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#2
First, I just want to note that your second and third example sentences are subtly different in meaning than the first. In the first sentence, «again» is modifying the phrase «to begin Dutch lessons,» whereas in the second and third, it is modifying the verb «decided.»
You can explain that the general rule is that adverbs shouldn’t be placed between verbs and their direct objects, simply because it sounds awkward. Grammatically, it’s fine. In this sentence, you wouldn’t place the «again» between «decided» and «to begin … » (a verb and its direct object in the main sentence) or between «to begin» and «Dutch lessons» (a verb and its direct object in the direct-object infinitive phrase).
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#8
The second is far better because it doesn’t break up the phrase ‘made friends with Debbie’. That phrase can be viewed as any verb+ object.
«I’m glad you and Debbie have made
again
friends again.»
2. He that falls today may be up again tomorrow. 
3. Truth, once crushed, will rise again.
4. No man can call again yesterday.
5. Yesterday will not be called again.
6. Time past cannot be called back again.
7. If at first you don’t succeed, try, try again.
8. Lost time is never found again, and what we call time enough always proves little enough.
9. I feel really guilty at forgetting her birthday again.
10. The garage has got full of junk again.
11. He was overjoyed to see his mother again.
12. «Hello, Maria,» he said, and she blushed again.
13. I nudged Stan and pointed again.
14. It is time, once again, to contend with racism.
15. Touch the air once again miss you breath.
16. Love to everlasting, the final outcome again how.
17. Please do that exercise over again.
18. The city is calm again after yesterday’s riots.
19. He has gone; you can breathe again.
20. I’ll never ever do that again!
21. I swear I’ll never fail you again.
22. We have to work overtime again.
23. I think the engine’s overheating again.
24. It’s easy to fall into a trap[sentencedict.com], but hard to get out again.
25. Dare and the world always yields. If it beats you sometimes, dare it again and again and it will succumb.
26. He who has done ill once will do it again.
27. If you would make an enemy, lend a man money and ask it of him again.
28. If you wish to lower yourselfin a person’s favor, one good way is to tell his story over again, the way we heard it.
29. Wherever an ass falleth, there will he never fall again.
30. If at first you don’t succeed try, try and try again.
In the two examples you provide, the adverb «again» servers two different functions.
In «here we go again» it is modifying the verb «go». There should not be a comma between a verb and its adverb, regardless of whether it’s at the end of the sentence or not. Here are some more examples:
Please come again.
I will do it again.
Trying again was not a good idea.
In «What is the definition of irony, again?», the word again is modifying the independent clause «what is the definition of irony». It is making a conceptual connection between this sentence and a previous one. It’s not a separate clause, but a type of conjunction (a conjunctive adverb). It needs to be preceded or offset by commas, regardless of where it is in the sentence. Here are more examples:
Again, the definition of irony is […].
Why is it, again, that you’re looking up this word?
[13.02.2010]
olga
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17
Write the sentences again, using the word or words in brackets instead of the underlined word or words. Make the necessary changes to the sentences.
Перепишите предложения, используя слова в скобках вместо подчеркнутых слов, измените время:
1 I’m reading a book about the Pacific at the moment.
(often)
2 We’ve taken an expedition to China for the last five years.
(every year)
3 We eat a lot of fish every week.
(at the moment)
4 Pauline Jones has worked at a travel agent’s in London since 2000.
(in the school holidays this year)
5 Brian goes to some unusual places in the summer.
(for the last five years)
6 We always prepare for expeditions.
(now)
7 Dave is repairing his motorbike, so we can’t go to the cinema on it.
(can)
Ответы к упражнению:
1 I often read books about the Pacific .
2 We take an expedition to China every year.
3 We are eating a lot of fish at the moment.
4 Pauline Jones is working at a travel agent’s in London in the school holidays this year.
5 Brian has gone to unusual places for the last five years.
6 We are preparing for an expedition now.
7 Dave has repaired his motorbike, so we can go to the cinema on it.
Убрать ответы
Write the sentences again, using the word or words in brackets instead of the underlined word or words. Make the necessary changes to the sentences.
Перепишите предложения, используя слова в скобках вместо подчеркнутых слов, измените время:
1 I’m reading a book about the Pacific at the moment.
2 We’ve taken an expedition to China for the last five years.
3 We eat a lot of fish every week.
4 Pauline Jones has worked at a travel agent’s in London since 2000.
5 Brian goes to some unusual places in the summer.
6 We always prepare for expeditions.
7 Dave is repairing his motorbike, so we can’t go to the cinema on it.
Ответы к упражнению:
1 I often read books about the Pacific.
2 We take an expedition to China every year.
3 We are eating a lot of fish at the moment.
4 Pauline Jones is working at a travel agent’s in London in the school holidays this year.
5 Brian has gone to unusual places for the last five years.
6 We are preparing for an expedition now.
7 Dave has repaired his motorbike, so we can go to the cinema on it.
Present Simple / Present Continuous / Present Perfect №4