Use the word conditions in a sentence - Word и Excel - помощь в работе с программами

1. What is a Conditional Sentence?

A conditional sentence tells the “conditions” in which something happens. It shows a possible cause and effect situation in the form of an “if…then” statement—in fact, every conditional sentence has a clause beginning with “if.” Conditional sentences let us express things that might or could have happened, could still happen, we wish could happen, or always happen in specific circumstances.

2. Examples

Conditional sentences are made of two clauses: one beginning with “if,” and one main clause. The order of the clauses can change. Here are some examples:

If you love me, let me go!
I wouldn’t be here if I had never met you.
If opportunity knocks, open the door.
You can’t be shy if you want to make friends.

3. Parts of Conditional Sentences

A conditional sentence has two clauses that really rely on each other to make sense—a conditional clause (which is a dependent clause) and a main clause (which is the independent clause). The tenses of these clauses determine the type of conditional sentence, which the next section will explain.

a. Conditional Clause

The conditional clause is a dependent clause beginning with “if.” All conditional sentences have a clause beginning with “if” because it expresses the conditions (what must or might have happen), like this:

If you want
If I am late to school
If you don’t do your homework
If I hadn’t eaten so much candy

Whenever a clause begins with “if,” it depends on more information to be complete—it must be paired with an independent clause. So, the dependent clause is only half of a conditional sentence, and couldn’t be a sentence on its own.

b. Main Clause

The main clause is what provides the rest of the information to complete a conditional sentence. It’s an independent clause that states the result of the conditional “if” clause. In other words, it’s the “then” part of an if/then situation. In these examples, the main clauses are orange.

If you want, I can go with you to the store.
If I am late to school, I will get detention.
If I don’t do my homework, the teacher yells.
If I hadn’t eaten so much candy, I might be hungry.

As you can see, these main clauses express complete thoughts and can be sentences on their own. But, you can also see that we also need them to complete the thoughts of the dependent clauses!

4. Types of Conditional Sentences

As a rule, conditional sentences are categorized by whether their situations are “real” or “imagined.” However, there are many types and forms of conditional statements, and they can be quite complicated, varying depending on time, its likeliness of occurring, and other factors. This article will help you understand the basics, and teach you how to recognize a conditional sentence when you see one.

a. “Real” Conditionals (Zero Conditional)

Real conditionals (also called zero conditionals) are sentences expressing the real conditions for things that happen, not hypothetical things (see Imagined Conditionals). They share true statements about things that will happen or do happen in certain conditions or circumstances.

Zero conditional sentences can come in many forms. But since they are based in fact, they only share past and present situations, NOT possible future situations. So, we write them using a combination of past and present tenses.

Present Tense

In many zero conditional sentences, both clauses are in the present simple tense, like this:

If you are happy, I am happy.
If there is snow, we make snowmen.
He cleans if I cook.
f you don’t mind, I need a glass of water.

But we also write them using other present tenses, like this:

Present continuous + Present simple

If it is snowing, we don’t drive.
I eat at home if Jane is cooking dinner.

Present continuous + Present continuous

If he is staying, I am going.
If the plant is dying, you are not watering it.

All of these examples express that every time A happens, B happens or we do B.

Past Tense

Zero conditionals can also reflect situation that already happened, like this:

Past simple + Past simple

If it snowed, we never drove.
If we had chocolate chips, we made cookies.

Past simple + Past continuous

We always made snowmen if it was snowing.
If Jane was cooking, I ate at home.

b. “Imagined” Conditionals

We use imagined conditional sentences to talk about hypothetical or “imagined” conditions that are possible, likely, or even impossible. Based on the level of possibility, there are three conditionals: first, second, and third.

First Conditional

The first conditional shares the result of situation in the future that we think is pretty likely to happen. Its form uses a conditional clause in the present simple, and the main clause in the future tense. The main clause will use a modal, like would, should, could, will, may, might, or can. Here are some examples:

If I sleep now, I will be up all night.
If I do well on my SATs, I could go to Harvard.
If you take the highway, you might hit traffic.
If he likes cookies, you should bake some for him.

Of all the conditionals, the first conditional expresses things that are most possible or likely to happen. As we will explain, with the second and third conditionals, things become less likely or even completely imagined.

Second Conditional

The second conditional shows possible outcomes that could occur in the present or future, if specific conditions exist. To put it simply, second conditionals reflect ideas of “if you did this, this can happen.” BUT, the “did” hasn’t actually happened yet, it’s just possible.

The second conditional’s form uses a conditional clause in the past simple, and the main clause in the future tense, also using modals. Here are some examples:

If you slept until 3pm, you shouldn’t be tired.
If you did well on the SATs, you will get accepted.
If you wanted to avoid traffic, you could take the highway.
If he ate all the cookies, you would have to bake more.

On a special note, the English language lets us use the past tense to reflect hypothetical situations that aren’t based in reality. So, even though the second conditional uses the past tense in the conditional clause, it’s expressing what could happen “if,” not what did already happen. It still expresses the present and future because the ideas are only possibilities. It also helps us use more polite language like this:

If you wanted, I could help you study.
If you needed me to, I could pick up your dry cleaning.
If you wouldn’t mind, I could use some help.

Third Conditional

The third conditional lets us contemplate what could have happened if things went differently in the past. It lets us reflect upon things in the way of “if this had happened, this could have happened.”

Its form uses the past perfect for the conditional statement, and the conditional perfect tense (would have + verb) for the main clause (you can also use other modals instead of would). Here are some examples:

If you had gone to bed earlier, you would have been well rested.
If you had done well on the SATs, you would have been accepted.
If you had taken the highway, you could have avoided traffic.
If you had made more cookies, we might have had enough.

As you can see, these sentences only reflect what possibly could have happened—not what still can or might happen.

c. Other Forms

There are several other special forms of conditions, like mixed conditionals and conditional sentences using will or would.

Mixed Conditionals

Sometimes we can mix the tenses to express conditions. Mixed conditionals reflect things that did or did not happen in the past that are still relevant now and in the future. We form a mixed conditional with the past perfect tense in the conditional statement and using would in the main clause of the sentence. Here are some examples:

If I hadn’t slept, I would be very tired.
If I had made more cookies, he would be eating them.
If there had not been traffic, I would be on time.
If I had failed the SATs, I would not be at Harvard.

Conditionals Using Will or Would

In English, will and would can refer to either the present or the future. That’s because we use will and would to express willingness to do something. Here are some examples:

If you will cook, I will clean.
If he would pick up the cookies, that would be great.
If you would show me the way, I will be very grateful.
If you would just stop crying, I will try to help you.

5. How to Write a Conditional Sentence

In a way, conditional sentences are some of the easiest to write because they always include certain things—particularly a conditional clause beginning with “if.” We can use them for both real and imagined scenarios, and to express all kinds of possibilities and hypothetical situations. What’s more, conditional sentences let us do these things by mixing together the past, present and future tenses without many restrictions.

When you want to use conditional sentences, you can just stick by these guidelines:

1. You always need 2 clauses:

a conditional clause beginning with “if”
a main clause

2. Present pieces of information that rely on each other:

the goal is to show that if one thing happens, another thing will happen.

3. Choose your tenses based on 2 things:

whether the situation is “real” or “imagined”
if it reflects past, present or future possibilities

Finally, here’s a chart to help you see the differences between the conditionals. It’s a lot to remember!

Zero (True)	First (Likely)	Second (Less Likely)	Third (Impossible)	Mixed (Possible)	Would/Will (Probable)
If he makes cupcakes, we eat them.	If he makes cupcakes, we will eat them.	If he made cupcakes, we would eat them.	If he had made cupcakes, we would have eaten them	If he had made cupcakes, we could be eating them.	If he would make cookies, I will eat them.

Источник

All of us use conditional sentences frequently in daily life. Here’s one:

If you don’t read this article, you’ll have no understanding of conditional sentences!

Conditional sentences in English grammar

Conditional sentences are sentences that express the degree of probability that something will, might, or could happen/ have happened. Complete conditional sentences consist of two clauses; the conditional clause (sometimes called the if clause) and the consequence clause (sometimes called the main clause).

Conditional sentences examples

Here are some examples of different conditional sentences:

If we lived in Spain, we could sunbathe all day long.
When water reaches 100°C, it boils.
If Jane doesn’t eat, she will go hungry.
If you want to go out tonight, you must clean your room.
When John drinks, he vomits.

You can see that each sentence has three parts — the conditional clause (e.g. If we lived in Spain), the consequence clause (e.g. we could sunbathe all day long), and the conditional conjunction (the joining word, e.g. If).

Fig 1. A conditional sentence

We can also reverse the order of a conditional sentence so that the consequence comes first.

For example:

Will you be ready if I swing by at 7 pm?
Are you going to be upset if Michael leaves early?
Mum says she won’t be coming if Dad is there.

The biggest indicator that a sentence is a conditional sentence is that it contains the word If. The conditional clause is often referred to as the if-clause for this reason. However, conditional sentences don’t have to contain the word if, and there are other coordinating conjunctions that can join the two clauses, such as when, unless, and as long as.

Types of conditional sentences in English

In English, there are five types of conditional sentences: zero conditional, first conditional, second conditional, third conditional, and mixed conditional.

These different sentence types reflect the level of probability that an event or situation will occur or could have occurred.

Zero conditional sentences

Zero conditional sentences are used to discuss truths. This can range from scientific facts to general truths. In these sentences, the conditional in question is either 100% likely or extremely likely.

We use conditional sentences to discuss habits, scientific facts, rules, and general truths.

When you eat, your body digests your food.
If you don’t shower, you smell.
If you don’t drink, you get dehydrated.
When I’m tired, I go to sleep.

The conditional conjunctions if and when are used interchangeably because it is certain that the consequence will occur.

When forming zero conditional sentences, the conditional clause and the consequence clause are always in the simple present tense. E.g. ‘If ice gets hot, it melts’ and not ‘If ice gets hot, it will melt’.

Conditional clause = Simple present tense	Consequence clause = Simple present tense
If I don’t sleep	I’m cranky

First conditional sentences

The first conditional is used to discuss a probable occurrence and its possible consequence. It’s used to discuss situations that are realistic and occurring in the present and into the future.

We often use the first conditional to make promises, predictions, and threats.

If I go to sleep now, I will be well-rested for tomorrow.
If John starts working from next week, he’ll have lots of money by next year.
Mary will need a bigger bag if she plans to take all that food home.
If you do not comply, I will have no choice but to proceed with the charges.

Here, the conditional clause remains in the simple present tense, but the consequence clause is in the future tense.

Second conditional sentences

The second conditional is used for unreal, improbable, or hypothetical events/situations, such as winning the lottery or meeting an A-list celebrity at the corner shop. Second conditionals can be used to discuss any time as they aren’t based on real-life situations.

If you met Justin Bieber at his concert, I would die!
She would be shocked if I won the Olympics.
If I had a billion pounds, I would buy a small island.
If I were her, I would never speak to him again.

The conditional clause is in the simple past tense, and the consequence clause is in the present conditional — this means using a modal auxiliary verb (e.g. would, could, might) alongside the main verb.

Conditional clause = Simple past tense	Consequence clause = present conditional tense
If I had a million pounds	I could buy a horse

Fig 2. What would you do with a million pounds?

Second conditionals and the subjunctive mood

It is important to note that we use the subjunctive mood in second conditional sentences. This means we use the subjunctive form of the verb ‘to be’, which is ‘were’.

Have a look at these examples:

If I were you, I wouldn’t care.

If you were me, what would you have done?

If she were in a movie, she would be the main character.

If he were a billionaire, you would never need to work again.

If we were born in a different country, life might be different.

If they were us, they might understand our predicament.

Notice the use of ‘were’ after each pronoun rather than ‘was’ — this is the correct use of the subjunctive mood. The following sentence, ‘If I was you, I wouldn’t care.‘ is grammatically incorrect.

Third conditional sentences

Third conditional sentences are used when the event has passed and, therefore, the consequence can no longer occur.

We usually use the third conditional to reflect on the past, discuss events contrary to reality, and express regrets.

If you had told me you needed it, I would have brought the charger.
Mary would have reconsidered if John had not lied about the circumstances.
If she had arrived five minutes earlier, she would have seen the entire exchange.
If I had known you wanted to come, I would have invited you.

The conditional clause is now in the past perfect tense (e.g. had told), and the consequence clause is in the perfect conditional tense. This means the second clause contains a modal verb + have + a past participle verb (e.g. would have invited).

Conditional clause = Past perfect tense	Consequence clause = Perfect conditional tense
If you had told me you liked the cake	I wouldn’t have eaten it all

Mixed conditional sentences

There are instances where conditional sentences are mixed. For example:

If I had learned to speak French as a child, I would be a French speaker today.

This is different from a third conditional sentence because, although it has a conditional clause in the past perfect tense, the consequence clause is in the present conditional tense and not the past tense.

Conditional sentences and punctuation

The only punctuation you have to worry about in terms of conditional sentences is the comma. The general rules are;

Use a comma after the conditional clause when it comes first in the sentence, e.g. ‘If I were rich, I wouldn’t work’.
No comma is needed when the consequence clause comes first in the sentence, e.g. ‘I wouldn’t work if I were rich’.

Conditional Sentences — Key takeaways

Conditional sentences are sentences that express the degree of probability that something will, might, or could happen/ have happened.
Conditional sentences have three components — the conditional clause (a.k.a the if- clause), the consequence cause (a.k.a the main clause), and the conditional conjunction (e.g. if, when).
In English, there are five types of conditional sentences — zero, first, second, third, and mixed conditional sentences.
When the conditional clause comes first in a sentence, separate the two clauses with a comma.

Источник

Условные предложения в английском языке также называют «IF-sentences». Условное предложение состоит из двух частей, первая из которых (придаточная) начинается со слова «если – if» и содержит условие, а вторая (главная) часть содержит такие слова как will, can, may, might, could, would и выражает действие, которое может или могло бы иметь место.

Прежде чем мы перейдем к типам условных предложений, запомните одно правило: “No future after if” – это означает, что в придаточном предложении, которое начинается со слова if, никогда не используется будущее время.

Различают четыре основных типов условных предложений.

Нулевое условие

If + настоящее время + настоящее время. Это значит, что и в главном, и в придаточном предложении настоящее время. «Если шоколад нагреть, он тает — If you heat chocolate it melts». В этом типе предложения If можно заменить на when, и здесь содержится скорее не условие, а закономерность, поэтому этот тип и называется «нулевым условием».

Первый тип условных предложений

Следуя этой схеме, мы должны использовать настоящее время в придаточном предложении после if, а главное предложение будет выражено в будущем времени, образованном при помощи слов will, may, can. Это условие является абсолютно реальным и выполнимым.

Если у меня будет время, я навещу вас — If I have free time I’ll visit you.
Если она поможет мне, я справлюсь с этой работой — If she helps me I’ll manage to do this work.
Если будет слишком жарко, можешь включить кондиционер — If it is hot you can switch the air conditioning on

Как видно из примеров, в русском предложении обе части стоят в будущем времени. В английском же – только главное предложение стоит в будущем времени, в придаточном — после if не употребляется будущее время.

Видеоурок по английскому языку: I тип условных предложений

Второй тип условных предложений

Этот тип условного предложения используется для выражения полуреального действия, время на выполнение которого ограничено. Придаточное предложение, следующее за if, выражено в прошедшем времени, а в главном предложении используется частица «бы». Второй тип условного предложения часто используется, когда речь идет о гипотезах, воображаемых событиях – что произошло бы или могло бы произойти при выполнении этого условия — Если бы… то…. Например, «Если бы он пригласил меня сегодня в ресторан, то я бы пошла с ним». Перед нами действие, которое может быть осуществимо, а может быть и нет, т.е. полуреальное условие – If he invited me to the restaurant today I would go.

Если бы он дал мне денег в долг, я бы купил новую мебель — If he lent me money I would buy new furniture.
Джейн нравится жизнь в деревне. Она не была бы счастлива, если бы жила в городе — Jane likes living in the country. She wouldn’t be happy if she lived in the city
Эта комната выглядела бы лучше, если бы ты повесила занавески – This room would look nicer if you hung some curtains.
Если бы на дорогах не было так много машин, мы бы прибыли вовремя — If there wasn’t so much traffic, we could arrive in time.

Второй тип условных предложений используется и для выражения вежливого совета:

It’s cold. If I were you I would put on the coat – Холодно. На твоем месте я бы надел пальто.

Видеоурок по английскому языку: 2 тип условных предложений

Третий тип условных предложений

Этот последний — третий тип условных предложений выражает абсолютно нереальное действие, которое могло бы быть выполнено в прошлом. «Если бы я много занимался, я бы сдал экзамен» (но я не занимался и провалил, теперь жалею) – If I had studied much I would have passed the exam.

Если бы у меня вчера были деньги с собой, я бы купила тот жакет – If I had had money on me yesterday I would have bought that jacket.
Если бы мы вышли из дома раньше, мы бы успели на поезд – If we had left home earlier we would have caught the train.
Если бы ты была более благоразумной 5 лет назад, могла бы выйти замуж за миллионера – If you had been more sensible 5 years ago, you could have married a millionaire.

Видеоурок «Третий тип условных предложений»

Предлагаем вам пройти тест на изученный материал.

Условные предложения

1. If you __________ your vegetables, you will lead a healthier life.

a) have eaten

b) will eat

c) ate

d) had eaten

e) eat

2. If all eligible voters __________, he wouldn»t have been elected.

a) vote

b) had voted

c) voted

d) will vote

e) have voted

3. I would have driven to Miami if I __________ a car.

a) have had

b) had

c) have

d) will have

e) had had

4. If it __________ tonight, there will be great conditions for snowboarding tomorrow.

a)had snowed

b) has snowed

c) snowed

d) will snow

e) snows

5. If I __________ smart, I would probably write better quiz questions.

a) was

b) have been

c) am

d) were

6. If Max __________ his homework, he probably would have passed the class.

a) does

b) has done

c) did

d) had done

7. If you speak too loudly, you __________ the baby up.

a) wake

b) will wake

c) would had woken

d) would have woken

e) woke

8. If I __________ boxing, I could have been a contender.

a) continued

b) had continued

c) continue

d) will continue

e) have continued

9. If I were a rich man, I __________ a very large boat.

a) would have bought

b) will buy

c) had bought

d) would buy

10. If Max __________ more time working and less time playing, his boss wouldn’t have fired him.

a) will spend

b) spent

c) has spent

d) had spent

e) spends

Источник

If I see her, I will tell her.

There are several structures in English that we call conditionals or if conditionals. The word «condition» means «situation or circumstance». If a particular condition is true, then a particular result happens:

if y = 3 then 2y = 6

There are three basic English conditionals plus the so-called zero conditional. There are some more conditionals that we do not use so often.

conditional type	usage	if-clause	main-clause
1	possible condition + probable result	present simple	will + base verb
2	hypothetical condition + possible result	past simple	would + base verb
3	expired past condition + possible past result	past perfect	would have + past participle
0	real condition + inevitable result	present simple	present simple

Structure of Conditional Sentences

The structure of most conditionals is very simple. There are two basic possibilities.

Of course, we add many words and can use various tenses, but the basic structure is usually like this:

if	condition	result
if	y = 10	2y = 20

or like this:

result	if	condition
2y = 20	if	y = 10

This structure can produce, for example, the following sentences:

If I see her, I will tell her.
I will tell her if I see her.

Notice the comma in the first sentence. (A comma is always correct in this case, but not always essential if the sentence is short.) In the second sentence we do not normally use a comma.

First Conditional

for real possibility

If I win the lottery, I will buy a car.

We are talking about the future. We are thinking about a particular condition or situation in the future, and the result of this condition. There is a real possibility that this condition will happen. For example, it is morning. You are at home. You plan to play tennis this afternoon. But there are some clouds in the sky. Imagine that it rains. What will you do?

if	condition	result
	Present Simple	will + base verb
If	it rains,	I will stay at home.

Second Conditional

for unreal possibility

If I won the lottery, I would buy a car.

The second conditional is like the first conditional. We are still thinking about the future. We are thinking about a particular condition in the future, and the result of this condition. But there is not a real possibility that this condition will happen. For example, you do not have a lottery ticket. Is it possible to win? No! No lottery ticket, no win! But maybe you will buy a lottery ticket in the future. So you can think about winning in the future, like a dream. It’s not very real, but it’s still possible.

if	condition	result
	Past Simple	would + base verb
If	I won the lottery,	I would buy a car.

Third Conditional

for no possibility

If I had won the lottery, I would have bought a car.

The first conditional and second conditionals talk about the future. With the third conditional we talk about the past. We talk about a condition in the past that did not happen. That is why there is no possibility for this condition. The third conditional is also like a dream, but with no possibility of the dream coming true.

Last week you bought a lottery ticket. But you did not win.

if	condition	result
	Past Perfect	would have + past participle
If	I had won the lottery,	I would have bought a car.

Zero Conditional

for certainty

If you heat ice, it melts.

We use the so-called zero conditional when the result of the condition is always true, like a scientific fact.

Take some ice. Put it in a saucepan. Heat the saucepan. What happens? The ice melts (it becomes water). You would be surprised if it did not.

if	condition	result
	Present Simple	Present Simple
If	you heat ice,	it melts.

Summary of Conditionals

Here is a table to help you to visualize the basic conditionals.

Do not take the 50% and 10% too literally. They are just to help you.

probability, conditional	example	time
100%	zero	If you heat ice, it melts.	any
50%	1st	If I win the lottery, I will buy a car.	future
10%	2nd	If I won the lottery, I would buy a car.	future
0%	3rd	If I had won the lottery, I would have bought a car.	past

People sometimes call conditionals «if structures» or «if sentences» because there is usually (but not always) the word if in a conditional sentence.

Источник

Presentation on theme: «Conditionals: true, real and unreal.»— Presentation transcript:

1

conditionals: true, real and unreal

2

conditionals: true, real and unreal always true (zero conditional)
If X happens, Y happens These sentences describe what always happens in certain circumstances e.g. scientific facts. present simple present simple When / If you press the switch, the light comes on.

3

real conditions (conditional 1)
if X happens, Y will happen These sentences describe what the speaker thinks will possibly happen as a consequence of a real situation. present simple will future If we do not deal with the global warming problem, temperatures will rise.

4

Examples: If we leave now, we’ll catch the bus. If we don’t leave now, we won’t catch it. In informal speech, we often use going to instead of will. If you don’t take an umbrella, you’re going to get wet. We also use might or can / could in place of will.

5

We can also use imperatives in real conditions.
If you don’t know a word, look it up in the dictionary. Sentences beginning If you will… are only used when will means insist, or is used as a polite form. If you will stay up so late, then of course you’ll feel tired. (insist) If you’ll wait here, I’ll see if the manager is ready. (polite)

6

unless Unless means only if not.
We use it when we say that if something does not happen, something else will happen. Unless we deal with the global warming problem, average temperatures will rise.

7

provided, as long as + present simple
Provided and as long as mean only if. Provided / as long as we reduce energy consumption, we can slow down global warming.

8

in case + present simple
This describes a possible situation we want to be prepared for. Take an umbrella in case it rains.

9

unreal conditions (conditional 2)
if X happened, Y would happen These sentences describe what the speaker thinks would happen in an imaginary situation. past simple would + verb If you were on Venus, you would see the Sun rise in the west.

10

Examples: What would happen if the Earth stopped turning? If the Earth didn’t have a Moon, there wouldn’t be any tides. The past simple tense we use in an if-sentence does not describe past time, but unreal time. We also use might or could in place of would.

11

if I were you We give advice with If I were you.
I wouldn’t do that, if I were you. Or If I were you, I wouldn’t do that.

12

real or unreal? This depends on the situation of the speaker, or what the speaker is thinking. For example: We’re in the classroom. There are some heavy tables. I think a friend is going to lift them. I give a warning. ‘If you try to lift those tables on your own, you’ll hurt yourself’ Same situation. Nobody is thinking of lifting the tables. I make a comment. ‘Those tables look heavy! If you tried to lift them, you’d hurt yourself’

13

Use the words to complete an if-sentence about solutions to environmental problems
Solution A — recycle paper, metal and glass a everyone / recycle paper / companies / not cut down so many trees b everyone / recycle metal and glass / we not waste valuable resources c everyone / recycle paper, metal and glass / we not produce so much rubbish

14

Answers a If everyone recycles paper, companies won’t cut down so many trees. b If everyone recycles metal and glass, we won’t waste valuable resources. c If everyone recycles paper, metal and glass, we won’t produce so much rubbish.

15

Solution B — turn off lights, don’t drive so much, insulate your house
d everyone / turn off unwanted lights / save a lot of electricity e everyone / walk or cycle / not waste so much oil and petrol f everyone / insulate their houses / not waste so much energy for heating

16

Answers d If everyone turns off unwanted lights, we will save a lot of electricity. e If everyone walks or cycles, we won’t waste so much oil and petrol. f If everyone insulates their houses, we won’t waste so much energy for heating.

17

Use the words to complete the conditional if-sentence
Use the words to complete the conditional if-sentence. Use an always true, real or unreal conditional to suit the meaning. Scientists are planning a way of writing extremely small letters, using xenon atoms. If you (use)__ this system, you (be able)__ to write ten copies of the Bible on the area of a postage stamp. Humans are among the few animals to have colour vision. If you (be)__ a horse, for example, you (see)__ everything in black and white. If you (smoke) __,chemical changes (take place)__ in your cells, which do not receive enough oxygen and die. If you (look)__ inside your own eye at the images there, they (be) __upside down, and they (be)__ moving.

18

Answers a used, would be able b were, would see c smoke, take place d looked, would be, would be

19

impossible past, wishes
conditionals: impossible past, wishes

20

impossible or past conditions (conditional 3)
if X had happened, Y would have happened These sentences describe what the speaker thinks would have happened as a consequence of a situation which is in the past, so is impossible to change.

21

On 18 June 1815 the Coalition Army under Wellington and Blucher defeated Napoleon and would have + verb the French army. But what would have happened if past perfect Napoleon had won the battle? The history of Europe would certainly have been different.

22

Examples: I’m sorry l didn’t talk to you yesterday, but l simply didn’t see you! If I’d seen you, l would have said hello. We also use might have or could have in place of would have

23

past condition with a result in the present
if X had happened, Y would be different We often think about past events, and their effects on the present. If Chris hadn’t gone to the hospital, he wouldn’t be alive today

24

Wishes

25

about the present When we use wish to make a wish about the present, we use the unreal past simple, as in an unreal conditional sentence. We can also use could / was able to I wish I knew more about European history (= If I knew more about it now, I would be happier.) I wish I could swim really fast.

26

wishes about the past When we use wish to make a wish about the past, we use the past perfect, as in an impossible past conditional sentence. I wish I had been present at the battle of Waterloo. (= If I had been present at the battle of Waterloo, I would have been happy!)

27

wishes with would We also use wish with would when we want someone to do something or not to do something. This is often because we think it is a bad habit. I wish you wouldn’t keep staring at me! I wish Pete would phone

28

if only We can use if only to make a stronger kind of wish about the present or the past. If only I knew more about European history! If only I had studied harder!

29

Complete the sentence using the verbs in brackets.
If Alexander the Great (march)__west instead of east, he (conquer)__ the whole of Europe. If more Vikings (go) __to North America, the Viking settlements (succeed)__. If the ancient Egyptians (build)__bigger boats, they (cross)__the Atlantic and (land)__ in America. If Columbus (sail)__ east in 1492, he (reach)__ China or Japan.

30

Answers had marched, would have conquered
had gone, would have succeeded had built, would have crossed, (would have) landed had sailed, would have reached

31

Use the information on the following slides(s)to make an impossible past conditional sentence, beginning as shown. It is not necessary to use all the information.

32

The Trojans saw the wooden horse, and decided to take it into Troy
The Trojans saw the wooden horse, and decided to take it into Troy. Once it was inside the walls, the Greeks hidden inside the horse came out, opened the gates and the Greek army captured Troy: If the Trojans , the Greeks

33

Possible answer a. If the Trojans hadn’t taken the wooden horse into Troy, the Greeks would not have captured the city.

34

b. In September 490 BC, an army from Athens and Plataea met the Persian army of Darius I on the Greek coast at Marathon, about 35 km from Athens. It seemed that nothing could stop Darius conquering Greece. However, the Greek army won a total victory, and the Persian army went home. If the Greeks , Darius and his army…. .

35

Possible answer b. If the Greeks hadn’t won the battle of Marathon, Darius and his army wouldn’t have gone home.

36

c. In September 1066, Duke William of Normandy sailed with an army to England. He believed that he, and not Harold, was the rightful king. Harold marched to meet William but his army was tired after fighting a battle in the north against the Vikings. William won the battle that followed, and became king of England. If Harold’s army William

37

Possible answer c. If Harold’s army hadn’t been tired, William wouldn’t have become king of England.

Источник