Using the word wall

стенной, настенный, стена, стенка, вал, барьер, бок, обносить стеной

прилагательное ↓

существительное ↓

глагол

- обносить стеной; огораживать (тж. wall about, wall around, wall in, wall round, wall up)
- разделять стеной
- ист. обносить крепостной стеной, валом
- варить соль, заниматься солеварением
- закатывать (глаза)

Словосочетания

a mouse hole in the wall — мышиная норка в стене  
a wall with a stone veneer — стена, облицованная камнем  
on the wall opposite the door — на стене напротив двери  
a door flush with the wall — дверь заподлицо со стеной  
strip a wall of its wallpaper — сдирать со стены обои  
to bond wall — перевязывать стену  
wall chart — настенная карта  
to cover a wall with paper — оклеивать стену обоями  
wall of a crater — вал кратера  
facing wall — фасадная стена  
flank wall — боковая стена  
wall hangings — гобелены  

Примеры с переводом

Примеры, ожидающие перевода

Фразовые глаголы

wall off — отгораживать, воздвигать перегородки, разделять как стеной, закрывать
wall up — замуровывать, заделывать

Возможные однокоренные слова

enwall  — футеровка
inwall  — футеровка
walled  — окруженный стеной
waller  — каменщик, бутчик
walling  — возведение стен, стеновой материал, стены

Формы слова

verb
I/you/we/they: wall
he/she/it: walls
ing ф. (present participle): walling
2-я ф. (past tense): walled
3-я ф. (past participle): walled

noun
ед. ч.(singular): wall
мн. ч.(plural): walls

For conventional (and transitional) students, we need to make sure they can write words which aren’t phonetically predictable – and that they can read and write high frequency words more or less instantly. The word wall activities we do in the working with words block are aimed at converting high frequency words and word family words into sight words – and teaching students the skills to work with these words.  However, we also need to teach them how they can use the word wall to support themselves in the writing block.

During any writing task, if a student wants to know how to spell a word, we NEVER, EVER, EVER, EVER write or spell it for them.  (Did I mention we shouldn’t ever tell them how to spell it?). Instead, we focus on teaching students to use the resources available to them to support their writing. These resources are the word wall, their growing sight word vocabulary, and their developing phonemic awareness skills, which they can use to write down every sound they can hear in a word. 

So – if a student asks me how to spell “what” I quickly look at their word wall, and if it is there, then I say “it’s on your word wall.  Can you find it?”.  If they are struggling to find it I will give them cues like the beginning letter, number of letters, or the colour of the background to help them find it.  I don’t go over and point it out to them – because I want them to become independent in their word wall use.  And also because every single time they:

• locate a word;
• discriminate it from the other words on the word wall;
• then write it;

It helps them to convert the word to a sight word.

If a student wants to write the word “man”, once again we don’t spell it for them.  We check their word wall and if there is a word up there from the word family -an then we tell them “there’s a magic word under the letter c that can help you spell man.  Can you see it?”.

Magic words always have a star on them as a cue that these are words a student can use to spell other words.

If a student wants to write the word “elephant” and it isn’t on the word wall we encourage them to write down every sound they can hear.  This will help them to develop their phonemic awareness.  If we spell the word for them that only teaches them to come to us for help – which isn’t a very transferable skill as we are not with them all the time!

When using the word wall in writing (or at any other time) we never remove the words from the wall.  There is a very obvious reason for this – I was in a classroom last year where a student had removed the word “the” so that he could copy it into his book and another student was then very annoyed because they also needed to use the word “the”.

Despite this obvious reason for not removing words from the word wall, I find students (and staff) often want to do so.  The biggest reason I am given is because it is “easier”.  Sometimes it is easier because a student is struggling to see the words on the word wall because of their position in the classroom or their vision.  In this situation the student should have a portable word wall instead. 

The other reason we call it easier, is because it is, in fact, often easier for a student to put the word on the table in front of them and then copy it.  But we need to realise that while this might be easier, in encouraging a student to do this you have lost some valuable learning opportunities. 

As an example, a student wants to write “birthday”.  They find it on the word wall and then type the first two letters.  They then have to look up at the word wall again, find it again and then type the next two letters and repeat the process.  While this might seem laborious, it is important to remember that every time a student finds a word on the wall, discriminates it from other words and then writes it, it moves closer to becoming an automatic sight word for them.  So if a student needs to find birthday four times while writing it, they have had four opportunities to learn about the word – its length, its shape, the letters in it, how it differs from other words starting with b, etc.  Each of those four opportunities is a great learning moment – and after they have written it several times that way they start to be able to write the word with less and less support.

So – make sure that your word walls are available whenever students are writing – and help them to use them to improve their writing in the long term.

A wall is a structure and a surface that defines an area; carries a load; provides security, shelter, or soundproofing; or, is decorative. There are many kinds of walls, including:

• Walls in buildings that form a fundamental part of the superstructure or separate interior rooms, sometimes for fire safety
• Glass walls (a wall in which the primary structure is made of glass; does not include openings within walls that have glass coverings: these are windows)
• Border barriers between countries
• Brick walls
• Defensive walls in fortifications
• Permanent, solid fences
• Retaining walls, which hold back dirt, stone, water, or noise sound
• Stone walls
• Walls that protect from oceans (seawalls) or rivers (levees)

Etymology

The term wall comes from Latin vallum meaning «…an earthen wall or rampart set with palisades, a row or line of stakes, a wall, a rampart, fortification…» while the Latin word murus means a defensive stone wall.^[1]
English uses the same word to mean an external wall and the internal sides of a room, but this is not universal. Many languages distinguish between the two. In German, some of this distinction can be seen between Wand and Mauer, in Spanish between pared and muro.

Defensive wall

The word wall originally referred to defensive walls and ramparts.

Building wall

The purposes of walls in buildings are to support roofs, floors and ceilings; to enclose a space as part of the building envelope along with a roof to give buildings form; and to provide shelter and security. In addition, the wall may house various types of utilities such as electrical wiring or plumbing. Wall construction falls into two basic categories: framed walls or mass-walls. In framed walls the load is transferred to the foundation through posts, columns or studs. Framed walls most often have three or more separate components: the structural elements (such as 2×4 studs in a house wall), insulation, and finish elements or surfaces (such as drywall or panelling). Mass-walls are of a solid material including masonry, concrete including slipform stonemasonry, log building, cordwood construction, adobe, rammed earth, cob, earthbag construction, bottles, tin cans, straw-bale construction, and ice. Walls may or may not be leadbearing. Walls are required to conform to the local building and/or fire codes.

There are three basic methods walls control water intrusion: moisture storage, drained cladding, or face-sealed cladding.^[2] Moisture storage is typical of stone and brick mass-wall buildings where moisture is absorbed and released by the walls of the structure itself. Drained cladding also known as screened walls^[3] acknowledges moisture will penetrate the cladding so a moisture barrier such as housewrap or felt paper inside the cladding provides a second line of defense and sometimes a drainage plane or air gap allows a path for the moisture to drain down through and exit the wall. Sometimes ventilation is provided in addition to the drainage plane such as in rainscreen construction. Face-sealed also called barrier wall or perfect barrier^[3] cladding relies on maintaining a leak-free surface of the cladding. Examples of face sealed cladding are the early exterior insulation finishing systems, structural glazing, metal clad panels, and corrugated metal.

Building walls frequently become works of art, externally and internally, such as when featuring mosaic work or when murals are painted on them; or as design foci when they exhibit textures or painted finishes for effect.

Curtain wall

In architecture and civil engineering, curtain wall refers to a building facade that is not load-bearing but provides decoration, finish, front, face, or historical preservation.

Precast wall

Precast walls are walls which have been manufactured in a factory and then shipped to where it is needed, ready to install. It is faster to install compared to brick and other walls and may have a lower cost compared to other types of wall. Precast walls are cost effective compare to Brick Wall compound wall.

Mullion wall

Mullion walls are a structural system that carries the load of the floor slab on prefabricated panels around the perimeter.

Partition wall

A partition wall is a usually thin wall that is used to separate or divide a room, primarily a pre-existing one. Partition walls are usually not load-bearing, and can be constructed out of many materials, including steel panels, bricks, cloth, plastic, plasterboard, wood, blocks of clay, terracotta, concrete, and glass.

Some partition walls are made of sheet glass. Glass partition walls are a series of individual toughened glass panels mounted in wood or metal framing. They may be suspended from or slide along a robust aluminium ceiling track.^[5] The system does not require the use of a floor guide, which allows easy operation and an uninterrupted threshold.

A timber partition consists of a wooden framework, supported on the floor or by side walls. Metal lath and plaster, properly laid, forms a reinforced partition wall. Partition walls constructed from fibre cement backer board are popular as bases for tiling in kitchens or in wet areas like bathrooms. Galvanized sheet fixed to wooden or steel members are mostly adopted in works of temporary character. Plain or reinforced partition walls may also be constructed from concrete, including pre-cast concrete blocks. Metal framed partitioning is also available. This partition consists of track (used primarily at the base and head of the partition) and studs (vertical sections fixed into the track typically spaced at 24″, 16″, or at 12″).

Internal wall partitions, also known as office partitioning, are usually made of plasterboard (drywall) or varieties of glass. Toughened glass is a common option, as low-iron glass (better known as opti-white glass) increases light and solar heat transmission.

Wall partitions are constructed using beads and tracking that is either hung from the ceiling or fixed into the ground.^[6] The panels are inserted into the tracking and fixed. Some wall partition variations specify their fire resistance and acoustic performance rating.

Movable partitions

Movable partitions are walls that open to join two or more rooms into one large floor area. These include:

• Sliding—a series of panels that slide in tracks fixed to the floor and ceiling, similar sliding doors
• Sliding and folding doors —similar to sliding folding doors, these are good for smaller spans
• Folding partition walls — a series of interlocking panels suspended from an overhead track that when extended provide an acoustical separation, and when retracted stack against a wall, ceiling, closet, or ceiling pocket.
• Screens—usually constructed of a metal or timber frame fixed with plywood and chipboard and supported with legs for free standing and easy movement
• Pipe and drape—fixed or telescopic uprights and horizontals provide a ground supported drape system with removable panels.

Party wall

Party walls are walls that separate buildings or units within a building. They provide fire resistance and sound resistance between occupants in a building. The minimum fire resistance and sound resistance required for the party wall is determined by a building code and may be modified to suit a variety of situations. Ownership of such walls can become a legal issue. It is not a load-bearing wall and may be owned by different people.

Infill wall

An infill wall is the supported wall that closes the perimeter of a building constructed with a three-dimensional framework structure.

Fire wall

Fire walls resist spread of fire within or sometimes between structures to provide passive fire protection. A delay in the spread of fire gives occupants more time to escape and fire fighters more time to extinguish the fire. Some fire walls allow fire resistive window assemblies,^[7] and are made of non-combustible material such as concrete, cement block, brick, or fire rated drywall. Wall penetrations are sealed with fire resistive materials. A doorway in a firewall must have a rated fire door. Fire walls provide varying resistance to the spread of fire, (e.g., one, two, three or four hours). Firewalls can also act as smoke barriers when constructed vertically from slab to roof deck and horizontally from an exterior wall to exterior wall subdividing a building into sections.

Shear wall

Shear walls resist lateral forces such as in an earthquake or severe wind. There are different kinds of shear walls such as the steel plate shear wall.

Knee wall

Knee walls are short walls that either support rafters or add height in the top floor rooms of houses. In a 1+1⁄2-story house, the knee wall supports the half story.

Cavity wall

Cavity walls are walls made with a space between two «skins» to inhibit heat transfer.

Pony wall

Pony wall (or dwarf wall) is a general term for short walls, such as:

• A half wall that only extends partway from floor to ceiling, without supporting anything
• A stem wall—a concrete wall that extends from the foundation slab to the cripple wall or floor joists
• A cripple wall—a framed wall from the stem wall or foundation slab to the floor joists

Demountable wall

Demountable walls fall into 3 different main types:

• Glass walls (unitesed panels or butt joint),
• Laminated particle board walls (this may also include other finishes, such as whiteboards, cork board, magnetic, etc., typically all on purpose-made wall studs)
• Drywall

Solar energy

A trombe wall in passive solar building design acts as a heat sink.

Shipbuilding

On a ship, a wall that separates major compartments is called a bulkhead. A thinner wall between cabins is called a partition.

Boundary wall

Boundary walls include privacy walls, boundary-marking walls on property, and town walls. These intergrade into fences. The conventional differentiation is that a fence is of minimal thickness and often open in nature, while a wall is usually more than a nominal thickness and is completely closed, or opaque. More to the point, an exterior structure of wood or wire is generally called a fence—but one of masonry is a wall. A common term for both is barrier, which is convenient for structures that are partly wall and partly fence—for example the Berlin Wall. Another kind of wall-fence ambiguity is the ha-ha—which is set below ground level to protect a view, yet acts as a barrier (to cattle, for example).

Before the invention of artillery, many of the world’s cities and towns, particularly in Europe and Asia, had defensive or protective walls (also called town walls or city walls). In fact, the English word «wall» derives from Latin vallum—a type of fortification wall. These walls are no longer relevant for defense, so such cities have grown beyond their walls, and many fortification walls, or portions of them, have been torn down—for example in Rome, Italy and Beijing, China. Examples of protective walls on a much larger scale include the Great Wall of China and Hadrian’s Wall.

Border wall

Some walls formally mark the border between one population and another. A border wall is constructed to limit the movement of people across a certain line or border. These structures vary in placement with regard to international borders and topography. The most famous example of border barrier in history is probably the Great Wall of China, a series of walls that separated the Empire of China from nomadic powers to the north. The most prominent recent example is the Berlin Wall, which surrounded the enclave of West Berlin and separated it from East Germany for most of the Cold War era. The US-Mexico border wall, separating the United States and Mexico, is another recent example.

Retaining wall

In areas of rocky soils around the world, farmers have often pulled large quantities of stone out of their fields to make farming easier and have stacked those stones to make walls that either mark the field boundary, or the property boundary, or both.

Retaining walls resist movement of earth, stone, or water. They may be part of a building or external. The ground surface or water on one side of a retaining wall is typically higher than on the other side. A dike is a retaining wall, as is a levee, a load-bearing foundation wall, and a sea wall.

Shared wall

Special laws often govern walls that neighbouring properties share. Typically, one neighbour cannot alter the common wall if it is likely to affect the building or property on the other side. A wall may also separate apartment or hotel rooms from each other. Each wall has two sides and breaking a wall on one side will break the wall on the other side.

Portable wall

Portable walls, such as room dividers or portable partitions divide a larger open space into smaller rooms. Portable walls can be static, such as cubicle walls, or can be wall panels mounted on casters to provide an easy way to reconfigure assembly space. They are often found inside schools, churches, convention centers, hotels, and corporate facilities.

Temporary wall

A temporary wall is constructed for easy removal or demolition. A typical temporary wall can be constructed with 1⁄2″ (6 mm) to 5⁄8″ (16 mm) sheet rock (plasterboard), metal 2 × 3s (approx. 5 × 7 cm), or 2 × 4s, or taped, plastered and compounded. Most installation companies use lattice (strips of wood) to cover the joints of the temporary wall with the ceiling. These are sometimes known as pressurized walls or temporary pressurized walls.

Walls in popular culture

Walls are often seen in popular culture, oftentimes representing barriers preventing progress or entry. For example:

Fictional and symbolic walls

The progressive/psychedelic rock band Pink Floyd used a metaphorical wall to represent the isolation felt by the protagonist of their 1979 concept album The Wall.

The American poet laureate Robert Frost describes a pointless rock wall as a metaphor for the myopia of the culture-bound in his poem «Mending Wall», published in 1914.

Walls are a recurring symbol in Ursula K. Le Guin’s 1974 novel The Dispossessed’.

In some cases, a wall may refer to an individual’s debilitating mental or physical condition, seen as an impassable barrier.^{[citation needed]}

In George R. R. Martin’s A Song of Ice and Fire series and its television adaptation, Game of Thrones, The Wall plays multiple important roles: as a colossal fortification, made of ice and fortified with magic spells; as a cultural barrier; and as a codification of assumptions. Breaches of the wall, who is allowed to cross it and who is not, and its destruction have important symbolic, logistical, and socio-political implications in the storyline. Reportedly over 700 feet high and 100 leagues (300 miles) wide, it divides the northern border of the Seven Kingdoms realm from the domain of the wildlings and several categories of undead who live beyond it.^[8][9][10]

Historical walls

In a real-life example, the Berlin Wall, constructed by the Soviet Union to divide Berlin into NATO and Warsaw Pact zones of occupation, became a worldwide symbol of oppression and isolation.^[11]

Social media walls

Another common usage is as a communal surface to write upon. For instance the social networking site Facebook previously used an electronic «wall» to log the scrawls of friends until it was replaced by the «timeline» feature.

See also

References

External links

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