
punishment
importance
independence
government
direction
difference

194

Источник

ENGLISH
VOCABULARY IN USE (ELEMENTARY)

WEATHER
(28)

Types
of weather

Adjectives and
verbs

Noun	Adjectives
sun	sunny
rain	rainy
wind	windy
cloud	cloudy
snow	snowy
fog	foggy
thunder	thundery
lightning

Other
useful weather words

It is
very hot in Mexico —
it is often 45 degrees
there in summer.

It is
very cold in the
Arctic — it is often minus
50 degrees there.

It
can be very wet in
London — carry an umbrella when you go sightseeing there.

It is
very dry in the
Sahara — it doesn’t often rain there.

A hurricane is a very strong wind.

A storm is when there is a strong wind and rain together.

A thunderstorm is when there is thunder,
lightning, rain and sometimes wind together.

Expressions

It’s a sunny day in Tokyo today, but it’s cloudy in Hong Kong.

It’s foggy in Sydney and it’s snowing / it’s
snowy in Moscow.

It’s raining in
Barcelona but the sun
is shining in Granada.

It’s a lovely day.

It’s a horrible day, isn’t it!

What’s the
weather like in your country? It’s
usually warm and sunny.

common mistakes

We say It’s windy/ cloudy/ foggy/ sunny (NOT It’s ~~winding~~/
~~clouding~~/ ~~fogging~~/ ~~sunning~~)

Tip

Watch the weather forecast in English on TV or online
as often as you can.

Exercises

28.1

Match the
words and the symbols.

28.2

Look at the chart. Write sentences
about the cities in the chart.

	1	It is sunny in Hanoi
2	It is raining in Hong Kong
3	It is _____________________________
4	It _____________________________
5	_____________________________
6	_____________________________
7	_____________________________

28.3

Complete these sentences with a
word from the opposite page.

1	The sun ——shone—- every day last month.
2	When it ____________, I take my umbrella.
3	What’s the ____________ like in your country in January?
4	When it ____________, we can go skiing.
5	You see ____________before you hear thunder.
6	It is 24 ____________ here today.
7	It is dangerous to be in a small boat at sea in a ____________
8	It is very ____________ in Siberia in winter.

28.4

Are
these sentences true about the weather in your country? If not, correct them.

1	It often snows in December. It sometimes snows in December.
2	It is usually 40 degrees in summer and minus 20 degrees in winter.
3	There are thunderstorms every day in August.
4	It is very wet in spring.
5	We never have hurricanes.
6	Summer is usually hot and dry.

28.5

What do you like to do or not like to
do in these types of weather?

1	Fog I don’t like to drive.	3	a rainy day	5	a windy day
2	sunny weather	4	snow

ANSWER
KEY

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Before an exam you can revise or cram I for it. If the exam happens every year, you can look at past papers2• Some things can be memorised or learnt off by heart. But rotelearning! is not sufficient for most subjects. It is also possible to use mnemonics .•. But trick alone are not enough, and the best idea is to bury yourself in your books5 until you know the subject inside out6•

• It’s a good idea to start with a mind-map I when preparing an essay. Always write a first draft2 before writing up the final version. Your essay should be all your own work; plagiarism3 is a very serious offence in most colleges and universities. There is usually a deadline». After the essay is submitted5, it will be assessed6 and usually you can get feedback7.

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22 Food

A Talking about flavours and tastes — adjectives and some opposites (≠)

hot, spicy (e.g. curry) ≠ mild bland [very little flavour; rather negative]
salty [a lot of salt] sugary [a lot of sugar] sickly [too much sugar]
savoury /ˈseɪvəri/ [pleasant, slightly salty or with herbs]
sour [sharp, often unpleasant taste, like a lemon, and not sweet]
bitter [with an unpleasantly sharp taste] tasty [has a good taste/flavour] ≠ tasteless [no flavour at all]
moreish [having a pleasant taste, so you want to eat more]

I love spicy food, especially curries — the hotter the better! My sister prefers mild curries.
Those cakes are too sugary for me. They have a sickly taste.
They had some delicious savoury snacks at the party. They were very moreish.
The breakfast buffet was very poor quality: the coffee tasted bitter and the fruit juice was sour.
The food on the plane was bland and tasteless — it was like eating cardboard!

B Appearance, presentation and quality of food

This meat is overcooked/overdone / undercooked/underdone.
I’m afraid this mango is a bit unripe. They’re not really in season at the moment. [not ready to eat; opp
= ripe] [being produced and ready and available]
This butter has gone off. I think we should throw it out. [not good to eat because it is too old]
I don’t feel like anything heavy. I just want something light; a salad would be fine.
British cooking can be very stodgy. /ˈstɒdʒi/ [heavy, hard to digest]
Zoe will only buy organic fruit and vegetables. [grown without artificial chemicals]
We should try to have a balanced diet, without too much or too little of any particular thing.
A diet of junk food can cause long-term health problems. [food that is unhealthy but easy and quick to
eat] Processed food in general is not good for you. [that has been treated with chemicals to preserve it or
give it extra colour or taste]

C Eating out

At most good restaurants, you usually have to book a table
/ make a reservation beforehand. If something happens, or
you are ill, you may need to cancel the booking/reservation. In the UK a
meal in a restaurant is typically three courses: a starter1, a main course,
then a dessert. You can often order side dishes2. Some restaurants may
have a set menu [a selection of dishes at a fixed price], or you can order
individual dishes (called ordering à-la-carte). Restaurants often have
specials3 advertised on a board. They often cater for vegetarians, non-
meat-eaters4 and vegans5.

1 light snack / appetiser 2 a smaller dish alongside the main course (e.g. an extra vegetable)
3 dishes only available on that day 4 people who don’t eat meat but who are not vegetarians
5 people who don’t eat or use any animal products, such as meat, fish, eggs, cheese or leather

D Eating at home 1 the person who has invited the guests
HOST:1 Right, there’s more soup. Who wants seconds2? 2 a second serving of something
GUEST: Oh, yes, please. It was absolutely delicious. 3 serve yourself
HOST: There’s bread here. Just help yourself3. 4 desserts are often called pudding
GUEST: Thanks. (uncountable), a sweet (countable) or
HOST: Be sure to keep a bit of room for some pudding4.
afters (plural) at home
Can I re-fill your glass?

GUEST: Ah, yes, thank you.
HOST: Say when.
GUEST: When! That’s fine. Thanks.

50 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate

Exercises

22.1 Which taste and flavour words opposite could you use to describe the following?
22.2
22.3 1 a strong Indian curry spicy / hot 4 an unripe apple
5 a cup of tea with five spoonfuls of sugar
22.4 2 a pizza with cheese and herbs 6 extremely strong black coffee with no sugar
22.5 3 sea water

Using words from B opposite, what could you say to the person/people with you in a
restaurant if …

1 you had ordered a mild curry but got the opposite? This curry is too hot / too spicy for me.

2 the fish you ordered had obviously been cooked too much / too long?
3 you ordered melon and it was very hard?
4 your dish seemed to have no flavours at all?
5 there was too much salt in your soup?
6 someone at your table recommended a big steak but you just wanted a salad?
7 the dish you ordered was very heavy and difficult to digest?
8 a piece of chicken you ordered had not been cooked enough?
9 you wonder if the vegetables have been grown without artificial chemicals?

Read the comments and then complete the sentences with words and phrases from the
opposite page.

1 Chris: ‘I had to call the waiter to bring me a knife and fork.’ Chris needed

(some) cutlery .
2 Emma: ‘If you want a dish not on the menu there’s usually a blackboard with other dishes.’
The restaurant usually has some
.
3 Oscar: ‘The peanuts were free and I just couldn’t stop eating them.’ Oscar thought the
peanuts were
.
4 Tina: ‘I needed one because I didn’t want to spill food on my new dress.’ Tina needed

.
5 Jordi: ‘I’m not a vegetarian; I just don’t eat meat.’ Jordi is a .
6 Okas: ‘I didn’t like the set menu. I ordered individual dishes.’ Okas ordered
7 Phoebe: ‘It’s a big student restaurant. You don’t need to phone beforehand.’ Phoebe said .

you don’t need to / . (two answers)
8 Krishnan: ‘With my main course I ordered an extra bowl of chips and some mushrooms.’
Krishnan ordered a couple of
.
9 Emily: ‘Everybody had colds so we phoned the restaurant and said we weren’t coming.’
Emily and her friends cancelled / . (two answers)
10 Hannah: ‘I had some prawns before the main course.’ Hannah had
.

If you were the host at a dinner party, what could you say to your guests if …

1 you offered them another serving of something? Who wants seconds ?
2 you wanted them to serve themselves? Please
.
3 you started to re-fill their glass? . What could the guest say when you had
poured enough? !
4 you offered them something sweet after the main course? Would you like /

/ / ? (four possible answers)

Over to you

Write sentences that are true for you.

1 Which words from A and B opposite could you use to describe the food of your country or culture? Give
some examples of dishes. Which fruit or vegetables are in season at different times of the year?

2 Describe your favourite dish, what is in it, how it is prepared, what flavours it has, etc.
3 How often do you eat junk food or processed food? Why? Do you have a balanced diet? In what ways?

English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 51

23 Physical geography

A Geographical features

You have to be careful about the use of ‘the’ with geographical features.

countries use with ‘the’? example
countries which are in a plural form no France
individual mountains yes the USA, the Philippines
mountains in the Bernese Oberland no Mount Everest
mountain chains yes the Jungfrau /ˈjʊŋfraʊ/
islands yes the Himalayas /hɪməˈleɪjəz/
groups of islands no Sicily
rivers yes the West Indies
oceans yes the Volga
seas yes the Pacific
gulfs, bays and straits yes the Mediterranean /medɪtəˈreɪniən/
yes the Gulf of Mexico, the Bay of Biscay, the
lakes Strait of Malacca
currents no
yes Lake Erie
the Gulf Stream

Language help

Although most countries do not take ‘the’, they do need the definite article when they are
followed by a phrase limiting the meaning, e.g. the Japan of today, the France we know from
paintings, the South America of the past.

B Geographical features in Iceland

Iceland An cisolannsdistrseplaurbgleiclyinofthbearNreonrthplAatilnasn1tica.nTdhe
landscape

mountains, with hlaarsgeacictievefievldoslcpaanrotiecsu2laarlnydinisthkenoswountfhor
west. The island
its thermal3 springs and geysers4. With less than 1% of
the land suitable for growing crops5, the nation’s economy

is bthaeseedxpoonrtfsis.hAinrge,aa: n1d03fi,s0h00prkomd2u.cPtsopacuclaotuionnt :fo3r1880,0%00.
of

Capital: Reykjavik.

1 flat land where little grows 2 volcanoes that still erupt
3 hot 4 hole in the ground that sends out hot water and
steam 5 food that is grown

C The sea, rivers and mountains

Where land meets sea: coast, shore, beach
Words connected with rivers: valley, gorge [valley with very
steep sides], stream [small river]
Words connected with mountains: foot, ridge, peak,
summit, glacier [river of ice]

52 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate

Exercises

23.1 Find words on the opposite page that match the definitions. River Amazon
23.2
1 a movement of water in a particular direction current Brazil

2 the wide part of a river at its mouth Brasilia
3 the top of a mountain (two words) Rio de Janeiro
4 the place where a river starts
5 the land along the edge of a sea or lake
6 a narrow stretch of sea between two areas of land
7 a long piece of land sticking out into the sea or a lake
8 a long narrow high part of a mountain

In the paragraph below all the instances of the have been
omitted. Insert them wherever they are necessary.

Brazil ist∧hfeifth largest country in world. In north,

densely forested basin of River Amazon covers half
country. In east, country is washed by Atlantic.
Highest mountain chain in South America, Andes,
does not lie in Brazil. Brazil’s most famous city
is Rio de Janeiro, former capital. Today capital of
Brazil is Brasilia.

23.3 Can you answer the following general knowledge geography quiz?
23.4
1 What is the highest mountain in Africa? Mount Kilimanjaro

2 What is the longest river in Europe?
3 Where is the highest waterfall in the world?
4 Name another country, apart from Iceland, which has geysers and hot springs.
5 What is a delta and which famous river has one?
6 Where are the Straits of Gibraltar and the Cape of Good Hope?

Find 17 more words for geographical features. Words go horizontally or vertically but
not diagonally.

23.5 Give two nouns from the opposite page to go with the adjectives below. Try not to
23.6 repeat any of the nouns you choose.

1 sandy beach 4 rocky
2 steep 5 turbulent
3 shallow 6 dangerous

Over to you

Draw a map of a country or area that interests you. Write the English names of its main
geographical features on it. Write a paragraph about the geography of the area.

English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 53

24 Environmental problems

A The problems and their causes

A variety of environmental problems now affect our entire world. As globalisation1 continues,
local issues become international ones, so today there are few places in the world that do not suffer
from environmental problems. Some of the major problems now affecting the world are acid
rain2, air pollution3, global warming4, hazardous5 waste, ozone depletion6, smog7, water
pollution, overpopulation, and rainforest destruction8. People are also worried about the
greenhouse effect, where an increase in the amount of carbon dioxide [CO2] and other gases9
in the Earth’s atmosphere10 causes a gradual warming of the surface of the Earth. This global
warming is leading to the thawing of the polar ice caps11 and all this is causing concern
about climate change. Both human behaviour and climate change have led to many animal
and plant species12 becoming endangered13 or even extinct14.

1 increasing business, cultural and other contacts between countries 2 rain which contains harmful chemicals
as a result of burning substances such as oil and coal [acid = a type of liquid that reacts chemically with other
materials, sometimes dissolving them] 3 damage caused to the air by harmful substances or waste
4 rise in the world’s temperature 5 dangerous 6 reduction in the ozone layer [layer of air above the Earth
containing ozone which prevents harmful ultraviolet light from the sun from reaching Earth]
7 air pollution found in cities caused by a mixture of smoke, gases and chemicals (the word has been formed
from smoke + fog) 8 destroying (cutting down) forest in a tropical area which receives a lot of rain
9 substance in a form that is neither solid nor liquid 10 the mixture of gases around the Earth
11 ice covering the areas at the North and South Poles 12 types 13 very few in number, at risk of
becoming extinct 14 not existing any longer

Language help

The prefix over- means too much. Overfishing means that people have fished so much that it is
having a serious effect on fish populations. Overpopulated means there are so many people
living in an area that life is difficult there.

B Dealing with the problems

Worldwide efforts are being made to improve the situation. Green parties and green or ecological
policies are mainly concerned with protecting the environment. Conservation organisations are
developing nature reserves where plants and animals are protected. Some farmers produce organic
food, which avoids the use of harmful chemicals. More companies try to behave in a way that is

environmentally friendly or ecologically sound. Societies attempt to dispose of waste in a more
responsible way, by, for example, recycling as much as possible. People aim to reduce their carbon
footprint by using cars less so that they cut down on their use of fossil fuels, for example.

C Word families verb adjective adverb
globalise global globally
noun environmental environmentally
globalisation pollute polluting
environment, environmentalist destroy destructive destructively
pollution, pollutant dispose disposable
destruction reduce reduced
disposal
reduction

54 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate

Exercises

24.1 Answer each question, using a word or expression from the box.
acid rain carbon dioxide endangered species extinct global warming
globalisation hazardous waste ozone layer polar ice caps destruction of rainforests
smog water pollution

1 What happened to dinosaurs about 65 million years ago? They became extinct.

2 What is the name for a special layer in the Earth’s atmosphere which helps protect our planet?
3 What word can be used to describe the increasing contact between countries that has a major

impact on life today?
4 What causes problems because it is difficult to dispose of safely?
5 What have scientists shown to be melting worryingly fast at the North and South Poles?
6 What does the chemical symbol CO2 represent?
7 What has been happening in the Amazon area and in other tropical areas like Indonesia and

Malaysia?
8 What problem is a type of air pollution?
9 What can cause harm to plant or other life when it falls on the land or sea?
10 What is the Siberian tiger an example of?
11 What has caused much plant and animal life in rivers in industrial areas to die out?
12 What is the term for the phenomenon describing the rise in the Earth’s average temperature?

24.2 Match words to form compound nouns.

1 acid fuel acid rain 6 greenhouse disposal
2 carbon change
3 climate party 7 nature reserve
4 fossil footprint 8 organic depletion
5 green rain 9 ozone effect
10 waste food

24.3 Choose a word from the opposite page to complete each sentence.

1 An environmentalist is a person who does what they can to help protect the environment.

2 items like plastic cups and paper plates are labour-saving but have a harmful effect on
the environment.

3 The government says it is aiming for a significant in this country’s use of fossil fuels over
the next ten years.
4 The company plans to part of a nature reserve in order to build its new warehouses.
5 Carbon monoxide (CO) is an example of an air
6 The melting of the polar ice caps will have a .
impact on the environment.
7 Staff can of all recyclable items in these green bins.
8 Air pollution may the lives of people with respiratory illnesses.
9 This company is proud of its friendly policies.

24.4 Over to you

Answer these questions.

1 Which of the environmental problems in A exist in your country?
2 Do you think climate change is having any impact in your country?
3 How much support do green parties have in your country?
4 What could power cars instead of petrol or diesel?
5 Suggest three things people can do to reduce their carbon footprint.

English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 55

25 Towns

A Describing a city

The words city and town are sometimes used interchangeably but a city is generally large with a
wider range of facilities. This is a description of Cork, one of Ireland’s main cities. Which words or
phrases might be useful for describing your own or another town?

Cork city is the major metropolis of the south; indeed, with a population
of about 119,500, it is the second largest city in the Republic. The main
business and shopping centre of the town lies on the island created by
two channels of the River Lee, with many of the suburbs within walking
distance of the centre. The buses tend to be overcrowded and the one-way
traffic system is extremely complicated. In the hilly area of the city is the
famous Shandon Steeple, the bell-tower of St Anne’s Church, built on the
site of a church destroyed when the city was besieged by the English in 1690.
Back across the River Lee lies the city’s cathedral, an imposing 19th-century
building in the French Gothic style. Cork has two markets. Neither caters specifically for tourists but those who
enjoy the lively atmosphere of a real working market will appreciate their charm. The town has good sports
and arts facilities. The Crawford Art Gallery is well worth a visit. It regularly puts on adventurous exhibitions
by contemporary artists. The fashionable residential districts of Cork city overlook the picturesque harbour.
There are other residential areas on the outskirts.

B Facilities

Sports: swimming pool sports centre golf course tennis courts football pitch skating rink
Culture: theatre opera house concert hall radio station art gallery
Education: school college university library adult education centre museum
Catering, accommodation and night-life: restaurant take-away hotel B&B (bed and breakfast)
youth hostel club
Transport: bus service taxi rank car hire car park parking meters
Other: health centre law courts registry office citizens’ advice bureau job centre
department store chemist’s garden centre police station Town/City Hall
estate agent housing estate industrial estate

C Problems in cities

problem effect cause
traffic jams traffic very slow; commuters get very too much traffic, especially in the
stressed rush hour
slums housing in a bad condition poverty — people don’t have money to
spend on housing
vandalism pointless destruction of property
overcrowding difficult living conditions poverty; lack of hope
pollution deterioration in health too many people living in one place

traffic and industrial

D Adjectives to describe a city

picturesque [very pretty and attractive], historic, spacious [with plenty of space], elegant, magnificent,
lively, deserted [no one on the streets, e.g. at night], bustling [with lots of movement], packed [very
crowded], filthy [very dirty], run-down [in a very bad condition]

Common mistakes

There are a lot of open spaces in the centre of London. (NOT There are a lot of open places in …)

56 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate

Exercises

25.1 Check that you understand the text about Cork by answering the following questions.
25.2
1 Where is Cork? Cork is in the south of the Republic of Ireland.

2 Where is the shopping and business centre of Cork?
3 What is Cork’s traffic system like?
4 What is special about the site of St Anne’s Church?
5 In what style is the architecture of Cork Cathedral?
6 Can you buy souvenirs at the markets?
7 Why is the Crawford Gallery worth visiting?
8 Where do Cork people live?

Fill in the gaps in this description of a town. Use words from the text about Cork.

Cambridge has the 1 second oldest university in
of around
England (after Oxford). It has a 2

108,900, many of whom are students. The main tourist
3 of the town lies in the city centre, around
the university colleges. A number of the old university
buildings are built on the 4 of former

monasteries or convents. Most of the more picturesque
colleges 5 the River Cam.

Most of the main hotels in the town are within walking 6 of the centre. The town
centre has a lively fruit and vegetable 7 and it 8
Saturdays. The Fitzwilliam Museum is well 9 to be very crowded on
visiting as is an art gallery called Kettle’s
Yard which regularly puts on quite varied 10
plenty of sports 11 by a range of artists. The town also has
catering for both young and old. An interesting new Science Park
has been built on the 12 of the town, about two kilometres from the city centre.

25.3 Look at the facilities listed in B. Think of a town and tick all those facilities which the
25.4 town has.

25.5 Suggest three words which would collocate well with the nouns below. The words do not
25.6 have to be on the left-hand page.

25.7 1 history / science / folk / museum 4 / / / court
/ centre 5 / / / club
2 // / college 6 / / / agency
3 //

Which of the facilities in B might you go to in order to:

1 dance? a club 4 get married? 7 borrow a book?
5 buy a house? 8 buy a meal to eat at home?
2 play tennis? 6 see an exhibition? 9 do an evening class?
3 find a taxi?

What are the problems in C for these suggested solutions?

1 They should provide good-quality state housing. slums

2 There should be stricter laws about traffic emissions.
3 They should restrict the number of people living in any one area.
4 People who destroy public property should be made to do community service.
5 We need a much better public transport system.

Over to you

Write a description of the town where you live or another town you know well, using as much
of the vocabulary from this unit as possible.

English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 57

26 The natural world

A Birds and animals horns

beak whiskers mane
fur tail
wing
claws hoof
eggs leaves
nest

B feather paw

Flowers and trees

petals pollen

bud thorn leaf bough branch
stem bark
twig trunk

roots

C Specific animals

Here are the English names of some creatures that you may not know.

frog whale shark bat worm deer (singular
and plural)

owl fox snail crab pigeon peacock seal

D Some verbs and collocations for talking about processes in nature

Our apple tree flowers / blossoms in April.
Let’s pick some flowers.
These birds lay their eggs on the ground.
Bees collect pollen from flowers to make honey.

Some verbs can be intransitive (no object) or transitive (with an object):
These flowers grow very quickly. We grew some tomatoes in our garden last year.
These animals breed in the spring. My neighbour breeds Burmese cats and sells them.

Common mistakes

Remember, we pick flowers / fruit; we don’t say pick up.
We picked some flowers and put them in a vase. (NOT picked up)
We pick something up when it has fallen from its normal position or someone drops it.
A woman dropped her purse so I picked it up and gave it back to her.

58 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate

Exercises

26.1 Answer the questions about the animals and plants on the opposite page.

1 Where does a bird lay its eggs? in a nest

2 What do bees help to move from one flower to another as they collect nectar
to make honey?

3 What do we call the hairs that stick out from a cat’s face?
4 Which part of a flower usually has the brightest colour(s)?
5 What do we call a horse’s foot?

26.2 Put these words into two groups: ‘animal words’ or ‘plant words’.
mane petal oak willow fox worm thorn horn bark stem claw owl

animal words plant words

mane

26.3 Fill in the blanks in the sentences below using words from the opposite page.

1 A tree’s roots go a long way underground.
2 A cat can sharpen its against the of a tree.
3 Most fruit trees in spring.
4 Plants will not unless they get enough water and light.
5 Flowers last longer in a vase if you crush the end of their
6 A flower that is just about to open is called a .
.
7 Take care not to prick yourself. That plant has sharp
8 If we pick up those , we can use them to start the fire. .

9 use a kind of radar to find their way around.

10 move very, very slowly.

26.4 Match the sentence beginnings on the left with the endings on the right.

1 A large bough fell d a some herbs to put on our pizza.
2 We picked up
3 The scientists grew b its feathers. It was beautiful.
c into the stream and swam away.
4 The peacock opened d from the tree during the storm.
5 A frog jumped e some apples that had dropped from the tree.
6 We picked f a new type of tomato that was very big.

26.5 Answer the questions.

1 Which moves fastest and which moves slowest: a worm, a snail, or a deer? a deer, a snail

2 Which is the odd one out: a seal, a whale, or a crab?
3 Which of these animals has paws: a frog, a bat, a cat, a pigeon?
4 Which is correct? The bird lay / laid / lied three eggs.
5 Which is correct: (a), (b), or both? (a) He breeds horses. (b) Rabbits breed very quickly.
6 Which is a bird: a bat, a pigeon or both?

26.6 Over to you

A tulip is the national emblem of the Netherlands and a maple leaf represents
Canada. What flower or animal is used as the national emblem of your
country?
Find out what other plants or animals are national emblems of other countries.

English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 59

27 Clothes

A Some items of clothing

At this level you probably already know most of the everyday words for clothes. Here are some items
of clothing or parts of them which are perhaps less familiar.

hoodie hood

bikini

collar cuff sleeve
hem badge
pyjamas zip laces

belt buckle bra sole heel helmet slippers

Language help

Most items of clothing covering the legs are plural words only. If you wish to count them, you need
to say, e.g. Six pairs of trousers/shorts/tights/jeans/underpants or Jamie’s football shorts are too
small for him now. I need to get him a new pair.

B Verbs associated with clothing

Can I try on these grey shoes in the window?
I love dressing up for parties as I normally wear jeans.
The skirt is too tight and too short — it needs letting out and letting down.
The dress is too loose and too long — it needs taking in and taking up.
He changed out of his weekend clothes into his uniform.
Red usually doesn’t suit people with ginger hair.
Her black bag matches her shoes.
Those shoes don’t fit my son any more. He’s grown out of them.

C Adjectives for describing people’s clothing

How things fit: baggy [loose] close-fitting [tight] pinstriped spotted
Style: long-sleeved sleeveless V-neck round-neck
Materials: denim [jeans are usually made of this] woollen
[made of wool] suede [a kind of leather that isn’t shiny]

plain striped checked flowery tartan

D Other words and expressions useful for talking about clothing

Anna always looks very elegant even when she’s dressed casually. [in a casual or informal way]
I don’t think it’s worth spending money on designer sunglasses. [made by a famous or fashionable designer]
Does your country have a special national costume?
Alessandra’s put her top on inside out — I can see the label!
The burglars wore masks and hoods as a disguise in the hope that no one would be able to
recognise them on CCTV.

60 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate

Exercises

27.1 Which words illustrated in A opposite fit best in the following sentences?

27.2 1 I’ve eaten too much — I’ll have to loosen my belt.
27.3
27.4 2 I must get my black shoes repaired. One is broken and both the
have holes in them. over your shirt.
3 Do up your or you’ll fall over.
4 It’s not very warm today. You should wear a
5 Put your on — this floor is very cold.
6 I’ve almost finished making my dress for the party but I’ve still got to take up the
and sew on some
.
7 It’s starting to rain — why don’t you put your up so you don’t get wet.
8 Come on, children. It’s time for bed. Go and put your on.
9 You must wear a when you ride a motorbike.

10 Maya went on holiday last week. She packed her beach towel but forgot her
so she couldn’t go swimming.

Complete these sentences with any appropriate word. Use pair where it is necessary.

1 Josh badly needs to buy a new pair of jeans..
2 Blue are a kind of international uniform for young people.
3 It’s too cold for . Put your trousers on.

4 Dad needs some new underpants. Can you buy him three today?
5 I’ve got a hole in my tights. I’ll have to change into a new
.

Write two items of clothing that collocate with these adjectives.

1 close-fitting top, jeans 4 woollen
5 suede
2 baggy 6 denim
3 checked

Which words and expressions from D do these pictures illustrate?

1 Natasha always 2 Japanese 3

looks elegant.

4 5 He’s turned his pockets

27.5 Put the right verb, match, suit or fit, into each of these sentences.
27.6
1 The blue dress fits her perfectly now she’s had it taken in.
2 The blue of her dress the blue of her eyes.
3 That blue dress the girl with the blonde hair.
4 I can lend you a pair of slippers if you like. I think these ones should
.

Over to you

Describe in as much detail as you can how you are dressed. Use as many words as you can from this unit.

English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 61

28 Health and medicine

A What are your symptoms?

rash bruise lump spots a black eye

All these noun phrases can be used with the verb have (got). I’ve got …
… a sore throat / a temperature [a higher temperature than normal] / high/low blood pressure / chest
pains / backache / earache / a pain in my side / a rash on my chest / a bruise on my leg (e.g. after
playing football) / a black eye (e.g. after being hit in the eye) / a lump on my arm / indigestion (after
eating too fast) / sickness and diarrhoea /daɪəˈrɪə/ [an upset stomach which makes you vomit and need to
go to the toilet frequently] / sunburn / a virus.
Verbs: My back is aching. I shouldn’t have lifted all those heavy boxes.
My leg is itching — I think I’ve been bitten by an insect. [you want to scratch it all the time]
My hands are trembling after the shock of falling down. [shaking slightly]
I had a headache and started shivering. I knew it was the flu. [shake because you are cold]
My foot hurts from where I knocked it against the table.
I had a cold and it took me two weeks to get over it. [to get better; more formal = to recover from it]
Adjectives: I feel sick / breathless / dizzy. [my head is spinning]
I am depressed / exhausted / stressed.
Other expressions: I’ve lost my appetite / voice.
I think I’ve picked up a bug somewhere. [infml = caught a virus or infection]
I’ve broken my wrist / sprained my ankle / dislocated my shoulder.
She died of a heart attack.
He contracted AIDS. [infml = ‘got’]
My uncle suffered a stroke. [sudden change in the blood supply to a part of the brain, which can cause a loss
of the ability to move particular parts of the body; infml = ‘had’]

B What does the doctor prescribe?

Take a teaspoonful of medicine last thing at night.
We’ll get the nurse to put a bandage on your wrist.
You’ll need to have some injections before you go to the Amazon.
I’m afraid you’re going to need an operation.
You’ll have to have your leg put in plaster until the break mends.
I’m going to give you some tablets — take one in the morning and one at night.

Common mistakes

A surgeon operates on a patient.
They decided to operate on her and remove the tumour. (NOT They decided to operate her.)

62 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate

Exercises

28.1 What problems from A opposite might result if someone …?
28.2
1 eats too fast indigestion

2 kicks someone’s leg while playing football
3 hits someone in the eye
4 eats bad, rotten food
5 lies too long in the hot sun
6 runs much too fast to catch a bus

Read the remarks and answer the questions.

Casper ‘I must have picked up a bug Seth ‘It’s an unpleasant pain. I
when I was travelling.’ hope I haven’t got an ear infection.’

Dalma ‘My hand is covered Zoe ‘The doctor said there’s a risk
in little red spots from where I I might suffer from heart disease if it
touched that strange plant.’ continues.’

Write the people’s names. Who has …?

1 a rash? Dalma 2 earache? 3 a virus? 4 high blood pressure?

28.3 Match the sentences on the left with the ones on the right.
28.4
1 My shoulder is itching. d a I’ve been working too much.
2 My head hurts.
3 I’m shivering. b I feel so cold.
4 I’m trembling. c I think I need to see a psychiatrist.
5 I’m really stressed and exhausted. d I can’t stop scratching it.
6 I’m depressed. e I banged it as I walked through the low doorway.
f I feel very nervous and scared.

Match the pictures with the sentences.

A BC

D EF

1 They put a bandage on my ankle. E
2 I had to have some injections.
3 My arm was in plaster for weeks.
4 I had to take two teaspoonfuls every night.
5 They operated me immediately.
6 I have to take two tablets every night at bedtime.
One of the sentences above contains a mistake. Correct it.

28.5 Answer the questions.
28.6
1 Which is correct? My aunt died (a) with (b) of a heart attack.
2 What is a more formal way of saying these? (a) He got AIDS in 2001. (b) She had a stroke.
3 What is an informal way of saying this? I had an infection but I recovered from it.

Over to you

Make a list of any of the problems mentioned in this unit that you yourself have had. What were the
symptoms? What did you do to solve the problem(s)?

English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 63

29 Medicine and technology

A A history of health technology

Ancient Egypt The earliest crutches were in use.
Middle Ages Spectacles1, probably invented by Arab scientists, were used
to correct vision2.
1500-1600
1800-1900 The first wheelchairs were developed.
1804: the first general anaesthetic3 was used in an
1960-1970 operation in Japan.
1896: X-rays4 were first used in medicine.
The first contact lenses5 were manufactured6.

1 a more formal word for glasses 2 the ability to see 3 something used to make
you unconscious when you have an operation, so that you do not feel any pain

4 a type of radiation that makes possible photographs (also called ‘X-rays’) of hidden

objects such as bones and organs in the body 5 a small piece of transparent
plastic which is worn on the surface of your eye to improve your sight 6 made in
large numbers, usually in a factory

B The present day

Medical technology has made rapid1 advances2 in recent decades3.
Nowadays, a vast4 range of devices5 is available: people with hearing
difficulties wear sophisticated6 hearing aids7; people with heart problems
wear tiny pacemakers8. Artificial9 hips10 and knees are common, and are
highly11 efficient. People who have lost an arm or a leg can have a prosthetic12
leg or a modern robotic13 arm and hand, which they can use to pick things up
like a natural hand. Eyesight problems can be corrected by laser surgery14.

1 very fast 2 improvements or developments 3 a period of 10 years 4 very
wide 5 object or machine made for a particular purpose 6 clever in a complicated
way and able to do complicated tasks 7 a small device put inside someone’s ear to
help them hear better 8 a small device put inside someone’s chest to help their heart
beat correctly 9 not natural, a copy made by humans 10 the joint which connects
the leg to the upper part of the body 11 very (more formal) 12 made to replace a
missing arm or leg 13 able to be controlled and moved by the user
14 medical operations using powerful narrow beams of light

C The future

A recent TV documentary predicted the following developments in medical technology.
• Scanners which can identify health problems at an early stage1 will become more and

more sophisticated.
• Diagnosing2 illnesses from a distance. Patients will sit at their home computers, describe

their symptoms and send information automatically to their doctor (for example,
their blood pressure3 or body temperature) using instruments such as thermometers
connected to their computer.
• Computers and huge databases will provide doctors with more and more information and
the tools4 to treat diseases.
• Keyhole surgery5 will become more common. It will not be necessary to cut open a

person’s body to operate on them.

1 during the first period of development 2 name the exact character of a disease or a problem, by examining it
3 measure of the strength at which the blood flows through the body 4 something that helps you do something
5 medical operations in which a very small hole is made in a person’s body to reach the organ or tissue inside

64 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate

Exercises

29.1 Look at A opposite and answer the questions about medical technology.

1 What did Arab scientists probably invent? glasses (two answers, one more formal)

2 What began to be used in 1896 to enable doctors to take photographs of the inside of
people’s bodies?
3 How did the ancient Egyptians help disabled people to walk?
4 What alternative to glasses became popular in the 1960s and 1970s?
5 How could disabled people move around as early as 1500 to 1600?

29.2 Rewrite the words in bold using words from A and B opposite.

1 Medical scanners are made manufactured at this factory. with eyesight
2 Glasses were invented to correct problems
3 Technology for medicine has made very fast progress .

in the last ten years . that make
4 There is now a large number of things

life better for people with medical problems.
5 Copies of natural hips are very efficient.
6 Some disabled athletes can run as fast as able-bodied ones using legs.
7 Scientists are working on arms that can be controlled directly by the person’s brain.

29.3 Using words from the opposite page, say what each object is for.

1 a device for people with 2 3
hearing difficulties

45 6

29.4 Complete the missing words. You are given the first letter(s). A preposition is missing in
29.5 sentence 3. Add it.

1 Doctors will be able to i dentify diseases at an early s in the future using
sophisticated sc
2 Doctors will be able to d . a patient’s illness from a distance. Patients will send

information a to their doctor.
3 K s means doctors no longer need to open a patient’s body when they
operate them.
4 Information on large computer d will help doctors t diseases and give
them new t to cure illnesses.

Over to you

Have you used or experienced any of the examples of medical technology mentioned in this unit?
How? When? Write true sentences.

English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 65

30 Health and lifestyle

A Diet

Some types of food are considered to be good for our health. Others can cause long-term1 health
problems if they are consumed2 in large quantities. Here are some examples.

healthy … not so healthy …
sugary foods (e.g. fizzy3 drinks)
oily fish (e.g. salmon)
fruit and nuts4 food with a high fat or high salt content5
wholemeal6 bread processed7 food

1 lasting a long time into the future 2 eaten (fml) 3 with a lot of bubbles 4 dry fruits of some trees with a
hard shell 5 amount that is in the food 6 containing all the grain, with nothing taken out 7 treated with
chemicals to preserve the food or to add taste or colour

Some foods are considered to be superfoods — foods that may prevent diseases and improve
mental1 as well as physical2 health. Foods that are often listed as superfoods include:
• Blueberries: may improve short-term3 memory and slow4

the ageing process5.
• Apples: a good source6 of vitamin C; they can also lower7 cholesterol.
• Spinach: high in vitamin A; it can boost8 the immune system.
• Vegetable juice (especially tomato): can reduce the risk9 of heart disease.

1 of the mind 2 of the body 3 lasting a short time 4 make it happen more slowly
5 the changes to our body and mind by which we grow old 6 the place it comes from
7 reduce/take the level down 8 improve or increase 9 make less likely that it will happen

B Lifestyle

Read the magazine extracts about lifestyle issues. Note the use of the adjective and noun forms of
the same word.

There has been a sharp rise1 in the number Keeping fit need not be difficult. You can
of children who are obese2. Childhood
maintain5 a good level of fitness with
obesity is now a major3 problem. Children a simple routine of daily exercise. Start
often take too little exercise. exercising now!

People often do not realise how stressful Bad habits can cause serious harm6
their jobs are. Stress can cause high blood to the body. Alcohol and tobacco are
pressure, increased risk of heart attacks and particularly harmful if consumed in large
depression4. quantities over a long period.

1 an increase that is sudden and quick 2 extremely fat 3 very big and serious 4 a mental illness when
someone is extremely unhappy and anxious for a long period 5 keep (fml) 6 injury or damage

Language help

The nouns food and fruit can be both uncountable and countable. When we refer to food and fruit
in general we use the uncountable form (e.g. That restaurant serves good food / I love fruit). The
plural forms, foods/fruits, are used to refer to individual types or examples of food (e.g. fatty foods,
citrus fruits). We always use fish in the singular.

66 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate

Exercises

30.1 Rewrite the words in bold using words from A opposite.

1 If people eat these foods in big amounts large quantities , it may be dangerous.

2 Certain foods are thought by scientists to have a positive effect on
our bodies.
3 Foods with a lot of fat in them may cause health problems.
4 Some foods may cause health problems that last long into the future.

30.2 Match the adjectives and nouns to make five collocations to fill the gaps in the sentences

below.

adjectives wholemeal mental fizzy nouns
oily processed drinks bread fish health foods

1 Wholemeal bread is usually considered to be healthy because it contains the complete grain, with
nothing taken out.
2 may taste good when you’re very thirsty, but they often have a high
sugar content.
3 Types of include salmon.
4 often contain artificial colours to make them look more attractive.
5 Some foods can be good for our as well as our bodies.

30.3 Verb-noun collocations. Match the sentence beginnings on the left with the endings on
the right.

1 Certain foods can slow d a cholesterol.
2 Some foods can boost
3 Some foods can lower b the risk of heart disease.
4 Other foods can reduce c the immune system.
d the ageing process.

30.4 Can you remember which positive effect each of these foods may have? Choose your
answers from 30.3 (a-d).

1 spinach c 2 vegetable juice 3 apples 4 blueberries

30.5 Correct the mistakes in these sentences. There may be more than one.

1 Blueberries can improve short-time memory. term

2 Many fruits are a good sauce of vitamin C and provide mayor health benefits.
3 Oily fishes should form part of a healthy diet.
4 Which do you prefer to eat as a snack if you’re hungry, fruits or nuts?
5 A: There’s a new Chinese restaurant in town. B: Good! I love Chinese foods.
6 There has been a sharp raise in the number of people suffering from depresion.

30.6 Complete the two versions of each sentence. Use related word forms, as in the example.

1 Tobacco and alcohol can cause a lot of harm / can be harmful to our health.
2 Children who are / who suffer from need to exercise more.
3 Her job is very / causes her a lot of and is very tiring.
4 How can we keep / maintain a good level of ? The answer is to
get regular / to regularly.

30.7 Over to you

List the foods that you eat most regularly. How many are (a) healthy (b) not so healthy? Do you
consume any superfoods? Why? Why not?

English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 67

31 Travel

A Here is some basic vocabulary for different kinds of travel

transport kinds of vehicle parts of vehicle people working associated words
road with it
car, bus, coach, boot, steering driver, motorist, petrol station, break
rail tram, van, lorry wheel mechanic, chauffeur down, breakdown
sea service
air high-speed train, sleeping car, ticket collector, platform, seat
express buffet, coach conductor reservation
liner, ferry, yacht deck, bridge, captain, steward(ess) port, cabin, cruise
gangway
aircraft, jumbo jet, cockpit, wings, ground staff, cabin duty-free shop,
helicopter aisle /aɪjəl/ crew, air traffic terminal, runway,
controller security

B Journey, trip, travel, voyage

A trip is usually shorter than a journey. We had a long journey by coach from the north to the south
of the country. We usually say business trip (NOT business journey). We took a trip / went on a trip
to the beach last weekend. (Go on a trip suggests an organised short excursion, whereas take a trip
or have a trip could be something you do yourselves in your own car.)

Travel is a general word. It is an uncountable noun and a verb. Travel broadens the mind. How did
you travel round Australia? We hitch-hiked.

Voyage means a long journey usually by sea, though this use is quite formal. It is often used in other
contexts with ‘discovery’. Learning English is a voyage of discovery!

C Collocations and expressions connected with travel

ELENA: ‘My flight from New York to Tokyo was severely delayed1 because of bad weather, then later it
was cancelled and I was stuck at2 the airport. The airline put me up3 in a hotel overnight, and they
put me on standby4 for the early morning flight the next day. Luckily, I managed to get a seat and
the flight left on time5 at 7.00 am. There was quite a lot of turbulence6 during the flight, which was
scary at times. When we finally got to Tokyo, the weather was bad and we had a bumpy landing7.
Luckily, I don’t get airsick8 but I had terrible jetlag9 for days afterwards.’

1 delayed for a very long time 2 unable to move from 3 paid for me to stay 4 promised me a seat if one
became available 5 punctually 6 strong, sudden movements while the plane was in the air 7 we landed
in a way that was not smooth 8 feel sick because of the movement of the plane; more formal = suffer from
airsickness 9 had a feeling of tiredness caused by moving quickly from one time zone to another

Pieter: ‘I’d always wanted to sail across the Mediterranean, though I was worried I might get
seasick. Anyway, I volunteered to work as a crew member on board a yacht and it was an amazing
experience. Everything ran very smoothly, even when the sea was rough1, and I never suffered from
seasickness2.’

1 opp = a calm sea 2 less formal = I never got seasick

Common mistakes

We don’t say ‘a travel’. Travel is an uncountable noun.
After we left the airport, we had a long journey by car. (NOT we had a long travel)
Remember, we say on time, not in time when we mean ‘punctually’.
The train arrived on time and I picked her up at the station. (NOT The train arrived in time)

68 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate

Exercises

31.1 Match the sentence beginnings on the left with the endings on the right.
31.2
1 The customs officer stopped the car d a and they couldn’t get a cabin.
2 The car broke down
3 The air traffic controllers went on strike b and they had nothing to eat.
4 The buffet was closed c and they had a wonderful cruise.
5 The ferry was full d and the driver had to open the boot.
6 The liner was very modern e and a mechanic came to help them.
f and their flight was cancelled.

Sort the words according to the type of transport. One of the words fits in two places.
Which is it?
jumbo jet port express steering wheel coach helicopter gangway runway
tram wing chauffeur platform ground staff van cockpit lorry liner deck

road rail air sea

steering wheel

31.3 Choose the best word flight, journey, trip, travel or voyage to fit these gaps.
31.4
1 I would love to travel round the world in a balloon.
2 The liner Titanic sank on its very first
.
3 How long does the from New York to Rio take?
4 She says her hobbies are reading, golf and
5 When they were in Cairo they took a .
to see the Pyramids.
6 Getting from London to the north of Scotland involves a long overnight train
.

Read these travel blogs and fill the gaps with words from the opposite page.

Erik’s Blog (24 June) Mona’s Blog (5 July)

The flight from Huascal to Puerto Amlugo was I didn’t have a reservation for the Eurostar

s delayed (six hours!). I was worried train from Paris to London, but they put me on

I’d get s at the airport (and hoped s and I got a s on

that the airline would p me a later train. It was a good journey, everything

u in a nice hotel ) but anyway the ran s and it arrived

flight wasn’t c and we finally took time. In London, I enquired if there was a

off. The weather was awful, and we experienced s c on the train

a lot of t . In fact, the flight was to Scotland so I could travel overnight. The

so b that I got a alternative was a hotel and the e______________

(very unpleasant!). But the c

c were very friendly and helpful, m train at 6.30 am (too early for

which made me feel better. The l me!). When I get to Scotland I want to go to

was not so bad and soon we were at the some of the islands. I hope the sea is

t collecting our baggage. I slept well c______________. I hate r______________ seas —

last night — I think I’ve got over the j I always get s______________!

I had after my 12-hour flight from Europe.

31.5 Over to you

Give answers that are true for you, and reasons.
1 How often do you travel by train? Have you ever been on a high-speed train?
2 Which do you prefer on a plane, a window or an aisle seat? Why? Do you usually visit the duty-free

shop? What do you look for? What do you do before going through security?

English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 69

32 Holidays

A Places to stay and types of holiday

campsite: a place where you can pitch a tent or park a caravan
self-catering flat/apartment: a flat which you rent; you cook for yourself
guesthouse: accommodation like a hotel but cheaper and with fewer services
youth hostel: cheap accommodation, mainly for young people, with, perhaps, ten or more people
sleeping in bunk beds in one room
package holiday: a holiday in which you pay for travel, accommodation and food (even occasionally
excursions) in advance
cruise: a holiday spent touring (or cruising) on a boat, stopping off to go sightseeing at different ports
an adventure holiday: a holiday involving unusual, exciting and possibly dangerous activities —
suitable for adventurous people

B Holiday messages

Reply Forward

Dear Zara 1 go somewhere different
2 far from other places
Having a wonderful holiday. It’s so nice to get 3 with lots of bends, not at
away1. We’re staying at an amazing campsite all straight 4 all around
up in the mountains. It’s very remote2 and we 5 very frightening
had to drive up an unbelievably winding3 road
to get here. But once we made it, the views
over the surrounding4 countryside made the
terrifying5 drive worthwhile. I’m sending a
photo of our camping spot.

Love, Sami

Reply Forward

Dear Nico 1 one that will always be

This is turning out to be probably the most remembered (a memorable
memorable1 holiday I’ve ever had. The holiday is a strong
town is absolutely fascinating2 with lots collocation) 2 extremely
of very impressive3 buildings. Our hotel is interesting 3 grand,
delightful4 — if a little inconvenient5 from making an impact
4 charming 5 hard to get
the transport point of view — and the food to 6 unusually good
in this area is exceptional6. These are

some of the old buildings in the town.

Wish you were here too!

Francesca

C Holiday brochures

These are often written in quite exaggerated language. Here are some typical adjectives with nouns
that they collocate with.
breathtaking views / scenery / pistes (ski slopes) [breathtaking (like stunning) suggests that something is
so magnificent that it takes your breath away]
exclusive access / club / shops [only the most special people can use the facilities]
exhilarating feeling / ride / walk [makes you feel excited and full of energy]
exotic beauty / charm / location [unusual and more exciting than your everyday reality]
glamorous surroundings / film star / hotel [especially exciting and attractive]
luxurious cruise ship / accommodation / lifestyle [provides great comfort]
picturesque streets / villages / cottage [very pretty; attractive to look at — as pretty as a picture]
unspoilt charm / village / woodland [still in a beautiful and natural state]
unique opportunity / charm / facilities [so special it does not exist anywhere else]

70 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate

Exercises

32.1 Complete this table. Use a dictionary to help you, if necessary.

adjective noun verb
fascinating
fascination
delightful
exhilarating
glamorous
luxurious

32.2 Fill in the gaps in this holiday message with appropriate adjectives from the opposite page.

Reply Forward

Hi,

Am having a wonderful holiday here. The town here is very old and quite 1 fascinating . The
guidebook says it is remarkable for its 2
charm and it is right! It is surrounded by

magnificent mountains and yesterday I went for an 3 climb. Even though it isn’t too

expensive, the hotel is quite 4 and the view from my balcony is 5 .

Wish you were here!

Love, P

32.3 Complete these sentences with a word from the opposite page.
32.4
32.5 1 At the youth hostel Anya insisted on sleeping in the top bunk .
2 As soon as we got to the campsite we our tent.
3 Visitors to our hotel have access to our own private beach.
4 It’s often cheaper to go on a holiday, where everything is paid for in advance.
5 I’d love to hire a boat and spend a month round the Mediterranean, wouldn’t you?
6 I wouldn’t recommend that hotel. It’s extremely ; it’s seven miles to the nearest beach
and ten miles to the town.

7 Our trip to South Africa was undoubtedly the most holiday I’ve ever had.
8 A narrow road led up the mountain to the cottage we’d rented.

Which of the adjectives from C could describe each of these?

1 a club which only a select group of members can go to an exclusive club

2 a hotel with very expensive facilities and very attentive staff
3 a village with very pretty buildings and lots of flowers
4 a view from the top of a mountain over a magnificent landscape
5 the opportunity to go on a once-in-a-lifetime holiday
6 a walk along a windswept beach

Over to you

Answer these questions. Write sentences.

1 Which of the holiday places and types of holiday in A have you or your friends experienced?
2 Which would you prefer and why — a holiday in the centre of a historic city or one in a remote

village with spectacular surrounding countryside?
3 What’s the most memorable holiday you’ve ever had?
4 Which would you say is the most impressive city you’ve visited?
5 What would you say is the most fascinating place you’ve been to?
6 Have you ever had a holiday experience you’d describe as terrifying?

English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 71

33 Science and technology

A New sciences

You are probably familiar with the traditional branches of science, e.g. chemistry, physics, botany
and zoology. But what about these more recently established fields?

field definition / applications
genetic engineering
ergonomics Works with genetic material (DNA) of living things to alter1 features2. GM
molecular biology foods (genetically modified foods) are grown in some parts of the world.
voice technology
stem cell research Studies the design of physical working spaces and how people interact3 with
cloning them.
hydroponics
The study of the structure4 and function5 of the molecules6 associated7 with
living things.
Technology which enables8 machines to interpret9 speech, e.g. voice-to-text
software.

The study of the use of human cells10 to treat diseases and injury and to
repair the body.

The creation11 of exact copies of plants or animals with the same genes as
the original plants or animals.

The science of growing plants without using soil12.

1 change, usually slightly 2 typical qualities or important parts 3 communicate with or react to
4 the way that parts of a system are organised 5 purpose 6 the basic chemical units / groups of atoms
7 connected in our mind 8 makes possible 9 decide the intended meaning of 10 smallest basic part
of a plant or animal 11 making something new that did not exist before 12 the top layer of the earth’s
surface, in which plants grow

B Everyday technology

smartphone tablet 3D TV high-definition satnav/GPS [satellite digital photo
(HD) camcorder frame
navigation / Global
Positioning System]

C Verbs used in science and technology

Note the collocations in bold.
He experimented with different materials before utilising1 the most suitable one.
The technician pressed a button and lights started flashing.
TWhheeznosohloegpiustlldeidsstehcetleadrg4ethleevaenri2m, tahleawndheeexltrbaecgtaendt5oitrsootartgea3n.s..
When they were combined, the two chemicals reacted violently with each other.
After analysing the problem, she concluded that there was a flaw6 in the theory.
Insert7 the disk into the DVD drive to install8 the software or visit the website to download it.

1 use (fml technical/scientific) 2 bar or handle that moves in order to control something (e.g. a machine)
3 turn (fml technical/scientific) 4 cut open (usually a dead body or plant) to study its parts 5 took out (fml
technical/scientific) 6 fault, mistake or weakness 7 put in (fml technical/scientific) 8 make it ready to use

72 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate

Exercises

33.1 Fill the gaps with words from A. Then say what branch of science each person is probably
talking about.

1 We grow the plants in liquids, without using s oil . Science: hydroponics
2 The software i your speech and e you to turn it into text.
Science:
3 We’re interested in workplaces and how people i with their working environment.
Science:
4 People are often worried. They feel that the c of an exact copy of an animal is not
morally right. Science:
5 We study how human c can be used to rebuild our bodies and to repair them when they
are injured. Science:
6 My work is concerned with the s and f of the organic molecules

a with living organisms. Science:
7 Many people refuse to eat g m foods. They consider GM foods to be
unnatural. Science:
8 By manipulating DNA, we can a hereditary f . Science:

33.2 What item do you think each person needs from B? 3 ‘I’d love to be able
to look at my photos
1 ‘I keep losing my way and 2 ‘My phone is so old I can’t any time I want to.’
I’m not good at reading take any videos with it.’

maps.’ a satnav

4 ‘My old camcorder 5 ‘It was a fantastic film. I didn’t 6 ‘I want something like
doesn’t produce mind wearing the special a laptop with a touch
really sharp movies.’ glasses. It was so realistic. I’d love screen that I can watch
to be able to do that at home.’ films on or read ebooks.’

33.3 Match the sentence beginnings on the left with the endings on the right.

1 These chemicals c a that button, it turns the printer on.
2 If you pull
3 The zoologist extracted b to flash after a few seconds.
4 When you press c react with each other.
5 They experimented d in the theory.
6 I believe there is a flaw e that lever, it starts the machine.
7 They had to dissect f the animal to see why it died.
8 A red light started g the organs from the animal.
h with different liquids.

33.4 Use technical/scientific words from C instead of the words in bold.

1 The wheel began to turn rotate very quickly.
2 Put in the disk to get the software ready to work
3 We can put these chemicals together .
4 You should use the strongest material. . that it was a computer virus.

5 We looked into the problem and decided

English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 73

34 Computers

A Hardware [computer equipment or machinery]

personal computer / PC / desktop computer: a computer that fits on a desk, used by individuals at
work or at home
laptop (computer): a lightweight portable computer that usually fits in a briefcase
tablet: a portable personal computer operated by a touch screen
hard disk: a device [piece of equipment] inside a computer that stores large amounts of information
disk drive: a device that allows information to be read from a disk
scanner: device for transferring pictures and texts into a computer
memory stick: a small device that lets you carry computer data anywhere conveniently; you can
then plug the stick into any machine
RAM (random access memory / memory): the memory available on a computer to store and use
information temporarily; can be measured in gigabytes
(micro) chip: a very small piece of semiconductor, especially in a computer, that contains extremely
small electronic circuits and devices, and can perform particular operations
network: when a number of computers, for example in one office, are connected together
(or networked) so that they can share information

B Software [computer programs that you install]

An application is a piece of software designed for a specific purpose. This is often shortened to app.
You can get mobile phone apps for all sorts of things these days.
word-processing: writing and storing printed text on a computer
spreadsheet (program): a program, or the grid you create with it, to perform mathematical
operations
database: a large amount of information stored in a computer system in such a way that it can be
easily looked at or changed
(computer) graphics: pictures, images and symbols that you can form on a computer
virus: hidden instructions in a program designed to destroy information
display: what you see on the screen of an electronic device
A computer shows a range of icons on its display. You put the cursor on the one you want to use and
click on it to open it.

C Some computing verbs

You probably store a lot of important information on
your computer. So, it’s sensible to back up all your
files on a regular basis. Then it’ll be less of a problem
if you delete something accidentally or if your
computer crashes.
A particularly useful feature of most applications is
the one that allows you to undo what you have just
done – just click on Undo and it’s quick and easy to
correct anything that you have keyed in by mistake.
After a few years you may want to upgrade your
computer as they are always developing machines
which are faster and more powerful. If you don’t
do this you may not be able to run all the software
you need. You can usually just download upgrades
to your computer’s operating system or to your
applications from company websites.

74 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate

Exercises

34.1 Match the words in the box to the pictures below.
laptop desktop computer tablet icon scanner
cursor spreadsheet memory stick microchip

1 scanner 2 34 5

67 89

34.2 Fill in the blanks with appropriate words from the opposite page.

34.3 1 It’s so easy to use a scanner when you want to send a handwritten document to someone
34.4 by email. It’s just like using a photocopier.
2 I’ve lost a lot of data. I wonder if my computer has a
.
3 A lot of people carry their on aeroplanes and work on them during the flight.
4 I’ve got such a lot of photos, music and videos stored on my computer that my
is almost full.
5 That computer game you gave me has got amazing — the people just look
so realistic!
6 One of my most important tasks at work is to keep the up to date so that

customers’ contact details are always accurate.
7 If you put the in the middle of a paragraph of text and double click, you
select the whole paragraph.
8 I downloaded a fantastic the other day — it tells me where the nearest
cash machine is to wherever I am in the world.
9 programs make it very easy to write text and to format it.
10 It’s miraculous how much data can be stored on that tiny little computer
inside your mobile phone.

Answer the questions using a verb from C opposite.

1 What do you do when you want to add new information to, for example, a database? You key it in.

2 If you don’t want to lose computer data, what must you do?
3 If you notice you’ve repeated a paragraph in an essay, what can you do?
4 You want to open your spreadsheet program, so what should you do?
5 If your computer is old and working very slowly, what might you consider doing?
6 If you accidentally delete some text you’ve just been working on, what can you do?
7 What can you do to immediately get hold of music or a film from an internet store?
8 If you buy new software when you have an old operating system, what may you find?

Over to you

Answer these questions. 4 How often do you back up your data?
1 Do you use a desktop, a laptop or a tablet? 5 Has your computer ever crashed?
2 How much RAM do you have? 6 Have you ever accidentally deleted anything?
3 Which apps do you use most frequently?

English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 75

35 Communications and the Internet

A The Internet

The Internet / the net is a network connecting millions
of computer users worldwide. The World Wide Web / the
Web is a huge portion of the Internet containing linked
documents, called pages.

If you have a broadband connection then your access to
the Internet should be fast. Many cafés and other public
places now offer people a wi-fi /waɪfaɪ/ connection to
the Internet — this means that you can access the Internet
through a wireless network, i.e. without needing a cable
of any kind.
When you browse, you look for information on the Internet. The software that helps you do this can
be called a browser (e.g. Internet Explorer® or Firefox®). You use a search engine to help you locate
what you want. Google® is one of the best known search engines and people now talk about googling
someone or something. You can easily spend a lot of time surfing the net / the Web. [navigating
around the Internet, sometimes aimlessly]
A website is a document on the Web giving information about a particular subject, person or
institution. The introductory page is called the home page. From this there are links to other pages.
Good websites are easy to navigate or find your way around. One option on many websites is an FAQ
page. This stands for ‘frequently asked questions’, a list of common questions and helpful answers.
You can bookmark websites that you log on1 to frequently.
If a website gets a lot of hits, that means that it has been visited by a lot of people.

Sometimes you need to subscribe to a site, which means you become a member of it.
This may involve having a special username and choosing a password. You will only
be able to log in2 to the site if you enter this information correctly.
You can store your data on your computer or phone, or you can store it in the cloud3. .
1 opp = log off 2 opp = log out 3 a network of servers on the Internet where data can be stored and viewed
from any device

B Online communication

You can communicate with others by email. With an email you can include an
attachment. You can attach a photo, for example. You can also send someone
an e-card. A server is a powerful central computer from which other computers
get information. If your (ISP) internet service provider’s server is down [not
functioning], you may not be able to send emails.
You can use your computer to Skype friends and family — the software allows
you to make phone calls using your computer and the Internet, and you can see
which people on your contact list are online at the same time. If you each have
a webcam, you can see each other as you talk.
Many modern online programs can be called interactive, i.e. they allow users
to become involved in the exchange of information. For example, social
networking sites like Facebook are a popular way for people to keep in touch
with their friends.
A wiki is a website which allows users to add, delete and edit its contents.
Wikipedia is perhaps the world’s largest wiki. Blogs are also interactive as they
are a kind of online diary that readers can add comments to. Many people are
involved in online gaming, playing with people who they have never met. Often
these games make use of virtual reality. [a set of images and sounds produced by a
computer, which represent a place or a situation that the gamer can take part in]

76 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate

Exercises

35.1 Which word from the box matches each definition?

attachment bookmark browser contact list navigate internet service provider
password search engine server cloud

1 email addresses, phone numbers, etc. for the people you know contact list

2 something that you send with an email
3 an individual combination of letters and digits that you use to log in to a

website
4 a way of accessing a favourite website quickly
5 software that allows you to surf the web
6 a company that enables you to use the web
7 software that helps you to locate the websites that you need
8 a large computer that holds information that can be accessed by smaller

computers
9 to find your way around a website or between websites
10 a network of servers where you can store your data on the Internet

35.2 Choose a word from the opposite page to complete each sentence.

1 WWW stands for World Wide Web .
2 I read that journalist’s every day — he’s always got something interesting to
say and often readers add some very interesting comments.
3 I couldn’t the Internet last night. The server must have been
4 It’s wonderful being able to .
my cousins who live in Australia — I love seeing them
as well as talking to them.

5 I’ve decided to to my favourite newspaper’s website. It doesn’t cost much and it
has lots of interesting stuff there.
6 I like this website because it has lots of very useful to all sorts of other sites
that interest me.
7 My brother loves online gaming, particularly reality games.
8 An website is one which allows users to add comments to it or edit its
content in some way.

35.3 Are these statements true or false? If they are not true, correct them.

1 Google® is the name of a browser. False — Google is the name of a search engine.

2 FAQ stands for Fast Answers to Questions.
3 If a café says that it has wi-fi access, you can get online with your laptop there.
4 A wiki is a kind of computer device.
5 When you want to use some websites you may be asked to enter a password.
6 If you send someone an e-card they will receive it in the post.
7 When you want to stop using the net, you log on.
8 A website’s home page is the one where you will find key information about the site

and links to its other pages.

35.4 Over to you

Answer these questions about yourself. 4 How often do you use social networking sites?
1 What do you mainly use the Internet for? 5 Do you write a blog or read anyone else’s blog?
2 What is your search engine of choice? 6 Do you enjoy online gaming?
3 Which websites have you bookmarked?

English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 77

36 Social media I probably update my status
about twice a week. I like
A Social media verbs telling people what I’m doing.

My friend posted a video of Over 100,000 people
her baby and it was shared subscribe to his video
over a thousand times! channel and follow him
on Twitter.
Send me a friend request,
and then you can see the Language help
pictures I took.
Many of the words in this unit
B A social media app are used as both nouns and
verbs. For example:
Here’s our round-up of the latest apps. This month we loved 24 people liked my post.
CatNapp, a new social media app that allows users to share My post got 24 likes.
information about their favourite pets. I commented on her status.
We found it very easy to use. You create a profile of your cat, I wrote a comment on her
upload a favourite photo and include some basic information status.
about it (age, colour, favourite food). You can then post
updates about what your cat has been doing, share links1 to 1 connections to other websites
things you find interesting or comment on other cats’ profiles. 2 times people have watched it
You can rate videos of other cats’ adventures (from one to five 3 times people have clicked ‘like’
stars) or see how many views2 or likes3 your post got. The 4 messages to tell you when
something has happened
most popular post each month wins a prize!
We found it a little annoying that you can’t turn off
notifications4 when a friend writes something new, but
overall cat lovers will adore it. Highly recommended.

C Online privacy

Top tips for staying safe online

On social media, it’s important to think about who can see your personal information:

• If you have to give personal information (e.g. date of birth, address) when you create an account,
make sure that it’s kept private. It’s better not to give this information if you don’t have to.

• Always check your privacy settings [choices on your account about what people see on your profile]
regularly and make sure you understand who can see what you post. For example, often your
profile picture is public, but you can usually make posts on your timeline [collection of photos
and other posts on your profile] private.

• Remember that if you are tagged [your name and a link to your profile is added] in someone else’s post,
it might be seen by a lot of people you don’t know. You can ask people to remove the tag if necessary.

• Use direct messages [messages that only the people in the conversation can see] for private
conversations, especially if you discuss where you live, paying for things, etc.

• Delete old accounts on sites that you are not using any more. You might forget what information
they contain, or the default [what happens automatically if you don’t change it] privacy settings
might change.

78 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate

Exercises

36.1 Fill in the gaps with the words below.

follow request post share subscribe status

1 If you liked this video, please share it with your friends.

2 I hate it when people hundreds of photos from their holiday.
3 Do you know Monica Coto? She’s just sent me a friend on Facebook.
4 I just updated my to tell people we’ve arrived safely at the hotel.
5 You can to our channel, and we’ll email you when a new video comes out.
6 Mo likes to chefs and food writers on Twitter.

36.2 Circle the correct word.

1 I’ve just uploaded comments / photos of Saturday’s football match to the team Facebook page.
2 Yi Ling posts / views a lot of updates about her training for the 10k run.
3 Jo posted a really interesting article about Formula 1 racing, but it didn’t get any likes / rates.
4 To enter the competition, share / view this picture on your timeline before 8 pm on Friday.
5 Did you rate / upload that restaurant we went to? I’d give it one star!
6 Elena made a video for the animal charity she works for and it got 3,000 views / uploads.
7 An old friend commented / viewed on one of my photos, asking where I was living now.

36.3 What do we call…?
1 The page with information about the user of social media:
2 The photo of the user: profile
3 The page where a person’s photos and posts appear:
4 The message a person receives when something new happens:
5 Part of a private conversation:

36.4 Fill the gaps with words from C opposite.

1 I’m a teacher, so I make sure everything in my profile is p rivate .

I don’t want my students to see it. settings, click on the ‘lock’ icon at the top of the screen
2 To find your p
3 If you want everyone to be able to see that post, make sure that it’s p
4 Please don’t t me in any of those photos — I look terrible! .

5 If you want to buy the skirt, please send me a d message.
6 To create an a , you have to give your email address and a password.
7 The d setting for new posts on this site is Friends Only, but it’s easy to
change if you want to share something publicly.

36.5 Over to you

Answer these questions about yourself.
1 What was the last thing you posted on social media?
2 How many views and/or likes did it get?
3 How often do you comment on other people’s posts?
4 Have you checked your privacy settings recently? Is your profile public or private?

English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 79

37 The press and the media

A Radio and television

Read these extracts from TV listings.

4.00 pm Jessica: talk show1 with Jessica 7.00 pm Documentary: Are we killing our kids?
Brown; today’s guest, Rona Fredale Investigating5 the junk food industry

5.00 pm Cartoons2: crazy fun for kids of 8.00 pm The Happy Couple: sitcom6 about a pair
all ages of newly-weds

5.30 pm Golden Chance: game show3 with 9.00 pm Roundup: sports programme with all the
Bob Langley day’s top action — tonight: rugby final

6.00 pm News and weather forecast 10.00 pm The Day in Politics: current affairs7
programme. Presenter8: James Hill

6.30 pm Didbury Street: the nation’s 10.30 pm Wikdal: detective drama set in Norway.
favourite soap4 Episode9 3: A second body is found

1 usually has a host and famous people who answer questions about themselves 2 film where the characters
are drawn rather than real 3 show where people compete to win prizes 4 short for soap opera — a series

of TV/radio programmes about the lives of a particular group of characters, continuing over a long period and

broadcast (several times) every week 5 trying to find out the facts/truth about something 6 funny TV/

radio show where the same characters appear in a different story each week 7 news about political events

happening now 8 person who introduces the show 9 one of the parts into which a story is divided

B Other expressions connected with TV and radio

The (mass) media refers to TV, radio, newspapers and the Internet, i.e. means of communication
which reach very large numbers of people.

Subtitles enable people to read what the characters are saying (maybe in translation).
If a film is dubbed, you hear the speech in your own language.

To receive a lot of TV channels, you may need a satellite dish on the roof or wall of your house.
Many channels depend on (TV) commercials to make money. You may be able to stream radio and TV
broadcasts from the Internet and you may be
able to watch catch-up TV, or TV on demand, Language help

which allow you to watch programmes whenever The noun means (a way of doing something)
you like. A lot of radio and TV stations offer free always ends in s, even in the singular. The Internet
podcasts which you can download.
is an important means of communication.

C Newspapers

A popular or tabloid newspaper usually focuses on1 sensation2 rather than real news, whereas
a quality newspaper is usually more interested in serious news. A tabloid often has stories about
celebrities, sport, scandals3 and crime, while a quality paper focuses more on serious journalism4
with in-depth5 articles. To read newspapers on the Internet, you may have to subscribe / pay a
subscription6.

1 emphasises / pays attention to 2 very exciting or interesting events 3 events which shock people in a moral
way 4 the work of collecting, writing and publishing or broadcasting news and articles 5 done carefully and in
great detail, explaining the reasons for events 6 pay a sum of money regularly (e.g. once a year)

D Verbs connected with the media

The BBC World Service broadcasts throughout the world. [transmits TV/radio programmes]
They’re televising the opening of Parliament tomorrow. (or, less formal: showing)
The film was shot / made on location in Australia. [filmed in a real place, not in a studio]
The series is set in London in the 1980s. [place/time where the drama happens]
Within minutes of the event, people were tweeting about it. [posting very short messages on the Internet]

Common mistakes

Remember that the noun news is uncountable and takes a singular verb. I have some news for you.
(NOT I have a news.) The news is on TV at 7 pm. (NOT The news are on TV.)

80 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate

Exercises

37.1 What sort of TV programmes from A opposite are these people talking about?

1 ‘It investigated 2 ‘Walt Disney made a 3 ‘The Minister of 4 ‘It’s so funny,
how the banks had lot of them. Mickey Education was on especially when the
wasted billions of Mouse was probably it, discussing the old uncle appears. We
euros in bad loans.’ his most famous.’ new schools policy.’ can’t stop laughing.’

documentary

5 ‘My mum watches it every 6 ‘We wanted to 7 ‘They always solve 8 ‘He interviewed that
day. She knows all the find out if it was the murder in the young star who just
characters as if they were going to rain end, but it’s very won an Oscar, oh,
real.’ tomorrow.’ exciting.’ what’s her name?’

9 ‘The prize is £500,000 this 10 ‘They showed a repeat of the Manchester
week. That’s a lot of money!’ United versus Valencia match.’

37.2 Fill the gaps with words from B opposite.
37.3
1 Which do you prefer if a film is in a foreign language, to read subtitles or to have the film
d?
2 I downloaded a great p about bees. I listened to it on my MP3 player in bed last night.
3 I hate it when c interrupt a good film. I usually go and make a cup of tea while they’re on.
4 We’ve got a new s d on our roof. We can r hundreds of
channels now.
5 I’d like a job in the m , perhaps in TV or radio.
6 A lot of people use social networking sites as their main m of communication with
their friends.
7 People often download b from the Internet so they don’t need to watch them on the
day they are transmitted.

8 With a fast broadband connection, you can s TV shows directly from the Internet.

Sort these words into two categories: ‘tabloid’ and ‘quality’ newspaper.
celebrity news complex political debate scandals in-depth reviews of books
competitions and prizes sensational crimes long articles huge headlines

tabloid quality

celebrity news

37.4 Rewrite the words in bold using verbs from the opposite page.
37.5
1 The documentary looked into investigated the food industry and emphasised
school meals.
2 The programme was filmed / in Northern Finland. (two answers)
3 CNN sends news programmes around the world.
4 They’re showing the cup final next week. (give a more formal verb)
5 The drama takes place in Paris in the 1880s.
6 Do you ever send those short messages over the Internet about news events?

Over to you

Which types of media do you use most? Give your reasons.

English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 81

38 Politics and public institutions

A Types of government

republic: a state governed by representatives and, usually, a president (e.g. USA, France)
monarchy: a state ruled by a king or queen (e.g. UK, Sweden)
federation: a union of political units (e.g. provinces) under a central government (e.g. USA)
democracy: government of, by and for the people
dictatorship: system of government run by a dictator
independence: freedom from outside control; self-governing

B Presidential and parliamentary government (US and UK)

United States Presidential government: The powers of the President
and the legislature (Congress) are separate. These branches of
government are elected1 separately. The President is elected for a
four-year term and can appoint2 or nominate high officials in government,
including cabinet members (who advise) and federal judges. The
President leads a major party, usually, but not always, the majority
party3 in Congress. Congress consists of two houses, the House of
Representatives and the Senate.

United Kingdom Parliamentary government: The government consists
of a legislature4 (Parliament) and a Cabinet of Ministers5 from the
majority party in Parliament. If no party has an overall majority, there may
be a coalition government formed from more than one party. The Prime
Minister is the head of the government and the leader of the majority
party in the House of Commons. The Prime Minister selects high
officials and heads6 the Cabinet. Parliament consists of two chambers,
the House of Commons and the House of Lords. MPs are members of
parliament elected from each constituency7 to the House of Commons.

1 chosen by vote 2 decide who to give positions of authority to 3 political party which won the most
votes 4 group of people who make new laws 5 group of most important ministers 6 is the leader of
7 geographical voting area

C Parliamentary elections

During a general election each constituency has to choose which politician it wants as its
representative. Usually there are several candidates to choose from. These candidates are all
standing (or running) for Parliament. They present the policies, i.e. their party’s plans. On polling
day every adult goes to the polling station and casts a vote by marking a cross on their ballot
paper. The candidate who gets the majority of votes wins the seat. If the vote is very close, the
constituency may be referred to as a marginal seat.

Language help

Here are some word families relating to words on this page.

verb person noun abstract noun
rule ruler rule
govern governor government
preside (often followed by over) president presidency

represent representative representation
elect elector; electorate (group of people) election

82 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate

Exercises

38.1 Circle the correct word from the choices offered.

1 A member of parliament governs / rules / represents his or her constituency.
2 India gained republic / independence / democracy from the UK in 1948.
3 On electing / voting / polling day electors cast their votes.
4 She’s running / sitting / walking for Parliament in the next election.
5 His father was voted / stood / elected MP for Cambridge City.
6 What is your country’s economic politics / policy / politician?
7 The USA is a legislature / federation / congress of 50 states.
8 Although modern monarchs are said to rule / govern / preside over their countries they have

little real power.

38.2 Look at this text about politics in the UK. Fill in the missing words.

Parliament in the UK consists of two 1 chambers : the House of Commons and the House
of Lords. The country is divided into 2 , each of which elects a(n) 3

to represent it in the House of Commons. The ruling party in the Commons is the one
which gains a 4 of seats. The main figure in that party is called the 5
Sometimes more than one party may share power in a 6
government.
The Commons is elected for a maximum period of five years although the Prime Minister may
call a general 7 at any time within that period.

38.3 Match the sentence beginnings on the left with the endings on the right.

1 The President appointed his uncle c a over a Cabinet of Ministers.
2 The Prime Minister presides
3 In last year’s election I voted b on the ballot paper.
4 Lee says he would never want to stand c as a judge.
5 Put a cross beside the name you want d from in our constituency.
6 I haven’t decided yet how to cast e the seat in our constituency.
7 I’m not keen on the candidate who won f for the Green Party candidate.
8 We had five candidates to choose g for political office.
h my vote.

38.4 Find a word from the Language help section to match each definition.

1 the person with the highest political position in a republic the President

2 someone who speaks or does something officially, on behalf of a group of people
3 the leader of a country, e.g. a monarch or dictator
4 the period of office of the person with the highest political position in a republic
5 system used for controlling a country
6 the group of people who are entitled to vote
7 to act officially for a group of people

38.5 Over to you

Write a paragraph about the political system in your country. Make sure your paragraph deals with
all the following aspects of the topic appropriate to your country:
kind of government, e.g. a republic or a monarchy chambers or houses elections terms of office
government leader

English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 83

39 Crime

A Crimes and criminals

crime definition criminal verb
murder killing someone murderer murder
shoplifting stealing something from a shop shoplifter shoplift
burglary stealing something from someone’s home burglar burgle
smuggling taking something illegally into another country smuggler smuggle
kidnapping taking a person hostage in exchange for money or other kidnapper kidnap
favours, etc.
terrorism violent action for political purposes terrorist (terrorise)
fraud deceiving people in order to take money from them fraudster defraud
taking someone, especially a child, usually in order to abductor abduct
abduction harm them

All the verbs in the table above are regular. Note that the verb terrorise is mainly used in a general
way, meaning to make others very frightened, rather than just relating to the crime.

B Investigating crime

Ross committed a crime when he robbed a bank. Someone witnessed the crime and told the police.
The police arrested Ross and charged him with bank robbery. They also accused his twin brother,
Ben, of being his accomplice1. The police investigated the case2 and collected evidence3 at the
crime scene. They found Ross’s fingerprints and they also found DNA evidence4 that linked him to
the crime, so they were confident they had proof5 that the two men were guilty.

1 someone who helps someone commit a crime 2 a crime that is being investigated 3 information used in a
court of law to decide whether the accused is guilty or not 4 evidence from hair or skin that can be analysed
scientifically and be shown to come from a particular person 5 evidence that shows conclusively whether
something is a fact or not

C Trial and punishment

The case came to court1, and Ross and Ben were tried2. The trial3 did not last very long. Ross
and Ben both pleaded not guilty4 in court. Their lawyer did her best to defend them, but the
prosecuting lawyer produced a very strong case against them. After brief deliberations5, the
jury passed verdict on them. They decided that Ross was guilty, and he was convicted of6
robbery, but Ben was innocent7. The judge acquitted Ben of any involvement in the robbery,
but sentenced Ross to three years in prison/jail. As well as a prison sentence, Ross also had to
pay a large fine. Ross served two years in prison, but was released from prison a year early.
He got time off for good behaviour.

1 the place where a judge makes legal decisions 2 were put through a legal process to decide whether they
committed the crime or not 3 the legal process in court whereby an accused person is investigated and tried
4 said they did not commit the crime 5 discussions 6 found to be guilty of a crime 7 not guilty of a crime

D People connected with crime and the legal process

offender: someone who commits an illegal act (an offence)
judge: the person who leads a trial and decides on the sentence, i.e. the punishment when someone

is found guilty
jury: group of citizens (12 in the UK and, usually, the US) who decide on the verdict, i.e. whether the

accused is guilty or not
victim: a person who suffers as the result of a crime
suspect: a person who is suspected of committing an offence
witness: a person who sees a crime being committed

84 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate

Exercises

39.1 Which crime is each person accused of?

1 Zoe stole a chocolate bar from a shop. Zoe is accused of shoplifting.

2 Harry took a film star’s son and said she could only have him back if she paid a large sum
of money.

3 Ophelia shot her husband in the heart.
4 Noah tried to take a large amount of cigarettes into his country without paying the due tax.

39.2 5 Tom broke into someone’s house and stole a TV and a computer.
6 Mike used a website to sell people holiday homes that didn’t really exist.
Fill in the gaps in the newspaper article below with words from B opposite.

CRIME WATCH

A man has been 1 by police and 2 with burglary after a

house in the city centre was broken into last night. Experts have searched the
3 and found several items which they have taken away to be used
as 4 in court. The police believe the burglar may have had an
5 , so they are calling for anyone who 6
the crime to come

forward and help them catch the second burglar.

39.3 A preposition is missing in each of these sentences. Add it.
39.4
1 The judge sentenced the accused>ttoen years in prison.

2 Many prisoners end up getting time for good behaviour.

3 The police have charged the driver of the red sports car speeding.

4 The two girls are suspected taking sweets from the shop without paying.

5 Sam was found guilty today but the judge will decide his sentence tomorrow.

6 The jury passed a verdict of guilty the accused.

Rewrite each sentence using the word in brackets.
1 The judge gave the accused six months in prison as punishment. (sentenced)

The judge sentenced the accused to six months in prison.

2 The police think Bert is guilty but they cannot show this to be true. (proof)
3 In court the accused said he did not commit the crime. (pleaded)
4 The murder case is still being looked into by the police. (investigation)
5 Anyone suffering because of a crime can join this support group. (victim)
6 The detective thought the jealous lover killed the woman. (suspected)
7 The bank robbers are currently being tried at a court in London. (trial)
8 Nathan is hoping to be let out of prison soon. (released)

39.5 Over to you

Find out about how criminals are caught and punished in your country. Answer the questions.
1 Who decides if someone is guilty or innocent?
2 Who decides on their sentence?
3 Can criminals get time off their sentence for good behaviour?
4 How are victims of crime helped?

English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 85

40 Money

A Personal finance

Read these advertisements about personal finance.

. Newbank — Your Bank Short of cash? Need a loan?
Need a good current account1 with the best
interest rates2 and a guaranteed overdraft £ Need to raise money for that round-the-world
facility3? Pop into one of our branches. trip? For a loan with competitive8 interest rates
visit our website at www.cashforyou.com

TOO MANY CREDIT CARDS? . Looking for a mortgage9? Act now! For mortgages
Consolidate4 all your cards and debts5 into with low deposits10 and flexible repayments11
one convenient payment6. Discuss your call 01569 87623.
credit limit7 with us today. Call 01677 442319.

1 account you use for most everyday business 2 percentage which the bank pays you based on how much you
have in your account 3 permission to have a negative amount of money in your account 4 join together
to make one 5 money you owe someone 6 the act of paying something 7 the maximum amount of
money you may spend on your card 8 as good as or better than other banks 9 a loan used usually to buy a
house 10 money you pay before buying something to show you really want to buy it 11 payments to reduce
the amount you owe

B Bank accounts and services

I have a steady income1 now, which is great, I’ve just opened a savings account7, and I
and my outgoings2 are quite low. I don’t have transfer8 money into it regularly.
any major expenses3.

I pay all my bills by direct debit4, so I don’t My account is usually in credit9 at the beginning of
have to worry about them. It also means the month, but by the end of the month it’s always
I have a good credit rating5, so I can overdrawn10. I hate being in the red11 and the
borrow money if I need to. banks all charge interest12 on overdrafts! I try not to

go over my overdraft limit, though.

I need to buy a car, but I’m not sure how I’m I use online banking most of the time. I
going to finance6 it. only go to the bank occasionally, to use
the cash machine.

1 money coming in regularly, in a way that does not change much 2 money you pay each month, e.g. rent,
cost of running a car, etc. 3 money you spend on things 4 money taken automatically from your account,
e.g. to pay bills, a mortgage, etc.; the bank debits (verb) your account for the necessary sums of money
5 judgement made by a bank about how likely someone is to pay back money that they borrow 6 find the
money needed to pay for it 7 account where you put money you do not immediately need 8 move from
one account to another 9 has a positive amount of money in it 10 has a negative amount of money in it
11 infml have a negative amount of money in your account 12 make you pay a percentage of the amount

C Public finance

The government collects money through taxes. Income tax is the tax collected on wages and
salaries. Inheritance tax is collected on money people get from people who have died. Customs (or
excise) duty is paid on goods imported from other countries; airports usually have duty-free shops.
VAT (value added tax) is a tax paid on most goods and services. Companies pay corporation tax on
their profits.

86 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate

Exercises

40.1 Match the words on the left with the definitions on the right.

1 interest e a an account for money you don’t need immediately
2 mortgage
3 overdraft b payment taken automatically from an account
4 savings account c an account for day-to-day use
5 current account d a loan to buy a house or flat
6 direct debit e money that is charged on a loan
f an account with a negative sum of money in it

40.2 Use words from A opposite to complete the sentences.

1 Nico owes his brother 5,000 euros and he borrowed 10,000 euros to buy a car. Nico has
debts totalling 15,000 euros.
2 Misha spent 6,000 euros on her credit card; the bank said she’d spent 1,000 euros too much.
Her c l was 5,000 euros.
3 Newbank offers interest rates on loans that are similar to the rates other banks offer and are

sometimes better. Newbank’s rates are c
4 Before she bought her new car, Alice paid £500 to the dealer. She paid a d
of £500.
5 If a customer needs more money than is in their account, they can get permission to go on using
the account. The bank offers an o f
6 Harry sold his car, got a part-time job and offered to clean people’s windows. He was trying to
r money to f his trip to Africa.
7 You only need one credit card. You can c all the sums you owe into one
p
8 If you want to buy a house, the bank offers loans where you can pay the money back over
30 years. The bank offers m with r over 30 years.

40.3 What do we call …

1 the tax you pay on imported goods? customs / excise duty

2 a shop at an airport where you don’t pay tax?
3 a tax which is added to most goods and services?
4 a tax on money paid if someone dies?
5 the tax that companies pay on their profits?
6 the tax that the government takes out of your salary?

40.4 Answer the questions. Give reasons for your answers.

1 If you were overdrawn, would you be in a good situation or a bad one?

A bad situation — you would have a negative amount of money in your bank account.

2 Why might a person open a savings account as well as a current account?
3 Joel’s account is in the red. Why is his bank manager unhappy?
4 Why might someone transfer money from a savings account to a current

account?
5 Why is online banking easier than visiting your branch?
6 Why are cash machines so convenient? Are there any risks in using them?
7 Zara’s account is in credit. Is she probably happy or unhappy?
8 Bob doesn’t have a steady income and his outgoings are very high. Do you think he feels secure

or insecure?
9 If your bank debited your account for 500 euros, would you feel you had more or less money as

a result?
10 If you have a good credit rating, what will you find it easier to do?

English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 87

41 Describing objects

A Some pairs of opposite adjectives

Cotton is a natural material and nylon is artificial.
Red and yellow are vivid colours while grey is a sombre colour.
You can see through a transparent material but you can’t see a conventional a bizarre chair
through an opaque material. chair

A machine that has no problems at all is perfect while one that doesn’t work properly is faulty.
Something that is hard and doesn’t move or bend easily is stiff while something that bends easily is
flexible.
A material that can be easily spoilt by, for example, washing,
can be called delicate while something that is hard to spoil
can be called tough.
A material like glass that can be easily broken can be called
fragile while something that does not break easily can be
called strong or sturdy. a plain frame a decorative frame

I prefer strong coffee to weak coffee — I can’t stand coffee that has too much water or milk in it. I like
to be able to really taste my coffee!
The painting is not a genuine Picasso — it’s a fake.

B Adjectives and nouns

adjective noun example meaning
decent decency I’d like to get a table that’s a decent size so we good
can have ten people to a meal.
entire entirety Between them they ate the entire cake! whole
characteristic character, Big windows are characteristic of houses built in typical
characteristic the early 1900s.
precise precision We need to take precise measurements before exact
we decide which fridge to get.
severe severity It’s a severe building — all concrete and straight very serious
lines.
solid solidity The table is made of solid oak. hard all through
trivial trivia, triviality He doesn’t write serious novels, just trivial insignificant
romances.

The only verbs that can be formed from adjectives in the above table are characterise, solidify and
trivialise.

C Phrases typical of speech

Did you see that great big cat run across the grass? [very big]
This photo isn’t half as interesting as that one. [is much less]
Jessie’s car is nowhere near as powerful as mine. [much less]
Tamara makes an unusually strong cup of coffee.
It’s a reasonably good piece of sculpture. [fairly good]
It’s a pretty thick book. [fairly thick]

88 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate

Exercises

41.1 Answer these questions relating to the adjectives in A opposite.

1 Which is artificial — silk or lycra? lycra

2 Which is more delicate when it comes to washing — silk or cotton?
3 Would you say a watch that looks like a snake has a conventional or a bizarre design?
4 How could you describe car brakes that are not working properly?
5 Which would cost more — a genuine Monet painting or a fake one?
6 Which of these materials is more fragile — china or wood?
7 Which is more flexible — metal or rubber?

41.2 Choose the correct option to complete each sentence.

1 Jana’s clothes are never frivolous — they’re always rather B .
A delicate B severe C precise D bizarre
D plain
2 This painting is of the works of Rembrandt. C entire D solid
A characteristic B solid D characteristic
D transparent
3 I’d like to buy the salami, please, not just a small piece of it. D triviality
A precise B trivial C entire

4 Do have the to put on a new shirt, not that one with the hole.
A decency B severity C vividness

5 Writing a good job application is not a matter.
A solid B conventional C trivial

6 Making beautiful jewellery requires a high degree of .
A entirety B precision C character

41.3 Choose words from the box to complete the dialogue.

reasonably nowhere half great unusually pretty

NINA: I love this room, Mark. Those 1 great big windows are wonderful, and the views
MARK: from them are 2 amazing too.
NINA: Thanks. And I’m sure it isn’t 3
MARK: as expensive as you might imagine.
NINA: I only pay 1,000 euros a month.
Wow! That’s 4 near as much as I pay. And my flat’s very noisy too. It seems
5 quiet here — you don’t seem to hear too much noise from the street.
No, it’s not too bad. And I’ve certainly got 6 quiet neighbours. I never hear

a sound from their flat.
Lucky you! I wish I could say the same about mine.

41.4 Some words in this unit can be used to talk about abstract ideas as well as objects.
Use your knowledge of these words to answer the questions.

1 If someone gives you a genuine smile, do they feel friendly or not particularly friendly

towards you? They feel friendly

2 Do you think a transparent argument is one that is easy or difficult to follow?
3 If a writer describes something vividly, is their writing effective?
4 If a person behaves in a stiff way, are they more likely to be relaxed or tense?
5 If the teacher says your work is ‘solid’, are you likely to be pleased or not?

English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 89

42 Belief and opinion

A Verbs connected with beliefs and opinions

You probably already know think and believe; here are some more verbs.
I’m convinced we’ve met before. [very strong feeling that you’re right]
I’ve always held that compulsory education is a waste of time. [used for very firm beliefs; fml; maintain
could be used here]
She maintains that we’re related, but I’m not convinced. [insists on believing, often against the evidence;
fml; hold could not be used here]
I feel she shouldn’t be forced to do the job. [strong personal opinion]
I reckon they’ll get married soon. [used for an opinion about what is likely to happen / to be true; infml]
I doubt /daʊt/ we’ll ever see total world peace. [don’t believe]
I suspect a lot of people never even think about pollution when they’re driving their own car. [have a
strong feeling about something negative; fairly formal]

B Phrases for expressing opinion

We haven’t made any progress, in my view / in my opinion. (fairly formal)
She’s made a big mistake, to my mind. (fairly informal)
If you ask me, he ought to change his job. (infml)
Note how point of view is used in English:
From a teacher’s point of view, the new examinations are a disaster. [how teachers see things, or are
affected]

Common mistakes

Notice the prepositions in these phrases: In my opinion/view but to my mind and from my point
of view. (NOT in my mind or in my point of view)

C Prepositions used with belief and opinion words

Do you believe in life after death? What are your views on divorce? What do you think of the new
boss?
Are you for or against long prison sentences? (neutral/infml)
I’m in favour of (opp opposed to; fml) long prison sentences.
I have my doubts about this plan.

D Beliefs, ideologies, philosophies, convictions

If you would rather organise this word tree differently or can add more examples, do so; it will
probably help you to remember the words better.

beliefs

ideologies philosophies convictions

lef/right wing intellectual personal religious moral

socialist conservative Darwinist vegetarian Muslim pacifist

E Adjectives for describing beliefs and opinions

These are in sets which have similar, but not exactly the same, meaning:
fanatical / obsessive eccentric / odd / weird conservative / traditional
middle-of-the-road / moderate dedicated / committed firm / strong radical / extreme
Jason is a fanatical supporter of the Green Party. Grandpa has rather eccentric views. Maria is a moderate
liberal. Rosie is a committed Christian. Emma is a firm believer in free speech. Tom is a radical Marxist.

90 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate

Exercises

42.1 Match the sentence beginnings on the left with the endings on the right and add an
appropriate preposition. Sometimes more than one answer is possible.

1 I have strong views on c a my opinion.

2 Many people believe b the proposed changes.
3 I was in favour c marriage.
4 What does she think d the plans for the new airport?
5 This is absurd, e life after death.
6 He’s quite wrong, f how honest he is.
7 Well, that’s just silly, g our point of view.
8 I have my doubts h the new teacher?
9 Is Alex likely to be opposed i my mind.

42.2 Use adjectives from E which fit the phrases describing the beliefs and views of
these people.

1 A person who insists that the earth is flat. (an eccentric belief)
2 A person who believes absolutely in the power of love to solve world problems.
(a believer in the power of love)
3 A socialist neither on the left or the right of the party. (a socialist)
4 A vegetarian who refuses even to be in the same room as people who love meat. (an
vegetarian)
5 Someone who is always suspicious of change. (a rather view of the world)
6 Someone who is in favour of making everyone wear blue clothes on Tuesdays. (a rather
point of view)

42.3 Rewrite these sentences using a form of the verb in brackets.

1 My mum’s sure Nina’s expecting a baby. (reckon) My mum reckons Nina’s expecting a baby.

2 I’ve always suspected that ghosts don’t really exist. (doubt)

3 My view has always been that people should rely on themselves more. (hold)

4 Claudia is convinced that the teacher has been unfair to her. (maintain)

5 I had a very strong feeling that I had been in that room before. (convince)

6 In his view, we should have tried again. (feel)

42.4 Over to you

Are you … ? Consider how many of these words apply to you, and explain why. Some ideas for
situations are given in the box to help you decide. Write sentences about yourself.

EXAMPLE I don’t think I’m a moralist because I wouldn’t try to impose my views about religious or other
morality on other people.

a moralist left-wing an intellectual a traditionalist a philosopher middle-of-the-road
a radical thinker dedicated

food preferences politics learning English sport life and existence
work religion

English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 91

43 Pleasant and unpleasant feelings

A Happiness and unhappiness

You feel …
content(ed) when you are satisfied with what you have. Content is not used before a noun. You can
say ‘She is content/contented’ but only ‘a contented person’.

He’s very content with his life. He’s always been a contented person.
grateful when someone has done something thoughtful for you. Note: You feel thankful if something
bad that could have happened did not happen.

I’m really grateful to you for helping me with my project.
delighted when something has happened that gives you great pleasure, when you hear news of
someone’s good fortune, for instance.

I was delighted to hear you’re getting married!
miserable when everything seems wrong in your life.

I felt miserable all day yesterday — maybe it was just the grey, cold weather.
discontented when your life is not giving you satisfaction.

She’s very discontented with her job and is going to look for a new one.
fed up / sick and tired when you have had enough of something disagreeable.

I’m fed up with Olivia’s rudeness, and sick (and tired) of her bad behaviour.
depressed when you are miserable over a long period of time. Depression is considered an illness in
some severe cases.

I felt depressed after having ten job interviews and not getting a job.
confused when you cannot make sense of different conflicting feelings or ideas.

I feel so confused — last week she said she loved me passionately; this week she said
we were just good friends.

B Excitement, upset, anger and anxiety

I felt inspired after the concert. I’ve decided She was so thrilled when she got a job with
to take piano lessons. a TV company. She’s always wanted to work
[stimulated to do something positive or creative] in the media.
[how you feel when something extremely
The argument I had with Eva the other exciting and pleasing happens]
night really upset me.
[made me feel unhappy] I was so nervous before the exam, and
then I felt anxious before the results came
I was quite enthusiastic about my tennis out, but I passed with a high grade.
lessons at first, but the teacher isn’t very [nervous: feeling nervous is a bit like feeling
good and now I just feel frustrated. excited but it is a negative feeling]
[enthusiastic: had very positive feelings] [anxious: when you are afraid and uncertain]
[frustrated: feeling unable to do something
you really want to do] I was furious with the waiter. The service
was slow and he spilt coffee over my shirt.
[extremely angry]

Language help

Really can be used with all the adjectives on this page. Absolutely goes only with the words describing
extreme states, i.e. delighted, fed up, sick and tired, thrilled, furious. With these words quite means
absolutely, but with the other less extreme words, quite means rather.

92 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate

Exercises

43.1 Read the remarks and then answer the questions.

George ‘I’m just not Katie ‘I like Pilar ‘I felt so good Max ‘I’ve had
feeling very happy my life and I that nothing bad enough of all the
today. Everything have nothing to had happened. It arguments and the
seems to have gone complain about.’ could have been a bad atmosphere at
wrong.’ disaster.’ work.’
Stefan ‘I just
Agnes ‘I felt very Sara ‘Thank Carlos ‘I’ve don’t understand.
happy when I heard you for helping been so unhappy Was that his wife
she had an interview me today.’ for a long time. or his daughter?’
for the job.’ I’ve been seeing
a psychiatrist.’

Who feels … name Who feels … name
1 fed up with something? 5 miserable?
Max
2 depressed? 6 thankful?
3 content? 7 confused?
4 grateful? 8 delighted?

43.2 Rewrite the words in bold using words from A and B opposite.
43.3
1 After watching the nature programme, I felt stimulated inspired to become a zoologist.
2 I always get a feeling of negative excitement just before an exam.
3 I was extremely angry when they refused to give me my money back.
4 I was very excited and pleased to see my old school friend again after so long.
5 The news about Rory’s illness really made me feel unhappy
6 At first, I was full of positive feelings about the course, but it’s just not very good.

Sort the adjectives into positive and negative feelings.
contented sick and tired anxious thrilled frustrated confused

positive negative

sick and tired

43.4 Fill the gaps using the adjectives in 43.3. Choose an appropriate adverb (absolutely, quite
43.5 or a bit) to go in front of the adjective. Sometimes, both are possible.

1 I was feeling (quite / absolutely) quite anxious because she had not phoned to say she
of her selfish behaviour. I’ve had enough!
had arrived safely.
2 I am (quite / absolutely) . Can you help me?
3 It’s all so complicated. I feel (a bit / quite) when I heard the wonderful news!
4 I was (absolutely / a bit)
5 It made me feel (quite / a bit) that I still couldn’t play any songs after six
with life. How lucky you are!
weeks of guitar lessons.
6 You always seem so (absolutely / quite)

Over to you

Choose six adjectives from this unit which describe feelings you have had recently and write
sentences about when and why you felt that way.

English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 93

44 Like, dislike and desire

A Words and expressions relating to liking

Reply Forward

Dear Anna,

Good to hear from you after so many years. Fancy you
being married!

I’m not married but I’ve got a boyfriend called Tom. I
must tell you about him. We’ve known each other for
three years. I quite liked him when we first met, but I
didn’t really fancy him in any big way. I did like being with
him — he fascinated me with his stories of his travels
around the world and something mysterious about his
past attracted me. What’s more, we were both keen on
sailing. Little by little I fell in love with him. His sense
of humour appealed to me and I was captivated by
his smiling eyes. Now, three years later, I can’t see why I
didn’t fall for him the moment we met. He’s a very caring
person, fond of animals and small children. He’s always
affectionate and loving towards me and passionate
both about me and about the things he believes in
and the people he cares for. I hope we’ll always be as
devoted to each other as we are now.

Do write again soon and tell me all about your life!

Love,

Amy

B Words and expressions relating to disliking

Loathe, detest, despise, cannot stand and cannot bear are all stronger ways of saying ‘dislike’ and
they are all followed by a noun or an -ing form.
I loathe / detest / despise / can’t stand / can’t bear bad-mannered people. I can’t bear listening to
her stupid stories.
Repel, revolt, appal and disgust are strong words used to describe the negative effect which
something has on a person.
His films disgust me. I was revolted by the way he spoke. We were appalled by the conditions in the
refugee camp. His behaviour repels everyone.

C Words and expressions relating to desiring

Desire is either a formal verb to express a sexual wish for someone or a formal word for wish.
He desired her the moment he saw her. I have a strong desire to see the Himalayas before
I die.
Look forward to means think about something in the future with pleasant anticipation. It is followed
by a noun or an -ing form. The opposite is dread, which is rather strong.
I’m looking forward to going to Fiji but I’m dreading the long flight.
Long for means to wish for something very much. Yearn for is a more poetic way of saying long for.
After this long, cold winter, I’m longing for spring. He will never stop yearning for his country
although he knows he can never return.

94 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate

Exercises

44.1 Complete the sentences with words from A opposite and add the missing prepositions.

1 Jack and Lily are very d evoted to each other.
2 Mrs Williams is very f her son-in-law.
3 Are you k rugby? There’s a big match on TV tonight.
4 Spending a whole day with my cousins doesn’t a me.
5 We just looked at each other and we f love immediately.
6 She’s so beautiful. I f her the moment I saw her.
7 Our grandmother was always very a us when we were little and hugged us every
time she saw us.
8 She’s very p wildlife and c sick animals in the local animal
rescue centre.

44.2 Rewrite the sentences, changing the meaning as little as possible. Use the word in brackets.

1 I’m fond of him. (quite like) I quite like him.

2 I strongly dislike jazz. (stand)
3 Do you think Ethan is attractive? (fancy)
4 She likes rowing and golf. (keen)
5 I loathe very salty food. (bear)
6 His art attracts me. (appeal)
7 I find Gina very interesting. (fascinate)
8 She has totally charmed him. (captivate)
9 I’m dreading the exam. (look)

44.3 In each pair of sentences which person probably feels more strongly, a or b?

1 a He’s devoted to his sister. b He’s very fond of his sister. a
2 a I dislike his poetry. b I loathe his poetry.
3 a She’s yearning to see him. b She’s longing to see him.
4 a I’m not really looking forward to the exam. b I’m absolutely dreading the exam.

44.4 Correct the mistakes in these sentences. There may be more than one mistake in the

s1enI wteanscaeap.pppeaallleedd by the terrible conditions in the prison. They were simply inhuman.

2 I can’t bare selfish people. I dispose anyone who never considers others.
3 Her manner repealed me at first and I wouldn’t stand being in the same room as her, but now I’ve

begun to like her more.
4 I felt a strong desire of finding out what had happened to my old school friends.
5 Are you looking forward to start your new job?
6 I felt absolutely disgusting by his unkind remarks about Sylvia.

44.5 Over to you

Answer the questions.
1 What characteristics in people do you most detest?
2 Would you describe yourself as a caring person? In what ways do you show it?
3 What issues are you passionate about? Why?

English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 95

45 Speaking

A Reporting verbs

We can use these verbs to report people’s speech and how they speak (including how loudly and what
their mood is).

verb loudness most likely mood
whisper very soft telling someone a secret*
murmur soft romantic or complaining
mumble soft (and unclear) nervous or insecure
mutter soft irritated
shout loud angry or excited
scream loud (usually without words) frightened or excited
shriek loud (and shrill) frightened or amused
stutter, stammer neutral nervous or excited**

*People also whisper in places where it would be impolite to speak loudly.
**Stuttering and stammering may also be the result of a speech impediment.

‘I’m sick of this. I’m going home,’ he muttered.
Suddenly, someone shouted ‘Help!’
She whispered that she was not happy with the way the meeting was going.

B Describing feelings

These verbs indicate the speaker’s feelings or intentions. (sb = someone, sth = something)

verb patterns feeling verb patterns feeling
boast to sb about sth proud of yourself complain to sb about sth displeased
insist on sth determined maintain that confident
unhappy with a
object to + -ing situation confess to + -ing repentant
threaten to do sth aggressive urge sb to do sth encouraging
argue with sb about sth not in agreement beg sb to do sth desperate
groan that despair, pain grumble about sth displeased

C Adverbs related to speech

To indicate someone’s feelings, you can use a speaking verb plus an adverb. For example,
‘He said anxiously.’ ‘She spoke angrily.’ This is common in written style.
If someone feels angry: angrily furiously bitterly
If someone feels unhappy: gloomily miserably sadly
If someone feels happy: happily cheerfully gladly hopefully
If someone feels worried: anxiously nervously desperately

Other useful adverbs: excitedly, impatiently, reluctantly, shyly.

Language help

Most of the verbs in B above can also be used with a that clause.
She boasted that she had scored 20 goals in one season.
He threatened (that) he would call the police.

96 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate

Exercises

45.1 Choose a verb from A opposite to fit the meaning of the sentences.
45.2
45.3 1 ‘Oh, noooooooooo!!!!!!’ she screamed / shrieked in absolute terror.
in my ear.
2 ‘Don’t look now, but Matt has just arrived,’ she .
3 ‘Joey! Come here at once!!’ his mother
4 ‘I d-d-d-did it,’ he .
5 ‘I’m sick of this meeting. I’m going home,’ he .
6 ‘Oh, that’s so, so funny!’ she with laughter.
7 ‘There’s a spider!!!’ she .
8 ‘Stop ! I can’t hear what you’re saying,’ she said.
9 ‘I think we should leave now. It’s late,’ he quietly.

Match the sentence beginnings on the left with the endings on the right.

1 He always maintained d a to cancel my parking permit.
2 He groaned
3 They threatened b not to leave, but I had to.
4 She complained c on using recycled paper for everything.
5 He begged me d that he could read people’s minds.
6 She insisted e that he needed a doctor immediately.
f about the noise coming from above.

Add a reporting verb and one of the adverbs from the box to each sentence. Where possible,
use reporting verbs from A.

angrily bitterly impatiently happily hopefully anxiously sadly excitedly

Milly ‘You must pay Andrew ‘I feel Petra ‘Oh wow! Leo ‘I will never
attention!’ much better I’ve just won a prize forgive them for
today, thank in a competition!’ what they did.’
Milly shouted angrily. you.’

Lily ‘This is our Rory ‘I’m very Kallum ‘Oh, Anna ‘We may
last day together. worried. She said she come on! Do be lucky and the
I’ll miss you.’ would phone us.’ hurry up! Let’s rain might stop.’
go! Now!’

45.4 Rewrite the sentences using the verbs in brackets.
1 Don’t exaggerate your talents to your friends. They’ll stop liking you. (boast)

Don’t boast about your talents to your friends.

2 I’m not happy with having to sit on the floor. I paid for a seat. (object)

3 Stop being discontented with your job all the time. (grumble)

4 He talked about refusing to pay and calling the police. (threaten)

5 She asked if we would help her. (beg)
6 He admitted that he had broken the window. (confess) (two answers)

45.5 Answer the questions.

1 Which adverbs describe positive (P) feelings and which describe negative (N) feelings?
gloomily (N) miserably ( ) cheerfully ( ) desperately ( ) gladly ( )
2 Which prepositions usually follow: (a) object, (b) insist, (c) complain?
3 Which adverb means that someone does not want to do something?
4 What is the missing preposition? ‘Let’s be friends. I don’t want to argue you.’
5 How might someone speak at a job interview if they were not very confident?

English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 97

46 The six senses

A The five senses

The five senses are sight, hearing, taste, touch and smell. What is sometimes referred to as a ‘sixth
sense’ (or extrasensory perception) is a power to be aware of things independently of the five physical
senses — a kind of supernatural sense. The five verbs referring to the senses are modified by an
adjective rather than an adverb.
He looks dreadful. The trip sounds marvellous. The cake tastes good. It felt strange.
The soup smelt delicious.

B Sight

Yesterday I glanced out of the window and noticed
a policeman observing a house opposite through
binoculars. I thought I glimpsed a man inside the house.
Then I saw that there was a man peering into the window
of the same house. I gazed at them wondering what they
were doing. Suddenly the policeman stopped staring
through his binoculars. He went to arrest the other man
as he started to climb into the house through the window.
I realised that I had witnessed a crime.

C Hearing

Scale of loudness:
noiseless silent quiet noisy loud deafening

D Taste

sweet (honey) salty (crisps) bitter (strong coffee) sour (vinegar) spicy (Indian food)
If you say something tastes hot it may mean spicy rather than not cold. If a curry, say, is not
particularly hot, then it is mild. Food can be tasty, but tasteful refers to furnishings, architecture or a
style of dressing or behaviour. The opposite of both is tasteless.

E Touch

She poked me in the ribs with her elbow to wake me up. He stroked the cat and patted
the dog. She tapped him on the shoulder. He grasped my hand and we ran. She grabbed
her phone and ran to the bus stop. The thief snatched her handbag and disappeared into the
crowd. Press the button. Please handle the goods with great care.

F Smell

Here are some adjectives to describe smells:
Very unpleasant: stinking foul-smelling putrid musty [smelling unpleasantly old and slightly
damp] pungent [smelling very strong, often unpleasantly so]
Pleasant: fragrant aromatic sweet-smelling perfumed/scented

G Sixth sense

Different phenomena which a person with a sixth sense may experience:
telepathy [experiencing someone else’s feelings even though you are apart]
premonition [knowing something is going to happen before it occurs]
intuition [instinctive understanding]
déjà vu [an inexplicable feeling that you have already been somewhere or experienced something before]

98 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate

Exercises

46.1 Which of the verbs in the text in B opposite suggests looking in the following ways

1 as a crime or accident occurs? witness 4 quickly?
5 fixedly?
2 closely, finding it hard to make things 6 at something but getting only
out?
a brief view?
3 in a scientific kind of way?

46.2 Are the following best described as sweet, salty, bitter, sour, spicy or hot?

1 strong, unsweetened coffee 3 chilli powder 5 Indian cooking
4 lime 6 sea water
bitter

2 chocolate cake

46.3 Which of the adjectives in F best describes for you the smell of the following?

1 herbs in a kitchen aromatic 5 a shed full of goats
6 a beauty salon
2 old socks 7 a loft used for storage
3 out-of-date eggs

4 roses 8 a skunk

46.4 Replace the underlined words with a more precise verb from the opposite page.
46.5
1 I touched the dog a few times. patted 6 He touched the cat affectionately.
7 The robber took the money and ran.
2 He knocked lightly on the door. 8 She picked up, carried and put down the boxes
3 She took my hand firmly.
4 She put her face very close up to the window carefully.

so she could see better.
5 Take care you don’t hit anyone in the eye with

your umbrella.

Make a sentence about the situations using any of these verbs — look, sound, taste, feel,
smell — plus an adjective.

1 You see a film about the Rocky Mountains. They look magnificent.

2 You come downstairs in the morning and smell fresh coffee.
3 A friend has just had her hair cut.
4 You hear the latest number one song.
5 A friend, an excellent cook, tries a new soup recipe.
6 A friend asks how you feel today.
7 A little boy asks you to listen to his first attempts at the piano.
8 You see a friend of yours with a very worried look on her face.

46.6 Write sentences using each of the nine verbs in bold in B in ways that illustrate their
46.7 specific meanings as clearly as possible.

EXAMPLE Laura hoped her boss wouldn’t notice her glancing at her watch every few minutes.

Over to you

Answer these questions about yourself.
1 What’s your favourite smell?
2 Do you prefer a hot curry or a mild curry?
3 What materials do you like the feel of?
4 Do you believe that some people have a sixth sense?
5 Have you ever had a feeling of déjà vu?
6 Have you ever had a telepathic experience?

English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 99

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2) Modals to express permission

In the following dialogue, which person do you agree with?

Vocabulary list

I. Find the equivalents (in the box) to the words given below:

Vocabulary money

Vocabulary

1A Complete the statements with the words in the box

1B Work with a partner to discuss the statements.

2 Match the people in the box with their job role.

3 Work with a partner to discuss the following.

Freecycle

1. Meaning

1. Work is pairs. If you are working, discuss whether you think networking meetings would be good for your company. If you are studying, discuss whether you think networking could help you find a job.

2. Read the role card and prepare what you are going to say.

Vocabulary list

Vocabulary

1 Number of emails

2 Technology

3 Stress

2. Work with a partner. Write two possible recommendations for the end of the report. If you need help, look at the list below.

Vocabulary list

5. Underline the correct form of the verb.

6. Underline the correct phrase.

7. Write the verbs in this conversation in the present perfect continuous.

8. Complete each sentence with since or for.

9. Look at these mini-dialogues. Write full questions using the present perfect simple of continuous form.

2 Read the leaflet again and decide if these statements are true or false.

3 Match a word from each column to make noun combinations about work and interviews.

4 Complete sentences 1-8 with noun combinations from Exercise 3.

5. Do these jobs exist in your country? Can you translate them into your language?

IV. Reading

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