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Unit 5

Orders of architecture

Pre-text exercises

1. Guess the meanings of the following international words.

Architecture, structural, equivalent, form, expression, pro portion, result, section, order, specific, type, entablature, facade, basic, decorative, classical, base, column, massive, variant, theme, functionally, favourite, colony, history, volute, vertical, stereotype, ambitious, version, cornice, combine.

2.  Use the suffixes to form a) adjectives b) verbs.

a)-ic: artist, base, class, cube;

-less: base, emotion, end, home, use; -ern: east, west, north, south;

b)-ify: beauty, class, simple, intense, sign.

-ate: celebration, decoration, excavation, investigation, origin.

3.  Match the pairs of synonyms.

Pillar, form, effect, pattern, type, shape, result, post, kind, model.

Unit 5. Orders of architecture

4.  Translate into Russian paying attention to the words in italics.

1. You may give the information in electronic form. 2. These decorative elements form the composition of the building facade. 3. London is the capital of Great Britain. 4. Capital expenditure is money that a company spends on equipment and buildings. 5. Let’s change these gloomy curtains. 6. A conference on climate change will be held soon in Stockholm.

Read the text and tell about the different types of columns in ancient architecture.

The first step in architecture was the replacement of wooden pillars with stone ones, and the translation of the carpentry and brick structural forms into stone equivalents. This provided an opportunity for the expression of proportion and pattern and resulted in the invention of the stone ‘orders’ of architecture. These orders, or arrangements of specific types of columns supporting an upper section called an entablature, defined the pattern of the columnar facades and upperworks that formed the basic decorative shell of buildings.

In classical architecture, there are three orders: the Doric, Io nic, and Corinthian, invented by the Greeks. The Tuscan and the Composite orders were added by the Romans.

The oldest order, the Doric, is subdivided into Greek Doric and Roman Doric. The first is the simplest and has baseless columns as those of the Parthenon; Roman Doric has a base and is less massive.

The parts of Greek Doric — the simple, baseless columns, the spreading capitals, and triglyph-metope (alternating vertically ridged and plain blocks) frieze above the columns — constitute an aesthetic development in stone incorporating variants on themes used functionally in earlier wood and brick construction. Doric long remained the favourite order of the mainland and western colonies, and it changed little throughout history.

Английский для архитекторов

The Ionic order evolved later, in eastern Greece. About 600 ВС, in Asia Minor, the first intimation of the style appeared in stone columns with capitals elaborately carved in floral hoop. Its main feature is spiral scroll, or volute. The order was always fussier and more ornate, less stereotyped than the Doric. Ionic temples’ of the 6th century exceed in size and decoration the most ambitious of their Classical successors. Such were the temple of Artemis at Ephesus and the successive temples of Hera on the island of Samos.

The Corinthian order originated in the 5th century ВС in Athens. It had an Ionic capital elaborated with acanthus leaves. In its general proportions it is very like the Ionic. For the first time the Corinthian order was used for temple exteriors. Because of its advantage of facing equally in four directions it was more adaptable than the Ionic for corners. There are not many Greek examples of the Corinthian order but the Romans widely used it for its showiness. The monument of Lysicrates in Athens, 535/334 ВС is the earliest known example of the Corinthian order used on the exterior.

The simplified version of Roman Doric is the Tuscan order. It has a less decorated frieze and no mutules in the cornice.

The Composite order is also a late Roman invention. It combines the elements from all the Greek orders.

Active vocabulary

wooden — деревянный pillar — столб, колонна, опора stone — камень

carpentry — плотничьи изделия brick — кирпич

pattern — модель, образец entablature — антаблемент shell — (зд.) оболочка, каркас alternating — чередующийся

ridged — имеющий борозды, кромки plain — (зд.) без узора

elaborately — тщательно (разрабатывать)

Unit 5. Orders of architecture

to carve — резать, вырезать (по дереву или кости); высекать (из камня)

hoop — обруч

fussy — вычурный, аляповатый acanthus leaves — листья аканта corner — угол

Tests

I. Complete the following sentences.

1.  The Ionic was always fussier than … .
a) the Doric	b) the Corinthian	c) the Tuscan

2.  The Corinthian order had an Ionic capital elaborated with… .

a)lotus flowers

b)acanthus leaves

c)geometric ornament

3.  For the first time the Corinthian order was used for … .

a)theatres

b)residential structures

c)temples

4.  In its general proportions the Corinthian is very like … . a) the Doric b) the Ionic c) the Tuscan

5.  Of all the three Greek orders the Corinthian is … .

a)the most elegant and the richest

b)the simplest

c)the oldest

6.  The Doric order was used in … .

a)the Erechtheum

b)the Parthenon

c)the templele of Artemis

Английский для архитекторов

II.  Choose the correct term.

1.  The upper section of a classical order is a/an …

a) volute	b) entablature	c) base
2.  Spiral ornaments are called …
a) capitals	b) mutules	c) volutes

3.  The triglyph-metopes are …

a) alternating ridged and plain blocks of stone b) porticos

c) floral hoops

4.	The part of the column is …
	a) frieze	b) capital	c) cornice
5.	A particular style of column with its entablature having stan-
	dardized dctails is …
	a) facade	b) colonnade	c) order

III. Choose the correct preposition.

1.The Doric, Ionic, and the Corinthian orders were invented … the Greeks.

	a) for	b) with	c) by
2.	Wooden pillars were replaced … stone ones.
	a) by	b) on	c) with
3.	The Doric changed little … its history.
	a) in	b) throughout	c) by

4.  The first intimation of the Ionic order appeared in stone columns willi capitals elaborately carved … floral hoops.

a) from	b) in	c) to
5.  Its capitals are decorated … acanthus leaves.
a) with	b) by	c) for

6.  The Ionic temples of the 6th century exceed … size and deco-

ration their classical successors.
a) after	b) about	c) in


		Unit 5. Orders of architecture

7.  The Tuscan order has no mutules … the cornice.
a) above	b) in	c) on

Exercises

I.  Find the false sentences using the information from the text. Correct them.

1.  The first step in architecture was simply the replacement of woodc pillars with stone ones.

2.  Greek Doric has a base.

3.  The Doric changed a lot throughout its history. 4.  The Ionic order evolved in eastern Greece.

5.  The volutes of an Ionic capital spread horizontally and curl upwaul

6.  The Corinthian order originated in the 5th century ВС.

7.  For the first time the Corinthian order was used for temple interior,

II.  Match the beginnings of the sentences to their ends using the information from the text.

1. This expression eventually	a)	elaborated with acanthus
took the form …		leaves
2.  The oldest order, the Doric	b)	on the Greek mainland and
…		in western Colonies
3.  The Doric order was po	c)	of the invention of the or-
pular …		ders of architecture
4.  The volutes of an Ionic cap-	d)	by the Romans
ital.	e)	combines the elements оf all
5.  The Corinthian order had a		the Greek orders
capital…	f)	spread horizontally fronii
6.  The Tuscan order was added		the centre and cuil down-
…		ward
7. Another late Roman inven	g)	is subdivided into Greek I
tion, the Composite order…		Doric and Roman Doric


		45

Английский для архитекторов

III.You misheard the information. Make it more exact putting the questions.

Example: These styles arc called orders. — How are these styles called?

1.  They are called orders.

2.  The orders defined the pattern of the columnar facades and upperworks.

3.  Greek Doric has the simple columns without a base, the spreading capitals and the triglyph-metope frieze above the columns.

4.  The Ionic order was more ornate than the Doric.

5.  The Romans preferred the Corinthian order for its showiness. Corinthian order has the advantage of facing equally in four directions.

7.  The Tuscan and Composite orders were developed by the Romans.

IV. Prove the following, using the information from the text.

1.  The Romans were not the first to invent the architectural orders.

2.  Archaic forms of the Doric temples dominated the townscape through the Classical and later periods.

3.  The Ionic order was used only for the smaller temples.

4.  An alternative for the Ionic order that could be viewed from any directions was provided by the sculptor-architect Callimachus.

5.  The Greeks didn’t often use the Corinthian order. 6.  The Tuscan order wasn’t developed by the Greeks. 7.  The Composite order is a version of the Corinthian.

V. Answer the following questions.

1.  What is the order in classical architecture? 2.  What orders of architecture do you know? 3.  What does the order consist of?

Unit 5. Orders of architecture

4.  Which orders were invented by the Greeks?

5.  What is the difference between Greek Doric and Roman Doric?

6.  What can be said about the evolution of the Ionic order? 7.  Why did the Romans often use the Corinthian order?

VI. Read the text and tell about the use of the Doric and Ionic orders in the architecture of the Acropolis.

The Acropolis architecture exhibits considerable subtlety of design in the use of the Doric and Ionic orders. The ensemble of the major buildings — the Parthenon, a temple to Athena; the Erechtheum, a temple to Athena and Poseidon — shows the orders used in deliberate contrast: the Erechtheum provides a decorative Ionic counterpart to the severe Doric of the Parthenon, which itself has an Ionic frieze; and in the Propylaea columns of both orders complement each other.

VII. Ask your friend to describe one of the orders of architecture.

Unit 6

Roman architecture

Pre-text exercises

1. Guess the meanings of the following international words.

Architecture, empire, fragment, theoretical, restoration, information, antiquity, composition, organization, line, mass, villa, group, central, hall, atrium, peristyle, element, forum, design, exterior, park, terrace, circular, theatre, amphitheatre, rotunda, niche, interior, bronze, acre, travertine.

2.These are the false friends of the interpreter. Translate them and memorize their meanings.

Record, block, residence, scale, dome.

3.Translate the following words and analyze their word-formation model.

Derive — derivative — derivation; empire — emperor — empress, serve — preserve — preservation; store — restore — restoration, excavate — excation — excavator; even — uneven — unevenness; engine — engineer — engineering; alter — alternate — alternation.

		Unit 6. Roman architecture
4. Make up sentences using the table.


The culture of ancient	is decorated	a rational urban system
Romans

The Forum	were invented	by the Etruscans and
		Greeks

The entrance of the	was greatly	by the Romans
building	influenced

Triumphal arches	had	the heart of the city

Ancient Roman cities	was	with spirals of acanthus
		leaves

Read the text and tell about the architectural achievements of ancient Rome.

Modern knowledge of Roman architecture derives primarily from the remains scattered throughout the area of the empire. Some are well preserved and other are known only in fragments and by theoretical restoration. Another source of information is a vast store of records. Especially important is ‘De Architectura’ by Vitruvius, (c.27 ВС), the only surviving treatise of antiquity.

Pervasive Roman predilection was for spatial composition — the organization of lines, surfaces, masses, and volumes in space.

In Roman architecture there were three types of houses: the domus, the insula and the villa.

The domus, or town house, consisted of suites of rooms grouped around a central hall, or atrium.

It often had further suites at the rear, grouped around a colonnaded court, or peristyle. The atrium, a rectangular room with an opening in the roof to the sky, and its adjoining rooms were peculiarly Roman elements; the peristyle was Greek or Middle Eastern. There were few windows on the street, light being obtained from the atrium or peristyle.

Английский для архитекторов

In Rome the chief examples of domus are the House of Vestals in the Forum in Rome and that of Livia on the Palatine Hill.

Great blocks of flats or tenements were called insulae. Excavations at Ostia, Italy, have revealed the design of these blocks. Planned on three or four floors with strict regard to economy of space, they depended on light from the exterior as well as from a central court.

The villa was an estate, complete with house, grounds, and subsidiary buildings.

Hadrian’s Villa at Tivoli, began about AD 123, was a sumptuous residence with parks and gardens on a large scale. The unevenness of the site necessitated large terraces and flights of steps. There are remains of great brick and concrete structures. All the buildings are Roman in style and method of construction, though with Greek names.

The Romans were great builders and engineers famous for their factories, roads, aqueducts, viaducts, bridges, grand thermae and amphitheatres, theatres, and temples.

The greatest surviving circular temple of antiquity is the Pan theon in Rome. It consists of rotunda about 142 feet in diameter surrounded by concrete walls 20 feet thick, in which are alternate circular and rectangular niches. The rotunda and dome are among the finest examples of Roman concrete work. The interior was lined with precious marbles, the coffers (decorative recessed panels) of the dome itself once were covered externally with bronze plates.

The largest and most important amphitheatre of Rome was the Colosseum. Covering six acres (2.4 hectares), it had seating for about 50,000 spectators, and its 80 entrances were so arranged that the building could be cleared quickly. The whole is built of concrete, the exterior is faced with travertine. Other important amphitheatres are those at Verona, Italy; Pula, Croatia; Arles, France.

Imperial thermae were more than baths. They were immense establishments of great magnificence, with facilities for every gym nastic exercise, and halls in which philosophers, poets, rhetoricians, and those who wished to hear them gathered.

Unit 6. Roman architecture

The best preserved are the Baths of Caracalla, which covered an area about 1,000 feet square, and those of Diocletian (c. AD 217), with accommodation for 3,200 bathers.

Active vocabulary

spatial — пространственный surface — поверхность suite — анфилада комнат

rear — расположенный сзади, задний rectangular — прямоугольный room — комната

window — окно

tenement — многоквартирный дом, сдаваемый в аренду excavations — раскопки

opening — отверстие estate — поместье ground — земля, грунт

flights of steps — лестничный марш concrete — бетон

road — дорога aqueduct — акведук viaduct — виадук bridge — мост circular — круглый wall — стена dome — купол coffer — кессон

recessed — имеющий нишу, углубление plate — лист, пластина

precious — драгоценный marble — мрамор facility — приспособление

accommodation — размещение

Английский для архитекторов

Tests

I.Choose the correct sentence.

1.  Pervasive Roman predilection was for spatial composition.

a)Spatial composition was seldom used by the Romans.

b)The Romans preferred spatial composition.

c)Roman architecture is characterized by the use of sym metrical composition.

2.  The Latin word ‘villa’ means a suburban house.

a)Villa is a country house.

b)It is a sumptuous residence.

c)The building is Roman in style.

3.  The Pantheon is the greatest structure of antiquity.

a)The Pantheon is built of concrete.

b)The Pantheon is a circular temple.

c)The Pantheon is the masterpiece of antiquity.

II.Complete the sentences.

1.  The domus consisted of … .

a)three or four floors

b)suits of rooms grouped around a central hall

c)two or three rooms with few windows

2.  Insulae were planned … .

a)to impress by their grandeur

b)around a colonnaded court

c)with strict regard to economy of space

3.  Handrian’s Villa at Tivoli was … .

a)a sumptuous residence with parks and gardens

b)a tenement house

c)a small country house

4.  The rotunda and dome of the Pantheon are among the finest examples of … .

a) the architecture of the ancient Mediterranean world

Unit 6. Roman architecture

b)Roman concrete work

c)contemporary architecture

5.  The Colosseum was the most important … .

a)temple of antiquity

b)theatre of ancient Greece

c)amphitheatre of ancient Rome

III. Choose the correct sentence.

1.  The elements of earlier styles were used by the Romans.

a)The Romans borrowed much from other civilizations.

b)The Romans preferred spatial composition.

c)Roman architecture had little in common with earlier styles.

2.  Roman architecture was designed to reflect the power of the City.

a)There were three types of houses in ancient Rome.

b)The circus was also used for spectacles.

c)The Roman architects reproduced the might of the Empire in their works.

3.  The bridges and aqueducts of the Romans rank among their greatest monuments.

a)The law of perspective was discovered in Rome.

b)Roman technical works still strike imagination as the most perfect structures.

c)The best preserved bridge is that built by Augustus and Tiberius at Rimini.

4.  Imperial thermae had facilities for every gymnastic exercise.

a)Grand baths featured luxurious interiors.

b)The Baths of Dicletian had accommodation for 3,200 bathers.

c)Grand baths were equipped with athletic facilities.

5.  The Forum was the political, economical and religious centre of ancient Rome.

Английский для архитекторов

a)The temples and public buildings were grouped around the Forum.

b)Outside the city gates was the necropolis.

c)Tiberius built a palace on the northwest side of the Palatine Hill.

IV. Choose the correct form of the verb.

1.  ‘De Architecture’ … almost every aspect of architecture,

a) discovered	b) proved
c) covered	d) knew

2.  The Romans… freely the elements of earlier styles.

a) invented	b) built
c) differed	d) used

3.  The domus … of suites of rooms grouped around atrium and

of peristyle.
a) designed	b) consisted
c) made	d) added

4.  Insulae … on light from the exterior and a central court.

a) influenced	b) gave
c) depended	d) determined

5.  The exteriors of villa … colonnades and porticos.

a) had	b) connected
c) planned	d) decorated

V.  Choose the correct form of the adjective.

1.  The Pantheon is … surviving circular temple of antiquity.

a) greater	b) greatest
c) the greatest	d) the greater

2.  Among… remaining examples of circular temples are those of Vesta and Mater Matuta in Rome, Vesta at Tivoli, and Ve-

nus at Baalbeck.
a) important	b) the most important
c) more important	d) most important

Unit 6. Roman architecture

3.  In front is a porch with an inscription commemorating … building of Marcus Agrippa but built with the existing rotunda under the emperor Hadrian.

a) the earliest	b) earlier
c) an earlier	d) earliest

4.  The rotunda and dome are among … examples of Roman

concrete work.
a) fine	b) finer
c) finest	d) the finest

5.  The Colosseum was … and most important amphitheatre of

Rome.
a) larger	b) the largest
c) largest	d) the larger

VI. Match the terms and their definitions.

1.	town house
	a) forum	b) domus	c) basilica
2.	quadrangular court of the Roman house
	a) villa	b) order	c) atrium
3.	blocks of flats
	a) insulae	b) rotunda	c) porticos
4.	suburban or country house
	a) interior	b) villa	c) thermae
5.	colonnaded court
	a) facade	b) entablature	c) peristyle

Английский для архитекторов

Exercises

I.  Find in the text the false friends of the interpreter. Translate them and remember their meanings.

II.  Translate into Russian.

in many respects; a porch with an inscription; precious marbles; faced with travertine; adjoining rooms; depended on light; direct access to the street; the Roman Empire; the crown of the dome; the finest examples; recessed panels; around a colonnaded court; excavations; separate entrance; with accommodations for bathers.

III.Guess in which meaning the following words are used in the text.

Concrete

a)based on facts and information; b) a hard substance used in building made by mixing cement, sand, small stones and water.

Flight

a) a journey through air or space in vehicle such as a plane; b) a movement through the air by a bird or object; c) a set of stairs going from one level to another.

Light

brightness from the sun or from light which allows you to see things; b) a piece of electrical equipment that produce brightness; c) not weighing much.

IV. These are the building types. Give examples of each type using the words from the word box. Make up your own sentences with them.

*Domestic architecture *Public Architecture* Religious Architecture * Industrial Architecture* Engineering Structures

Unit 6. Roman architecture

Domus, factory, viaduct, thermae, villa, amphitheatre, road,

temple, bridge, insula, hippodrome, theatre, basilica, aqueduct.

V.  Match the beginnings of the sentences to their ends.

1. Some remains are well	a)	or oculus at the crown of the
preserved, and…		dome
2.  ‘De Architecture’ is …	b)	grouped around atrium
3.  The Pantheon is the	c)	separate entrances with direct
greatest surviving …		access to the street
4.  Light is admitted through	d)	the main source of information
a central opening …		on ancient architecture
5.  Its 80 entrances were so	e)	circular temple of antiquity
arranged …	f)	others are known in fragments
6.  The domus consisted of		and by theoretical restoration
suites of rooms…	g)	that the building could be
7.  Independent apartments		cleared quickly establishments
had …		of great magnificence;

VI. Choose the correct form of the verb.

1. The domus or town house, (consisted/was consisted) of suites of rooms grouped around a central hall, or atrium. 2. Further suites (added/were added) at the rear. 3. Great blocks of flats or tenements were called insulae. 4. Excavations at Ostia, Italy, (have revealed/have been revealed) the design of these blocks. 5. The unevenness of the site necessitated large terraces and flights of steps. 6. The interior of the Pantheon (lined/was lined) with precious marbles. 7. The Colosseum (built/is built) of concrete.8. The Baths of Caracalla (covered/were covered) an area about 1,000 feet square.

VII. Explain in English.

Roman predilection for spatial composition;a colonnaded court;

as covered externally with bronze plates;

Английский для архитекторов

independent apartments;

the whole is built of concrete

VIII. Prove the following statements using the information from the text.

1.  ‘De Architectura’ by Vitruvius is the source of information on Roman architecture.

2.  There were three types of houses in ancient Rome. 3.  The Pantheon is the greatest temple of antiquity.

4.  The Сolosseum was the largest and the most impressive amphitheatre of Rome.

5.  Imperial thermae were immense establishments of great magnificence.

IX. Translate into English.

освещать почти все вопросы по архитектуре;организация линий, поверхностей, масс и объемов

в пространстве;античная средиземноморская цивилизация;

группироваться вокруг перистиля;отверстие в крыше;примыкающие комнаты;раскопки в Остии;

неровная поверхность участка;лестничные пролеты;метод строительства.

X.  Translate into English.

КОЛИЗЕЙ

Амфитеатр Флавиев, обычно называемый Колизеем, уже много лет является символом величия и могущества Рима, а также одним из наиболее знаменитых памятников древности во всем мире. Строительство Колизея было начато в 72 г. н. э., его автор неизвестен, но некоторые исследователи

Unit 6. Roman architecture

отождествляли его с архитектором Рабирием, построившим Дворец Домициана. Амфитеатр, являющийся самым большим памятником римской цивилизации, имеет эллиптичеекую форму 188 × 156 метров и высоту 57 метров; внешняя че тырехэтажная структура полностью выполнена из травертина; первые три яруса состоят из 80 стрельчатых арок, расположенных в канонической последовательности дорического, ионического и коринфского стилей, а четвертый, с небольшими проемами, декорирован пилястрами.

XI. Ask your partner which architectural monuments he would like to see if he were in Rome.

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Источник

EXERCISE 4. a) Translate, analyse the words with different suffixes, and divide the following words into three groups: nouns, adjectives, and adverbs:
environmental, pollution, substance, fertilizer, various, natural, serious, global, destruction, disastrous, badly, illness, avail- able, ugliness, naturally, beautiful, percentage, transportation, important, greatly, immediately, gradually, scientist, government, dangerous, radioactive, electromagnetic, radiation, electronic, computer, exactly, exposure, harmful, reproductive, international, agreement, regulation, safely, permanently.

Ответы

Распределим суффиксы по частям речи, которые они образовывают:

Существительные (nouns): -tion, -ance, -ness, -tage, -ist, -er, -or, -ment, -ure.

Наречия (adverbs): -ly.

Прилагательные (adjective): -al, -ous, -able, -ant, -tive, -etic, -tional, -ful.

Перейдем к выполнению упражнения:
Nouns: pollution, substance, fertilizer, destruction, illness, ugliness, percentage, transportation, scientist, government, radiation, computer, exposure, agreement, regulation

Adjective: environmental, various, natural, serious, global, disastrous, availible, beautiful, important, dangerous, radioactive, electromagnetic, electronic, harmful, reproductive, international.

Adverbs: badly, naturally, greatly, immediately, gradually, exactly, safely, permanently.

Интересные вопросы

Источник

ability
способность,
inability
неспособность;
disability
нетрудоспособность able
способный, умелый
unable
неспособный
disabled
искалеченный; инвалид enable
дать возможность
disable
делать неспособным, калечить ably
умело, искусно absurdity
абсурдность absurd
абсурдный acceptability
приемлемость acceptable
приемлемый
unacceptable
неприемлемый accept
принимать, соглашаться access
доступ
accessibility
доступность accessible
доступный accessibly
доступно accident
случай, случайность accidental
случайный accidentally
нечаянно, случайно action
действие
actor
актер
actress
актриса
activity
активность
activities
деятельность
acting
представление active
активный
acting
действующий, работающей act
действовать actively
активно achievement
достижение achieve
достигать addiction
привычка, приверженность, увлеченность
addict
увлеченный человек, имеющий стойкую привычку addictive
способный вызывать привычку addict
увлекаться, предаваться admiration
восхищение admirable
восхитительный admire
восхищаться admirably
восхитительно advice
совет advisable
рекомендуемый advise
советовать affectation
притворство, искусственность
affection
привязанность, любовь affected
притворный
affectionate
любящий
affective
эмоциональный affect
воздействовать, влиять; притворяться agreement
соглашение, согласие
disagreement
разногласие, несогласие agreeable
соответствующий, приятный agree
соглашаться
disagree
не соглашаться agreeably
соответственно aggression
агрессия
aggressor
агрессору зачинщик aggressive
агрессивный aggress
нападать aggressively
агрессивно aim
цель aimless
бесцельный aim
целиться, намереваться aimlessly
бесцельно affordable
то, что может быть позволено
unaffordable
то, что невозможно себе позволить afford
позволять себе amusement
развлечение amused
приятно изумленный
amusing
забавный amuse
развлекать, забавлять amusedly
изумленно appearance
внешность; появление
disappearance
исчезновение appear
появляться
disappear
исчезать appointment
назначение; деловая встреча
disappointment
разочарование, досада appointed
назначенный
disappointed
огорченный
disappointing
разочаровывающий appoint
назначать
disappoint
разочаровывать approval
одобрение approved
одобренный
approving
одобрительный approve
одобрять approvingly
одобрительно arrangement
соглашение; расположение arranged
приведенный в порядок arrange
приводить в порядок, организовывать argument
аргумент, довод
argumentation
аргументация arguable
доказуемый (в споре)
argumentative
спорный, конфликтный argue
утверждать, спорить, ссориться argumentatively
доказательно appropriation
присвоение; ассигнование appropriate
подходящий, соответствующий
inappropriate
несоответствущий, неуместный appropriate
присваивать, предназначать appropriately
соответственно, подходяще arrival
прибытие arrive
прибывать, приезжать attraction
притяжение, привлекательность attracted
привлеченный
attractive
привлекательный attract
привлекать attractively
привлекательно avoidance
избежание, отмена avoidable
то, чего можно избежать
unavoidable
неизбежный avoid
избегать unavoidably
неизбежно beauty
красота; красавица beautiful
красивый beautify
украшать beautifully
красиво bearing
роды bearable
сносный, допустимый
unbearable
невыносимый bear
носить; терпеть unbearably
невыносимо belief
вера believable
вероятный, правдоподобный
unbelievable
невероятный believe
верить benefit
выгода beneficial
выгодный benefit
получать выгоду bore
зануда
boredom
скука bored
испытывающий скуку
boring
скучный, надоедливый bore
надоедать boringly
скучно breath
дыхание, дуновение
breathing
дыхание
breather
короткая передышка breathing
дышащий
breathless
бездыханный breathe
дышать breathlessly
затаив дыхание business
дело
businessman
деловой мужчина
businesswoman
деловая женщина busy
занятой
businesslike
деловой, практичный busy
занимать делом busily
деловито, по-деловому саrе
забота, уход careful
заботливый
careless
небрежный саrе
заботиться, любить carefully
заботливо
carelessly
небрежно celebration
празднование
celebrity
знаменитость celebrated
знаменитый, прославленный celebrate
праздновать, прославлять certainty
определенность
uncertainty
неопределенность, неуверенность certain
определенный
uncertain
неопределенный certainly
определенно, уверенно change
изменение; мелочь, сдача changeable
изменчивый
changed
изменившийся
changeless
неизменный
unchanged
не изменившийся change
менять; обменивать(ся) changelessly
неизменно character
характер characteristic
характерный, типичный characterise
характеризовать choice
выбор choosy
разборчивый choose
выбирать child
ребенок
children
дети childish
детский; ребяческий clearance
очистка; устранение препятствий clear
четкий, ясный clear
очищать, расчищать clearly
четко, ясно cloud
облако cloudy
облачный
cloudless
безоблачный collection
собрание; коллекция
collector
сборщик collective
коллективный, совокупный collect
собирать; коллекционировать colony
колония colonial
колониальный colonise / colonize
колонизировать colour
цвет colourful
цветной
colourless
бесцветный
multi-coloured
разноцветный colour
раскрашивать comfort
комфорт; утешение
discomfort
беспокойство; неудобство comfortable
удобный, комфортабельный
uncomfortable
неудобный comfort
утешать, успокаивать comfortably
удобно
uncomfortably
неудобно community
община, общество communal
общественный, коллективный communication
сообщение
communicator
коммуникатор, переговорщик communicative
использующийся в общении; коммуникативный communicate
сообщать; общаться comparison
сравнение compared
сравниваемый
comparative
сравнительный compare
сравнивать comparatively
сравнительно, относительно competition
соревнование; конкуренция
competitor
конкурент, соперник competitive
соревновательный compete
соревноваться, конкурировать competitively
в форме соревнования, конкуренции completion
завершение, окончание completed
законченный
complete
полный, завершенный
incomplete
неполный, назавершенный complete
заканчивать, завершать completely
полностью congratulation
поздравление congratulate
поздравлять connection
соединение, объединение connected
связанный, соединенный connect
соединять
disconnect
разъединять consideration
внимание; рассмотрение, обсуждение considerable
значительный
considerate
внимательный, деликатный, тактичный
inconsiderate
неосмотрительный; невнимательный к другим consider
считать, полагать; рассматривать considerably
значительно conscience
совесть conscientious
совестливый, добросовестный
conscientiousless
бессовестный conscientiously
добросовестно consciousness
сознание conscious
осознающий
unconscious
без сознания consciously
сознательно, осознанно consultation
консультация
consultant
консультант consulting
консультирующий consult
консультировать container
вместилище, контейнер containing
содержащий contain
содержать, вмещать continuity
непрерывность continuous
продолжающийся, длящийся continue
продолжать continuously
непрерывно control
управление, руководство controllable
поддающийся управлению
uncontrollable
неподдающийся управлению
controlled
управляемый
uncontrolled
неуправляемый control
управлять, регулировать uncontrollably
бесконтрольно conviction
убеждение convincing
убедительный
convinced
убежденный convince
убеждать convincingly
убедительно cook
повар
cooker
плита, духовка over-cooked
переваренный
under-cooked
недоваренный cook
готовить еду correction
исправление
corrector
корректор correct
правильный
incorrect
неправильный correct
исправлять correctly
правильно counter
прилавок
discount
скидка
accountant
бухгалтер countable
исчисляемый
uncountable
неисчисляемый count
считать uncountably
немеряно, без счета courage
храбрость courageous
храбрый
encouraged
воодушевленный
encouraging
подбадривающий
discouraged
обескураженный encourage
приободрять, поддерживать
discourage
отговаривать, обескураживать courageously
смело, храбро creation
создание
creativity
творчество
creator
творец, создатель
creature
творение; живое существо creative
творческий create
создавать, творить creatively
творчески credit
вера, доверие credible
вероятный, заслуживающий доверия
incredible
невероятный credibly
вероятно
incredibly
невероятно critic
критик
criticism
критика critical
критический; переломный; рискованный criticise
критиковать critically
критично, критически cultivation
культивация, обработка cultivated
культивированный, обработанный cultivate
обрабатывать culture
культура cultured
культурный, воспитанный
cultural
культурный (как часть культуры) culturally
культурно cure
лекарство; лечение curable
излечимый
incurable
неизлечимый cure
вылечивать, исцелять incurably
неизлечимо danger
опасность dangerous
опасный endanger
угрожать dangerously
опасно day
день daily
ежедневный daily
ежедневно deception
обман, заблуждение deceptive
обманчивый
deceitful
обманчивый, лживый deceive
обманывать deceitfully
обманчиво, предательски decision
решение decided
определенный, явный
undecided
нерешительный, неясный
decisive
решительный, убежденный, убедительный decide
решать, принимать решение decisively
решительно, определенно definition
определение definite
четкий, определенный
indefinite
неопределенный define
определять, давать определение definitely
определенно, ясно
indefinitely
нечетко, неопределенно delight
восторг, наслаждение delightful
восхитительный
delighted
польщенный delight
восхищаться delightfully
с восторгом delivery
доставка, поставка delivered
доставленный deliver
доставлять dependence
зависимость
independence
независимость dependent
зависимый
independent
независимый depend
зависеть independently
независимо depression
депрессия, подавленность depressive
депрессивный, вызывающий депрессию
depressed
подавленный depress
подавлять description
описание descriptive
описательный, наглядный describe
описывать design
проект, дизайн
designer
дизайнер, проектировщик design
проектировать desire
желание, стремление desirable
желательный, желаемый
undesirable
нежелательный desire
желать, стремиться desirably
желательно destruction
разрушение destroyed
разрушенный destroy
разрушать, уничтожать determination
решительность; определение determined
решительный determine
решать, определять development
развитие
developer
разработчик developed
развитой
developing
развивающийся
undeveloped
неразвитый develop
развивать(ся) dying
умирающий die
умирать difference
разница, различие
indifference
безразличие different
другой, отличающийся
indifferent
безразличный differ
отличаться differently
по-другому
indifferently
с безразличием disturbance
тревога, беспокойство; нарушение тишины, порядка disturbed
обеспокоенный
disturbing
беспокоящий disturb
беспокоить, мешать doubt
сомнение doubtful
сомнительный
doubtless
несомненный
undoubted
бесспорный doubt
сомневаться doubfully
с сомнением
doubtlessly
не сомневаясь
undoubtedly
без сомнения ease
легкость, свобода
disease
болезнь easy
легкий
uneasy
неловкий, тревожный ease
облегчать, ослаблять easily
легко
uneasily
неловко economy
хозяйство economic
экономический
economical
экономный economise
экономить economically
экономически; экономно educator
воспитатель, педагог
education
образование educated
образованный
uneducated
необразованный
educative
образовательный educate
воспитывать, давать образование effect
следствие, результат
effectiveness
эффективность effective
эффективный, действующий effect
производить, выполнять effectively
эффективно, действенно electricity
электричество
electrician
электрик electric
электрический electrify
электрифицировать empire
империя
empiror
император empire
имперский
empiric / empirical
исходящий из опыта, эмпирический employment
служба, работа
unemployment
безработица
employer
наниматель, работодатель
employee
работающий по найму employed
нанятый, занятый
unemployed
безработный employ
нанимать end
конец, окончание endless
бесконечный
unending
нескончаемый end
конец, окончание endlessly
бесконечно environment
окружающая среда environmental
природный entertainment
развлечение entertaining
развлекательный entertain
развлекать enthusiasm
энтузиазм, восторг
enthusiast
энтузиаст, восторженный человек enthusiastic
восторженный enthusiastically
с восторгом equipment
оборудование equipped
снаряженный, оборудованный equip
снаряжать essence
сущность essential
главный, основной essentially
главным образом examination / exam
экзамен; медосмотр examined
проэкзаменованный; осмотренный врачом examine
экзаменовать; осматривать excitement
возбуждение, волнение exciting
возбуждающий
excitable
возбудимый
excited
возбужденный, взволнованный excite
возбуждать, волновать excitedly
взволнованно, возбужденно expectation
ожидание, предчувствие expected
ожидаемый
unexpected
неожиданный expect
ожидать, предчувствовать expence(s)
расход(ы), затраты expensive
дорогой
inexpensive
недорогой expend
тратить, расходовать expensively
дорого experience
опыт, опытность
inexperience
неопытность
experiment
эксперимент experienced
опытный
inexperienced
неопытный
experimental
эспериментальный experience
испытывать explosion
взрыв
explosive
взрывчатое вещество explosive
взрывчатый explode
взрываться expression
выражение expressive
выразительный express
выражать expressively
выразительно extent
пространство, степень extended
длительный,обширный
extensive
обширный extend
простираться, тянуться extensively
обширно, протяженно extreme
крайняя степень, крайность extreme
крайний, чрезвычайный extremely
крайне fascination
очарование, обаяние fascinating
чарующий
fascinated
очарованный fascinate
очаровывать fairness
справедливость; порядочность fair
порядочный, справедливый
unfair
несправедливый fairly
справедливо, честно; довольно-таки finance
финансы financial
финансовый finance
финансировать financially
финансово firmness
твердость firm
твердый affirm
утверждать firmly
твердо fitness
физическая форма, физическое состояние fit
находящийся в хорошей форме; подходящий
unfit
неподходящий fit
подгонять, подстраивать following
следующий follow
следовать fool
глупыш, дурак foolish
глупый fool
обманывать foolishly
глупо forgettable
забываемый
unforgettable
незабываемый
forgetful
забывчивый
forgotten
забытый forget
забывать forgiveness
прощение forgiving
прощающий
forgivable
простительный
unforgivable
непростительный forgive
прощать forgivingly
с прощением fortune
судьба, счастье; богатство, состояние fortunate
счастливый
unfortunate
несчастный fortunately
к счастью
unfortunately
к сожалению freedom
свобода free
свободный; бесплатный freely
свободно frequency
частота frequent
частый frequent
часто посещать frequently
часто friend
друг
friendship
дружба
friendliness
дружелюбие friendly
дружеский, дружелюбный
unfriendly
недружеский in a friendly way / manner
дружелюбно fright
страх, испуг frightful
страшный
frightened
испуганный
frightening
пугающий frighten
пугать, устрашать frightfully
страшно; испуганно generosity
щедрость generous
щедрый generously
щедро gentleman
джентльмен gentle
мягкий, нежный gently
мягко, нежно ghost
привидение, призрак ghostly
похожий на привидение grass
трава grassy
травяной habit
привычка, обычай
habitant
обитатель
habitat
естественная среда
habitation
жилище, обиталище habitual
привычный habituate
приучать habitually
обычно hand
рука; рабочий
handful
горсть handy
удобный (для использования)
handmade
изготовленный вручную hand
вручать happiness
счастье
unhappiness
несчастье happy
счастливый
unhappy
несчастный happily
счастливо
unhappily
несчастливо harm
вред harmful
вредный
harmless
безвредный harm
повредить, навредить harmfully
вредно health
здоровье healthy
здоровый
unhealthy
нездоровый home
дом, жилище homeless
бездомный honour
честь honourable
почетный honour
почитать, чтить honourably
почетно hope
надежда
hopefulness
оптимизм, надежда hopeful
надеющийся
hopeless
безнадежный hope
надеяться hopefully
с надеждой humanity
человечество human
человеческий
humane
гуманный
inhuman
бесчеловечный
humanitarian
гуманитарный humour
юмор humorous
юмористический humorously
с юмором hurry
спешка hurrying
торопливый, спешащий
hurried
торопливый hurry
торопиться hurriedly
торопливо ice
лед icy
ледяной importance
важность important
важный
unimportant
незначительный importantly
важно impression
впечатление impressed
впечатленный
impressive
впечатляющий
unimpressed
безучастный impress
производить впечатление impressively
впечатляюще improvement
улучшение improved
улучшенный improve
улучшать impulse
толчок, побуждение impulsive
импульсивный impulsively
импульсивно incident
несчастный случай; конфликт, инцидент incidental
случайный incidentally
случайно increase
рост, увеличение increasing
растущий increase
увеличивать(ся) increasingly
с ростом industry
промышленность industrial
промышленный
industrious
трудолюбивый. усердный industrialise
индустриализовать industrially
в промышленном отношении information
сообщение, информация
informant
осведомитель
formality
формальность informed
осведомленный
well-informed
знающий, хорошо информированный
misinformed
неверно информированный
formal
формальный, официальный
informal
неофициальный inform
информировать
misinform
неверно сообщать; дезинформировать informationally
информационно intensity
интенсивность intensive
интенсивный intensify
интенсифицировать intensively
интенсивно interest
интерес interested
заинтересованный
interesting
интересный interest
интересовать inventor
изобретатель
invention
изобретение inventive
изобретательный invent
изобретать inventively
изобретательно invitation
приглашение invited
приглашенный invite
приглашать inspiration
вдохновение inspired
вдохновленный
inspiring
вдохновляющий inspire
вдохновлять knowledge
знание
acknowledgement
признание; расписка acknowledged
признанный acknowledge
признавать, подтверждать legality
законность, легальность legal
юридический, законный
illegal
незаконный, подпольный legalize
легализовать legally
законно
illegally
незаконно likeness
сходство, подобие likeable
приятный
unlike
непохожий
like
аналогичный like
относиться хорошо
dislike
относиться отрицательно likely
вероятно
unlikely
невероятно
unlike
в отличие life
жизнь
living
жизнь lively
оживленный, веселый
live
актуальный, реальный live
жить in a lively way
оживленно literature
литература literal
буквальный
literary
литературный
literate
грамотный
illiterate
неграмотный literally
буквально location
место, поселение local
местный locate
размещать locally
в определенном месте loneliness
одиночество lonely
одинокий; один luck
удача lucky
удачливый
unlucky
неудачливый, неудачный luckily
к счастью luxury
роскошь luxurious
шикарный majority
большинство major
главный, основной manager
управляющий, руководитель managerial
управленческий manage
управлять; справляться marriage
женитьба married
женатый / замужняя
unmarried
неженатый / незамужняя marry
жениться meeting
встреча; собрание meet
встречать, знакомиться memory
память
memorial
мемориал memorial
памятный memorise
заучивать наизусть misery
нищета miserable
нищенский, ничтожный month
месяц monthly
ежемесячный monthly
ежемесячно motion
движение motionless
неподвижный motion
показывать жестом mystery
тайна, загадка mysterious
таинственный, загадочный mysteriously
таинственно, загадочно necessity
необходимость necessary
необходимый
unnecessary
ненужный necessarily
необходимо nerve
нерв nervous
нервный ennerve
нервировать nervously
нервно number
число; количество numerous
многочисленный
numerate
умеющий считать
innumerate
неумеющий считать number
обозначать цифрами object
объект, предмет
objective
цель; возражение objective
объективный object
возражать objectively
объективно obstinate
упрямый obstinately
упрямо occurrence
случай, происшествие occur
происходить operation
операция; оперирование, приведение в действие operate
управлять, действовать opportunity
возможность
opportunist
оппортунист opportune
своевременный, подходящий opposition
оппозиция, противостояние
opponent
оппонент, противник opposite
напротив
opposed
противоположный oppose
противопосталять owner
владелец, хозяин own
собственный own
владеть pain
боль painful
болезненный
painless
безболезненный painfully
болезненно
painlessly
безболезненно patience
терпение
impatience
нетерпение
patient
пациент patient
терпеливый
impatient
нетерпеливый patiently
терпеливо
impatiently
нетерпеливо participant
участник
participation
участие participating
участвующий participate
принимать участие particulars
подробности particular
особенный particularly
особенно perfection
совершенство perfect
совершенный, идеальный
imperfect
несовершенный perfect
совершенствовать, улучшать perfectly
отлично, безупречно period
период, срок periodical
периодический periodically
периодически performance
представление; исполнение
performer
исполнитель perform
исполнять, выполнять, совершать peace
мир, спокойствие peaceful
мирный peacefully
мирно permission
разрешение
permissiveness
вседозволенность
permit
пропуск permissive
позволяющий permit
позволять permissively
с позволением pleasure
удовольствие pleasant
приятный
pleased
довольный
displeased
недовольный please
доставлять удовольствие pleasantly
приятно point
точка; пункт pointed
остроконечный, нацеленный
pointful
уместный, удачный
pointless
бесцельный point
указывать, направлять pointedly
остро, по существу politeness
вежливость polite
вежливый
impolite
невежливый politely
вежливо popularity
популярность popular
популярный
unpopular
непопулярный popularise
популяризировать possession
владение, собственность
possessor
обладатель, владелец possessive
собственнический possess
владеть, обладать possibility
вероятность, возможность possible
возможный
impossible
невозможный possibly
возможно power
сила, мощь powerful
мощный
powerless
бессильный empower
уполномочивать preference
предпочтение preferable
предпочтительный
preferential
пользующийся препочтением prefer
предпочитать preferably
предпочтительно preparation
подготовка prepared
подготовленный
unprepared
неподготовленный prepare
подготовить preparedly
с готовностью prestige
престиж prestigious
престижный prestigiously
престижно profession
профессия professional
профессиональный professionally
профессионально profit
выгода profitable
выгодный
unprofitable
не приносящий выгоды profit
получать выгоду profitably
выгодно progress
прогресс, продвижение progressive
прогрессивный progress
продвигаться вперед progressively
постепенно, продвигаясь вперед proposal
предложение proposed
предложенный propose
делать предложение prosperity
процветание prosperous
процветающий prosper
процветать prosperously
процветающе public
общественность public
общественный publicise
разглашать publicly
открыто, публично quickness
быстрота quick
быстрый quicken
убыстрять quickly
быстро reality
реальность
realization
реализация, осуществление real
реальный, настоящий
unreal
нереальный realize
реализовать, осуществлять really
действительно, в самом деле recognition
признание, узнавание recognised
признанный recognise
узнавать; признавать reduction
снижение, понижение reduced
уменьшенный; сниженный reduce
снижать; сбавлять relaxation
отдых, расслабление relaxed
расслабленный
relaxing
отдыхающий; расслабляющий relax
отдыхать, расслабляться relaxedly
расслабленно reliability
надежность reliable
надежный
unreliable
ненадежный rely
доверять, полагаться reliably
надежно religion
религия religious
религиозный reluctance
нежелание, неохота reluctant
неохотный reluctantly
неохотно regularity
регулярность
irregularity
нерегулярность regular
регулярный, правильный
irregular
неправильный; нестандартный regulate
регулировать regularly
регулярно remark
замечание remarkable
замечательный remark
замечать, отмечать remarkably
замечательно representation
представление
representative
представитель representative
представительный represent
представлять reproach
упрек irreproachable
безупречный reproach
упрекать reproachingly
с упреком reputation
репутация reputated
имеющий хорошую репутацию, почтенный
disreputable
имеющий плохую репутацию repute
давать репутацию
disrepute
компрометироватъ resistance
сопротивление resistible
ударопрочный;
irresistible
неотразимый
resistant
прочный resist
сопротивляться irresistibly
неотразимо respect
уважение respectful
уважительный respect
уважать respectfully
с уважением rest
отдых restless
беспокойный rest
отдыхать restlessly
беспокойно reward
награда rewarding
стоящий награды
unrewarded
невознагражденный reward
награждать riches
богатства
richness
богатство rich
богатый enrich
обогащать richly
богато risk
риск risky
рискованный risk
рисковать sadness
грусть sad
грустный sadden
огорчать sadly
грустно safe
сейф
safety
безопасность safe
безопасный
unsafe
опасный save
спасать; экономить safely
безопасно satisfaction
удовлетворение
dissatisfaction
неудовлетворенность; недовольство satisfied
довольный
dissatisfied
недовольный
satisfactory
удовлетворительный
unsatisfactory
неудовлетворительный satisfy
удовлетворять
dissatisfy
разочаровывать; огорчать research
исследование search
искать, осуществлять поиск security
безопасность secure
безопасный
insecure
находящийся в опасности secure
охранять, гарантировать securely
безопасно seriousness
серьезность serious
серьезный seriously
серьезно science
наука
scientist
ученый scientific
научный scientifically
научно sense
чувство
insensibility
отсутствие чувствительности sensitive
чувствительный
insensitive
несочувствующий
sensible
разумный
insensible
нечувствительный, неосознающий sense
ощущать sensitively
чувствительно
sensibly
разумно service
услуга, обслуживание
servant
слуга served
обслуженный; поданный на стол serve
служить, обслуживать, подавать на стол significant
значительный
insignificant
незначительный signify
иметь значение significantly
значительно similarity
сходство, похожесть similar
похожий, подобный similarly
похоже, подобно sincerity
искренность sincere
искренний
insincere
неискренний sincerely
искренне shorts
шорты short
короткий shorten
укорачивать shortly
кратко sleep
сон
sleeper
спящий; спальный вагон sleeping
спящий
sleepless
бессонный sleep
спать sleeplessly
без сна solution
решение; раствор solved
решенный; растворенный solve
решать; находить выход; растворять speciality
специальность; фирменное блюдо
specialty
особенность special
особенный; специальный
specific
специфический specify
точно определять
specialize
специализировать(ся) specially
специально
specifically
специфично strength
сила strong
сильный strengthen
укреплять strongly
сильно stress
стресс stressful
стрессовый stress
ударять, ставить ударение stressfully
в состоянии стресса success
успех successful
успешный
unsuccessful
безуспешный succeed
преуспевать successfully
успешно sufñcience
достаточность
insufñcience
недостаточность sufficient
достаточный
insufficient
недостаточный suffice
быть достаточным sufficiently
достаточно suitable
подходящий
unsuitable
неподходящий suit
подходить, устраивать suggestion
предложение suggest
предлагать suspect
подозреваемый suspicious
подозрительный suspect
подозревать suspiciously
подозрительно swimmer
пловец
swimming
плавание swimming
плавающий, плавательный swim
плавать sympathy
сочувствие, понимание sympathetic
сочувствующий sympathize
сочувствовать sympathetically
с пониманием; сочувственно sureness
уверенность sure
уверенный
unsure
неуверенный
assured
обеспеченный; уверенный
self-assured
уверенный в себе ensure
обеспечивать; гарантировать
assure
уверять, обеспечивать surely
конечно; уверенно
assuredly
с уверенностью surrounding
окружение surrounded
окруженный surround
окружать talk
беседа, разговор talkative
разговорчивый talk
беседовать taste
вкус
distaste
отсуствие вкуса tasteful
сделанный со вкусом; обладающий вкусом
tasteless
безвкусный taste
пробовать tastefully
со вкусом
tastelessly
без вкуса terror
террор
terrorist
террорист terrible
ужасный
terrific
потрясающий
terrifying
ужасающий
terrified
напуганный terrify
ужасать terribly
ужасно
terrifically
потрясающе thirst
жажда thirsty
испытывать жажду tights
колготки tight
плотный, тесный tighten
сжимать, натягивать tightly
тесно, плотно thought
мысль thoughtful
задумчивый
thoughtless
бездумный think
думать, иметь мнение thoughtfully
задумчиво tragedy
трагедия tragic
трагичный
tragical
трагический tragically
трагично travelling
путешествие
traveller
путешественник travelling
путешествующий travel
путешествовать truth
правда
untruth
неправда true
правильный; настоящий
untrue
неверный, не соответствующий действительности
truthful
правдивый truly
по-настоящему, искренне
truthfully
правдиво value
ценность valued
ценимый
valuable
ценный value
ценить, оценивать variety
разнообразие
variability
изменчивость, непостоянство variable
изменяемый
invariable
неизменный vary
менять, разнообразить invariably
неизменно year
год yearly
ежегодный yearly
ежегодно understanding
понимание
misunderstanding
непонимание; недоразумение understandable
понятный understand
понимать use
польза
misuse
неправильное использование;
usage
использование useful
полезный
useless
бесполезный
used
использованный
unused
неиспользованный use
использовать, пользоваться usefully
полезно
uselessly
бесполезно week
неделя weekly
еженедельный weekly
еженедельно width
ширина wide
широкий widen
расширять widely
широко will
воля, желание; завещание willing
жаждущий, желающий
unwilling
не желающий will
проявлять волю, желать willingly
охотно, с удовольствием
unwillingly
неохотно wind
ветер windy
ветренный
windless
безветренный wisdom
мудрость wise
мудрый
unwise
неблагоразумный wisely
мудро
unwisely
неблагоразумно worth
стоимость, ценность worthy
достойный
worthless
не имеющий ценности

Источник

Word formation

Nowadays, the terms ‘word formation’ does not have a clear cut, universally accepted usage. It is sometimes referred to all processes connected with changing the form of the word by, for example, affixation, which is a matter of morphology. In linguistics, morphology is the study of words, how they are formed, and their relationship to other words in the same language. It analyzes the structure of words and parts of words, such as stems, root words, prefixes, and suffixes. In its wider sense word formation denotes the processes of creation of new vocabulary units. There are numerous word formation processes.

Clipping

Clipping is the word formation process which consists in the reduction of a word to one of its parts (Marchand: 1969). Clippings are, also, known as “shortenings.”Clipping mainly consists of the following types:

Back clipping b. Fore-clipping c. Middle clipping d. Complex clipping

Back clipping

Back clipping or apocopation is the most common type, in which the beginning is retained. The unclipped original may be either a simple or a composite. For example: ad (advertisement), cable (cablegram), doc(doctor), exam (examination), gas (gasoline), math (mathematics), memo(memorandum), gym (gymnastics, gymnasium) mutt (muttonhead), pub(public house), pop (popular concert), trad (traditional jazz), fax(facsimile).

Fore-clipping

Fore-clipping or aphaeresis retains the final part. For Example: phone(telephone), varsity (university), chute (parachute), coon (raccoon), gator(alligator), pike (turnpike).

Middle clipping

In middle clipping or syncope, the middle of the word is retained. For Example: flu (influenza), tec (detective), polly (apollinaris), jams (pyjamas), shrink (head-shrinker).

Complex clipping

Clipped forms are also used in compounds. One part of the original compound most often remains intact. For examples are: cablegram (cabletelegram), op art (optical art), org-man (organization man)

Sometimes both halves of a compound are clipped as in navicert (navigation certificate). In these cases it is difficult to know whether the resultant formation should be treated as a clipping or as a blend, for the border between the two types is not always clear.

Clipping is the word formation process in which a word is reduced or shortened without changing the meaning of the word. Clipping differs from back-formation in that the new word retains the meaning of the original word. For example:

advertisement – ad
alligator – gator
examination – exam
gasoline – gas
gymnasium – gym
influenza – flu
laboratory – lab
mathematics – math
memorandum – memo
photograph – photo
public house – pub
raccoon – coon
reputation – rep
situation comedy – sitcom
telephone – phone

Types of clipping

There are four types of clipping:

Back clipping

In this type the beginning is retained:

Examples:

ad = advertisement

cable = cablegram

doc = doctor

exam = examination

fax = facsimile

gas = gasoline

gym = gymnastics, gymnasium

memo = memorandum

pub = public house

pop = popular music

Fore-clipping

The final part is retained:

Examples:

chute = parachute

coon = raccoon

gator = alligator

phone = telephone

Middle clipping

The middle part is retained.

Example:

flu = influenza

fridge = refrigerator

Complex clipping

Clipping may also occur in compounds. In complex clipping, one part of the original compound most often remains intact. But sometimes both halves of a compound are clipped:

Examples:

cablegram= cable telegram

op art = optical art

org-man= organization man

linocut = linoleum cut

navicert = navigation certificate

sitcom = situation comedy

When both halves are clipped, as in navicert, it becomes confusing whether to consider the resultant formation as clipping or as blending.

Clipped forms, shortened abbreviations of words, have a checkered history. Some are acceptable in formal writing, and others aren’t. When writing in academic contexts, in business writing, or another formal environment, take note of the status of these common clipped forms:

Burger: If ever a reference to this fast food staple makes its way into formal writing, the short form of hamburgeris just as likely to appear as the long form.
Bus: Omnibus(Latin for “all”), a word for a horse-drawn public-transportation conveyance, gave the right of way to its short form around the time such vehicles became motorized.
Copter: The full form, helicopter, is best for formal writing.
Deli: Though this word has been in use for at least a half century, delicatessen, from the German word for “delicacies,” is best for formal usage.
Exam: Examinationwas clipped back in the late 1800s and has long since been used even in formal writing.
Flu: The short form of influenza(Italian for “influence,” from the medieval supposition that illness was the result of celestial perturbations) is several hundred years old and has long been acceptable even in formal medical texts.
Fridge: This term, unusual not only in that the full form, refrigerator, has been clipped at both ends but also in that the spelling has been altered to reflect the pronunciation, is suitable for informal writing only.
Gas: Gasolineis much more likely to appear in formal writing than its clipped form.
Gator: This clipped form of alligator, in spite of its nearly 200-year-old tenure in the English language, is considered slang.
Gym: Most formal references to a school building for athletic activities will use the full form, gymnasium,
Memo: So pervasive is this clipped form of memorandumthat many people may not even know its origins. (The full word ultimately derives from the Latin for “memory.”)
Movie: Even more taken for granted than memo is this diminutive form of “moving picture,” which, if you step back from it, may appear silly looking and juvenile. Formal writing often refers to the medium as film or cinema, but movieis also acceptable.
Phone: The original term, telephone, is still often used in formal writing, but the clipped form is just as likely to be used.
Plane: Plane has become as acceptable as airplanein formal writing.
Pro: Professional, the full form, is the preferred usage in formal contexts.
Quake: This clipped form of earthquakeis, despite long usage, still considered informal.
Tie: The full form, necktie, is all but obsolete. (Perhaps the clothing accessory will be, too, before long.)
Typo: This slang for “typographical error” is over a century old but is still considered substandard usage.

Some more examples:

auto – automobile	mike – microphone
bike – bicycle	mum – chrysanthemum
burger – hamburger	pen – penitentiary
co-op – cooperative	champ – champion
con – convict	pike – turnpike
cuke – cucumber	rev – revolution
dorm – dormitory	rhino – rhinoceros
ref – referee	specs – spectacles; specifications
stats – statistics	stereo – stereophonics
lunch – luncheon	sub – submarine
grad – graduate	taxi – taxicab
tux – tuxedo	teen – teenager
hippo – hippopotamus	van – caravan
limo – limousine	vet – veteran; veterinarian
alum – alumni	bro – brother
mart market

Clipped Words Used in Sentences

advertisement	ad
All company’s spend a lot of money on ads

hamburger	burger
Burger does not suit old people

omnibus	bus
The tourist bus broke down near Paris

helicopter	copter
The copter forces landed in the disturbed areas to stem the communal violence

demonstration	demo
BPL company conducted a demo at Paris corner of easy washing

ampere	amp
It is an 40 amp bulb

motor bike	bike
Ajith had just brought a very expensive bike.

suitcase	case
There are bundles of currency notes inside the case.

pressure cooker	cooker
Cookers are now available for even $20/-

discotheque	disco
Disco is not a part of Italian culture

diskette	disc
I saved all the word documents in a Compact disc

gasoline	gas
Gas has become an expensive fuel for low income group families.

bridegroom	groom
Groom is wanted for a 22 year old Cristian community girl drawing $8000/-PM in an MNC.

gymnasium	gym
My uncle goes to the gym early morning.

killogram	kilo
Get me a kilo of mangoes.

memorandum	memo
The managing director issued a memo to the head clerk.

micro phone	mic
This mic doesn’t work properly.

non-vegetarian	non-veg
He is a non-veg.

spectacles	specs
She cannot read without specs.

storehouse	store
Jems works in a store.

fountain pen	pen
Pen is mightier than sward

perambulator	param
The mother took the child out in a param.

university	varsity
London varsity has renovated its auditorium

vegetarian	veg
She regularly eats her dinner in a veg mess.

veterinary surgeon	vet
I took my cat to the vet.

fascimile	Fax
I got a fax copy of the conference notice yesterday.

handkerchief	karchief
I have lost my karchief yesterday.

aeroplane	plane
Sarah was excited as she was to travel by plane for the first time.

laboratory	lab
This college has five labs.

refrigerator	fridge
Having firdge is not a luxury but a necessity.

pantaloons	pants
The clown at the circus wore a very loose pants.

tubelight	tube
The tube of our hall didn’t work from yesterday.

mathematics	maths
She is our maths teacher.

centum	cent
We have been living in the 21st cent.

bicycle	cycle
David presented a cycle to John on his birthday.

alchemist	chemist
We have a chemist on the corner of our street.

influenza	flu
I was suffering from flu.

examination	exam
She is preparing for her exam.

luncheon	lunch
I invited my close friends for lunch.

photograph	photo
My friend got my photo to keep it with herself.

signature	sign
Akbar’s sign is totally illegible.

newscast	news
Every day I watch news in the TV.

telephone	phone
I contacted him over phone.

mummy	mum
Where is your mum?

daddy	dad
Where does your dad work?

identity	ID
Please, show me your ID.

curiosity	curio
We visited a curio shop.

demarcate	mark
They marked the boundaries.

tram car	tram
We travelled in a tram in London.

public house	pub
The couple were found in a local pub.

fanatic	fan
He is a fan of Arnold Schwarzenegger.

telephone	phone
Our Principal contacted the chief guest over the phone.

taxicab	taxi
I hired a taxi to go home.

topbrass	brass
The meeting was attended by diplomats and the top military brass.

newsflash	flash
We interrupt this programme to bring you a flash.

okay	ok
Did the head office ok the proposal?

rehabilitate	rehab
Lora saved all her money in order to send her husband for a rehab programme.

popmusic	pop
Michael Jackson is the king of pop.

pathway	path
The tourist chose the wrong path when they went for sight-seeing.

hitchhike	hitch
Can you give me a hitch till Mount Road?

zoological park	zoo
The little children love to visit a zoo.

Clip Word	Original Word	Clip Word	Original Word
wig	periwig	margarine	oleomargarine
lube	lubricate	mend	amend
miss	mistress	pants	pantaloons
mod	modern	bust	burst
caf	cafeteria	pen	penitentiary
calc	calculus	pep	pepper
canter	Canterbury gallop	perk	percolate
cent	centum	perk	perquisite
chem	chemistry	photo	photograph
chemist	alchemist	pike	turnpike
clerk	cleric	pop	popular
coed	coeducational student	prof	professor
curio	curiosity	prom	promenade
deb	debutante	cab	cabriolet
deli	delicatessen	doc	doctor
drape	drapery	rev	revolution
exam	examination	scram	scramble
fan	fanatic	sport	disport
gab	gabble	still	distill
tails	coattails	sub	submarine
hack	hackney	trig	trigonometry
iron	flatiron	trump	triumph
jet	jet aircraft	varsity	university
pianoforte	piano	public house	pub

Acronyms

Acronyms and initialisms are abbreviations, such as NATO, LASER, and IBM that are formed using the initial letters of words or word parts in a phrase or name. Acronyms and initialisms are usually pronounced in a way that is distinct from that of the full forms for which they stand: as the names of the individual letters (as in IBM), as a word (as in NATO), or as a combination (as in IUPAC). Another term, alphabetism, is sometimes used to describe abbreviations pronounced as the names of letters.

Categories of acronyms

Pronounced as a word, containing only initial letters: FNMA: (Fannie Mae) Federal National Mortgage Association, NATO: North Atlantic Treaty Organisation
Pronounced as a word, containing non-initial letters: Amphetamine: Alpha-methyl-phenethylamine ,Gestapo: GeheimeStaatspolizei (“secret state police”)
pronounced only as the names of letters: BBC: British Broadcasting Corporation, DNA: deoxyribonucleic acid
shortcut incorporated into name: W3C: (double-u three cee)- World Wide Web Consortium, W3M: (three em) originally Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company
Recursive acronyms, in which the abbreviation itself is the expansion of one initial (particularly enjoyed by the open-source community): VISA: VISA International Service Association, GNU: GNU’s Not Unix!
pseudo-acronyms are used because, when pronounced as intended, they resemble the sounds of other words: ICQ: “I seek you” , IOU: “I owe you“
multi-layered acronyms: GAIM: GTK+ AOL Instant Messenger, i.e. GIMP Tool Kit America OnLine Instant Messenger, i.e. GNU Image Manipulation Program Tool Kit America OnLine Instant Messenger, i.e. GNU’s Not Unix Image Manipulation Program Tool Kit America OnLine Instant Messenger, VHDL: VHSIC Hardware Description Language, i.e. Very High Speed Integrated Circuits Hardware Description Language

What Is the Difference Between an Abbreviation and an Acronym?

Abbreviations and acronyms are shortened forms of words or phrases. An abbreviation is typically a shortened form of words used to represent the whole (such as Dr. or Prof.) while an acronym contains a set of initial letters from a phrase that usually form another word (such as radar or scuba).

Abbreviations and acronyms are often interchanged, yet the two are quite distinct. The main point of reference is that abbreviations are merely a series of letters while acronyms form new words.

Each one allows writers to make large blocks of text easier to read. Beware that both abbreviations and acronyms are typically considered informal and should be carefully considered before including them in more formal writings.

Abbreviations or Acronyms

There’s a great deal of overlap between abbreviations and acronyms. It’s worth pointing out that an acronym is a type of abbreviation because acronyms are shortened forms of words and phrases.

Abbreviations

Let’s take a closer look at abbreviations. As we know, an abbreviation is a shortened form of a word or phrase, such as Mr. for Mister, or hr. for hour that is still said as the full word or words.

There are millions of common abbreviations used every day. Let’s take a look at some of the popular ones we see and/or use almost daily.

When you write your address, you likely write “St.” or “Ave.” instead of “Street” or “Avenue”.
When you record the date, you likely abbreviate both the days of the week (Mon., Tues., Wed., Thurs., Fri., Sat., and Sun.) and the months of the year (Jan., Feb., Aug., Sept., Oct., Nov., Dec.).
Often, we use the abbreviation “Ex.” for the word “example”.
Measurements are commonly reduced to abbreviations such as “cm” for “centimeters” or “in.” for “inch”.
How about “vs.”? That’s another popular abbreviation, shortened from the word “versus”.

Tightening “December” to “Dec.” is an abbreviation because “Dec.”is simply a written shorthand for the full word. It’s not an acronym since “Dec.” isn’t said as a word.

You may have wondered why some abbreviations, like those for ounce (oz) and pound (lb) use letters that aren’t part of the original word. In these cases the abbreviations are based on older forms of the word.

Acronyms

An acronym, technically, must spell out another word. This is a good point of reference to help you distinguish between abbreviations and acronyms. Another good way to differentiate them is that acronyms don’t just shorten words, they often simplify a long organization name, scientific term or idea.

Some acronyms create new words that are so commonly used, we forget they’re actually a series of letters from a longer word or phrase. For example, when we go scuba diving, we rarely consider the fact that scuba is an acronym of self-contained underwater breathing apparatus.

Then there are initialisms which cause some confusion. Would you consider “VIP” to be an acronym? Technically, it’s an initialism. Initialisms are a series of initial letters of words or a phrase that form an abbreviation but aren’t pronounced as a word. We enunciate each letter.

NBA is another initialism. How about when you text “rofl”? That’s another initialism, as is “BLT”. Many consider initialisms to be a subset of acronyms-therefore whether you pronounce ASAP as a word or enunciate each letter, it’s still an acronym-but be aware that others say it is another form of abbreviation.

Like abbreviations, acronyms and initialisms are used daily and most people can interpret the meaning of common acronyms without much thought.

Let’s test our knowledge with a few more examples:

Acronyms (form new words)	Initialisms (pronounce each letter)
radar (radio detection and ranging)	ATM (automated teller machine)
scuba (self-contained underwater breathing apparatus)	NFL (National Football League)
NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration)	FAQ (frequently asked questions)
laser (light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation)	brb (be right back)
POTUS (President of the United States)	idk (I don’t know)
gif (graphics interchange format)	a/c (air conditioning)
SIM card (subscriber identification module)	aka (also known as)
ZIP code (zone improvement plan)	fyi (for your information)
AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome)	lcd (liquid crystal display)
taser (Thomas A. Swift’s Electric Rifle)	ufo (unidentified flying object)

Keep it Short

Abbreviations and acronyms are shortened versions of words and phrases that help speed up our communication. Initialisms act in the same way. Before you use any type of abbreviation consider your audience; are you writing something formal or informal? Will everyone understand the meaning of your abbreviated word or letters? If you need to explain the abbreviation, write out the word or phrase in full first followed by the abbreviation in parentheses.

Blending:

A blend is a word formed from parts of two other words. These parts are sometimes, but not always, morphemes. A blend is different from a portmanteau word in that a portmanteau refers strictly to a blending of two function words, similar to a contraction.

Formation of Blendings: Most blends are formed by one of the following methods:

The beginning of one word is added to the end of the other. For Example: brunch (breakfast and lunch).
The beginnings of two words are combined. For Example: cyborg (cybernetic and organism)
One complete word is combined with part of another word. For Example: guesstimate (guess and estimate)
Two words are blended around a common sequence of sounds. For Example: Californication (from a song by the Red Hot Chili Peppers, is a blend of California and fornication)
Multiple sounds from two component words are blended, while mostly preserving the sounds’ order. Poet Lewis Carroll was well known for these kinds of blends. This method is difficult to achieve and is considered a sign of Carroll’s verbal wit. For Example: slithy (lithe and slimy).

Blending is the word formation process in which parts of two or more words combine to create a new word whose meaning is often a combination of the original words. For example:

advertisement + entertainment → advertainment
biographical + picture → biopic
breakfast + lunch → brunch
chuckle + snort → chortle
cybernetic + organism → cyborg
guess + estimate → guesstimate
hazardous + material → hazmat
motor + hotel → motel
prim + sissy → prissy
simultaneous + broadcast → simulcast
smoke + fog → smog
Spanish + English → Spanglish
spoon + fork → spork
telephone + marathon → telethon
web + seminar → webinar
afterthoughtful (afterthought + thoughtful)

agitprop (agitation + propaganda)
alcopop (alcohol + pop)
bash (bat + mash)
Breathalyzer (breath + analyzer)
camcorder (camera + recorder)
clash (clap + crash)
docudrama (documentary + drama)
electrocute (electricity + execute)
emoticon (emote + icon)
faction (fact + fiction)
fanzine {fan + magazine)
flare (flame + glare)
flirtationship (flirting + relationship)
glimmer (gleam + shimmer)
guitarthritis (guitar + arthritis)
infotainment (information + entertainment)
Jazzercize (jazz + exercise)
moped (motor + pedal)
motorcade (motor + cavalcade)
palimony (pal + alimony)
pulsar (pulse + quasar)
slanguage (slang + language)
smash (smack + mash)
splatter (splash + spatter)
sportscast (sports + broadcast)
squiggle (squirm + wriggle)
stagflation (stagnation + inflation)
staycation (stay home + vacation)
telegenic (television + photogenic)
textpectation (text message + expectation)
transistor (transfer + resistor)
twirl (twist + whirl)
workaholic (work + alcoholic)
simulcast (simultaneous + broadcast)
smog (smoke + fog)
ginormous (giant + enormous)
internet (international + network)
because (by + cause)
emoticon (emotion + icon)
spanglish (spanish + english)
smassy (smart + sassy)
malware (malicious + software)
pixel (picture + element)
bash (bang + smash)
oxbridge (oxford + cambridge)
cellophane (cellulose + diaphane)
televangelist (television + evangelist)
slithy (lithe + slimy)
email (electronic + mail)
bionic (biology + electronic)

Borrowing

Borrowing is just taking a word from another language. The borrowed words are called loan words. A loanword (or loan word) is a word directly taken into one language from another with little or no translation. By contrast, a calque or loan translation is a related concept whereby it is the meaning or idiom that is borrowed rather than the lexical item itself. The word loanword is itself a calque of the German Lehnwort. Loanwords can also be called “borrowings”.

Great number of English words have been borrowed from other languages. These are sometimes referred to as loanwords.

Examples: algebra – Arabic, bagel – Yiddish, cherub – Hebrew, chow mein – Chinese, fjord – Norwegian, galore – Irish, haiku – Japanese, kielbasa – Polish, murder – French, near – Sanskrit, paprika – Hungarian, pizza – Italian, smorgasbord – Swedish, tamale – Spanish, yo-yo – Tagalog

Loanwords

English has many loanwords. In 1973, a computerized survey of about 80,000 words in the old Shorter Oxford Dictionary (3rd edition) was published in Ordered Profusion by Thomas Finkenstaedt and Dieter Wolff. Their estimates for the origin of English words were as follows:

French, including Old French and early Anglo-French: 28.3%
Latin, including modern scientific and technical Latin: 28.24%
Germanic languages, including Old and Middle English: 25%
Greek: 5.32% •No etymology given or unknown: 4.03%
Derived from proper names: 3.28%
All other languages contributed less than 1%

However, if the frequency of use of words is considered, words from Old and Middle English occupy the vast majority. Examples: Biology, boxer, ozone from German Jacket, yoghurt, kiosh from Turkish Pistol, robot from Czech

Coinage

Coinage is the invention of totally new words. The typical process of coinage usually involves the extension of a product name from a specific reference to a more general one. For example: Kleenex, Xerox, and Kodak. These started as names of specific products, but now they are used as the generic names for different brands of these types of products.

Coinages are words invented by accident or intentionally mainly from no evident source. It should be pointed out that many coinages have come into existence by using brand names instead of the object being referred to. It is common that coinages are regularly called neologisms.
Example: aspirin, escalator, heroin, band-aid, factoid, Frisbee, Google, kerosene, Kleenex, Laundromat, linoleum, muggle, nylon, psychedelic, quark, Xerox, zipper, coalgate

Derivation

In linguistics, derivation is the process of forming a new word on the basis of an existing word. Example: happi-ness and un-happy from happy, or determination from determine. Derivation is the process of forming a new words by means of Affixation (Prefix, Infix and Suffix)

A derivational suffix usually applies to words of one syntactic category and changes them into words of another syntactic category. For example: the English derivational suffix -ly changes adjectives into adverbs (slow → slowly). Examples of English derivational patterns and their suffixes: adjective-to-noun: -ness (slow → slowness) adjective-to-verb: -ise (modern → modernise) in British English or – ize (archaic → archaicize) in American English and Oxford spelling adjective-to-adjective: -ish (red → reddish) adjective-to-adverb: -ly (personal → personally) noun-to-adjective: -al (recreation → recreational) noun-to-verb: -fy (glory → glorify) verb-to-adjective: -able (drink → drinkable) verb-to-noun (abstract): -ance (deliver → deliverance) verb-to-noun (concrete): -er (write → writer)

Compounding

A compound is a lexeme (a word) that consists of more than one other lexeme. It can be categorized in to two i.e. endocentric and exocentric.

An endocentric compound consists of a head, i.e. the categorical part that contains the basic meaning of the whole compound, and modifiers, which restrict this meaning. For example: The English compound doghouse, where house is the head and dog is the modifier, is understood as a house intended for a dog. Endocentric compounds tend to be of the same part of speech (word class) as their head, as in the case of doghouse.

Exocentric compounds do not have a head, and their meaning often cannot be transparently guessed from its constituent parts. For example: The English compound white-collar is neither a kind of collar nor a white thing. In an exocentric compound, the word class is determined lexically, disregarding the class of the constituents. For example: a must-have is not a verb but a noun.

English language allows several types of combinations of different word classes: N + N — lipstick , teapot, A + N — fast food, soft drink ,V + N — breakfast, sky-dive, N + V — sunshine, babysit, N + A –capital-intensive, waterproof, A + A —deaf-mute, bitter-sweet.

Creative respelling:

Creative Respelling is a word formation that employs the strategy of altering letter(s) of a word. The word formed so is an example of Creative respelling. It is a deliberate attempt creating misspelled word. Examples are nite (night), thanx (thanks), lite (light) etc.

Change of spelling is often used in commercials and slogans. For example Kleenex tissues, Mortal Kombat (game), Qwikster (movie-by-mail service). Misspelling quite often gives rise to brand names.

Sometimes words are formed by simply changing the spelling of a word that the speaker wants to relate to the new word. Brand or Product names often involve creative respelling, such as Mr. Kleen or Krunch.

Exercise: PROCESSES OF WORD FORMATION

1.Compounding

Compounding is simply the joining of two or more words into a single word, as in hang glider, airstrip, cornflakes, busybody, downpour, cutoff, skywarn, alongside, breakfast, long-haired, devil-may-care, high school.

2. Derivation

Derivation is the forming of new words by combining derivational affixes or bound bases with existing words, as in disadvise, emplane, deplane, teleplay, ecosystem, coachdom, counsellorship, re-ask.

I. Indicate by the first letter the process of formation represented by each of the words below.

Compounding derivation

roughneck _ 6. pop _
codgerhood _ 7. cream puff _
clink (of glasses) _ 8. wheeze _
doodad _ 9. weirdoism _
dacron _ 10. exflux _

3. Clipping

Clipping means cutting off the beginning or the end of a word, or both, leaving a part to stand for the whole: lab, dorm, prof, exam, gym, prom, math, psych, mike…

II Give the original words from which these clipped words were formed.

curio __________
disco __________ 10. memo __________
taxi __________ 11. Fred __________
cab __________ 12. Al __________
deli __________ 13. Tom __________
vibes __________ 14. Joe __________
gin __________ 15. Phil __________
hype __________

III Give the original words from which these clipped words were formed.

sport (game) __________ 6. wig __________
pike (road) __________ 7. cute __________
bus __________ 8. Gene __________
van __________ 9. Beth __________
chute __________ 10. Tony __________

Clipped words are formed not only from individual words but from grammatical units, such as modifier plus noun. Paratrooper, for example, is a clipped form of parachutist trooper.

IV Give the originals of these clipped words.

Amerindian ____________________
maître d’ ____________________
contrail ____________________
taxicab ____________________
moped ____________________
comsat ____________________
agribusiness ____________________

4. Acronym

Acronym is the process whereby a word is formed from the initials or beginning segments of a succession of words. In some cases the initials are pronounced, as in MP (military police, or Member of Parliament). In others the initials and/or beginning segments are pronounced as the spelled word would be. For example, NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) and radar (radio detecting and ranging).

V Pronounce these acronyms and give their originals.

RV ____________________
NOW ____________________
UNESCO ____________________
OK ____________________
scuba ____________________
OPEC ____________________
WASP ____________________
ICBM ____________________
jeep ____________________
laser ____________________

5. Blending

Blending is the fusion of two words into one, usually the first part of one word with the last part of another, as in gasohol, from gasoline and alcohol.

VI Give the originals of these blends:

flunk _________________
happenstance _________________
stagflation _________________
simulcast _________________
gelignite _________________
smog _________________
dumbfound _________________
telecast _________________
dandle _________________
splatter _________________

VII Give the blends that result from fusing these words.

transfer + resistor = _________________
automobile + omnibus = _________________
escalade + elevator = _________________
blare or blow + spurt = _________________
squall + squeak = _________________

Exercise -1: Identify the process of word formation responsible for each of the following words. Try to determine the process before you consult a dictionary, though it may be necessary for you to do so.

a. curio	h. margarine	o. (the) hereafter	v. boojum
b. (to) laze	i. dystopia	p. amphetamine	w. gaffe-slack
c. (to) network	j. serendipity	q. (a) construct	x. psycho
d. (to) cohere	k. diesel	r. (the) chunnel	y. walkie-talkie
e. (a) sitcom	l. (a) ha-ha	s. guestimate	z. bonfire
f. (the) muppets	m. (to) make up	t. canary	v. boojum
g. (a) what-not	n. (to) total	u. brain-gain	w. gaffe-slack

Exercise -2: The words in column A have been created from the corresponding words in column B. Indicate the word formation process responsible for the creation of each word in column A.

	Column A	Column B
a.	stagflation	stagnation + inflation
b.	nostril	nosu + thyrl ‘hole’ (in Old English)
c.	bookie	bookmaker
d.	van	caravan
e.	Amerindian	American Indian
f.	CD	compact disc
g.	RAM	random access memory
h.	televise	television
i.	xerox	xeroxography
j.	telathon	television + marathon
k.	sci-fi	science fiction
l.	elect	election
m.	deli	delicatessen
n.	scuba	self-contained underwater breathing apparatus
o.	scavenge	scavenger
p.	hazmat	hazardous material

Exercise- 3: Identify the syntactic pattern in each of the following compounds and express it in a lexical rule. Example: gravedigger N + V + -er > N

a. hovercraft	g. setback	m. dugout	s. badmouth	y. lukewarm
b. dairyman	h. meltdown	n. hardhearted	t. redhead	z. law-abiding
c. bath-towel	i. blackout	o. homesick	u. birth control	aa. far-reaching
d. goldfish	j. stand-in	p. proofread	v. breakfast	bb. homemade
e. inroads	k. turnout	q. overqualified	w. thoroughgoing	cc. clean-cut
f. bystander	l. money-hungry	r. overachieve	x. quick-change	dd. fighter-bomber
ee. earthenware	ff. snowplow	gg. baking powder	hh. drip-coffee	ii. wisecrack

Exercise- 4: The following words are compounds which also include derivational affixes. Analyze the words, identifying the roots and their parts of speech, as well all the affixes and their function as nominalizer, verbalizer, adjectivalizer, or adverbializer.Example: housekeeper

house (root – noun) + keep (root – verb) + -er (nominalizer)

a. flightworthiness	e. handicraft	i. antiaircraft
b. chatterbox	f. broken-hearted	j. machine-readable
c. owner-occupied	g. safety-tested	k. chartered accountant
d. freedom-loving	h. worldly-wise	i. antiaircraft

Exercise- 5: Analyze the following words into morphs using the model given below:

Word	Prefix(es)	Root	Suffix(es)
inequality	in-	equal	-ity

a. hospitalization	e. transcontinental	i. unforgettable	m. postcolonial	q. hypersensitivity
b. invisibly	f. ungrammatical	j. impropriety	n. unlikelihood	r. unfriendliness
c. uninteresting	g. reinforcement	k. disfunctional	o. relationship	s. interdependence
d. undercooked	h. prototypical	l. inconsiderate	p. asymmetrical	t. monotheism

Exercise- 6: Underline examples of COMPOUNDING and AFFIXATION:

Headhunters are invading university campuses in search of fresh talents among undergraduates.
The price of oil reached its all-time-high yesterday.
Joblessness rallies as the economy slows down.
Governments have responded to tax-flight in many different ways.
New mega-mergers are expected in the media-world.
Consumers everywhere have been merrily spending with their credit cards.

Exercise- 7: CLIPPING: give the entire word of the following clipped forms and translate them:

lab ……………………………………………………………………

Dems ……………………………………………………………………..

flu ……………………………………………………………………

ads ………………………………………………………………………

Inc. ……………………………………………………………………

rev ………………………………………………………………………

The Fed …………………………………………………………………..

Feds ………………………………………………………………………

Exercise- 8: BLENDING: give the two words forming the following blends and translate them:

Sci-fi ……………………………

e-tailing ………………………

hi-fi ……………………………

stagflation …………………

brunch ………………………

AMEX ………………………

medicare ……………………

econometric ………………

Exercise- 9: ACRONYMS: give the extended phrase and the Italian/English equivalents of the following abbreviations:

OECD ………………………………………………………………………………………………

POW …………………………………………………………………………………………………

GDP ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….

MEPs ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

IVA ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

OMC ………………………………………………………………………………………….

Exercise- 10: Write the original words against the clipped words.

Clipped Word	Original Word	Clipped Word	Original Word	Clipped Word	Original Word
ad (marketing)		groom		pub (bar)
bro		hippo		ref (library)
butt		lab (dog)		sci-fi
cig		lunch		script (medicine)
con (prison)		math		spec (detail)
copter		pants		still (alcohol)
dorm		perk (benefit)		van (vehicle)
gas (fuel)		piano		vet (military)
abs		doc (movies)		phone
amp (music)		fan (sports)		quad (campus)
app (technology)		gator		rehab
cab (taxi)		hack (taxi)		rep (status)
chemist		lab (science)		scram
clerk		limo		sub (nautical)
coke (drug)		narc		trump (cards)
demo (construction)		perk (coffee)		uni (school)
ammo		congrats		mag
blog		deb		meth
bop (music)		deke (sports)		mum (flower)
bot		exam		photo
		fab (awesomeness)		sax
cab (wine)		Fed		trig
bye		bye		razz (sound)
calc (math)		calc (math)		repo
canter		canter		rev (engine)
champ		champ		rhino
comp (theatre)		comp (theatre)		sitcom
dis		dis		super (apartment)
gab		gab		ump
grad (student)		grad (student)		ute (truck)
bronc		intercom		reb (US Civil War)
cab (train)		lav (bathroom)		reverb
chute		lude		sub (teaching)
cop (police)		mod (trendy)		tec (police)
fax		Net (technology)		varsity
fess		pop (music)		vet (medicine)
hood (location)		quack (medicine)		wig
improv		quake		za

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a) Translate, analyze the following words with different suffixes, and divide them into two groups: nouns and adjectives:culture, social, scientist, literature, invention, language, tradition, civilization, feature, basic, invader, relationship, religious, artistic, expression, addition, scientific, biological, comfortable, difference, foundation, prehistoric, important, development, being, hunter, farmer, artist, builder, writing, generation; b) Make up as many words as you can by combining different parts of the words:pre- invent -ionin- relation -shipun- express -able comfort -ent differ -ment historic -er develop hunt build

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Результаты (русский) 1: [копия]

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а) Перевести, проанализируют следующие слова с разными суффиксами, и разделить их на две группы: существительных и прилагательных: культура, социальная, ученая, литературы, изобретение, язык, традиция, цивилизация, художественная, основной, захватчик, отношения, религиозная, художественной , выражение, добавление, научный, биологический, удобный, разница, фундамент, доисторический, главное, развитие, являясь, охотник, фермер, художник, строитель, письмо, поколение; б) Придумайте , как много слов , как вы можете комбинируя различные части слов: PRE- изобрести -ионный in — отношение -ship не- выразить -able комфорта -ent отличается -ment исторического -er развивать охоту строить

переводится, пожалуйста, подождите..

Результаты (русский) 2:[копия]

Скопировано!

а) Переведите, проанализируйте следующие слова с различными суффиксами и разделите их на две группы: существительные и прилагательные: культура, социальные, ученый, литература, изобретение, язык, традиция, цивилизация, особенность, основные, захватчик, отношения, религиозные, художественные, выражения, добавление, научные, биологические, удобные, разница, фундамент, доисторические, важно, развитие, быть, охотник, фермер, художник, строитель, письмо, поколение; б) составьте как можно больше слов, как вы можете путем объединения различных частей слов: предварительно изобретать -ион в — отношение-корабль ООН-экспресс-способный комфорт -ent отличаются -ment исторический -er Развивать Охота Построить

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Результаты (русский) 3:[копия]

Скопировано!

A) переводит, анализирует следующие суффиксы различных слов и делит их на две группы: существительные и прилагательные: культура, общество, учёные, литература, изобретение, язык, традиции, цивилизация, самобытность, основы, агрессоры, отношения, религия, искусство, выражение, сложение, наука, биология, комфорт, различия, основа, доистория, важность, развитие, существование, охотники, крестьяне, художники, строители, писатель, поколение; B) как можно больше слов, используя различные части комбинированного слова: до изобретения родство невозможно передать комфорт разветвление история осваивать охота строить

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he felt the first watery eggs of sweat m
evenings
спасибо за Ваше предложение.В случае нео
я делаю упражнения каждый день, пью мног
Goods which are wanted for their own sak
На этой недели он часто встречает ее по
Лукоянов
Я никогда не слышала такой лжи
Яка гарна дівчина!
its not the destination its the journey
nam antiqui vinun aqua pura diluebant
The first underground system was propose
Located at 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue in W
квинэстрол
Non-traditional Renewable Sources of Ene
) He is having breakfast now.2) Liza is
1. The first Russia’s automobile was des
Малые
1. сплав железа и углерода2. прочный и ж
я очень сильно хочу косплеить ниндзя, но
Diogenes philosophus per totam vitam id
mittebant
я делаю упражнения каждый день
) He is having breakfast now.2) Liza is

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